US20190233703A1 - In-situ reactive absorption for equilibrium-shifting of non-condensable gases - Google Patents

In-situ reactive absorption for equilibrium-shifting of non-condensable gases Download PDF

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US20190233703A1
US20190233703A1 US16/330,930 US201716330930A US2019233703A1 US 20190233703 A1 US20190233703 A1 US 20190233703A1 US 201716330930 A US201716330930 A US 201716330930A US 2019233703 A1 US2019233703 A1 US 2019233703A1
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salt
salt composition
energy storage
hygroscopic
accordance
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Laurens Daniël van Vliet
Anca ANASTASOPOL
Pavol Bodis
Ruud CUYPERS
Hartmut Rudolf Fischer
Hendrik Pieter Oversloot
Cornelis Petrus Marcus Roelands
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
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Assigned to NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPAST-NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK TNO reassignment NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPAST-NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK TNO ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BODIS, PAVOL, CUYPERS, Ruud, Anastasopol, Anca, Van Vliet, Laurens Daniël, ROELANDS, CORNELIS PETRUS MARCUS, FISCHER, HARTMUT RUDOLF, OVERSLOOT, HENDRIK PIETER
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/16—Materials undergoing chemical reactions when used
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D1/00—Devices using naturally cold air or cold water
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/003—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using thermochemical reactions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
    • F28D2020/0047—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material using molten salts or liquid metals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an energy device such as an energy storage device and/or an energy conversion device.
  • the invention relates in particular to a thermochemical heat storage and/or a thermochemical conversion device comprising a hygroscopic salt.
  • Energy devices such as heat conversion and heat storage devices enable the storage and later on delivery of energy in the form of heat.
  • heat storage devices can store excess of heat during the summer period and release the stored heat during the winter period.
  • the heat stored in the charging process can be immediately released after the charging is finished in order to create a cooling effect in another part of the system. This is typically the method used in cooling or chiller devices or heat pumps.
  • thermochemical energy storage devices examples include hot water tanks (boiler technology), lithium-ion batteries and thermochemical energy storage devices, chillers and heat pumps.
  • Thermochemical energy storage is particularly advantageous due to its relatively high energy storage density, its relatively low cost price per stored energy quantity and wide range of working temperatures with respect to other energy storage and conversion devices. In addition, the loss of energy during prolonged storage is minimal for thermochemical energy storage devices.
  • Thermochemical energy devices are typically based on reversible chemical reaction and/or sorption processes. During the charging of the device (i.e. the storing of heat) an endothermic reaction or desorption occurs by consuming heat. During the discharging of the device (i.e. release of heat), the reverse process, an exothermic reaction or sorption occurs and heat is released. Examples of typical chemical reaction and/or sorption processes for thermochemical heat storage are i.a. described in Cot-Gores et al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 ( 2012 ) 5207 - 5224 , which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
  • thermochemical heat storage processes are based on the sorption or conversion of water.
  • the water is generally absorbed or converted by hygroscopic salts.
  • Hygroscopic salts that are typically employed for this purpose are for instance Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , CaO, Me x Cl y (wherein Me is a metal, resulting in e.g. CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , MnCl 2 and the like), K 2 CO 3 , MgSO 4 , MgO; Na 2 S, SrBr 2 and the like.
  • the absorption or conversion of water by the hygroscopic salt results in the release of heat.
  • Examples of sorption processes based on hygroscopic salts are for instance:
  • the device could not satisfyingly be charged with heat energy.
  • Reasons for this undesired low charge capacity may for instance be gas leakage into the system (the system is preferably operated under vacuum), decomposition of the hygroscopic salt, leakage of stored water to the dried hygroscopic salt, outgassing of components in the system, reaction between components in the system that produce non-condensable gasses and the like.
  • thermochemical energy devices that are based on hygroscopic salts and water.
  • the hygroscopic salts that are typically applied in the storage device may react undesirably with water to produce a gas, typically a non-condensable gas which is a gas that does not condensate under common operational parameters of the thermochemical energy device.
  • the gas is believed to likely originate from the anion and/or from impurities present in the hygroscopic salt.
  • said gas may for instance comprise one or more of HCl, H 2 S, H 2 SO 4 , etc.
  • this undesired side reaction was not believed to be a major drawback, as the amount of the gas produced would be relatively low.
  • a reason for this was conventionally believed to be that a low partial pressure of the gas would result in the reverse reaction; i.e. the reaction of the gas to form back the hygroscopic salt and water. Accordingly, the relative low amount of produced gas and concomitantly consumed hygroscopic salt was assumed not to result in a significant decrease of the overall storage capacity.
  • the present inventors realized the significance of suppressing the reaction of the hygroscopic salt and the water.
