US20200206794A1 - A method for forming curved lengths of extruded profiles/sections in metal alloys - Google Patents

A method for forming curved lengths of extruded profiles/sections in metal alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
US20200206794A1
US20200206794A1 US16/612,232 US201816612232A US2020206794A1 US 20200206794 A1 US20200206794 A1 US 20200206794A1 US 201816612232 A US201816612232 A US 201816612232A US 2020206794 A1 US2020206794 A1 US 2020206794A1
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Prior art keywords
extrusion
compression element
orifice
axis
cross
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US16/612,232
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English (en)
Inventor
Wenbin Zhou
Jianguo Lin
Trevor Dean
Liliang Wang
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Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine
Imperial College of Science and Medicine
Ip2ipo Innovations Ltd
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Imperial College Innovations Ltd
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Assigned to IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE reassignment IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DEAN, TREVOR, LIN, JIANGUO, WANG, LILIANG, ZHOU, Wenbin
Assigned to IMPERIAL COLLEGE INNOVATIONS LIMITED reassignment IMPERIAL COLLEGE INNOVATIONS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Publication of US20200206794A1 publication Critical patent/US20200206794A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/002—Extruding materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special extruding methods of sequences
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
    • B21C23/04—Making uncoated products by direct extrusion
    • B21C23/08—Making wire, bars, tubes
    • B21C23/12—Extruding bent tubes or rods
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/12—Articles with an irregular circumference when viewed in cross-section, e.g. window profiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/131—Curved articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/475—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using pistons, accumulators or press rams
    • B29C48/48—Two or more rams or pistons

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to a method and equipment for forming curved metal alloy profiles and more particularly aluminium alloy profiles with predesigned curvature in one extrusion-bending process.
  • Aluminium alloy profiles are extensively used as construction elements in industrial manufacturing for the production of ultra-light component structures with a high contour complexity, including seat rails, stringers, and frames in the aircraft industry as well as window frames and roof rails in the automotive industry. This is mainly because they facilitate construction of lightweight, strong, and stiff structures. Taking into account the demand for reduced aerodynamic resistance as well as improved aesthetics, the manufacture and application of highly precise curved aluminium alloy profiles with well adapted properties are quite necessary.
  • the challenge to improved production is to manufacture curved profiles with precise curvature, non-distorted cross-sections and well-defined properties at increased productivity.
  • a method of extruding a material comprising providing the material into an extrusion chamber of an extrusion apparatus, wherein the extrusion chamber comprises an extrusion orifice and the extrusion apparatus comprises a first compression element and a second compression element in communication with the interior of the extrusion chamber, the first and second compression elements being independently movable relative to the extrusion chamber, moving at least one of the first and second compression elements to compress the material within the extrusion chamber and cause a velocity gradient in the extrusion material across the extrusion orifice, and extruding the material through the extrusion orifice such that the velocity gradient forms an extrudate with a curved profile.
  • an apparatus for extrusion of a material comprising an extrusion chamber for receipt of an extrusion material, the extrusion chamber comprising an extrusion orifice, a first compression element and a second compression element, the first and second compression elements being in communication with the interior of the extrusion chamber and being independently movable relative to the extrusion chamber.
  • the method may comprise moving both of the first and second compression elements to compress the material within the extrusion chamber.
  • the method may comprise moving the first compression element and second compression element at different speeds.
  • Moving the first and second compression elements may comprise moving the first and second compression elements along a common axis.
  • Moving the first and second compression elements along a common axis may comprise moving the first and second compression elements towards each other in opposite directions along the common axis.
  • the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice may be parallel to the common axis such that extruding the material through the extrusion orifice comprises extruding the material through the extrusion orifice substantially perpendicular to the common axis.
  • Moving the first and second compression elements may comprise moving the first compression element along a first axis and moving the second compression element along a second axis different to the first axis.
  • the first axis and the second axis may be parallel to each other.
