US20200076312A1 - Methods, apparatus, and systems to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter - Google Patents
Methods, apparatus, and systems to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter Download PDFInfo
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- US20200076312A1 US20200076312A1 US16/412,102 US201916412102A US2020076312A1 US 20200076312 A1 US20200076312 A1 US 20200076312A1 US 201916412102 A US201916412102 A US 201916412102A US 2020076312 A1 US2020076312 A1 US 2020076312A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/06—Modifications for ensuring a fully conducting state
- H03K17/063—Modifications for ensuring a fully conducting state in field-effect transistor switches
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/337—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration
- H02M3/3376—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0006—Arrangements for supplying an adequate voltage to the control circuit of converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
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- H02M2001/0032—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
- H02M3/33523—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K2217/00—Indexing scheme related to electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making or -breaking covered by H03K17/00
- H03K2217/0063—High side switches, i.e. the higher potential [DC] or life wire [AC] being directly connected to the switch and not via the load
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K2217/00—Indexing scheme related to electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making or -breaking covered by H03K17/00
- H03K2217/0081—Power supply means, e.g. to the switch driver
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
Definitions
- This disclosure relates generally to power converters and, more particularly, to methods, apparatus, and systems to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter.
- a power converter is a circuit that is used in various devices to convert an input voltage to a desired output voltage.
- a buck converter converts an input voltage into a lower output voltage by controlling transistors and/or switches to charge and/or discharge inductors and/or capacitors to maintain the desired output voltage.
- Some power converters may include one or more power switches that may be switched on and/off in synchronization (e.g., when one switch is on the other is off) to change the path of current in the power converters.
- wide band gap devices may be used to implement the power switches for high voltage and/or high temperature power switching applications.
- An example apparatus includes a latch including a first node coupled to a first source of a first switch and an output coupled to a first gate of the first switch; a first diode coupled to the first node and a second node; a second diode coupled to the second node and ground; a second switch coupled to a voltage source and a resistor; and a third switch including a third gate coupled to the resistor and the second switch, a third source coupled to the second node, and a third drain coupled to the latch.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example switching power converter
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example circuit implementation of a high side level shifter of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative example circuit implementation high side level shifter of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates a timing diagram corresponding to a low side to high side transition using the high side level shifter of FIGS. 2 and/or 3 .
- FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative example high side level shifting trigger of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 6 illustrates a timing diagram corresponding to a low side to high side transition using the alternative high side level shifting trigger of FIG. 5 .
- FIGS. 7A-7B illustrates an alternative example high side level shifter latch of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 8 illustrates a timing diagram corresponding to a low side to high side transition using the alternative high side level shifter latch of FIG. 8 .
- FIG. 9 illustrates an example bond pad of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed and/or hardware configurations to implement the example power converter of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 11 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed and/or hardware configurations to implement the example power converter of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a processor platform structured to execute the example machine readable instructions of FIGS. 10-11 to implement the example high side level shifter of FIGS. 1-3, 5 , and/or 7 .
- Power converters may include power switches (e.g., relays, metal oxide silicon field effect transistors (MOSFETs), etc.) in a half-bridge power stage that switch currents from one path (e.g., from a voltage source (Vdd) to an output) to another (e.g., from the output to ground).
- a microcontroller outputs a control signal to a low side level shifter and/or a high side level shifter.
- the low side level shifter enables, based on the control signal, a low side switch to decrease the output voltage of the power converter.
- the high side level shifter enables a high side level shifter to enable the high side switch/transistor to increase the output voltage of the power converter.
- the microcontroller may output the control signal(s) to the level shifters to toggle between high side control (e.g., by enabling the high side switch and disabling the low side switch) and the low side control (e.g., by disabling the high side switch and enabling the low side switch) at a frequency and/or pulse width modulation to generate a desired output voltage.
- the level shifters in a power converter convert a received digital control signal at a logic standard (e.g., the 3.3 Volts (V) or 5 V output of a microcontroller representing a logic value of ‘1’) to a second logic standard (e.g., another voltage, say 400 V representing a logic value of ‘1’) corresponding to a voltage high enough to control a high side switch.
- a logic standard e.g., the 3.3 Volts (V) or 5 V output of a microcontroller representing a logic value of ‘1’
- a second logic standard e.g., another voltage, say 400 V representing a logic value of ‘1’
- the high side level shifter includes one of more latches to hold state information (e.g., logic ‘1’ or logic ‘0’) to trigger an output voltage high enough to enable a high side switch or an output voltage low enough to disable the high side switch.
- the one or more latches when the output of the microcontroller corresponds to a logic value of ‘1’ (e.g., 3.3 V or 5 V, etc.), the one or more latches outputs a voltage to the gate of the high side switch, the voltage raising to the bootstrap node potential to enable the high side switch.
- the output of the microcontroller corresponds to a logic value of ‘0’ (e.g., 0 V or ground)
- the one or more latches when the output of the microcontroller corresponds to a logic value of ‘0’ (e.g., 0 V or ground), the one or more latches outputs a voltage to the gate of the high side switch, the voltage at the gate of the high side switch being the same as the voltage at the switch node, thereby disabling the low side switch.
- the bootstrap node corresponds to a bootstrap capacitor coupled to switching node, the voltage across the bootstrap capacitor corresponding to a voltage at the bootstrap node that is higher than the voltage at the switching node.
- the switching node corresponding to the node coupled to the source of the high side switch, the drain of the low side switch, and the output stage of the power converter.
- Gallium Nitride (GaN) switches are wide band gap transistors that may be used to implement the switching devices of a power converter.
- GaN switches e.g., transistors
- have very high breakdown voltages e.g., reverse bias breakdown voltages that can be greater than [min breakdown]V
- high electron mobility and saturation velocity Accordingly, GaN switches are used in high-power and/or high-frequency power converters or other high-voltage switching devices.
- Such systems have parasitic inductance and parasitic capacitance.
- GaN transistors include a thick layer of highly resistive GaN layer between a silicon layer and the source, gate, and drain of the transistor.
- Some wide bandgap devices such as GaN transistors, lack an inherent body diode. Accordingly, when GaN transistors are implemented in half bridge switching converters, the switching node (e.g., the node that connects the half bridge to an output stage) may become negative. For example, when the amount of current being drawn from ground during low side control and/or during dead time (e.g., a duration of time between low side control and high side control when both the high side and low side transistors are disabled) is high enough (e.g., 4 amperes (A) or more), the voltage at the switching node may become negative as an inductor of the power converter draws negative current through the low side transistor/switch.
- the amount of current being drawn from ground during low side control and/or during dead time e.g., a duration of time between low side control and high side control when both the high side and low side transistors are disabled
- the voltage at the switching node may become negative as an inductor of the power converter draws negative current through the low side transistor/
- the level shifter is unable to trigger one or more latches. Accordingly, the power converter may not be able to trigger high side control.
- Examples disclosed herein include circuitry to provide a moving level shifting ground that tracks the voltage at the switching node to a preset voltage higher than the switching voltage, when the switching voltage is negative. In this manner, the voltage at the moving level shifting ground will always be low enough to ensure that the latch can be triggered based on a voltage difference corresponding to the moving level shifting ground.
- the voltage at the switching node is positive
- the voltage at the moving level shifting ground tracks ground to a preset voltage higher than ground, when the switching voltage is positive. In this manner, the level shifters can control a high side switch when the switching voltage is negative.
- some switching converters include bond wire and/or bond pads to couple together components of a power converter.
- Bond wire and/or pond pads have inherent parasitic capacitance. Such capacitance may pull down or pull up one or more nodes (e.g., pull up a node of the latch above the bootstrap node and/or pull down a node of the latch below the switching node) in and/or coupled to one or more level shifters of a power converter, thereby causing undesired voltage shifts at nodes in the level shifters. Such undesired voltage shifts may cause the one or more latches in the level shifters to not flip state information when they are supposed to or to flip state information when they are not supposed to. Additionally, some power converters may have device mismatches.
- Device mismatch corresponds to differences between devices in a circuit that would ideally be the same and have the same operating parameters to accurately function.
- Mismatches in GaN-based circuits may be higher than silicon-based circuits because of voltage threshold movements under high voltage reverse bias stress. Examples disclosed herein include circuitry to provide two separate hysteresis paths in a latch of a level shifter. The hysteresis paths add resistance to one side of the latch that pulls inner nodes of the latch to a prior state after a high slew rate transition (e.g., when state information in the level shifter is rectified and/or lost).
- Some examples disclosed herein apply shielding to bond pads and/or bond wires to lower the parasitic capacitance.
- shielding can be added where high voltage on a pad would be shielded using two-dimensional electron gas layer (2-DEG) or lower level metal tied to the switching node at the level shifter.
- 2-DEG two-dimensional electron gas layer
- the parasitic capacitance is decreased to lower the effect of the parasitic capacitance.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example power converter 100 (e.g., a switching power converter) to converter an input voltage (Vin) to a desired output voltage.
- the power converter 100 includes an example controller 102 , example input buffers 104 , an example high side level shifter 105 a , 105 b including an example high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b and an example high side level shifter latch 108 , an example high side switch 110 , an example low side level shifter including an example low side level shifting trigger 112 and an example low side level shifter latch 114 , an example low side switch 116 , an example diode 120 , example inter-die bond pads 122 , an example output stage 124 , and an example bootstrap node 126 , an example switching node 128 , an example high side gate node 130 , and an example ground node 132 .
- the power converter 100 is a gallium nitride (GaN) die to implement the input buffers 104 , the high side level shifter 105 b , the high side switch 110 , the low side level shifting trigger 112 , the low side switch 116 , and/or the diode 120 .
- GaN gallium nitride
- the controller 102 of FIG. 2 is a controller that outputs control signals(s) corresponding to logic value(s) (e.g., ‘1’ or ‘0’).
- the controller 102 may output a first logic value, ‘1,’ on an input high side node (INH) and a second logic value, ‘0,’ on an input low side node (INL) to trigger high side control (e.g., by enabling the example switch 110 and disabling the example switch 116 to cause the input voltage to charge the output stage 124 ).
- the controller 102 may output the second logic value, ‘0,’ on an input high side node (INH) and the first logic value, ‘1,’ on an input low side node (INL) to trigger low side control (e.g., by disabling the example switch 110 and enabling the example switch 116 to cause the output stage 124 to discharge toward ground).
- the controller 102 outputs the second logic value ‘0’ on at both the low side and input high side nodes to trigger dead time (e.g., where both the high side switch 110 and the low side switch 116 are disabled) for a short duration of time between high side and low side control (e.g., or vice versa) to prevent shoot through (e.g., a short from Vin to ground).
- the controller 102 toggles the logic values output on the input nodes at a frequency or pulse width modulation so that the voltage at the output stage 124 corresponds to a desired output voltage.
- the controller 102 outputs the logic signals to the input buffers 104 via the input nodes to initiate control of the switches 110 , 116 .
- the input buffers 104 store the output of the controller 102 before it is processed by the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b and/or the low side level shifting trigger 112 .
- the control signals are transmitted to the (high side) HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b and the low side level shifting trigger 112 to trigger high side or low side control. For example, if the control signal logic on the input high side node is high (e.g., ‘1’) and the control signal logic on the input low side node is low (e.g.
- the high level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b triggers the high side level shifter latch 108 to output a high logic value (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the high side switch 110 ) at the high side gate node 130 to enable the high side switch 110 and the low side level shifting trigger 112 triggers the low side level shifter latch 114 to output a low logic value (e.g., a voltage low enough to disable the low side switch 116 ) at the gate of the low side switch 116 to disable the low side switch 116 .
- a high logic value e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the high side switch 110
- the low side level shifting trigger 112 triggers the low side level shifter latch 114 to output a low logic value (e.g., a voltage low enough to disable the low side switch 116 ) at the gate of the low side switch 116 to disable the low side switch 116 .
- the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b triggers the high side level shifter latch 108 to output a low logic value at the high side gate node 130 to disable the high side switch 110 and the low side level shifting trigger 112 triggers the low side level shifter latch 114 to output a high logic value at the gate of the low side switch 116 to enable the low side switch 116 .
- both the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b and the low side shifting trigger 112 trigger the respective level shifter latches 108 , 114 to output voltages at the gate of the switches 110 , 116 to disable the switches 110 , 116 .
- the level shifter latches 108 , 114 may include two latches. An example of a two-latch level shifter implementation is further described below in conjunction with FIG. 7 .
- the switches 110 , 116 of FIG. 1 are transistors (e.g., the high side switch 110 is a high side transistor and the low side switch 116 is a low side transistor).
- the switches 110 , 116 are gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors (GaN HEMT).
- GaN HEMT gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors
- the example switches 110 , 116 may be any type of switches (e.g., field effect transistors, metal oxide field effect transistors, etc.).
- the output stage 124 When the high side switch 110 is disabled and the low side switch 116 is enabled (e.g., during low side control), the output stage 124 is grounded, thereby causing the output voltage corresponding to the output stage 124 to decrease. When both switches 110 , 116 are disabled (e.g., during deadtime), the output stage 124 is isolated from the ground connection at the source of the switch 116 and the input voltage at the drain of the switch 110 , to prevent the input voltage from shorting to ground.
- the controller 102 toggles between a high logic value and a low logic value on the input nodes (e.g., INH and INL) to toggle the direction of current to/from the output stage 124 (e.g., from the input voltage to the output stage 124 or from the output stage 124 to ground) at a preset frequency and/or pulse width modulation to achieve a desired output voltage.
- the controller 102 outputs control signal(s) corresponding to deadtime before switching from low side to high side control and/or from high side to low side control to prevent shoot through.
- control signal(s) corresponding to deadtime before switching from low side to high side control and/or from high side to low side control to prevent shoot through.
- the example capacitor 118 of FIG. 1 is a bootstrap capacitor that bootstraps the voltage at the switching node 128 to a higher voltage at the bootstrap node 126 .
- the bootstrap capacitor 118 provides bias voltages that exceed the power of the input voltage by storing charge corresponding to the GVDD voltage (e.g., a voltage source/input voltage).
- the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 is GVDD higher than the voltage at the switching node 128 .