  • the present inventors further realized that suppressing this reaction may i.a. be achieved by recrystallization of the hygroscopic salt (to remove impurities in the hygroscopic salt that react with the water and result in the gas) and/or by shifting the equilibrium under which the gas is produced away from the production of said gas.
  • the energy (storage) capacity of the thermochemical energy device can be improved by providing a base in the device, preferably in the salt composition.
  • the present invention is therefore directed to a salt composition for use in a thermochemical energy storage device, said salt composition comprising a base and a hygroscopic salt that can produce a gas by reacting with an acid.
  • the present invention may be particularly suitable for shifting the reaction equilibrium of non-condensable gas formation, but it may also be beneficial in case the formed gas is condensable. Condensable gas may also be undesired and may for instance result in corrosion of one or more parts of the thermochemical energy device. This may particular be the situation with acidic gasses such as H 2 SO 4 .
  • the gas comprises non-condensable gas as this formation may particularly be challenging to limit and the present invention is particularly suitable for this purpose.
  • the presence of the base in the salt composition may also result in the suppression of gas formation that originate from reactions of other reactive components in the thermochemical energy device, e.g. the coating or shielding.
  • it is preferable to suppress all possible reactions in the storage device and the present invention may particularly be suitable to this end.
  • the gas H 2 S may i.a. be produced in accordance with reaction (V).
  • reaction (V) the equilibrium of this reaction (V) will typically be shifted almost entirely to the left (2Na 2 S+H 2 O side) such that only a negligible amount of H 2 S may be present and as such only a small amount of the hygroscopic salt Na 2 S may be consumed.
  • the present inventors however realized that formation of the gas does typically result in an undesirable loss of overall storage capacity. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that upon charging of the device (i.e. upon release of water from the wet hygroscopic salt), the released water that flows to a water storage compartment to be condensed and stored therein, may carry the gas to the water storage compartment. This may result in at least two undesirable effects. Since the gas is transported away from the hygroscopic salt, the equilibrium of the reaction of the hygroscopic salt with the water producing the gas, shift towards to production of the gas and away from the hygroscopic salt. Thus, more hygroscopic salt may be consumed and more gas may be produced.
  • the produced gas may accumulate in or near the water storage compartment, in particular near a condenser that is typically present in said compartment.
  • a condenser that is typically present in said compartment.
  • the presence of the gas near or in the condenser a decreased accessibility of the condenser for the released water, since a layer of the (non-condensable) gas will be in the pathway of the water flow towards the condenser.
  • Overall the performance of the thermochemical heat storage device may be reduced.
  • the principle underlying the present invention may be applied to any hygroscopic salt that can produce a gas by reacting with a compound that can donate a proton (i.e. an acid).
  • a compound that can donate a proton i.e. an acid
  • examples of such acids include water, methanol and the like.
  • the formation of gas can be illustrated by the following reaction:
  • the hygroscopic salt in accordance with the present invention comprises an anion selected from the group consisting of chlorides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, sulfites and combinations thereof.
  • an anion selected from the group consisting of chlorides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, sulfites and combinations thereof.
  • Each of these anions are capable of reacting with an acid to produce a gas that may reduce the performance of the thermochemical energy device.
  • such anions may react with an acid to produce a gas comprising HCl, H 2 S, H 2 O/CO 2 , H 3 SO 4 H 2 SO 3 and the like.
  • the gas that may be produced by the reaction of the hygroscopic salt and the acid is chemically different from the acid.
  • the salt composition is applied in a thermochemical storage device based on water, the gas does not comprise water.
  • the hygroscopic salt comprises a metal ion selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and combinations thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, magnesium and combinations thereof.
  • Hydroscopic salts that are particularly preferred for the present invention are high energy storage density hygroscopic salts that have a theoretical storage density higher or equal than 1 GJ/m 3 .
  • the storage density of a hydroscopic salt in an energy device can be empirically determined or theoretically be calculated by the change in enthalpy of the (de)hydration reaction from the lowest hydration state (as considered for the energy device) to the highest hydration state (considered for the energy device), multiplied by the theoretic maximum density of the material in the highest hydrated state (as considered for the energy device).
  • the volume taken by the water in the dehydrated state is generally left out of the calculation.
  • Thermodynamic data such as enthalpy values of salts can be found in literature (see for instance P. A. J. Donkers et al., Applied Energy 199 (2017) 45-68 or De Boer, Thermochimica Acta, 2002) or empirically be determined.
  • the energy storage density of sodium sulfide is 2.9 GJ/m 3 as calculated from the following equations:
  • ⁇ H is the change in enthalpy of the (de)hydration reaction and TMD is the theoretical maximum density of the hygroscopic salt.