  • the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice may be perpendicular to the first and second axes such that extruding the material through the extrusion orifice comprises extruding the material through the extrusion orifice substantially parallel to the first and second axes.
  • the first axis and the second axis may be at an angle to one another.
  • the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice may be perpendicular to a line that bisects the first and second axes such that extruding the material through the extrusion orifice comprises extruding the material through the extrusion orifice substantially parallel to the line.
  • the method may further comprise providing a guide means adjacent to the extrusion orifice to control curvature of the extruded material.
  • the method may further comprise providing a mandrel in the extrusion chamber opposite to the extrusion orifice. Extruding the material through the extrusion orifice may comprise extruding the material with a hollow cross-section defined by the mandrel and orifice. The plane of the cross-section of the mandrel that defines the hollow cross-section of the extruded material may be parallel to the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice.
  • the method may further comprise preheating the material before providing it into the extrusion chamber.
  • the first compression element and second compression element may be configured to be moved simultaneously.
  • the first compression element and second compression element may be configured to be moved at different speeds.
  • the first compression element and second compression element may have different cross-sectional areas perpendicular to their direction of movement.
  • the first compression element and second compression element may be configured to be moved along a common axis.
  • the first compression element and second compression element may be configured to be moved towards each other in opposite directions along the common axis.
  • the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice may be parallel to the common axis.
  • the first compression element may be configured to be moved along a first axis and the second compression element may be configured to be moved along a second axis different to the first axis.
  • the first axis and the second axis may be parallel to each other.
  • the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice may be perpendicular to the first and second axes.
  • the first axis and the second axis may be at an angle to one another.
  • the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice may be perpendicular to a line that bisects the first and second axes.
  • the extrusion material may be a metal alloy.
  • the metal alloy may be aluminium alloy or magnesium alloy.
  • the extrusion orifice may be provided by an extrusion die that defines the geometry of the orifice.
  • the apparatus may further comprise a guide means adjacent to the extrusion orifice to control curvature of the extruded material.
  • the apparatus may further comprise a mandrel in the extrusion chamber opposite to the extrusion orifice.
  • the extrusion material may be preheated.
  • the extrusion chamber may be cylindrical.
  • the cross-sectional area of the extrusion chamber may be larger than the cross-sectional area of the extrusion orifice.
  • a method of forming curved metal alloy profiles comprising:
  • FIG. 1 a is a schematic illustration of an extrusion apparatus known in the art
  • FIG. 1 b is a schematic illustration of another extrusion apparatus known in the art
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an extrusion apparatus according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 3 a is a schematic illustration of another extrusion apparatus according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 3 b is a cross-section through the line m-m in FIG. 3 a;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of yet another extrusion apparatus according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the orientation of a first, second and third axis of an extrusion apparatus according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 a shows an extrusion apparatus known in the art.
  • a cylindrical extrusion chamber 102 has two open ends 104 and 106 .
  • An extrusion die 108 with a designed orifice 110 is installed at the first open end 104 .
  • the geometry of the orifice 110 is designed to form the extruded material into a chosen shape.
  • a hot or cold billet 112 is placed into the extrusion chamber 102 from the second open end 106 .
  • a punch 114 is positioned at the second open end 106 . Its working face 116 would usually be protected by a dummy block 118 .
  • the punch 114 together with dummy block 116 , acts as a compression element and moves along the extrusion chamber 102 at a velocity v 1 , forcing the billet 112 through the die orifice 110 , producing a straight extrudate 120 .
  • FIG. 1 b Another extrusion apparatus known in the art is shown in FIG. 1 b .
  • an extrusion chamber 130 has an L-shape in transverse section, rather than being a straight cylinder.
  • the billet 132 is forced along a straight section 134 to form the straight extrudate 136 .
  • the straight section 134 is of sufficient length to ensure that the extrudate 136 is formed in a straight manner.
  • FIG. 2 shows an extrusion apparatus 200 according to the present disclosure.
  • a cylindrical extrusion chamber 202 has two open ends 204 and 206 .