- the high side switch 110 is enabled and the input voltage is 400 V
- the voltage at the switching node 128 is approximately 400 V.
- the high side level shifter latch 108 may output the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 at the high side gate node 130 to enable the high side switch 110 or may output the voltage at the switching node 128 at the high side gate node 130 to disable the high side switch 110 .
- the diode 120 (e.g., a bootstrap diode) of FIG. 1 assists in charging the example boost strap capacitor 118 .
- the diode 120 allows GVDD to charge up the bootstrap capacitor 118 .
- the diode 120 isolates the GVDD from the bootstrap node 126 , thereby creating a voltage GVDD higher than the switching node at the bootstrap node 126 .
- the diode 120 is a GaN transistor whose gate is coupled to its source.
- the GaN transistor operates like a diode, wherein the source of the GaN transistor is the anode of the diode and the drain of the GaN transistor is the cathode of the diode.
- the source of the GaN transistor is the anode of the diode and the drain of the GaN transistor is the cathode of the diode.
- any type of circuit that is, or acts as, a diode may alternatively be used.
- the example bond pads 122 , 123 of FIG. 1 are inter connection pads that connect components in the power converter 100 .
- the bond pads 122 , 123 connect to components that are implemented in different dies (e.g., a low side die and a high side die).
- the input buffers 104 , the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b , the low side level shifting trigger 112 the low side level shifter latch 114 , the switch 116 , and the diode 120 may be implemented in a low side die, while the HS level shifter latch 108 and the switch 110 may be implemented in a high side die.
- any component that connects is connected to a component implemented in a different die requires one or more of the bond pads 122 , 123 to connect between the different dies.
- the bond pads 122 , 123 correspond to some parasitic capacitance that may generate an undesired path to ground that may cause displacement current and/or may cause the gates of both switches in the HS level shifter latch 108 to be pulled above the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 or pulled below the voltage at the switching node 128 , which will cause the latch to not be able to latch to a state (e.g., a high output state or a low output state).
- the parasitic capacitance of some of the bond pads 122 may be negligible compared to impedance/resistance of the devices that are connected to bond pads 122 .
- the amount of charge caused by the parasitic capacitance of some bod pads 122 may be small.
- the bond pads 123 the voltage swing applied to the bond pads 123 is large (e.g., 0V to 400V). Accordingly the parasitic capacitance of the bond pads 123 can provide a large amount of unwanted charge to devices connected to the bond pads.
- the bond pads 123 reduce the effect of parasitic capacitance by including a 2-DEG layer on the back of the bond pads 122 with contacts connected to the 2-DEG layer. The contacts may be coupled to the switching node 128 to reduce the amount of parasitic capacitance in the power converter 100 .
- the voltage at the switching node 128 of FIG. 1 may become largely negative (e.g., ⁇ 4.3 V).
- a negative voltage e.g., ⁇ 4.3 V.
- the switching node 128 becomes largely negative to allow the current being forced by the inductor to flow toward the output stage 124 .
- some high side level shifters may not be able to flip states to trigger high side control based on the INH signal trigger because of the negative voltage at the switching node 128 .
- the HS level shifter 105 a , 105 b includes circuitry to provide a moving level shifting ground to allow the level shifter 105 a , 105 b to enable high side control, even when the switching node 128 is largely negative.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit implementation of the level shifter 105 a of FIG. 1 .
- the level shifter 105 a of FIG. 2 includes the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , the high side level shifter latch 108 , the example bootstrap node 126 , the example switching node 128 , and the example ground node 132 of FIG. 1 .
- the level shifter 105 a of FIG. 2 further includes a first example input voltage 200 (e.g., representative of the GVDD of FIG. 1 ), and a second example input voltage 202 (e.g., representative of the voltage at the input low side node (INL) from the controller 102 of FIG.
- a first example input voltage 200 e.g., representative of the GVDD of FIG. 1
- a second example input voltage 202 e.g., representative of the voltage at the input low side node (INL) from the controller 102 of FIG.
- the level shifter 105 a of FIG. 2 further includes an example switches 206 , 208 , 212 , 216 , 230 , 232 , example resistors 210 , 214 , 226 , 228 , example diodes 218 , 220 , and an example capacitor 222 .
- the level shifting latch 108 of FIG. 1 is implemented with one latch, the level shifting latch 108 may be implemented with any number of latches, as further described below in conjunction with FIG. 7 .
- the input voltage 200 (e.g., the voltage source) of FIG. 2 is representative of the GVDD voltage applied in FIG. 1 .
- the input voltage 200 is coupled to ground (e.g., the analog ground node 132 ).
- the example first input voltage 204 is representative of the control signal output by the controller 102 on the input high side node (INH) of FIG. 1 and the second input voltage 202 is representative of the control signal output by the controller 102 on the input low side node (INL) of FIG. 1 .
- a high logic value at the INH node corresponds to enabling the HS switch 110 and a high logic value at the INL node corresponds to disabling the HS switch 110 .
- the input voltages 202 , 204 are couple coupled to ground (e.g., the analog ground node 132 ).
- the switches 206 , 208 of FIG. 2 are transistors to, when enabled (e.g., based on the logic signal from the respective input voltage 202 , 204 applied to the gate of the respective switches 206 , 208 ), allow current to flow from the input voltage 200 to ground via the respective resistors 210 , 214 to create a voltage at the gates of the respective switches 212 , 216 .
- the switches 206 , 208 are p-channel metal oxide semiconductor transistors.
- the switches 206 , 208 may be n-channel metal oxide semiconductor transistors (e.g., with connection adjustments to ensure that a logic signal corresponding to high side control enables the high side switch 110 ), GaN transistors (e.g., as further described below in conjunction with FIG. 3 ), and/or any other type of switch.
- the switches 212 , 216 of FIG. 2 are transistors to, when enabled, allow current to flow from the bootstrap node 126 to the moving level shifting ground node 224 via the respective resistors 226 , 228 .
- the switches 212 , 216 are enabled when a voltage is applied to the gate of the respective switch 212 , 216 that is above a threshold voltage.
- the switches 212 , 216 are GaN switches. Alternatively, any type of switch may be used.
- the diodes 218 , 220 of FIG. 2 are implemented by GaN transistors.
- the diodes 218 , 220 may be any device that implements the functionality of a diode (e.g., to allow current to flow in one direction and prevent current from flowing in a second direction).
- the source of the GaN implementation corresponds to an anode of the diode 218 (e.g., coupled to the moving level shifting ground node 224 ) and the drain of the GaN implementation corresponds to the cathode of the diode 218 (e.g., coupled to the switching node 128 ).
- the source of the GaN implementation corresponds to an anode of the diode 220 (e.g., coupled to the moving level shifting ground node 224 ) and the drain of the GaN implementation corresponds to the cathode of the diode 220 (e.g., coupled to the analog ground node 132 ).
- the diodes 218 , 220 generate a voltage drop corresponding to a threshold voltage.
- the diode 218 allows current to flow from the moving level shifting ground node 224 to the switching (SW) node 128 and prevents current from flowing from the SW node 128 to the moving level shifting ground node 224 .
- the diode 220 allows current to flow from the moving level shifting ground node 224 to the analog ground (AGND) node 132 .
- AGND analog ground
- the moving level shifting ground node 224 is isolated from the SW node 128 and the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 is one threshold voltage (e.g., 2 V) above the voltage at the AGND node (e.g., 0V).
- the moving level shifting ground node 224 is isolated from the AGND node 132 and the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node is one threshold voltage (e.g., 2 V) above the voltage at the SW node 128 .
- the example diodes 218 , 220 are implemented to generate the moving level shifting ground node 224 that tracks the SW node 128 (e.g., is one threshold voltage above the voltage at the SW node 128 ) when the voltage at the SW node 128 is negative and tracks AGND 132 (e.g., is one threshold voltage above the voltage at the AGND node 132 /corresponds to the voltage differential across the diode 220 from the switching node 224 to the AGND 132 ), when the voltage at the SW node 128 is positive.
- the SW node 128 e.g., is one threshold voltage above the voltage at the SW node 128
- AGND 132 e.g., is one threshold voltage above the voltage at the AGND node 132 /corresponds to the voltage differential across the diode 220 from the switching node 224 to the AGND 132
- the capacitor 222 of FIG. 2 absorbs the charging current of the blocking diode 218 , when the voltage at the switching node 128 is rising to a high voltage. In this manner, the capacitor 222 keeps the voltage drop from the AGND 132 to moving level shifting ground node 224 low until the level shifting action is complete (e.g., after the voltage at the switching node 128 settles to the high voltage level).
- the example resistors 226 , 228 of FIG. 2 provide a path for current to flow to ground (e.g., based on the enabling of switches 212 , 216 ) to generate voltages at the gates of the respective switches 230 , 232 to store state information (e.g., a high state output or a low state output) that corresponds to outputting a voltage on the high side gate node 130 high enough to example the switch 110 or low enough to disable the switch 110 .
- the resistors 226 , 228 may be replaced with p-channel transistors and/or p-channel GaN transistors.
- the example switches 230 , 232 of FIG. 2 are transistors that latch to state information based on voltages applied to the gates of the respective switches 230 , 232 .
- the switches 230 , 232 are implemented so that when the switch 230 is on, the switch 232 is off and when the switch 230 is off, the switch 232 is on.
- the voltage at the high side gate node 130 e.g., the latch output
- the voltage at the high side gate node 130 corresponds to a high logic state (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the switch 110 ).
- the voltage at the high side gate node 130 corresponds to a high logic state (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the switch 110 ).
- the switch 206 is enabled and the switch 208 is disabled.
- the input voltage 200 e.g., GVDD
- the resistor 210 is applied to the resistor 210 to create a voltage drop across the resistor 210 (e.g., because the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 is low or negative during low side/deadtime control).
- the voltage drop corresponds to a voltage applied to the gate of the switch 212 that is high enough to enable the switch 212 , thereby providing a path to ground from the bootstrap node 126 via the example resistor 226 .
- the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 tracks the SW node voltage, the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 will always be low enough to cause a voltage drop across the resistors 226 that corresponds to a flipping of the switches 230 , 232 , even when the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 is 0. In this manner, the voltage applied to the gate of the switch 212 is high enough to enabled the switch 212 (e.g., flipping the state of the latch). Thus, the voltage at the high side gate node 130 is approximately the same as the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the switch 110 for high side control).
- the AGND node 132 is used to trigger the latch.
- the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 may be very small or zero. For example, if the voltage at the SW node 128 is ⁇ 6 V during deadtime, then the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 will be 0V. Because the voltage at the AGND node 132 is also 0 V, there will not be a voltage drop across either of the resistors 226 , 228 . Accordingly, such systems will not be able to flip the latch to initiate high side control.
- the diode 218 generates a voltage drop corresponding to a voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 that is a threshold voltage above the voltage at the SW node 128 , the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 will be some voltage less than the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 .
- the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 is 0 V
- the voltage at the SW node 128 is ⁇ 6 V
- the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 is ⁇ 4 V. Accordingly, there will still be a voltage drop across the example resistor 226 (e.g., 0V to ⁇ 4V) to facilitate a state switch (e.g., flip) of the switches 230 , 232 during deadtime.
- FIG. 3 is an alternative circuit implementation of the level shifter 105 b of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 includes the high side level shifting trigger 106 b , the example high side level shifter latch 108 , the example bootstrap node 126 , the example switching node 128 , and the example ground node 132 , the first example input voltage 200 , and the second example input voltage 202 , and the third example input voltage 204 , the example switches 212 , 216 , 230 , 232 , the example resistors 210 , 214 , 226 , 228 , the example diodes 218 , 220 , and the example capacitor 222 of FIGS. 1 and/or 2 .
- FIG. 3 further includes GaN-based switches (e.g., transistors) 300 , 302 .
- the GaN transistors 300 of FIG. 3 operate in a substantially similar manner than the switches 206 , 208 of FIG. 1 .
- the GaN transistors 300 are implemented as n-channel GaN transistors, the input voltages 202 , 204 are flipped so that the voltage at the INH input corresponds to high side control and the voltage at the INL input corresponds to low side control.
- a inverting gate/circuit may be used and the input voltages 202 , 204 can remain as they are in FIG. 2 .
- operation of the circuit of FIG. 3 is substantially similar FIG.
- enabling the example GaN transistors 300 correspond to a high logic value being output at the high side gate node 130 (e.g., for low side control and/or dead time) and enabling the example transistor 302 corresponds to a low logic value being output at the high side gate node 130 (e.g., for high side control).
- FIG. 4 is an example timing diagram 400 corresponding to a low side control to high side control transition of the power converter 100 of FIG. 1 .
- the example timing diagram 400 includes an example high side input voltage 402 , an example gate voltage 404 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the gate of the example switch 212 of FIG. 2 ), an example moving level shifting ground voltage 406 , and an example switching node voltage 408 .
- the timing diagram 400 of FIG. 4 corresponds to a power converter whose load draws a ⁇ 4 amperes (A) during deadtime.
- the power converter 100 Before time t 0 , the power converter 100 is operating in low side control (e.g., when the low side switch 116 is enabled and the high side switch 110 is disabled, thereby causing the voltage at the switching node 128 discharge toward ground). After time t 0 , the power converter 100 is operating in dead time (e.g., when the low side switch 116 is disabled and the high side switch 110 is disabled) to prevent shoot through. As described above, the inductor of the output stage 124 draws current from ground during deadtime. Accordingly, during deadtime, the switching node voltage 408 become negative (e.g., ⁇ 4.5 V).
- the moving level shifting ground voltage 406 is one diode threshold voltage above the switching node voltage 408 (e.g., ⁇ 2.7 V). Additionally, the gate voltage 404 likewise become negative due to the voltage differential across the resistor 210 while the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 is negative. At t 1 , the high side input voltage increases to trigger high side control. Accordingly, the switch 206 , 300 is enabled to generate a voltage differential across the resistor 210 , corresponding to the increase of the gate voltage 404 .
- enabling the switch 212 based on the gate voltage 404 causes the level shifter latch 108 to flip output states by disabling the switch 232 and enabling the switch 230 to cause the switching node voltage 408 to increase to a voltage high enough to enable the high side switch 110 .
- the moving level shifting ground voltage 406 begins to track the voltage at the analog ground (e.g., AGND node 132 ).
