US20180334426A1 - Bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides and protein conjugates thereof - Google Patents

Bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides and protein conjugates thereof Download PDF

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US20180334426A1
US20180334426A1 US15/975,654 US201815975654A US2018334426A1 US 20180334426 A1 US20180334426 A1 US 20180334426A1 US 201815975654 A US201815975654 A US 201815975654A US 2018334426 A1 US2018334426 A1 US 2018334426A1
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Amy Han
Andrew J. Murphy
William Olson
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Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
    • C07C237/52—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups further acylated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/65—Peptidic linkers, binders or spacers, e.g. peptidic enzyme-labile linkers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
    • C07C233/90—Carboxylic acid amides having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups further acylated

Definitions

  • novel, bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides and protein conjugates thereof and methods for treating a variety of diseases, disorders, and conditions including administering the bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides, and protein conjugates thereof.
  • ADCs Antibody-drug conjugates
  • ADCETRIS® Bostolic vedotin
  • KADCYLA® ado-trastuzumab emtansine
  • Liver X Receptor includes LXR ⁇ and LXR ⁇ which are ligand-dependent transcription factors that control the expression of genes involved in cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and innate immunity.
  • LXR ⁇ is highly expressed in liver, intestine, adipose tissue, and differentiated macrophages; and LXR ⁇ is ubiquitously expressed.
  • LXRs have various biological functions including (i) stimulating the expression of cholesterol transporters, for example, ABCA1 and ABCG1, both of which mediate cellular cholesterol efflux; and (ii) negatively regulating macrophage inflammatory gene expression via repression of NF-kB activation.
  • LXRs have also been implicated in atherosclerosis, proliferative disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammation.
  • Proliferative disorders include melanomas, lung cancer, oral squamous carcinoma, and prostate cancer.
  • Proliferative disorders include melanomas, lung cancer, oral squamous carcinoma, and prostate cancer.
  • Neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease and myelin gene expression.
  • Inflammation includes inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and arthritis.
  • Macrophage LXRs are known to include anti-atherogenic activity. LXR agonists are believed to be capable of (i) inhibiting the initiation and delay the progression of atherosclerosis; (ii) mitigating atherosclerosis and stabilizing established atherosclerotic lesions; and (iii) reducing lesion macrophage content by apoptosis.
  • LXR modulators The therapeutic potential of small molecule LXR modulators is limited by, for example, undesired modulation of LXR at non-target cells and/or low bioavailability. Modulation of LXR at non-target cells can lead to undesirable side effects, and low bioavailability may manifest for myriad reasons including, without limitation, low solubility that further exacerbates poor therapeutic windows for treatment.
  • ADCs comprising LXR modulators would allow for target-specific modulation of LXR, thereby avoiding side-effects caused by off-target modulation of LXR. Furthermore, such ADCs would provide improved modulation of biological targets, improved bioavailability, and improved therapeutic window. Therefore, there is a continuing need for effective treatments of, for example, metabolic diseases using small molecule ADCs of LXR modulators.
  • compounds useful for example, for the treatment of metabolic diseases including, without limitation, dyslipidemia.
  • compounds useful for example, for the treatment of inflammation or a neurodegenerative disease.
  • the compounds provided herein are according to Formula I.
  • linker-payload having a compound according to Formula I, above.
  • an antibody-drug conjugate having a compound of Formula I or linker-payload, above, bonded to an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • set forth herein is a pharmaceutical composition, including a compound, linker-payload, or antibody-drug conjugate described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent.
  • set forth herein is a method for the treatment of dyslipidemia, a metabolic disease, inflammation, or a neurodegenerative disease in a subject including the administration to the subject of an effective treatment amount of a compound, linker-payload, or antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • set forth herein are methods for making the compounds, linker-payloads, or antibody-drug conjugates, and compositions described herein.
  • FIGS. 1, 1 a - 1 i , 2 , 3 a - 3 e , and 4 - 10 show synthetic chemistry schemes for bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides, cyclodextrin-based linker-payloads, and protein conjugates thereof.
  • FIG. 11 shows Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE Gel of anti-Her2 antibody, anti-Her2-PEG 3 -N 3 , and anti-Her2-LP8.
  • FIG. 12 shows SEC of anti-Her2 Ab, anti-Her2-PEG 3 -N 3 , and anti-Her2-LP8.
  • FIG. 13 shows Activation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 genes by LXR agonists.
  • FIG. 14 shows EC 50 values using a four-parameter logistic equation over a 10-point dose response curve.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph illustrating percentage of dose-dependent cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages for an exemplary MSR1 antibody-LXR conjugate, its unconjugated counterpart, an isotype control-LXR conjugate, and the corresponding free payload.
  • FIG. 16 provides a series of bar graphs illustrating the effect of an exemplary MSR1 antibody-LXR agonist conjugate and its unconjugated counterpart on serum lipid levels in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
  • FIG. 17 provides a series of bar graphs illustrating the effect of an exemplary MSR1 antibody-LXR agonist conjugate and its unconjugated counterpart on lesion lipid area and macropphage (CD68) content in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
  • FIG. 18 provides a series of bar graphs illustrating the effect of an exemplary MSR1 antibody-LXR agonist conjugate and its unconjugated counterpart on hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