  • a hot or cold billet 208 is placed into the extrusion chamber 202 from the first open end 204 and/or the second open end 206 .
  • an aluminium alloy billet may be pre-heated to 350-550° C. for warm or hot extrusion or remain unheated for cold extrusion.
  • a first punch 210 is positioned at the first open end 204 .
  • a second punch 212 is positioned at the second open end 206 .
  • the respective working faces 214 and 216 of the first and second punches 210 and 212 are protected by respective dummy blocks 218 and 220 .
  • An extrusion die 222 with a designed orifice 224 is installed in the side wall of the extrusion chamber 202 .
  • the first punch 210 together with dummy block 218 act as a first compression element and the second punch 212 together with dummy clock 220 act as a second compression element.
  • the first and second compression elements are independently movable relative to the extrusion chamber 202 . As described below, this allows the profile of an extrudate to be controlled, particularly with respect to its curvature.
  • the rate of mass flow provided by each of the compression elements can be adjusted.
  • the velocities of the punches 210 and 212 can be adjusted to provide a curved extrudate.
  • a flow velocity gradient is produced across the die orifice 224 . Therefore, the extruded profile bends towards the side of the extrusion chamber 202 which has the lower extrusion velocity.
  • the velocity v 1 of the first punch 210 is larger than the velocity v 2 of the second punch 212 . Therefore, the extrudate 226 bends towards the second open end 206 .
  • S is the cross-sectional area
  • v is the velocity. Therefore, increasing the velocity v 1 and/or the area of the first dummy block 218 can lead to more material flowing into the upper side of the die exit 222 compared with the lower side.
  • the curvature of the extrudate 226 can be adjusted. If the velocity ratio is defined as v 2 /v 1 , a lower velocity ratio tends to increase the material flow velocity gradient at the die exit and lead to greater curvature. When this velocity ratio is less than 1 ⁇ 3, bending curvature increases significantly with reducing velocity ratio. Maximum curvature results at zero velocity of the lower punch 212 . The velocity ratio could be changed during extrusion. This will enable the curvature of the extrudate 226 to be changed as extrusion proceeds, which allows more complex extrusions.
  • an extrusion ratio is defined as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the billet to the cross-sectional area of the extruded profile. These areas are controlled by adjusting the cross-sectional area of the extrusion chamber 202 and the extrusion orifice 224 respectively.
  • the extrusion ratio can be defined as the square of the diameter ratio of the extrusion chamber 202 to the orifice 224 .
  • a tubular circular extrusion (a hollow bar), it can be defined as D 1 2 /(D 2 2 ⁇ D 3 2 ), where D 1 , D 2 , D 3 are the respective diameters of the extrusion chamber 202 , the orifice 224 and a mandrel fixed to the inner wall of the extrusion chamber opposite to the exit die to define the wall thickness of the tube.
  • a larger extrusion ratio tends to increase the material flow velocity gradient at the die exit and lead to greater curvature.
  • the curvature of the extrudate 226 is increased as the diameter of the orifice 224 is decreased. Conversely, the curvature of the extrudate 226 is reduced as the diameter orifice 224 is increased.
  • the effect of changing the extrusion ratio is less than that of changing the velocity ratio, especially when velocity ratio is greater than 0.5. Below this value, the effect of extrusion ratio increases as velocity ratio v 2 /v 1 decreases.
  • FIG. 3 a shows an alternative extrusion apparatus 300 according to the present disclosure.
  • the apparatus 300 is similar to the apparatus 100 of FIG. 1 a , except that two adjacent punches are used instead of a single punch.
  • a cylindrical extrusion chamber 302 has two open ends 304 and 306 .
  • a hot or cold billet 308 is placed into the extrusion chamber 302 from the second open end 306 .
  • First and second punches 310 and 312 are positioned adjacent to one another at the second open end 306 .
  • the respective working faces 314 and 316 of the first and second punches 310 and 312 are protected by a respective dummy blocks 318 and 320 .
  • An extrusion die 322 with a designed orifice 324 is installed at the first open end 304 .