- FIG. 5 is an alternative circuit implementation of the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b of FIG. 1 that may be implemented for larger amounts of current being drawn to ground during low side control (e.g., ⁇ 4 A to ⁇ 6 A or more).
- the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b of FIG. 5 includes the switching node 128 , the switches 212 , 216 , 300 , 302 , the example diode 218 , 220 , the example capacitor 222 , and the moving level shifting ground node 224 of FIGS. 1,2 and/or 3 .
- the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b of FIG. 5 further includes example diodes 500 , 504 , 506 , 508 , 510 , 514 , 516 , 518 and resistors 502 , 512
- the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b of FIG. 5 includes the diodes 500 , 504 , 506 , 508 , 510 , 514 and the resistors 502 , 512 to handle a larger amount of current being drawing by an inductor the output stage 124 of FIG. 1 during low side control/dead time corresponding to a more negative switching node voltage 128 .
- maximum load current that can be handled by the level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b of FIG. 2 or 3 is 0.6VT/Rdson_LS, where VT is the threshold voltage and Rdson_LS is the drain-to-source resistance of the switch 116 .
- Rdson_LS be lower than Rdson_HS (e.g., the drain-to-source resistance of the switch 110 ).
- one or more charge pumps may be added to the gates of the switches 300 , 302 to inject enough current to create a voltage drop across the respective resistors 210 , 214 to generate enough voltage at the gate of the switches 212 , 216 to enable the switches 212 , 216 .
- FIG. 6 is an example timing diagram 600 corresponding to a low side control to high side control transition of the power converter 100 using the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b of FIG. 5 .
- the example timing diagram 600 includes an example gate voltage 602 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the gate of the example switch 300 of FIG. 5 ), an example drain voltage 604 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the drain of the example diode 500 of FIG. 5 ), an example gate voltage 605 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the gate of the example switch 212 of FIG. 5 ), an example moving level shifting ground voltage 606 , and an example switching node voltage 608 .
- the timing diagram 600 corresponds to when the load current reaches ⁇ 6 A during deadtime.
- the timing diagram 600 begins when the power converter 100 is operating in dead time (e.g., when the low side switch 116 is disabled and the high side switch 110 is disabled) to prevent shoot through.
- the inductor of the output stage 124 draws current from ground during deadtime. Accordingly, during deadtime, the switching node voltage 608 become negative (e.g., ⁇ 6 V). Because the example diode 218 generates a voltage drop from the moving level shifting ground node 224 to the switching node 128 , the moving level shifting ground voltage 606 is one diode threshold voltage above the switching node voltage 608 (e.g., ⁇ 4 V).
- the gate voltage 605 and the drain voltage 604 likewise become negative due to the voltage differential across the resistor 210 while the moving level shifting ground node 224 is negative.
- the switch 206 , 300 is enabled to generate a voltage differential across the resistor 210 through the diode 500 , corresponding to the increase of the drain voltage 604 and the gate voltage 605 .
- enabling the switch 212 based on the gate voltage 605 causes the level shifter latch 108 to flip output states by disabling the switch 232 and enabling the switch 230 to cause the switching node voltage 608 to increase to a voltage high enough to enable the high side switch 110 .
- the moving level shifting ground voltage 606 begins to track the voltage at the analog ground (e.g., AGND node 132 ).
- FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative circuit implementation of the high side level shifter latch 108 of FIG. 1 including two-way hysteresis.
- the high side level shifter latch 108 of FIG. 7 includes an example first hysteresis circuit 700 , example switches 701 , 703 , 708 , 710 example resistors 702 , 704 , an example second hysteresis circuit 706 , a first example latch 712 , a second example latch 714 , and example circuit 715 , example drivers 716 , example circuit 718 , and example nodes 720 , 721 , 723 , 722 , 724 , 726 , 728 , 730 , 732 , 734 .
- displacement currents may flow because of the parasitic capacitance of the bond pads 123 .
- the displacement current may cause the voltages at both gates of the switches 230 , 232 to be driven to ground causing an error in the high side level shifter latch 108 and losing the stored state information.
- the first and second hysteresis circuits 700 , 706 recover the previous state of the high side level shifter latch 108 when such errors occur.
- the first hysteresis circuit 700 provides a another parallel resistance (e.g., one or more resistors in parallel) to one of the resistors 226 , 228 , depending on the previously stored state and the second hysteresis circuit 706 provides a stronger path toward the switching node 128 via one of the switches 230 , 232 , depending on the previously stored state (e.g., higher resistance and paths to the side of the latch that was previously high and lower resistance and paths to the side of the latch that was previously low).
- the stronger side will pull up in the correct direction to maintain the stored state information (e.g., the latch maintains its previous state).
- the first hysteresis circuit 700 of FIG. 7 includes the example switches 701 , 703 and the example resistors 702 , 704 .
- the resistor 702 provides extra resistance to the resistor 226 (e.g., through a parallel connection, lowering overall resistance to the bootstrap node 126 ), thereby providing a stronger pull-up path to the bootstrap node 126 .
- Having a stronger path corresponds to a faster pull up to the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 , thereby causing the latch to return to the previous state by providing the correct voltage to the gate of the switch 232 .
- the resistor 704 provides extra resistance to the resistor 228 (e.g., through a parallel connection), thereby providing a stronger pull-up path to the bootstrap node 126 through resistor 228 .
- the second hysteresis circuit 706 of FIG. 7 includes the examples switches 708 , 710 to provide a strong path to the switching node 128 .
- the switch 708 provides a stronger path to ground on the side of the latch corresponding to the resistor 226 , causing a slower pull up to the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 to cause the latch to return to the previous state by providing the correct voltage to the gate of the switch 232 .
- the first latch 712 of FIG. 7 corresponds to the latch described in FIGS. 2 and 3 .
- the first latch 712 includes the resistor 226 , 228 and the switches 230 , 232 of FIGS. 2 and 3 .
- the latch 712 includes additional components (e.g., diode clamps, switches, resistors, capacitors, etc.) to handle the common mode current.
- the additional components clamp the voltages at different nodes to the bootstrap rate potential or switching node rate potential.
- the second latch 714 of FIG. 7 operates in a substantially similar manner as the first latch 712 .
- the second latch 714 receives the voltages on each side of the first latch 712 (e.g., the voltages at the first latch output nodes 721 , 723 ) and adjust states based on the received voltages to generate the second latch output logic signals on the second latch output nodes 724 , 726 .
- the voltage on the second latch output nodes 724 , 726 are coupled to rail-to-rail driver output nodes 728 , 730 , 732 , 734 which are coupled to the gates of the switches 701 , 703 , 708 , 710 .
- Buffer output nodes 730 , 728 are designed to output a voltage higher than the voltage on the bootstrap node potential to drive n-channel devices effectively.
- rail to rail driver output nodes 730 , 732 are coupled to the switches 701 , 708 and rail-to-rail driver output nodes 728 , 734 are coupled to the switches 703 , 710 .
- the previously stored state information is used by the switches 701 , 703 , 708 , 710 of the hysteresis circuits 700 , 706 to ensure that parasitic capacitance causing errors in the first latch 712 (e.g., 0 V at both nodes 720 , 722 do not cause error in the second latch 714 by setting the first latch 712 to the previously stored state information based on the additional resistance/path).
- the example circuit 715 of FIG. 7 enforces a predefined current state during startup. In this manner, the predefined state information will be set by the first and second latches 712 , 714 at startup.
- the circuit 716 correspond to rail to rail drivers that output the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 or the voltage at the switching node 128 corresponding to the output(s) of the second latch 714 on the high side gate node 130 .
- the example circuit 716 may be used to ensure that enough current is used to drive the gate of the switch 110 at a predetermined speed.
- the circuit 718 provides under voltage protection and startup clamps to, define the state of the latch during powerup.
- FIG. 8 is an example timing diagram 800 corresponding to a low side control to high side control transition of the power converter 100 using the high side level shifter latch 108 of FIG. 7 .
- the example timing diagram 800 includes a first example control voltage 802 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the drain of the switch 212 of FIGS. 2 and/or 3 corresponding to the first latch 712 on a first side), a second example control voltage 804 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the drain of the switch 216 of FIGS.
- an example first latch output voltage 806 corresponding to the voltage at the node 720 an example first latch output voltage 808 corresponding to the voltage at the node 722 , an example second latch output voltage 810 corresponding to the voltage at node 724 , an example second latch output voltage 812 corresponding to the voltage at node 726 , and an example voltage 814 corresponding to the switching node 128 .
- the example voltages 802 - 812 are with respect to the voltage 814 at the switching node 128 . For example, when the example voltage 810 is at 6V, it is 6V above the voltage 814 at the switching node 128 .
- the power converter 100 Before time t 0 , the power converter 100 is operating in low side control or deadtime. At time t 0 , the first low side control voltage 802 goes low and the second low side control voltage 804 goes high indicating a transition from low side control to high side control. Accordingly, between times t 0 and t 1 , the first latch output voltage 806 and the second latch output voltage 810 drop to a low voltage while the first latch output voltage 808 and the second latch output voltage 812 rise to a high voltage. Between times t 1 and t 2 , the parasitic capacitance on the components of the power converter 100 cause the control voltages 802 , 804 and similarly the first latch output voltage 806 , 808 to drop to a low voltage.
- the hysteresis circuits 700 , 706 cause the level shifter latch 108 to maintain its previously stored state (e.g., corresponding to the high side state that occurred between time t 0 and t 1 ).
- the example second latch outputs 810 , 812 maintain their voltage levels and the example switching node voltage 814 increases to the high voltage without any errors corresponding to the parasitic capacitance.
- FIG. 9 illustrates an example of one of the bond pads 122 of FIG. 1 .
- the example bond pad includes an example bond pad connection terminal 900 , an example 2-DEG layer 902 , and example contacts 904 connected to the example switching node 128 .
- a bond pad corresponds to an amount of parasitic capacitance.
- the parasitic capacitance may cause an undesired path to ground. Accordingly, shielding may be used to redirect the path to ground caused by the parasitic capacitance to a path to the SW node 128 , thereby limiting the parasitic induced current effects on nodes 720 , 722 of FIG. 7 .
- the bond pad 123 of FIG. 9 includes a bond pad terminal 900 that connects one component to another component using bond wires.
- the bond pad 123 includes the 2-DEG layer 902 (e.g., a 2-DEG sheet) corresponding to some resistance and the contacts 904 connected to the 2-DEG layer 902 .
- the 2-DEG layer 902 is a conductive layer, which is how the shielding is achieved.
- the contacts 904 are connected to the SW node 128 . In this manner, the parasitic capacitance is tied to the SW node 128 , as opposed to ground. In this manner, the parasitic current on nodes 720 , 722 is minimal and the effect of parasitic capacitance is reduced.
- FIGS. 2, 3, 5, and 7 While an example manner of implementing the high side level shifter 105 a , 105 b of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 5, and 7 , one or more of the elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 5, and 7 may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b , the HS level shifter latch 108 , and/or, more generally, the example high side level shifter 105 a , 105 b of FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 7 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.
- any of the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b , the HS level shifter latch 108 , and/or, more generally, the example high side level shifter 105 a , 105 b of FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 7 could be implemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s), programmable controller(s), graphics processing unit(s) (GPU(s)), digital signal processor(s) (DSP(s)), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)).
- At least one of the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b , the HS level shifter latch 108 , and/or, more generally, the example high side level shifter 105 a , 105 b of FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 7 is/are hereby expressly defined to include a non-transitory computer readable storage device or storage disk such as a memory, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. including the software and/or firmware.
- the phrase “in communication,” including variations thereof, encompasses direct communication and/or indirect communication through one or more intermediary components, and does not require direct physical (e.g., wired) communication and/or constant communication, but rather additionally includes selective communication at periodic intervals, scheduled intervals, aperiodic intervals, and/or one-time events.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 Flowcharts representative of example hardware logic, machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or any combination thereof for implementing the power converter 100 of FIG. 1 are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 .
- the machine-readable instructions may be an executable program or portion of an executable program for execution by a computer processor such as the processor 1212 shown in the example processor platform 1200 discussed below in connection with FIG. 12 .
- the program may be embodied in software stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a DVD, a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 1212 , but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor 1212 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware.
- a non-transitory computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a DVD, a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 1212 , but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor 1212 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware.
- the example program is described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated in FIG. 10-11 , many other methods of implementing the example power converter 100 may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of
- any or all of the blocks may be implemented by one or more hardware circuits (e.g., discrete and/or integrated analog and/or digital circuitry, an FPGA, an ASIC, a comparator, an operational-amplifier (op-amp), a logic circuit, etc.) structured to perform the corresponding operation without executing software or firmware.
- hardware circuits e.g., discrete and/or integrated analog and/or digital circuitry, an FPGA, an ASIC, a comparator, an operational-amplifier (op-amp), a logic circuit, etc.
- FIGS. 10-11 may be implemented using executable instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/or machine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information).
- a non-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media.
- A, B, and/or C refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as (1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) B with C, and (7) A with B and with C.
- FIG. 10 is an example flowchart 1000 representative of example machine readable instructions and/or hardware configurations that may be executed by the power converter 100 of FIG. 1 to control the high side switch 110 based on control signals from the controller 102 .
- the example flowchart 1000 of FIG. 10 is described in conjunction with the power converter 100 of FIG. 1 , the flowchart 1000 may be described in conjunction with any type of switching power converter.
- the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b receives a disable high side signal.
- the switch 208 may receive a low logic value at the gate of the switch 208 and the switch 206 may receive a high logic value at the gate of the switch 206 (e.g., corresponding to enabling the switch 208 and disabling the switch 206 ).
- the switch 300 of FIG. 3 may receive a low logic value at the gate of the switch 300 and the switch 302 may receive a high logic value at the gate of the switch 302 (e.g., corresponding to disabling the switch 300 and enabling the switch 302 ).
- the power converter 100 disables the high side switch 110 , as further described below in conjunction with FIG. 11 .
- the voltage at the switching node 128 reaches zero volts and/or a negative voltage.
- the example bootstrap capacitor 118 charges based on the voltage differential between GVDD and the SW node 128 (e.g., via the diode 120 ).