  • hygroscopic salts having a energy storage density of more than 0.5 GJ/m 3 , preferably more than 1 GJ/m 3 , more preferably more than 2 GJ/m, most preferably more than 2.5 GJ/m 3 are preferred.
  • Suitable hygroscopic salts that can be used in accordance with the present invention are metal halides, in particular metal chlorides, fluorides bromides, or iodides, such as AgF, AuCl 3 , LiCl, CaCl 2 , CrCl 2 , CuCl 2 , FeCl 2 , FeCl 3 , MgCl 2 , NiCl 2 , SrCl 2 , EuCl 3 , GdCl 3 , LaCl 3 , AlF 3 , CsF, RbF, CaBr 2 , LiBr, MgBr 2 , SrBr 2 , LiI, MnI 2 ; phosphates, in particular CaHPO 4 , Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 , K 3 PO 4 , Na 3 PO 4 , Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Na 2 HPO 4 ; pyrophosphates, such as K 4 P 2 O 7 , Na 4 P 2 O 7
  • the hygroscopic salt preferably comprises one or more salts from the group consisting of LiCl, CrCl 2 , CuCl 2 , CaCl 2 , FeCl 2 , LaCl 3 , MgCl 2 , EuCl 3 , GdCl 3 , LiBr, CsF, LiI, MnI 2 , LiNO 2 , Mg(NO 3 ) 2 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , KAl(SO 4 ) 2 , VOSO 4 , Na 3 PO 4 , K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , Na 2 S, most preferable the hygroscopic salt comprises Na 2 S.
  • the base comprises a basic salt that comprises a metal ion which is the same as the metal ion that may be present in the hygroscopic salt.
  • the hygroscopic salt and the base both comprise sodium.
  • the hygroscopic salt may comprise Na 2 S whilst the base may comprise NaOH.
  • the base comprises a metal ion selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and combinations thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, magnesium and combinations thereof.
  • said base comprises a basic salt
  • said basic salt typically comprises an anion selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate acetate, sulfide, silicate, preferably hydroxide.
  • suitable bases include NaOH, KOH and the like.
  • the base is a basic salt that may readily be blended with the hygroscopic salt to prepare that salt composition.
  • the hygroscopic salt and the base preferably the basic salt may both be provided as a powder and blended as such, e.g. by grinding.
  • the base and the hygroscopic salt are blended on a molecular scale.
  • This particularly preferred salt composition may be obtainable by co-crystallization of the hygroscopic salt and the base.
  • co-crystallization may only be possible for certain salt composition since the hygroscopic salt may also tend to separately crystallize from the base, resulting in crystals comprising only the base or the hygroscopic salt.
  • the blend on a molecular scale of the hygroscopic salt and the base may also be obtained by providing a solution (e.g. an aqueous solution) of the base and blending the solution with a powder comprising the hygroscopic salt, followed by drying the blend to obtain a dried blend of the base and the hygroscopic salt. It may also be possible to provide a solution of the hygroscopic salt and to blend this solution with a powder comprising the base.
  • said blend of the salt composition on a molecular scale may be obtainable by blending the solution comprising the base with the solution comprising the hygroscopic salt and subsequently drying said blend of solutions.
  • Said particularly preferred salt composition comprising a blend of the hygroscopic salt and the base on a molecular scale may also be obtainable by providing a melt comprising the hygroscopic salt and the base, followed by solidifying said melt.
  • the salt composition obtainable by providing the melt followed by solidifying the melt is preferred.
  • the salt composition comprises the hygroscopic salt and the base in a ratio of less than 1:1, preferably in a ratio of less than 2:1.
  • the ratio is preferably more than 100:1 and most preferably between 5:1 and 25:1, for instance about 10:1 or less.
  • the hydroscopic salt and the base in accordance with the present invention are two different chemical entities, meaning that the salt composition of the present invention is not a single salt that can function both as the hygroscopic salt and as the base.
  • the salt composition is preferably present in a porous or “open” configuration in order to allow sufficient water vapor transport towards the hygroscopic salt.
  • the porous configuration can exist in various ways, examples are: granules or tablets, foam-like, powder, etc.
  • the salt composition is in a porous configuration having a porosity in the range of 10 to 50%, more preferably in the range of 20 to 40%, wherein the porosity is expressed as the fraction of the volume of voids (i.e. including macro and micro porosity voids) over the total volume of the porous configuration.
  • the salt composition may comprise one or more additives for mechanical stabilization, thermal conductivity enhancement and/or facilitating the shaping the salt composition in the desired form (e.g. porosity) and the like.
  • mechanical stabilization additives included for instance a polymer matrix, a polymer coating (both may e.g. be based on cellulose or ethyl cellulose) and/or clays (e.g. sepiolite, laponite).