  • the length of the first dummy block 318 is shown as longer than that of the second dummy block 320 .
  • the second dummy block 320 may entirely pass the first dummy block 318 .
  • the billet 308 may flow out of the chamber 302 from the gap between the first dummy block 318 and the second dummy block 320 .
  • the extruded profile bends towards the side of the extrusion chamber 302 which has the lower extrusion velocity.
  • the velocity v 1 of the first punch 310 is larger than the velocity v 2 of the second punch 312 . Therefore, the extrudate 326 bends towards the side of the cylindrical extrusion chamber 302 with the second punch 312 .
  • the areas of the dummy blocks 318 and 320 may be adjusted to provide this effect.
  • FIG. 3 b shows the dummy blocks 318 and 320 with different cross-sectional areas perpendicular to their direction of movement.
  • FIG. 4 shows yet another alternative extrusion apparatus 400 according to the present disclosure.
  • the apparatus comprises a Y-shaped extrusion chamber 402 , having a first bore 404 , a second bore 405 and a central container 406 .
  • the first bore 404 and the second bore 405 are positioned at an angle to each other and converge to meet the central container 406 , forming the Y-shape.
  • Each of the first bore 404 , the second bore 405 and the central container 406 has an open end opposite to the point of convergence.
  • a first hot or cold billet 407 is placed into the open end of the first bore 404 .
  • a second hot or cold billet 408 is placed into the open end of the second bore 405 .
  • a first punch 410 is positioned at the open end of the first bore 404 .
  • a second punch 412 is positioned at the open end of the second bore 405 .
  • the respective working faces 414 and 416 of the first and second punches 410 and 412 are protected by a respective dummy block 418 and 420 .
  • An extrusion die 422 with a designed orifice 424 is installed at the open end of the central container 406 .
  • the extruded profile bends towards the side of the extrusion chamber 402 which has the lower extrusion velocity.
  • the velocity v 1 of the first punch 410 is larger than the velocity v 2 of the second punch 412 . Therefore, the extrudate 426 bends towards the second bore 405 .
  • the areas of the dummy blocks 418 and 420 may be adjusted to provide this effect.
  • the first and second compression elements can be positioned at an angle ⁇ , shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the first and second axes correspond to the first and second compression elements, with the third axis bisecting the first and second axes and corresponding to the direction of extrusion from the die orifice.
  • the plane of the cross-section of the extrusion orifice is perpendicular to a line bisecting the first and second axes, with the third axis being parallel to this line.
  • a shear stress can be exerted while the billet passes from the entrance to the extrusion chamber to the exit from the extrusion chamber.
  • the shear stress exerted at the intersection between the first axis and the third axis (and likewise at the intersection between the second axis and the third axis) causes severe plastic deformation (SPD) of the billet at the point of intersection of the axes.
  • SPD of the billet results in an extruded profile with an ultra-fine grain size, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the extruded profile.
  • SPD of the billet increases as the angle ⁇ decreases (i.e. as angle ⁇ increases), thereby giving rise to improved mechanical properties arising from SPD with reduced angle A.
  • the first and second axes may be orientated at an angle 0° ⁇ 360°.
  • the extrusion apparatus schematically illustrated in FIG. 4 may have any arbitrary angle between 0° and 360°.
  • curved sections with undistorted cross-sections can be achieved by utilising asymmetric flow in the extrusion die. Since it is a natural bending process based on internal differential material flow rather than external bending force, defects such as distortion and thinning of the cross-section are avoided. The combination of the extrusion and bending processes into a single process, thus eschews the complication of an extra external bending apparatus.
  • the compression elements may move at the same velocity, with the velocity gradient across the extrusion orifice being a function of geometric features (such as a greater surface area for one dummy block/compression element in comparison with the other).
  • a combination of geometric features and the velocities of the compression elements may result in a desired velocity gradient at the extrusion orifice.
  • a guide external to the die orifice 224 may be employed to ensure precise curve accuracy.