- the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 is GVDD higher than the switching node 128 during high side control as the bootstrap capacitor 118 .
- the example low side level shifter latch 114 enables the low side switch 116 by apply a high voltage to the gate of the low side switch 116 .
- the power converter 100 remains in low side mode until a high side switching signal is received from the example controller 102 .
- the example controller 102 outputs control signals to disable both the high side switch 110 and the low side switch 116 for a duration of time between low side/high side transitions to prevent shoot-through.
- the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines if a high side switching signal has been received.
- the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines that the high side switching signal is received when the voltage at the gate of the switch 206 is a low logic value and the voltage at the gate of the switch 208 is a high logic value. In another example, the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines that the high side switching signal is received when the voltage at the gate of the switch 300 is a high logic value and the voltage at the gate of the switch 302 is a low logic value.
- the process continues, keeping the high side switch 110 disabled. If the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines that the high side switching signal is not received (block 1006 : NO), the process continues, keeping the high side switch 110 disabled. If the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines that the high side switching signal is received (block 1006 : YES), the LS level shifting trigger 112 and the example LS level shifter latch 114 disables the low side switch 116 (block 1007 ) (e.g., by applying a low voltage to the gate of the low side switch 116 ). At block 1008 , the diode 218 generates a voltage drop from the moving level shifting ground node 224 to the switching node 128 .
- the voltage at the switching node 128 may be negative. Accordingly, the diode 218 generates a voltage drop so that the voltage at the moving level shifting node ground 224 is one threshold voltage (e.g., 0.7V, 1.5 V, 2 V, etc.) above the voltage at the switching node 128 . Because the moving level shifting ground node 224 may be negative, due to the largely negative voltage at the switching node 128 , the diode 220 prevents current from flowing from the moving level shifting ground node 224 to the AGND node 132 . Accordingly, when the voltage at the switching node 128 is negative, the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 tracks the voltage at the switching node 128 .
- the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 tracks the voltage at the switching node 128 .
- the voltage applied to the gate of the switch 206 , 300 enables the switch 206 , 300 to draw current from the input voltage 200 (e.g., GVDD) to the moving level shifting ground node 224 via the first resistor 210 , thereby generating a voltage drop across the first resistor 210 .
- the voltage across the resistor 210 e.g., the voltage at the gate of the switch 212 , enables the switch 212 .
- the resistor 226 generates a low voltage at the gate of the switch 232 to disable the switch 232 .
- the latch of the high side level shifter latch 108 triggers a high logic latch state because there is no path to ground via the resistor 228 , thereby causing the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the switch 110 ) to be output to the gate of the switch 110 to enable high side control.
- the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines if a low side switching signal has been received. For example, the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines if the low side switching signal is received when the voltage at the gate of the switch 206 high and the voltage at the gate of the switch 208 is low or if the voltage at the gate of the switch 300 is low and the voltage at the gate of the switch 302 is high. If the HS level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines that the low side switching signal has not been received (block 1018 : NO), the process continues in high side control. If the HS level sifting trigger 106 a , 106 b determines that the low side switching signal has been received (block 1018 : YES), the process returns to block 1004 to disable the high side switch 110 .
- FIG. 11 is an example flowchart 1004 representative of example machine readable instructions and/or hardware configurations that may be executed by the power converter 100 of FIG. 1 to disable the high side switch 110 , as described above in conjunction with block 1004 of FIG. 10 .
- the example flowchart 1004 of FIG. 11 is described in conjunction with the power converter 100 of FIG. 1 , the flowchart 1004 may be described in conjunction with any type of switching power converter.
- the example diode 220 generates a voltage drop from the moving level shifting ground node 224 to the analog ground (AGND) node 132 .
- AGND analog ground
- the diode 218 prevents current from flowing from the switching node 128 to the moving level shifting ground node 224 . In this manner, the voltage at the moving level shifting ground tracks the voltage at the AGND node 132 , which is 0 V.
- the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node 224 is one threshold voltage (e.g., corresponding to the threshold voltage of the diode 220 ), above the ground voltage at the AGND node 132 .
- the voltage applied to the gate of the switch 208 , 302 enables the switch 208 , 302 to draw current from the input voltage 200 to the moving level shifting ground node 224 via the resistor 214 , thereby generating a voltage drop across the resistor 214 .
- the voltage across the resistor 214 e.g., the voltage at the gate of the switch 216
- the resistor 228 generates a low voltage at the gate of switch 230 to disable the switch 230 .
- the latch of the high side level shifter latch 108 triggers to a low logic latch state in response to the enabling of the switch 216 because the high side gate node 130 is tied to the switching node 128 , thereby causing the voltage at the switching node 128 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage low enough to disable the switch 110 ) to be output to the gate of the switch 110 to enable low side control.
- the process returns to block 1006 of FIG. 10 .
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1200 structured to execute the instructions of FIGS. 10-11 to implement the HS level shifter 105 a , 105 b and/or the controller 102 of FIGS. 1-3, 5 , and/or 7 .
- the processor platform 1200 can be, for example, a server, a self-learning machine (e.g., a neural network), an Internet appliance, a microcontroller, or any other type of computing device.
- the processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example includes a processor 1212 .
- the processor 1212 of the illustrated example is hardware.
- the processor 1212 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer.
- the hardware processor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device.
- the processor implements the high side level shifting trigger 106 a , 106 b and/or the HS level shifter latch 108 .
- the processor 1212 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 1213 (e.g., a cache).
- the processor 1212 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1214 and a non-volatile memory 1216 via a bus 1218 .
- the volatile memory 1214 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random-Access Memory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device.
- the non-volatile memory 1216 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1214 , 1216 is controlled by a memory controller.
- the processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 1220 .
- the interface circuit 1220 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near field communication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface.
- one or more input devices 1222 are connected to the interface circuit 1220 .
- the input device(s) 1222 permit(s) a user to enter data and/or commands into the processor 1212 .
- the input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, a sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, or a button.
- One or more output devices 1224 are also connected to the interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example.
- the output devices 1224 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube display (CRT), an in-place switching (IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, and/or speaker.
- the interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip and/or a graphics driver processor.
- the interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a network interface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 1226 .
- the communication can be via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, a satellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephone system, etc.
- DSL digital subscriber line
- the processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 1228 for storing software and/or data.
- mass storage devices 1228 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundant array of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.
- the machine executable instructions 1232 of FIGS. 10-11 may be stored in the mass storage device 1228 , in the volatile memory 1214 , in the non-volatile memory 1216 , and/or on a removable non-transitory computer readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.
- Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising a latch including a first node coupled to a first source of a first switch and an output coupled to a first gate of the first switch, a first diode coupled to the first node and a second node, a second diode coupled to the second node and ground, a second switch coupled to a voltage source and the second node, and a third switch including a third gate coupled to the second switch, a third source coupled to the second node, and a third drain coupled to the latch.
- Example 2 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the voltage source is coupled to ground.
- Example 3 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the first switch is a high side switch coupled to an output stage of a power converter.
- Example 4 includes the apparatus of example 3, further including a low side switch coupled to the output stage of the power converter, the low side switch including a first drain-to-source resistance lower than a second drain-to-source resistance of the high side switch.
- Example 5 includes the apparatus of example 1, further including a fourth switch coupled to the voltage source, and a fifth switch including a fifth gate coupled to the fourth switch, a fifth source coupled to the second node, and a fifth drain coupled to the latch.
- Example 6 includes the apparatus of example 5, wherein the second switch is coupled to the second node via a first resistor and the fifth switch is coupled to the second node via a second resistor.
- Example 7 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the first diode includes a first anode and a first cathode, wherein the first anode is coupled to the second node and the first cathode is coupled to the first node.
- Example 8 includes the apparatus of example 7, wherein the second diode includes a second anode and a second cathode, wherein the second anode is coupled to the second node and the second cathode is coupled to ground.
- Example 9 includes the apparatus of example 1, further including a bond pad to couple second switch to the latch, the bond pad including a two-dimensional electron gas layer coupled to a contact, the contact coupled to the first node.
- Example 10 includes the apparatus of example 9, wherein the two-dimensional electron gas layer and the contact coupled to the first node reduce parasitic capacitance.
- Example 11 includes an apparatus comprising a latch to output a first voltage corresponding to a first node or a second voltage corresponding to a second node to a transistor of a power converter based on a first or second state of the latch, the second node being coupled to a source of the transistor, a first diode to create a first voltage drop from a third node to the second node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is negative and to prevent first current from flowing from the second node to the third node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is positive, and a second diode to create a second voltage drop from the third node to ground when a third voltage at the third node is positive and prevent second current from flowing from ground to the third node when the third voltage at the third node is negative.
- Example 12 includes the apparatus of example 11 includes further including a first transistor to, based on a first control signal, allow third current to flow from a voltage source to the third node through a first resistor, and a second transistor to enable when the first transistor allows the third current to flow through the first resistor, the enabling of the second transistor to generate a first path from the first node of the latch to the third node, the latch to trigger the first state of the latch in response to the enabling of the second transistor.
- a first transistor to, based on a first control signal, allow third current to flow from a voltage source to the third node through a first resistor, and a second transistor to enable when the first transistor allows the third current to flow through the first resistor, the enabling of the second transistor to generate a first path from the first node of the latch to the third node, the latch to trigger the first state of the latch in response to the enabling of the second transistor.
- Example 13 includes the apparatus of example 12, further including a third transistor to, based on a second control signal, allow fourth current to flow from the voltage source to the third node through a second resistor, and a fourth transistor to enable when the third transistor allows the fourth current to flow through the second resistor, the enabling of the fourth transistor to generate a second path from the first node of the latch to the third node, the latch to trigger the second state of the latch in response to the enabling of the fourth transistor.
- a third transistor to, based on a second control signal, allow fourth current to flow from the voltage source to the third node through a second resistor, and a fourth transistor to enable when the third transistor allows the fourth current to flow through the second resistor, the enabling of the fourth transistor to generate a second path from the first node of the latch to the third node, the latch to trigger the second state of the latch in response to the enabling of the fourth transistor.
- Example 14 includes the apparatus of example 11, wherein the transistor is a high side transistor including a first drain-to-source resistance, further including a low side transistor including a second drain-to-source resistance lower than the first drain-to-source resistance.
- Example 15 includes the apparatus of example 11, further including a hysteresis circuit to add resistance to a first side of the latch or a second side of the latch based on a previous state of the latch.
- Example 16 includes the apparatus of example 15, wherein the hysteresis circuit is to add resistance to prevent errors of the latch caused by parasitic capacitance.
- Example 17 includes the apparatus of example 11, wherein the third voltage at the third node corresponds to the second voltage at the second node when the second voltage is negative and the third voltage at the third node corresponds to a voltage differential between the third node and ground when the second voltage is positive.
- Example 18 includes the apparatus of example 11, further including a bond pad to couple the first diode to the latch, the bond pad including a two-dimensional electron gas layer coupled to the second node to reduce parasitic capacitance.
- Example 19 includes a method comprising outputting, at a latch, a first voltage corresponding to a first node or a second voltage corresponding to a second node to a high side transistor of a power converter based on a control signal, the second node being coupled to a source of the high side transistor, generating a first voltage drop from a third node to the second node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is negative and preventing first current from flowing from the second node to the third node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is positive, and generating a second voltage drop from the third node to ground when a third voltage at the third node is positive and preventing second current from flowing from ground to the third node when the third voltage at the third node is negative.
- Example 20 includes the method of example 19, further including adding resistance to a first side of the latch or a second side of the latch based on a previous state of the latch to add resistance to prevent errors of the latch caused by parasitic capacitance.
- Example 21 includes the method of example 19, wherein the third voltage at the third node corresponds to the second voltage at the second node when the second voltage is negative and the third voltage at the third node corresponds to a voltage differential between the third node and ground when the second voltage is positive.
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Abstract
Methods, systems, and apparatus to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a latch including a first node coupled to a first source of a first switch and an output coupled to a first gate of the first switch; a first diode coupled to the first node and a second node; a second diode coupled to the second node and ground; a second switch coupled to a voltage source and the second node; and a third switch including a third gate coupled to the second switch, a third source coupled to the second node, and a third drain coupled to the latch.
Description
- Under 35 U.S.C. § 120, this continuation application claims benefits of and priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/122,646 (TI-78532), filed on Sep. 5, 2018, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- This disclosure relates generally to power converters and, more particularly, to methods, apparatus, and systems to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter.
- A power converter is a circuit that is used in various devices to convert an input voltage to a desired output voltage. For example, a buck converter converts an input voltage into a lower output voltage by controlling transistors and/or switches to charge and/or discharge inductors and/or capacitors to maintain the desired output voltage. Some power converters may include one or more power switches that may be switched on and/off in synchronization (e.g., when one switch is on the other is off) to change the path of current in the power converters. In some examples, such as in high voltage power converters, wide band gap devices may be used to implement the power switches for high voltage and/or high temperature power switching applications.
- Certain examples disclosed herein facilitate high side control of a switching power converter. An example apparatus includes a latch including a first node coupled to a first source of a first switch and an output coupled to a first gate of the first switch; a first diode coupled to the first node and a second node; a second diode coupled to the second node and ground; a second switch coupled to a voltage source and a resistor; and a third switch including a third gate coupled to the resistor and the second switch, a third source coupled to the second node, and a third drain coupled to the latch.
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FIG. 1 illustrates an example switching power converter. -
FIG. 2 illustrates an example circuit implementation of a high side level shifter ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative example circuit implementation high side level shifter ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 4 illustrates a timing diagram corresponding to a low side to high side transition using the high side level shifter ofFIGS. 2 and/or 3 . -
FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative example high side level shifting trigger ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 6 illustrates a timing diagram corresponding to a low side to high side transition using the alternative high side level shifting trigger ofFIG. 5 . -
FIGS. 7A-7B illustrates an alternative example high side level shifter latch ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 8 illustrates a timing diagram corresponding to a low side to high side transition using the alternative high side level shifter latch ofFIG. 8 . -
FIG. 9 illustrates an example bond pad ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 10 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed and/or hardware configurations to implement the example power converter ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 11 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed and/or hardware configurations to implement the example power converter ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a processor platform structured to execute the example machine readable instructions ofFIGS. 10-11 to implement the example high side level shifter ofFIGS. 1-3, 5 , and/or 7. - The figures are not to scale. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts.