  • thermal conductivity enhancers include carbon-based materials (e.g. graphite, carbon nanofibers), metals (e.g. powders, coatings) and the like.
  • additives that help to obtain the salt composition in the required shape or form include for instance granulating agents (e.g. stearates, aerosils, talc, clays and others), blowing agents (e.g. baking powder and others) and lubricants. These additives may be used to enhance the performance of the system.
  • thermochemical energy device in particular an energy storage device, comprising the salt composition as described herein.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a particular embodiment of the thermochemical energy storage device in accordance with the present invention.
  • the thermochemical energy storage device comprises the salt composition ( 2 ) that is typically located in an energy storage compartment ( 1 ).
  • the energy storage compartment generally further comprises a heat exchanger ( 3 ) that is thermally connected to the salt composition such that the salt composition can receive from and/or release heat to the exterior of the energy storage compartment.
  • the thermochemical energy device typically further comprises a liquid (e.g. water) storage compartment ( 4 ) comprising a condenser ( 6 ) such that liquid vapor (e.g. water vapor) ( 5 ) that is released from the salt composition can be condensed and collected.
  • a liquid (e.g. water) storage compartment ( 4 ) comprising a condenser ( 6 ) such that liquid vapor (e.g. water vapor) ( 5 ) that is released from the salt composition can be condensed and collected.
  • the condenser ( 6 ) may function as an evaporator unit to evaporate the condensed liquid e.g. water).
  • the liquid storage compartment may also comprise an evaporator unit separate from the condenser.
  • thermochemical energy device typically operates under reduced pressure, preferably vacuum (except from the partial water vapor pressure).
  • water may flow from the water storage compartment ( 4 ) towards the salt composition such that heat can be generated.
  • the flow rate can be controlled by a restricted gas flow passage which is preferably closable by a valve ( 7 ).
  • thermochemical energy device comprising said restricted gas flow passage.
  • the released water traveling from the energy storage compartment to the water storage compartment reaches a high velocity and thereby may carry more or more effectively the gas to the water storage compartment resulting in more gas production and more accumulation of the gas in the water storage compartment.
  • the reduced performance of thermochemical energy device is particularly pronounced by thermochemical energy devices comprising the restricted gas flow passage. Limiting the gas production by shifting the equilibrium away from the gas production by the presence of the base is therefore particularly advantageous for such devices.
  • thermochemical energy device a plurality (e.g. two or more) of energy storage compartments ( 1 a , 1 b , 1 c ) may be connected to the water storage compartment.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a particular embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
  • Each energy storage compartment ( 1 a , 1 b , 1 c ) may comprise a salt composition ( 3 a , 3 b , 3 c ) in accordance with the present invention.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is the energy storage compartment comprising the salt composition.
  • This energy storage compartment may be part of the thermochemical energy device as described herein, or may be separated from the device such that for instance it may installed within a modular design of the thermochemical energy storage device.
  • the wet hygroscopic salt Na 2 S.5H 2 O (92.1% pure) was introduced in a salt container of a setup that further comprised an empty water collection reservoir.
  • the temperature of the salt container and the water reservoir could independently be controlled.
  • the Na 2 S.5H 2 O was dried as follows.
  • the system was evacuated by a vacuum pump. During 24 hours, the temperature of the salt container was maintained at about 80° C. and the temperature of the water collection reservoir was cooled to about 10° C.
  • the amount of collected water in the water reservoir was determined indicating the amount of desorbed water from the hydroscopic salt Na 2 S.5H 2 O. A desorption of 63% was obtained.
  • a salt composition comprising Na 2 S.5H 2 O (92.1% pure) and 10 wt. % NaOH was prepared by blending and grinding both salts in a mortar.
  • a salt composition comprising Na 2 S.5H 2 O (92.1% pure) and 10 wt. % NaOH was prepared by providing a blend of solid Na 2 S.5H 2 O (92.1% pure) with 10 wt. % solid NaOH, and heated the blend to 90° C. until the Na 2 S.5H 2 O was molten. The melt was then cooled to room temperature on a metal surface to provide the salt composition.
  • a salt composition comprising Na 2 S.5H 2 O (92.1% pure) and 10 wt. % NaOH was prepared by mixing solid Na 2 S.5H 2 O (92.1% pure) with 10 wt. NaOH in an aqueous solution (56 wt. % NaOH in water), followed by drying the mixture at 45° C.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
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  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
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WO2023143735A1 (de) * 2022-01-28 2023-08-03 Koenig Bernhard Thermochemischer energiespeicher und system aufweisend den thermochemischen energiespeicher

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CN111780607A (zh) * 2020-07-24 2020-10-16 青海民族大学 一种固态熔盐储能罐

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US20230348772A1 (en) 2023-11-02
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