  • Any of the above embodiments may be used for extrusion of solid bars or tubes.
  • a mandrel may be fixed to the inner wall of the extrusion chamber opposite to the exit die.
  • the size of the mandrel relative to the size of the die orifice will define the wall thickness of the extruded tube.
  • the curvature of the tube is reduced with increase of wall thickness of the tube.
  • the effect of the wall thickness on curvature is small, compared with that of the velocity ratio. Otherwise, a similar tendency in the extrusion of round bars described before also occurs in extrusion of round tubes.
  • any of the above embodiments may be used to produce curved profiles in any material that can be manufactured by the conventional extrusion procedure.
  • the principal application is extrusion of metal alloys. These include aluminium, magnesium, copper, steel, titanium and nickel.
  • the system has been described with reference to aluminium since this is where the most commercially feasible applications are likely to be, but the implementation is not exclusively related to aluminium.
  • the hot metal billet used can be virtually any metal alloy billet which is heated to the temperature generally used in the hot extrusion process.
  • a True Temperature Technology (3T) facility is utilized to record exit temperature of the extruded part. By adjusting the extrusion velocities of the two punches while keeping the extrusion velocity ratio constant, exit temperature is maintained at a reasonable temperature where solution heat treatment (SHT) takes place.
  • SHT solution heat treatment
  • the target exit temperature for an extruded part is dependent on the metal alloy. For the 6xxx series aluminium alloys, temperatures within a range of 500 ⁇ 530° C. for solution heat treatment should be realised at the die exit to achieve optimal mechanical properties.
  • the extruded part can be quenched after SHT using water, mist spray or air cooling, depending on the alloy and the final mechanical property requirements.
  • FIGS. 2 to 4 comprise two compression elements, it will be understood that further compression elements could be incorporated to control curvature in other planes.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
US16/612,232 2017-05-10 2018-05-10 A method for forming curved lengths of extruded profiles/sections in metal alloys Pending US20200206794A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB1707519.3A GB201707519D0 (en) 2017-05-10 2017-05-10 A method for forming curved lengths of extruded profiles/sections in metal alloys
GB1707519.3 2017-05-10
PCT/GB2018/051260 WO2018206960A1 (en) 2017-05-10 2018-05-10 A method for forming curved lengths of extruded profiles/sections in metal alloys

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US (1) US20200206794A1 (ko)
EP (1) EP3621753B1 (ko)
JP (1) JP7270553B2 (ko)
KR (1) KR102449312B1 (ko)
CN (2) CN114682639A (ko)
GB (1) GB201707519D0 (ko)
WO (1) WO2018206960A1 (ko)

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US11203141B1 (en) * 2019-11-18 2021-12-21 Suzhou Kanronics Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. Single-cavity multi-runner applied to oriented arrangement extrusion molding equipment of graphene fibers
CN116020894A (zh) * 2023-03-29 2023-04-28 太原科技大学 环筒形零件等通道双转角变径挤压成形模具及工艺

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GB2580955B (en) * 2019-01-31 2021-03-10 Imperial College Innovations Ltd Apparatus and method for extruding curved profiles
CN109967549B (zh) * 2019-04-02 2020-04-14 山东理工大学 型材自弯曲成形挤压模具
CN111992592A (zh) * 2020-09-07 2020-11-27 凯维思(山东)智能制造科技有限公司 一种双流量调控加压成形设备、系统及方法
CN114632831A (zh) * 2022-04-21 2022-06-17 凯维思智能装备科技(山东)有限公司 一种多剪切变形弯曲成形装置及方法

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CN116020894A (zh) * 2023-03-29 2023-04-28 太原科技大学 环筒形零件等通道双转角变径挤压成形模具及工艺

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CN114682639A (zh) 2022-07-01
CN110891703A (zh) 2020-03-17
KR102449312B1 (ko) 2022-09-29
WO2018206960A1 (en) 2018-11-15
JP2020519447A (ja) 2020-07-02
CN110891703B (zh) 2022-05-24
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