- Power converters (e.g., buck converters, boost converters, alternating current (AC)-AC converters, direct current (DC)-DC converters, AC-DC converters, etc.) may include power switches (e.g., relays, metal oxide silicon field effect transistors (MOSFETs), etc.) in a half-bridge power stage that switch currents from one path (e.g., from a voltage source (Vdd) to an output) to another (e.g., from the output to ground). In such half bridge switching converters, a microcontroller outputs a control signal to a low side level shifter and/or a high side level shifter. The low side level shifter enables, based on the control signal, a low side switch to decrease the output voltage of the power converter. The high side level shifter enables a high side level shifter to enable the high side switch/transistor to increase the output voltage of the power converter. The microcontroller may output the control signal(s) to the level shifters to toggle between high side control (e.g., by enabling the high side switch and disabling the low side switch) and the low side control (e.g., by disabling the high side switch and enabling the low side switch) at a frequency and/or pulse width modulation to generate a desired output voltage.
- The level shifters in a power converter convert a received digital control signal at a logic standard (e.g., the 3.3 Volts (V) or 5 V output of a microcontroller representing a logic value of ‘1’) to a second logic standard (e.g., another voltage, say 400 V representing a logic value of ‘1’) corresponding to a voltage high enough to control a high side switch. In some half-bridge converters, the high side level shifter includes one of more latches to hold state information (e.g., logic ‘1’ or logic ‘0’) to trigger an output voltage high enough to enable a high side switch or an output voltage low enough to disable the high side switch. For example, when the output of the microcontroller corresponds to a logic value of ‘1’ (e.g., 3.3 V or 5 V, etc.), the one or more latches outputs a voltage to the gate of the high side switch, the voltage raising to the bootstrap node potential to enable the high side switch. In such an example, when the output of the microcontroller corresponds to a logic value of ‘0’ (e.g., 0 V or ground), the one or more latches outputs a voltage to the gate of the high side switch, the voltage at the gate of the high side switch being the same as the voltage at the switch node, thereby disabling the low side switch. The bootstrap node corresponds to a bootstrap capacitor coupled to switching node, the voltage across the bootstrap capacitor corresponding to a voltage at the bootstrap node that is higher than the voltage at the switching node. The switching node corresponding to the node coupled to the source of the high side switch, the drain of the low side switch, and the output stage of the power converter.
- Gallium Nitride (GaN) switches are wide band gap transistors that may be used to implement the switching devices of a power converter. GaN switches (e.g., transistors) have very high breakdown voltages (e.g., reverse bias breakdown voltages that can be greater than [min breakdown]V), high electron mobility and saturation velocity. Accordingly, GaN switches are used in high-power and/or high-frequency power converters or other high-voltage switching devices. Such systems have parasitic inductance and parasitic capacitance. GaN transistors include a thick layer of highly resistive GaN layer between a silicon layer and the source, gate, and drain of the transistor.
- Some wide bandgap devices, such as GaN transistors, lack an inherent body diode. Accordingly, when GaN transistors are implemented in half bridge switching converters, the switching node (e.g., the node that connects the half bridge to an output stage) may become negative. For example, when the amount of current being drawn from ground during low side control and/or during dead time (e.g., a duration of time between low side control and high side control when both the high side and low side transistors are disabled) is high enough (e.g., 4 amperes (A) or more), the voltage at the switching node may become negative as an inductor of the power converter draws negative current through the low side transistor/switch. If the voltage at the switching node becomes too negative (e.g., −4V, −5 V, etc.), the level shifter is unable to trigger one or more latches. Accordingly, the power converter may not be able to trigger high side control. Examples disclosed herein include circuitry to provide a moving level shifting ground that tracks the voltage at the switching node to a preset voltage higher than the switching voltage, when the switching voltage is negative. In this manner, the voltage at the moving level shifting ground will always be low enough to ensure that the latch can be triggered based on a voltage difference corresponding to the moving level shifting ground. When the voltage at the switching node is positive, the voltage at the moving level shifting ground tracks ground to a preset voltage higher than ground, when the switching voltage is positive. In this manner, the level shifters can control a high side switch when the switching voltage is negative.
- Additionally, some switching converters include bond wire and/or bond pads to couple together components of a power converter. Bond wire and/or pond pads have inherent parasitic capacitance. Such capacitance may pull down or pull up one or more nodes (e.g., pull up a node of the latch above the bootstrap node and/or pull down a node of the latch below the switching node) in and/or coupled to one or more level shifters of a power converter, thereby causing undesired voltage shifts at nodes in the level shifters. Such undesired voltage shifts may cause the one or more latches in the level shifters to not flip state information when they are supposed to or to flip state information when they are not supposed to. Additionally, some power converters may have device mismatches. Device mismatch corresponds to differences between devices in a circuit that would ideally be the same and have the same operating parameters to accurately function. Mismatches in GaN-based circuits may be higher than silicon-based circuits because of voltage threshold movements under high voltage reverse bias stress. Examples disclosed herein include circuitry to provide two separate hysteresis paths in a latch of a level shifter. The hysteresis paths add resistance to one side of the latch that pulls inner nodes of the latch to a prior state after a high slew rate transition (e.g., when state information in the level shifter is rectified and/or lost). In this manner, undesired voltage shifts caused by parasitic capacitance of bond wires bond pads, and/or devices (e.g., drain-to-source capacitance of transistors) will not cause undesired state information flips in the latch(es).
- Some examples disclosed herein apply shielding to bond pads and/or bond wires to lower the parasitic capacitance. For example, shielding can be added where high voltage on a pad would be shielded using two-dimensional electron gas layer (2-DEG) or lower level metal tied to the switching node at the level shifter. Using such examples disclosed herein, the parasitic capacitance is decreased to lower the effect of the parasitic capacitance.
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FIG. 1 illustrates an example power converter 100 (e.g., a switching power converter) to converter an input voltage (Vin) to a desired output voltage. Thepower converter 100 includes anexample controller 102, example input buffers 104, an example highside level shifter level shifting trigger level shifter latch 108, an examplehigh side switch 110, an example low side level shifter including an example low sidelevel shifting trigger 112 and an example low sidelevel shifter latch 114, an examplelow side switch 116, anexample diode 120, exampleinter-die bond pads 122, anexample output stage 124, and anexample bootstrap node 126, anexample switching node 128, an example highside gate node 130, and anexample ground node 132. In some examples, thepower converter 100 is a gallium nitride (GaN) die to implement the input buffers 104, the highside level shifter 105 b, thehigh side switch 110, the low sidelevel shifting trigger 112, thelow side switch 116, and/or thediode 120. - The
controller 102 ofFIG. 2 is a controller that outputs control signals(s) corresponding to logic value(s) (e.g., ‘1’ or ‘0’). For example, thecontroller 102 may output a first logic value, ‘1,’ on an input high side node (INH) and a second logic value, ‘0,’ on an input low side node (INL) to trigger high side control (e.g., by enabling theexample switch 110 and disabling theexample switch 116 to cause the input voltage to charge the output stage 124). Additionally, thecontroller 102 may output the second logic value, ‘0,’ on an input high side node (INH) and the first logic value, ‘1,’ on an input low side node (INL) to trigger low side control (e.g., by disabling theexample switch 110 and enabling theexample switch 116 to cause theoutput stage 124 to discharge toward ground). In some examples, thecontroller 102 outputs the second logic value ‘0’ on at both the low side and input high side nodes to trigger dead time (e.g., where both thehigh side switch 110 and thelow side switch 116 are disabled) for a short duration of time between high side and low side control (e.g., or vice versa) to prevent shoot through (e.g., a short from Vin to ground). Thecontroller 102 toggles the logic values output on the input nodes at a frequency or pulse width modulation so that the voltage at theoutput stage 124 corresponds to a desired output voltage. Thecontroller 102 outputs the logic signals to the input buffers 104 via the input nodes to initiate control of theswitches controller 102 before it is processed by the high sidelevel shifting trigger level shifting trigger 112. - Once the input buffers 104 of
FIG. 1 buffer the control signals from thecontroller 102, the control signals are transmitted to the (high side) HSlevel shifting trigger level shifting trigger 112 to trigger high side or low side control. For example, if the control signal logic on the input high side node is high (e.g., ‘1’) and the control signal logic on the input low side node is low (e.g. ‘0’), the highlevel shifting trigger level shifter latch 108 to output a high logic value (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the high side switch 110) at the highside gate node 130 to enable thehigh side switch 110 and the low sidelevel shifting trigger 112 triggers the low sidelevel shifter latch 114 to output a low logic value (e.g., a voltage low enough to disable the low side switch 116) at the gate of thelow side switch 116 to disable thelow side switch 116. Additionally, if the control signal logic on the input high side node is low and the control signal logic on the input low side node is high, the high sidelevel shifting trigger level shifter latch 108 to output a low logic value at the highside gate node 130 to disable thehigh side switch 110 and the low sidelevel shifting trigger 112 triggers the low sidelevel shifter latch 114 to output a high logic value at the gate of thelow side switch 116 to enable thelow side switch 116. During deadtime (e.g., when thecontroller 102 outputs low logic values on both the high side input and the input low side to prevent shoot through), both the high sidelevel shifting trigger side shifting trigger 112 trigger the respective level shifter latches 108, 114 to output voltages at the gate of theswitches switches FIG. 7 . - The
switches FIG. 1 are transistors (e.g., thehigh side switch 110 is a high side transistor and thelow side switch 116 is a low side transistor). For example, as illustrated inFIG. 1 theswitches high side switch 110 is enabled and thelow side switch 116 is disabled (e.g., during high side control), the input voltage is coupled to theoutput stage 124, thereby causing an output voltage corresponding to theoutput stage 124 to increase toward the input voltage. When thehigh side switch 110 is disabled and thelow side switch 116 is enabled (e.g., during low side control), theoutput stage 124 is grounded, thereby causing the output voltage corresponding to theoutput stage 124 to decrease. When both switches 110, 116 are disabled (e.g., during deadtime), theoutput stage 124 is isolated from the ground connection at the source of theswitch 116 and the input voltage at the drain of theswitch 110, to prevent the input voltage from shorting to ground. As described above, thecontroller 102 toggles between a high logic value and a low logic value on the input nodes (e.g., INH and INL) to toggle the direction of current to/from the output stage 124 (e.g., from the input voltage to theoutput stage 124 or from theoutput stage 124 to ground) at a preset frequency and/or pulse width modulation to achieve a desired output voltage. In some examples, thecontroller 102 outputs control signal(s) corresponding to deadtime before switching from low side to high side control and/or from high side to low side control to prevent shoot through. In some examples, such as using the example HSlevel shifting trigger 106 b ofFIG. 3 , the maximum load current that can flow through the switchingnode 128 without causing problems in the high sidelevel shifter latch 108 depends on Vt and Rdson. Accordingly, the maximum load current (I_load)=0.6Vt/Rdson_LS, where Vt is the threshold voltage of theswitches FIG. 3 and Rdson_LS is the drain-to-source resistance of thelow side switch 116 when enabled (e.g., on). Based on the above-equation, the maximum current can be increased by selecting thelow side switch 116 to have a lower Rdson than thehigh side switch 110. - The
example capacitor 118 ofFIG. 1 is a bootstrap capacitor that bootstraps the voltage at the switchingnode 128 to a higher voltage at thebootstrap node 126. For example, thebootstrap capacitor 118 provides bias voltages that exceed the power of the input voltage by storing charge corresponding to the GVDD voltage (e.g., a voltage source/input voltage). In this manner, the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 is GVDD higher than the voltage at the switchingnode 128. For example, if thehigh side switch 110 is enabled and the input voltage is 400 V, then the voltage at the switchingnode 128 is approximately 400 V. In such an example, if the voltage provided by GVDD and stored in thecapacitor 118 is 6 V, then the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 is 406 V. In this manner, the high sidelevel shifter latch 108 may output the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 at the highside gate node 130 to enable thehigh side switch 110 or may output the voltage at the switchingnode 128 at the highside gate node 130 to disable thehigh side switch 110. - The diode 120 (e.g., a bootstrap diode) of
FIG. 1 assists in charging the exampleboost strap capacitor 118. For example, when the voltage at theswitch node 128 drops down to a low voltage (e.g., during low side control), thediode 120 allows GVDD to charge up thebootstrap capacitor 118. When the voltage at theswitch node 128 comes up to a high voltage (e.g., during high side control), thediode 120 isolates the GVDD from thebootstrap node 126, thereby creating a voltage GVDD higher than the switching node at thebootstrap node 126. In the illustrated example ofFIG. 1 , thediode 120 is a GaN transistor whose gate is coupled to its source. Accordingly, the GaN transistor operates like a diode, wherein the source of the GaN transistor is the anode of the diode and the drain of the GaN transistor is the cathode of the diode. Alternatively, any type of circuit that is, or acts as, a diode may alternatively be used. - The
example bond pads FIG. 1 are inter connection pads that connect components in thepower converter 100. In some examples, thebond pads level shifting trigger level shifting trigger 112 the low sidelevel shifter latch 114, theswitch 116, and thediode 120 may be implemented in a low side die, while the HSlevel shifter latch 108 and theswitch 110 may be implemented in a high side die. In such an example, any component that connects is connected to a component implemented in a different die requires one or more of thebond pads bond pads level shifter latch 108 to be pulled above the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 or pulled below the voltage at the switchingnode 128, which will cause the latch to not be able to latch to a state (e.g., a high output state or a low output state). In some examples, the parasitic capacitance of some of thebond pads 122 may be negligible compared to impedance/resistance of the devices that are connected to bondpads 122. In some examples, the amount of charge caused by the parasitic capacitance of somebod pads 122 may be small. However, thebond pads 123 the voltage swing applied to thebond pads 123 is large (e.g., 0V to 400V). Accordingly the parasitic capacitance of thebond pads 123 can provide a large amount of unwanted charge to devices connected to the bond pads. As further described below, in conjunction withFIG. 9 , thebond pads 123 reduce the effect of parasitic capacitance by including a 2-DEG layer on the back of thebond pads 122 with contacts connected to the 2-DEG layer. The contacts may be coupled to the switchingnode 128 to reduce the amount of parasitic capacitance in thepower converter 100. - During low side to high side transitions and/or during dead time between low side and high side transitions, the voltage at the switching
node 128 ofFIG. 1 may become largely negative (e.g., −4.3 V). For example, during dead time, because the gate of bothswitches output stage 124 will try to force current from ground to theoutput stage 124. Accordingly, the voltage at the switchingnode 128 becomes largely negative to allow the current being forced by the inductor to flow toward theoutput stage 124. When the switchingnode 128 reaches such negative voltages, some high side level shifters may not be able to flip states to trigger high side control based on the INH signal trigger because of the negative voltage at the switchingnode 128. However, as further described below, theHS level shifter level shifter node 128 is largely negative. -
FIG. 2 is a circuit implementation of thelevel shifter 105 a ofFIG. 1 . Thelevel shifter 105 a ofFIG. 2 includes the high sidelevel shifting trigger 106 a, the high sidelevel shifter latch 108, theexample bootstrap node 126, theexample switching node 128, and theexample ground node 132 ofFIG. 1 . Thelevel shifter 105 a ofFIG. 2 further includes a first example input voltage 200 (e.g., representative of the GVDD ofFIG. 1 ), and a second example input voltage 202 (e.g., representative of the voltage at the input low side node (INL) from thecontroller 102 ofFIG. 1 ), and a third example input voltage 204 (e.g., representative of the voltage at the input high side node (INH) from thecontroller 102 ofFIG. 1 ). Thelevel shifter 105 a ofFIG. 2 further includes an example switches 206, 208, 212, 216, 230, 232,example resistors example diodes example capacitor 222. Although thelevel shifting latch 108 ofFIG. 1 is implemented with one latch, thelevel shifting latch 108 may be implemented with any number of latches, as further described below in conjunction withFIG. 7 . - The input voltage 200 (e.g., the voltage source) of
FIG. 2 is representative of the GVDD voltage applied inFIG. 1 . Theinput voltage 200 is coupled to ground (e.g., the analog ground node 132). The examplefirst input voltage 204 is representative of the control signal output by thecontroller 102 on the input high side node (INH) ofFIG. 1 and thesecond input voltage 202 is representative of the control signal output by thecontroller 102 on the input low side node (INL) ofFIG. 1 . As described above, a high logic value at the INH node corresponds to enabling theHS switch 110 and a high logic value at the INL node corresponds to disabling theHS switch 110. The input voltages 202, 204 are couple coupled to ground (e.g., the analog ground node 132). - The
switches FIG. 2 are transistors to, when enabled (e.g., based on the logic signal from therespective input voltage respective switches 206, 208), allow current to flow from theinput voltage 200 to ground via therespective resistors respective switches FIG. 2 , theswitches switches FIG. 3 ), and/or any other type of switch. - The
switches FIG. 2 are transistors to, when enabled, allow current to flow from thebootstrap node 126 to the moving level shiftingground node 224 via therespective resistors switches respective switch FIG. 2 , theswitches - The
diodes FIG. 2 are implemented by GaN transistors. Alternatively, thediodes diodes diode 218 allows current to flow from the moving level shiftingground node 224 to the switching (SW)node 128 and prevents current from flowing from theSW node 128 to the moving level shiftingground node 224. Additionally, thediode 220 allows current to flow from the moving level shiftingground node 224 to the analog ground (AGND)node 132. In this manner, when the voltage at theSW node 128 is positive, the moving level shiftingground node 224 is isolated from theSW node 128 and the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 is one threshold voltage (e.g., 2 V) above the voltage at the AGND node (e.g., 0V). Additionally, when the voltage at theSW node 128 is negative, the moving level shiftingground node 224 is isolated from theAGND node 132 and the voltage at the moving level shifting ground node is one threshold voltage (e.g., 2 V) above the voltage at theSW node 128. Accordingly, theexample diodes ground node 224 that tracks the SW node 128 (e.g., is one threshold voltage above the voltage at the SW node 128) when the voltage at theSW node 128 is negative and tracks AGND 132 (e.g., is one threshold voltage above the voltage at theAGND node 132/corresponds to the voltage differential across thediode 220 from the switchingnode 224 to the AGND 132), when the voltage at theSW node 128 is positive. - The
capacitor 222 ofFIG. 2 absorbs the charging current of the blockingdiode 218, when the voltage at the switchingnode 128 is rising to a high voltage. In this manner, thecapacitor 222 keeps the voltage drop from theAGND 132 to moving level shiftingground node 224 low until the level shifting action is complete (e.g., after the voltage at the switchingnode 128 settles to the high voltage level). - The example resistors 226, 228 of
FIG. 2 provide a path for current to flow to ground (e.g., based on the enabling ofswitches 212, 216) to generate voltages at the gates of therespective switches side gate node 130 high enough to example theswitch 110 or low enough to disable theswitch 110. In some examples, theresistors - The example switches 230, 232 of
FIG. 2 are transistors that latch to state information based on voltages applied to the gates of therespective switches switches switch 230 is on, theswitch 232 is off and when theswitch 230 is off, theswitch 232 is on. When theswitch 230 is off and theswitch 232 is on, the voltage at the high side gate node 130 (e.g., the latch output) corresponds to a low logic state (e.g., a voltage low enough to disable the example switch 110). When theswitch 230 is on and theswitch 232 is off, the voltage at the highside gate node 130 corresponds to a high logic state (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the switch 110). - In operation, when the
first input voltage 200 is high and thesecond input voltage 202 is low (e.g., corresponding to high side control), theswitch 206 is enabled and theswitch 208 is disabled. Accordingly, the input voltage 200 (e.g., GVDD) is applied to theresistor 210 to create a voltage drop across the resistor 210 (e.g., because the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 is low or negative during low side/deadtime control). The voltage drop corresponds to a voltage applied to the gate of theswitch 212 that is high enough to enable theswitch 212, thereby providing a path to ground from thebootstrap node 126 via theexample resistor 226. Because the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 tracks the SW node voltage, the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 will always be low enough to cause a voltage drop across theresistors 226 that corresponds to a flipping of theswitches bootstrap node 126 is 0. In this manner, the voltage applied to the gate of theswitch 212 is high enough to enabled the switch 212 (e.g., flipping the state of the latch). Thus, the voltage at the highside gate node 130 is approximately the same as the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable theswitch 110 for high side control). - In systems that do not include the moving level shifting ground node 224 (e.g., systems without the
diodes 218, 220), theAGND node 132 is used to trigger the latch. However, such systems are not be able to flip the latch because, during deadtime, the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 may be very small or zero. For example, if the voltage at theSW node 128 is −6 V during deadtime, then the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 will be 0V. Because the voltage at theAGND node 132 is also 0 V, there will not be a voltage drop across either of theresistors diode 218 generates a voltage drop corresponding to a voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 that is a threshold voltage above the voltage at theSW node 128, the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 will be some voltage less than the voltage at thebootstrap node 126. For example, if the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 is 0 V, then the voltage at theSW node 128 is −6 V and the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 is −4 V. Accordingly, there will still be a voltage drop across the example resistor 226 (e.g., 0V to −4V) to facilitate a state switch (e.g., flip) of theswitches -
FIG. 3 is an alternative circuit implementation of thelevel shifter 105 b ofFIG. 1 .FIG. 3 includes the high sidelevel shifting trigger 106 b, the example high sidelevel shifter latch 108, theexample bootstrap node 126, theexample switching node 128, and theexample ground node 132, the firstexample input voltage 200, and the secondexample input voltage 202, and the thirdexample input voltage 204, the example switches 212, 216, 230, 232, theexample resistors example diodes example capacitor 222 ofFIGS. 1 and/or 2 .FIG. 3 further includes GaN-based switches (e.g., transistors) 300, 302. - The
GaN transistors 300 ofFIG. 3 operate in a substantially similar manner than theswitches FIG. 1 . However, because theGaN transistors 300 are implemented as n-channel GaN transistors, the input voltages 202, 204 are flipped so that the voltage at the INH input corresponds to high side control and the voltage at the INL input corresponds to low side control. Alternatively, a inverting gate/circuit may be used and the input voltages 202, 204 can remain as they are inFIG. 2 . However, operation of the circuit ofFIG. 3 is substantially similarFIG. 2 , in that enabling theexample GaN transistors 300 correspond to a high logic value being output at the high side gate node 130 (e.g., for low side control and/or dead time) and enabling theexample transistor 302 corresponds to a low logic value being output at the high side gate node 130 (e.g., for high side control). -
FIG. 4 is an example timing diagram 400 corresponding to a low side control to high side control transition of thepower converter 100 ofFIG. 1 . The example timing diagram 400 includes an example highside input voltage 402, an example gate voltage 404 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the gate of theexample switch 212 ofFIG. 2 ), an example moving level shiftingground voltage 406, and an example switchingnode voltage 408. The timing diagram 400 ofFIG. 4 corresponds to a power converter whose load draws a −4 amperes (A) during deadtime. - Before time t0, the
power converter 100 is operating in low side control (e.g., when thelow side switch 116 is enabled and thehigh side switch 110 is disabled, thereby causing the voltage at the switchingnode 128 discharge toward ground). After time t0, thepower converter 100 is operating in dead time (e.g., when thelow side switch 116 is disabled and thehigh side switch 110 is disabled) to prevent shoot through. As described above, the inductor of theoutput stage 124 draws current from ground during deadtime. Accordingly, during deadtime, the switchingnode voltage 408 become negative (e.g., −4.5 V). Because theexample diode 218 generates a voltage drop from the moving level shiftingground node 224 to the switchingnode 128, the moving level shiftingground voltage 406 is one diode threshold voltage above the switching node voltage 408 (e.g., −2.7 V). Additionally, thegate voltage 404 likewise become negative due to the voltage differential across theresistor 210 while the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 is negative. At t1, the high side input voltage increases to trigger high side control. Accordingly, theswitch resistor 210, corresponding to the increase of thegate voltage 404. As described above, enabling theswitch 212 based on thegate voltage 404 causes thelevel shifter latch 108 to flip output states by disabling theswitch 232 and enabling theswitch 230 to cause the switchingnode voltage 408 to increase to a voltage high enough to enable thehigh side switch 110. At time t1 (e.g., during high side control), the moving level shiftingground voltage 406 begins to track the voltage at the analog ground (e.g., AGND node 132). -
FIG. 5 is an alternative circuit implementation of the high sidelevel shifting trigger FIG. 1 that may be implemented for larger amounts of current being drawn to ground during low side control (e.g., −4 A to −6 A or more). The high sidelevel shifting trigger FIG. 5 includes the switchingnode 128, theswitches example diode example capacitor 222, and the moving level shiftingground node 224 ofFIGS. 1,2 and/or 3 . The high sidelevel shifting trigger FIG. 5 further includesexample diodes resistors - The high side
level shifting trigger FIG. 5 includes thediodes resistors output stage 124 ofFIG. 1 during low side control/dead time corresponding to a more negativeswitching node voltage 128. For example, using Ohm's law maximum load current that can be handled by thelevel shifting trigger FIG. 2 or 3 is 0.6VT/Rdson_LS, where VT is the threshold voltage and Rdson_LS is the drain-to-source resistance of theswitch 116. As described above, one way to increase the maximum load current is to make Rdson_LS be lower than Rdson_HS (e.g., the drain-to-source resistance of the switch 110). Alternatively, thethird diode level shifting trigger switches respective resistors switches switches -
FIG. 6 is an example timing diagram 600 corresponding to a low side control to high side control transition of thepower converter 100 using the high sidelevel shifting trigger FIG. 5 . The example timing diagram 600 includes an example gate voltage 602 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the gate of theexample switch 300 ofFIG. 5 ), an example drain voltage 604 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the drain of theexample diode 500 ofFIG. 5 ), an example gate voltage 605 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the gate of theexample switch 212 ofFIG. 5 ), an example moving level shiftingground voltage 606, and an example switchingnode voltage 608. The timing diagram 600 corresponds to when the load current reaches −6 A during deadtime. - Initially, the timing diagram 600 begins when the
power converter 100 is operating in dead time (e.g., when thelow side switch 116 is disabled and thehigh side switch 110 is disabled) to prevent shoot through. As described above, the inductor of theoutput stage 124 draws current from ground during deadtime. Accordingly, during deadtime, the switchingnode voltage 608 become negative (e.g., −6 V). Because theexample diode 218 generates a voltage drop from the moving level shiftingground node 224 to the switchingnode 128, the moving level shiftingground voltage 606 is one diode threshold voltage above the switching node voltage 608 (e.g., −4 V). Additionally, thegate voltage 605 and thedrain voltage 604 likewise become negative due to the voltage differential across theresistor 210 while the moving level shiftingground node 224 is negative. At t1, the high side input voltage increases to trigger high side control. Accordingly, theswitch resistor 210 through thediode 500, corresponding to the increase of thedrain voltage 604 and thegate voltage 605. As described above, enabling theswitch 212 based on thegate voltage 605 causes thelevel shifter latch 108 to flip output states by disabling theswitch 232 and enabling theswitch 230 to cause the switchingnode voltage 608 to increase to a voltage high enough to enable thehigh side switch 110. At time t1 (e.g., during high side control), the moving level shiftingground voltage 606 begins to track the voltage at the analog ground (e.g., AGND node 132). -
FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative circuit implementation of the high sidelevel shifter latch 108 ofFIG. 1 including two-way hysteresis. The high sidelevel shifter latch 108 ofFIG. 7 includes an examplefirst hysteresis circuit 700, example switches 701, 703, 708, 710example resistors second hysteresis circuit 706, afirst example latch 712, asecond example latch 714, andexample circuit 715,example drivers 716,example circuit 718, andexample nodes - During transitions from low side control to high side control, displacement currents may flow because of the parasitic capacitance of the
bond pads 123. In some examples, the displacement current may cause the voltages at both gates of theswitches level shifter latch 108 and losing the stored state information. The first andsecond hysteresis circuits level shifter latch 108 when such errors occur. Thefirst hysteresis circuit 700 provides a another parallel resistance (e.g., one or more resistors in parallel) to one of theresistors second hysteresis circuit 706 provides a stronger path toward the switchingnode 128 via one of theswitches switches - The
first hysteresis circuit 700 ofFIG. 7 includes the example switches 701, 703 and theexample resistors first switch 701 is enabled (e.g., based on the output of rail-to-rail driver node 730), theresistor 702 provides extra resistance to the resistor 226 (e.g., through a parallel connection, lowering overall resistance to the bootstrap node 126), thereby providing a stronger pull-up path to thebootstrap node 126. Having a stronger path corresponds to a faster pull up to the voltage at thebootstrap node 126, thereby causing the latch to return to the previous state by providing the correct voltage to the gate of theswitch 232. When thesecond switch 703 is enabled, theresistor 704 provides extra resistance to the resistor 228 (e.g., through a parallel connection), thereby providing a stronger pull-up path to thebootstrap node 126 throughresistor 228. - The
second hysteresis circuit 706 ofFIG. 7 includes the examples switches 708, 710 to provide a strong path to the switchingnode 128. For example, when thefirst switch 708 is enabled, theswitch 708 provides a stronger path to ground on the side of the latch corresponding to theresistor 226, causing a slower pull up to the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 to cause the latch to return to the previous state by providing the correct voltage to the gate of theswitch 232. - The
first latch 712 ofFIG. 7 corresponds to the latch described inFIGS. 2 and 3 . For example, thefirst latch 712 includes theresistor switches FIGS. 2 and 3 . Additionally, thelatch 712 includes additional components (e.g., diode clamps, switches, resistors, capacitors, etc.) to handle the common mode current. For example, the additional components clamp the voltages at different nodes to the bootstrap rate potential or switching node rate potential. - The
second latch 714 ofFIG. 7 operates in a substantially similar manner as thefirst latch 712. Thesecond latch 714 receives the voltages on each side of the first latch 712 (e.g., the voltages at the firstlatch output nodes 721, 723) and adjust states based on the received voltages to generate the second latch output logic signals on the secondlatch output nodes latch output nodes driver output nodes switches Buffer output nodes driver output nodes switches driver output nodes switches switches hysteresis circuits nodes second latch 714 by setting thefirst latch 712 to the previously stored state information based on the additional resistance/path). - The
example circuit 715 ofFIG. 7 enforces a predefined current state during startup. In this manner, the predefined state information will be set by the first andsecond latches circuit 716 correspond to rail to rail drivers that output the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 or the voltage at the switchingnode 128 corresponding to the output(s) of thesecond latch 714 on the highside gate node 130. Theexample circuit 716 may be used to ensure that enough current is used to drive the gate of theswitch 110 at a predetermined speed. Thecircuit 718 provides under voltage protection and startup clamps to, define the state of the latch during powerup. -
FIG. 8 is an example timing diagram 800 corresponding to a low side control to high side control transition of thepower converter 100 using the high sidelevel shifter latch 108 ofFIG. 7 . The example timing diagram 800 includes a first example control voltage 802 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the drain of theswitch 212 ofFIGS. 2 and/or 3 corresponding to thefirst latch 712 on a first side), a second example control voltage 804 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage at the drain of theswitch 216 ofFIGS. 2 and/or 3 corresponding to thefirst latch 712 on second first side), an example firstlatch output voltage 806 corresponding to the voltage at thenode 720, an example firstlatch output voltage 808 corresponding to the voltage at thenode 722, an example secondlatch output voltage 810 corresponding to the voltage atnode 724, an example secondlatch output voltage 812 corresponding to the voltage atnode 726, and anexample voltage 814 corresponding to the switchingnode 128. The example voltages 802-812 are with respect to thevoltage 814 at the switchingnode 128. For example, when theexample voltage 810 is at 6V, it is 6V above thevoltage 814 at the switchingnode 128. - Before time t0, the
power converter 100 is operating in low side control or deadtime. At time t0, the first lowside control voltage 802 goes low and the second lowside control voltage 804 goes high indicating a transition from low side control to high side control. Accordingly, between times t0 and t1, the firstlatch output voltage 806 and the secondlatch output voltage 810 drop to a low voltage while the firstlatch output voltage 808 and the secondlatch output voltage 812 rise to a high voltage. Between times t1 and t2, the parasitic capacitance on the components of thepower converter 100 cause thecontrol voltages latch output voltage hysteresis circuits level shifter latch 108 to maintain its previously stored state (e.g., corresponding to the high side state that occurred between time t0 and t1). In this manner, the example second latch outputs 810, 812 maintain their voltage levels and the example switchingnode voltage 814 increases to the high voltage without any errors corresponding to the parasitic capacitance. -
FIG. 9 illustrates an example of one of thebond pads 122 ofFIG. 1 . The example bond pad includes an example bondpad connection terminal 900, an example 2-DEG layer 902, andexample contacts 904 connected to theexample switching node 128. - As described above, a bond pad corresponds to an amount of parasitic capacitance. The parasitic capacitance may cause an undesired path to ground. Accordingly, shielding may be used to redirect the path to ground caused by the parasitic capacitance to a path to the
SW node 128, thereby limiting the parasitic induced current effects onnodes FIG. 7 . - The
bond pad 123 ofFIG. 9 includes abond pad terminal 900 that connects one component to another component using bond wires. On the back of thebond pad terminal 900, thebond pad 123 includes the 2-DEG layer 902 (e.g., a 2-DEG sheet) corresponding to some resistance and thecontacts 904 connected to the 2-DEG layer 902. The 2-DEG layer 902 is a conductive layer, which is how the shielding is achieved. Thecontacts 904 are connected to theSW node 128. In this manner, the parasitic capacitance is tied to theSW node 128, as opposed to ground. In this manner, the parasitic current onnodes - While an example manner of implementing the high
side level shifter FIG. 1 is illustrated inFIGS. 2, 3, 5, and 7 , one or more of the elements, processes and/or devices illustrated inFIGS. 2, 3, 5, and 7 may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the HSlevel shifting trigger level shifter latch 108, and/or, more generally, the example highside level shifter FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 7 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of the HSlevel shifting trigger level shifter latch 108, and/or, more generally, the example highside level shifter FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 7 could be implemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s), programmable controller(s), graphics processing unit(s) (GPU(s)), digital signal processor(s) (DSP(s)), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)). When reading any of the apparatus or system claims of this patent to cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the HSlevel shifting trigger level shifter latch 108, and/or, more generally, the example highside level shifter FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 7 is/are hereby expressly defined to include a non-transitory computer readable storage device or storage disk such as a memory, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. including the software and/or firmware. Further still, the exampleHS level shifter FIG. 1 may include one or more elements, processes and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated inFIGS. 1-4, 5 and 7 , and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and devices. As used herein, the phrase “in communication,” including variations thereof, encompasses direct communication and/or indirect communication through one or more intermediary components, and does not require direct physical (e.g., wired) communication and/or constant communication, but rather additionally includes selective communication at periodic intervals, scheduled intervals, aperiodic intervals, and/or one-time events. - Flowcharts representative of example hardware logic, machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or any combination thereof for implementing the
power converter 100 ofFIG. 1 are shown inFIGS. 10 and 11 . The machine-readable instructions may be an executable program or portion of an executable program for execution by a computer processor such as theprocessor 1212 shown in theexample processor platform 1200 discussed below in connection withFIG. 12 . The program may be embodied in software stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a DVD, a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with theprocessor 1212, but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than theprocessor 1212 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although the example program is described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated inFIG. 10-11 , many other methods of implementing theexample power converter 100 may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined. Additionally or alternatively, any or all of the blocks may be implemented by one or more hardware circuits (e.g., discrete and/or integrated analog and/or digital circuitry, an FPGA, an ASIC, a comparator, an operational-amplifier (op-amp), a logic circuit, etc.) structured to perform the corresponding operation without executing software or firmware. - As mentioned above, the example processes of
FIGS. 10-11 may be implemented using executable instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/or machine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term non-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media. - “Including” and “comprising” (and all forms and tenses thereof) are used herein to be open ended terms. Thus, whenever a claim employs any form of “include” or “comprise” (e.g., comprises, includes, comprising, including, having, etc.) as a preamble or within a claim recitation of any kind, it is to be understood that additional elements, terms, etc. may be present without falling outside the scope of the corresponding claim or recitation. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in, for example, a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” and “including” are open ended. The term “and/or” when used, for example, in a form such as A, B, and/or C refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as (1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) B with C, and (7) A with B and with C.
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FIG. 10 is anexample flowchart 1000 representative of example machine readable instructions and/or hardware configurations that may be executed by thepower converter 100 ofFIG. 1 to control thehigh side switch 110 based on control signals from thecontroller 102. Although theexample flowchart 1000 ofFIG. 10 is described in conjunction with thepower converter 100 ofFIG. 1 , theflowchart 1000 may be described in conjunction with any type of switching power converter. - At
block 1002, the HSlevel shifting trigger switch 208 may receive a low logic value at the gate of theswitch 208 and theswitch 206 may receive a high logic value at the gate of the switch 206 (e.g., corresponding to enabling theswitch 208 and disabling the switch 206). In another example, theswitch 300 ofFIG. 3 may receive a low logic value at the gate of theswitch 300 and theswitch 302 may receive a high logic value at the gate of the switch 302 (e.g., corresponding to disabling theswitch 300 and enabling the switch 302). Atblock 1004, thepower converter 100 disables thehigh side switch 110, as further described below in conjunction withFIG. 11 . During low side control, the voltage at the switchingnode 128 reaches zero volts and/or a negative voltage. Accordingly, during low side control, theexample bootstrap capacitor 118 charges based on the voltage differential between GVDD and the SW node 128 (e.g., via the diode 120). As further described above, in conjunction withFIG. 1 , because thebootstrap capacitor 118 is charged during low side control, the voltage at thebootstrap node 126 is GVDD higher than the switchingnode 128 during high side control as thebootstrap capacitor 118. - At
block 1005, the example low sidelevel shifter latch 114 enables thelow side switch 116 by apply a high voltage to the gate of thelow side switch 116. After the low sidelevel shifter latch 114 enables thelow side switch 116, thepower converter 100 remains in low side mode until a high side switching signal is received from theexample controller 102. In some examples, theexample controller 102 outputs control signals to disable both thehigh side switch 110 and thelow side switch 116 for a duration of time between low side/high side transitions to prevent shoot-through. Atblock 1006, the HSlevel shifting trigger level shifting trigger switch 206 is a low logic value and the voltage at the gate of theswitch 208 is a high logic value. In another example, the HSlevel shifting trigger switch 300 is a high logic value and the voltage at the gate of theswitch 302 is a low logic value. - If the HS
level shifting trigger high side switch 110 disabled. If the HSlevel shifting trigger level shifting trigger 112 and the example LSlevel shifter latch 114 disables the low side switch 116 (block 1007) (e.g., by applying a low voltage to the gate of the low side switch 116). Atblock 1008, thediode 218 generates a voltage drop from the moving level shiftingground node 224 to the switchingnode 128. For example, during a low-to-high switch or a dead time to high side switch, the voltage at the switchingnode 128 may be negative. Accordingly, thediode 218 generates a voltage drop so that the voltage at the moving level shiftingnode ground 224 is one threshold voltage (e.g., 0.7V, 1.5 V, 2 V, etc.) above the voltage at the switchingnode 128. Because the moving level shiftingground node 224 may be negative, due to the largely negative voltage at the switchingnode 128, thediode 220 prevents current from flowing from the moving level shiftingground node 224 to theAGND node 132. Accordingly, when the voltage at the switchingnode 128 is negative, the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 tracks the voltage at the switchingnode 128. - At
block 1010, the voltage applied to the gate of theswitch switch ground node 224 via thefirst resistor 210, thereby generating a voltage drop across thefirst resistor 210. Atblock 1012, the voltage across the resistor 210 (e.g., the voltage at the gate of the switch 212), enables theswitch 212. Atblock 1014, because enabling theswitch 212 generates a path from thebootstrap node 126 to the moving level shiftingground node 224 via theresistor 226, theresistor 226 generates a low voltage at the gate of theswitch 232 to disable theswitch 232. Atblock 1016, in response to the enabling of theswitch 212, the latch of the high sidelevel shifter latch 108 triggers a high logic latch state because there is no path to ground via theresistor 228, thereby causing the voltage at the bootstrap node 126 (e.g., a voltage high enough to enable the switch 110) to be output to the gate of theswitch 110 to enable high side control. - At
block 1018, the HSlevel shifting trigger level shifting trigger switch 206 high and the voltage at the gate of theswitch 208 is low or if the voltage at the gate of theswitch 300 is low and the voltage at the gate of theswitch 302 is high. If the HSlevel shifting trigger level sifting trigger high side switch 110. -
FIG. 11 is anexample flowchart 1004 representative of example machine readable instructions and/or hardware configurations that may be executed by thepower converter 100 ofFIG. 1 to disable thehigh side switch 110, as described above in conjunction withblock 1004 ofFIG. 10 . Although theexample flowchart 1004 ofFIG. 11 is described in conjunction with thepower converter 100 ofFIG. 1 , theflowchart 1004 may be described in conjunction with any type of switching power converter. - At
block 1102, theexample diode 220 generates a voltage drop from the moving level shiftingground node 224 to the analog ground (AGND)node 132. As described above in conjunction withFIG. 2 , during high side control, the voltage at the switchingnode 128 is positive. Accordingly, thediode 218 prevents current from flowing from the switchingnode 128 to the moving level shiftingground node 224. In this manner, the voltage at the moving level shifting ground tracks the voltage at theAGND node 132, which is 0 V. Accordingly, when the voltage at theSW node 128 is positive, the voltage at the moving level shiftingground node 224 is one threshold voltage (e.g., corresponding to the threshold voltage of the diode 220), above the ground voltage at theAGND node 132. - At
block 1104, the voltage applied to the gate of theswitch switch input voltage 200 to the moving level shiftingground node 224 via theresistor 214, thereby generating a voltage drop across theresistor 214. Atblock 1106, the voltage across the resistor 214 (e.g., the voltage at the gate of the switch 216), enables theswitch 216. Atblock 1108, because enabling theswitch 216 generates a path from thebootstrap node 126 to the moving level shiftingground node 224 via theresistor 228, theresistor 228 generates a low voltage at the gate ofswitch 230 to disable theswitch 230. Atblock 1110, the latch of the high sidelevel shifter latch 108 triggers to a low logic latch state in response to the enabling of theswitch 216 because the highside gate node 130 is tied to the switchingnode 128, thereby causing the voltage at the switching node 128 (e.g., corresponding to a voltage low enough to disable the switch 110) to be output to the gate of theswitch 110 to enable low side control. Afterblock 1110, the process returns to block 1006 ofFIG. 10 . -
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of anexample processor platform 1200 structured to execute the instructions ofFIGS. 10-11 to implement theHS level shifter controller 102 ofFIGS. 1-3, 5 , and/or 7. Theprocessor platform 1200 can be, for example, a server, a self-learning machine (e.g., a neural network), an Internet appliance, a microcontroller, or any other type of computing device. - The
processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 1212. Theprocessor 1212 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, theprocessor 1212 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardware processor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. In this example, the processor implements the high sidelevel shifting trigger level shifter latch 108. - The
processor 1212 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 1213 (e.g., a cache). Theprocessor 1212 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including avolatile memory 1214 and anon-volatile memory 1216 via abus 1218. Thevolatile memory 1214 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random-Access Memory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device. Thenon-volatile memory 1216 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to themain memory - The
processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 1220. Theinterface circuit 1220 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near field communication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface. - In the illustrated example, one or
more input devices 1222 are connected to theinterface circuit 1220. The input device(s) 1222 permit(s) a user to enter data and/or commands into theprocessor 1212. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, a sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, or a button. - One or
more output devices 1224 are also connected to theinterface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example. Theoutput devices 1224 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube display (CRT), an in-place switching (IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, and/or speaker. Theinterface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip and/or a graphics driver processor. - The
interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a network interface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via anetwork 1226. The communication can be via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, a satellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephone system, etc. - The
processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes one or moremass storage devices 1228 for storing software and/or data. Examples of suchmass storage devices 1228 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundant array of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. - The machine
executable instructions 1232 ofFIGS. 10-11 may be stored in themass storage device 1228, in thevolatile memory 1214, in thenon-volatile memory 1216, and/or on a removable non-transitory computer readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD. - Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising a latch including a first node coupled to a first source of a first switch and an output coupled to a first gate of the first switch, a first diode coupled to the first node and a second node, a second diode coupled to the second node and ground, a second switch coupled to a voltage source and the second node, and a third switch including a third gate coupled to the second switch, a third source coupled to the second node, and a third drain coupled to the latch.
- Example 2 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the voltage source is coupled to ground.
- Example 3 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the first switch is a high side switch coupled to an output stage of a power converter.
- Example 4 includes the apparatus of example 3, further including a low side switch coupled to the output stage of the power converter, the low side switch including a first drain-to-source resistance lower than a second drain-to-source resistance of the high side switch.
- Example 5 includes the apparatus of example 1, further including a fourth switch coupled to the voltage source, and a fifth switch including a fifth gate coupled to the fourth switch, a fifth source coupled to the second node, and a fifth drain coupled to the latch.
- Example 6 includes the apparatus of example 5, wherein the second switch is coupled to the second node via a first resistor and the fifth switch is coupled to the second node via a second resistor.
- Example 7 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the first diode includes a first anode and a first cathode, wherein the first anode is coupled to the second node and the first cathode is coupled to the first node.
- Example 8 includes the apparatus of example 7, wherein the second diode includes a second anode and a second cathode, wherein the second anode is coupled to the second node and the second cathode is coupled to ground.
- Example 9 includes the apparatus of example 1, further including a bond pad to couple second switch to the latch, the bond pad including a two-dimensional electron gas layer coupled to a contact, the contact coupled to the first node.
- Example 10 includes the apparatus of example 9, wherein the two-dimensional electron gas layer and the contact coupled to the first node reduce parasitic capacitance.
- Example 11 includes an apparatus comprising a latch to output a first voltage corresponding to a first node or a second voltage corresponding to a second node to a transistor of a power converter based on a first or second state of the latch, the second node being coupled to a source of the transistor, a first diode to create a first voltage drop from a third node to the second node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is negative and to prevent first current from flowing from the second node to the third node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is positive, and a second diode to create a second voltage drop from the third node to ground when a third voltage at the third node is positive and prevent second current from flowing from ground to the third node when the third voltage at the third node is negative.
- Example 12 includes the apparatus of example 11 includes further including a first transistor to, based on a first control signal, allow third current to flow from a voltage source to the third node through a first resistor, and a second transistor to enable when the first transistor allows the third current to flow through the first resistor, the enabling of the second transistor to generate a first path from the first node of the latch to the third node, the latch to trigger the first state of the latch in response to the enabling of the second transistor.
- Example 13 includes the apparatus of example 12, further including a third transistor to, based on a second control signal, allow fourth current to flow from the voltage source to the third node through a second resistor, and a fourth transistor to enable when the third transistor allows the fourth current to flow through the second resistor, the enabling of the fourth transistor to generate a second path from the first node of the latch to the third node, the latch to trigger the second state of the latch in response to the enabling of the fourth transistor.
- Example 14 includes the apparatus of example 11, wherein the transistor is a high side transistor including a first drain-to-source resistance, further including a low side transistor including a second drain-to-source resistance lower than the first drain-to-source resistance.
- Example 15 includes the apparatus of example 11, further including a hysteresis circuit to add resistance to a first side of the latch or a second side of the latch based on a previous state of the latch.
- Example 16 includes the apparatus of example 15, wherein the hysteresis circuit is to add resistance to prevent errors of the latch caused by parasitic capacitance.
- Example 17 includes the apparatus of example 11, wherein the third voltage at the third node corresponds to the second voltage at the second node when the second voltage is negative and the third voltage at the third node corresponds to a voltage differential between the third node and ground when the second voltage is positive.
- Example 18 includes the apparatus of example 11, further including a bond pad to couple the first diode to the latch, the bond pad including a two-dimensional electron gas layer coupled to the second node to reduce parasitic capacitance.
- Example 19 includes a method comprising outputting, at a latch, a first voltage corresponding to a first node or a second voltage corresponding to a second node to a high side transistor of a power converter based on a control signal, the second node being coupled to a source of the high side transistor, generating a first voltage drop from a third node to the second node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is negative and preventing first current from flowing from the second node to the third node when the second voltage corresponding to the second node is positive, and generating a second voltage drop from the third node to ground when a third voltage at the third node is positive and preventing second current from flowing from ground to the third node when the third voltage at the third node is negative.
- Example 20 includes the method of example 19, further including adding resistance to a first side of the latch or a second side of the latch based on a previous state of the latch to add resistance to prevent errors of the latch caused by parasitic capacitance.
- Example 21 includes the method of example 19, wherein the third voltage at the third node corresponds to the second voltage at the second node when the second voltage is negative and the third voltage at the third node corresponds to a voltage differential between the third node and ground when the second voltage is positive. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed that facilitate high side control of a switching power converter. The disclosed methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture improve the efficiency of using a power converter by facilitating a low side control to high side control transition, even when the switching node of a power converter is negative. The disclosed methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture are accordingly directed to one or more improvement(s) in the functioning of a power converter.
- Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.
Claims (20)
1. An apparatus comprising:
a latch having a latch input node, a boost node, a switch node, and a latch output node;
a first diode having an anode coupled to an intermediate ground node, and a cathode coupled to the switch node;
a second diode having an anode coupled to the intermediate ground node, and a cathode coupled to an analog ground terminal;
a first switch coupled between the latch input node and the intermediate ground node; and
a second switch coupled between a voltage supply node and a control terminal of the first switch.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second switch having a first current terminal coupled to the voltage supply node, and a second current terminal coupled to the control terminal of the second switch.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising:
a resistor having a first end coupled to the second current terminal of the second switch, and a second end coupled to the intermediate ground node.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first switch is configured to enable a conductive path between the latch input node and the intermediate ground node.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second switch is configured to enable a conductive path between the voltage supply node and the control terminal of the first switch.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first diode includes a diode-connected gallium nitride transistor.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second diode includes a diode-connected gallium nitride transistor.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a bootstrap capacitor having a first plate coupled to the boost node, and a second plate coupled to the switch node; and
a third diode having an anode coupled to the voltage supply node, and a cathode coupled to the boost node.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a high side power switch having a first current terminal configured to receive an input voltage, a second current terminal coupled to the switch node configured to deliver an output voltage, and a control terminal coupled to the latch output node,
wherein the switch node is isolated from the intermediate ground node by the first diode.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising:
a low side power switch having a first current terminal coupled to the switch node configured to deliver the output voltage, a second current terminal coupled to a power ground terminal, and a control terminal decoupled from the latch output node,
wherein the power ground terminal is isolated from the intermediate ground node and the analog ground terminal.
11. An apparatus comprising:
a latch having a latch upper supply node, a latch lower supply node, a latch input node, and a latch output node;
a first diode having an anode coupled to an intermediate ground node, and a cathode coupled to the latch lower supply node;
a second diode having an anode coupled to the intermediate ground node, and a cathode coupled to an analog ground terminal;
a first switch configured to establish a conductive path between the latch input node and the intermediate ground node; and
a second switch configured to enable the first switch based on a gate driver input signal.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising:
a resistor having a first end, and a second end coupled to the intermediate ground node,
wherein the second switch having a control terminal configured to receive the gate driver input signal, a first current terminal coupled to a voltage supply node, and a second current terminal coupled to the control terminal of the second switch and the first end of the resistor.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein:
the first diode includes a first diode-connected gallium nitride transistor; and
the second diode includes a second diode-connected gallium nitride transistor.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising:
a bootstrap capacitor having a first plate coupled to the latch upper supply node, and a second plate coupled to the latch lower supply node; and
a third diode having an anode coupled to a voltage supply node, and a cathode coupled to the latch upper supply node.
15. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising:
a high side power switch having a first current terminal configured to receive an input voltage, a second current terminal coupled to a switch node configured to deliver an output voltage, and a control terminal coupled to the latch output node,
wherein the switch node is coupled to the latch lower supply node and isolated from the intermediate ground node by the first diode.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising:
a low side power switch having a first current terminal coupled to the switch node configured to deliver the output voltage, a second current terminal coupled to a power ground terminal, and a control terminal decoupled from the latch output node,
wherein the power ground terminal is isolated from the intermediate ground node and the analog ground terminal.
17. An apparatus comprising:
a latch having a latch upper supply node, a latch lower supply node, a latch input node, and a latch output node;
a first diode-connected gallium nitride (GaN) transistor having a anode coupled to an intermediate ground node, and a cathode coupled to the latch lower supply node;
a second diode-connected GaN transistor having a anode coupled to the intermediate ground node, and a cathode coupled to an analog ground terminal;
a first switch configured to establish a conductive path between the latch input node and the intermediate ground node; and
a second switch configured to enable the first switch based on a high-side gate driver input signal.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising:
a high side power switch having a first current terminal configured to receive an input voltage, a second current terminal coupled to a switch node configured to deliver an output voltage, and a control terminal coupled to the latch output node,
wherein the switch node is coupled to the latch lower supply node and isolated from the intermediate ground node by the first diode.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , further comprising:
a low side power switch having a first current terminal coupled to the switch node configured to deliver the output voltage, a second current terminal coupled to a power ground terminal, and a control terminal decoupled from the latch output node,
wherein the power ground terminal is isolated from the intermediate ground node and the analog ground terminal.
20. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising:
a bootstrap capacitor having a first plate coupled to the latch upper supply node, and a second plate coupled to the latch lower supply node; and
a third diode having an anode coupled to a voltage supply node, and a cathode coupled to the latch upper supply node.
Priority Applications (2)
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US16/412,102 US10581335B1 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-05-14 | Methods, apparatus, and systems to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter |
US16/741,856 US11171570B2 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2020-01-14 | High low power converter switches, latch, diode isolated intermediate ground |
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US16/122,646 US10439503B1 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2018-09-05 | Methods, apparatus, and systems to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter |
US16/412,102 US10581335B1 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-05-14 | Methods, apparatus, and systems to facilitate high side control of a switching power converter |
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US16/741,856 Active US11171570B2 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2020-01-14 | High low power converter switches, latch, diode isolated intermediate ground |
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US10763844B2 (en) | 2018-08-28 | 2020-09-01 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Methods and apparatus to transmit signals in isolated gate drivers |
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US5869935A (en) * | 1997-05-07 | 1999-02-09 | Motorola Inc. | Electronic ballast with inverter protection circuit |
US6255900B1 (en) * | 1998-11-18 | 2001-07-03 | Macronix International Co., Ltd. | Rapid on chip voltage generation for low power integrated circuits |
US7145370B2 (en) * | 2003-09-05 | 2006-12-05 | Impinj, Inc. | High-voltage switches in single-well CMOS processes |
US7193469B2 (en) * | 2005-05-06 | 2007-03-20 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | System and method for testing gate oxide of an amplifier |
WO2010114014A1 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2010-10-07 | ローム株式会社 | Liquid crystal driving apparatus |
US8013677B2 (en) * | 2009-12-16 | 2011-09-06 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | One-sided switching pulse width modulation amplifiers |
JP5677129B2 (en) * | 2011-02-22 | 2015-02-25 | ローム株式会社 | Signal transmission circuit and switch driving device using the same |
JP5537479B2 (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2014-07-02 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Switch circuit and semiconductor circuit |
US8624632B2 (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2014-01-07 | International Business Machines Corporation | Sense amplifier-type latch circuits with static bias current for enhanced operating frequency |
US8633745B1 (en) * | 2012-08-30 | 2014-01-21 | Allegro Microsystems, Llc | Circuits and related techniques for driving a high side of a half bridge circuit |
JP6334982B2 (en) * | 2014-03-26 | 2018-05-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Reception device, transmission system, and reception method |
US9748841B2 (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2017-08-29 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Multilevel boost DC to DC converter circuit |
US10141845B2 (en) * | 2016-04-13 | 2018-11-27 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | DC-DC converter and control circuit with low-power clocked comparator referenced to switching node for zero voltage switching |
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