  • FIG. 19 provides a series of bar graphs illustrating the effect of an exemplary MSR1 antibody-LXR agonist conjugate and its unconjugated counterpart on de novo lipogenesis in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
  • compositions, and methods useful for treating for example, dyslipidemia, a metabolic disease, inflammation, or a neurodegenerative disease, in a subject.
  • alkyl refers to a monovalent and saturated hydrocarbon radical moiety. Alkyl is optionally substituted and can be linear, branched, or cyclic, i.e., cycloalkyl. Alkyl includes, but is not limited to, those radicals having 1-20 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-20 alkyl; 1-12 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-12 alkyl; 1-8 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-8 alkyl; 1-6 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-6 alkyl; and 1-3 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-3 alkyl.
  • alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl, a pentyl moiety, a hexyl moiety, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • a pentyl moiety includes, but is not limited to, n-pentyl and i-pentyl.
  • a hexyl moiety includes, but is not limited to, n-hexyl.
  • alkylene refers to a divalent alkyl group. Unless specified otherwise, alkylene includes, but is not limited to, 1-20 carbon atoms. The alkylene group is optionally substituted as described herein for alkyl. In some embodiments, alkylene is unsubstituted.
  • O-amino acid or “HO-amino acid” designates an amino acid wherein the native amino group at the N-terminus of an amino acid or an amino acid sequence has been replaced with an oxygen or hydroxyl group, respectively.
  • 0-AAAA or “HO-AAAA” is intended to designate an amino acid sequence (AAAA) wherein the native amino group at the N-terminus has been replaced with an oxygen or hydroxyl group, respectively (e.g.,
  • each R is an amino acid side chain
  • the terms “O-amino acid residue” or “HO-amino acid residue” refers to the chemical moiety within a compound that remains after a chemical reaction.
  • “O-amino acid residue” or “HO-amino acid residue” refers to the product of an amide coupling or peptide coupling of an O-amino acid or a HO-amino acid to a suitable coupling partner; wherein, for example, a water molecule is expelled after the amide or peptide coupling of the O-amino acid or a HO-amino acid, resulting in the product having the O-amino acid residue or a HO-amino acid residue incorporated therein.
  • Designation of an amino acid or amino acid residue without specifying its stereochemistry is intended to encompass the L form of the amino acid, the D form of the amino acid, or a racemic mixture thereof.
  • haloalkyl refers to alkyl, as defined above, wherein the alkyl includes at least one substituent selected from a halogen, for example, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I).
  • haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, —CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CCl 2 F, and —CCl 3 .
  • alkenyl refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon radical moiety containing at least two carbon atoms and one or more non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds. Alkenyl is optionally substituted and can be linear, branched, or cyclic. Alkenyl includes, but is not limited to, those radicals having 2-20 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-20 alkenyl; 2-12 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-12 alkenyl; 2-8 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-8 alkenyl; 2-6 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-6 alkenyl; and 2-4 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-4 alkenyl.
  • alkenyl moieties include, but are not limited to vinyl, propenyl, butenyl, and cyclohexenyl.
  • alkynyl refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon radical moiety containing at least two carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Alkynyl is optionally substituted and can be linear, branched, or cyclic.
  • Alkynyl includes, but is not limited to, those radicals having 2-20 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-20 alkynyl; 2-12 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-12 alkynyl; 2-8 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-8 alkynyl; 2-6 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-6 alkynyl; and 2-4 carbon atoms, i.e., C 2-4 alkynyl.
  • alkynyl moieties include, but are not limited to ethynyl, propynyl, and butynyl.
  • alkoxy refers to a monovalent and saturated hydrocarbon radical moiety wherein the hydrocarbon includes a single bond to an oxygen atom and wherein the radical is localized on the oxygen atom, e.g., CH 3 CH 2 —O. for ethoxy.
  • Alkoxy substituents bond to the compound which they substitute through this oxygen atom of the alkoxy substituent.
  • Alkoxy is optionally substituted and can be linear, branched, or cyclic, i.e., cycloalkoxy.
  • Alkoxy includes, but is not limited to, those having 1-20 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-20 alkoxy; 1-12 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-12 alkoxy; 1-8 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-8 alkoxy; 1-6 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-6 alkoxy; and 1-3 carbon atoms, i.e., C 1-3 alkoxy.
  • alkoxy moieties include, but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, i-butoxy, a pentoxy moiety, and a hexoxy moiety, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentoxy, and cyclohexoxy (i.e.,
  • haloalkoxy refers to alkoxy, as defined above, wherein the alkoxy includes at least one substituent selected from a halogen, e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I.
  • aryl refers to a monovalent moiety that is a radical of an aromatic compound wherein the ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • Aryl is optionally substituted and can be monocyclic or polycyclic, e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic.
  • aryl moieties include, but are not limited to, those having 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-20 aryl; 6 to 15 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-15 aryl, and 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-10 aryl.
  • Examples of aryl moieties include, but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, and pyrenyl.
  • arylalkyl refers to a monovalent moiety that is a radical of an alkyl compound, wherein the alkyl compound is substituted with an aromatic substituent, i.e., the aromatic compound includes a single bond to an alkyl group and wherein the radical is localized on the alkyl group.
  • An arylalkyl group bonds to the illustrated chemical structure via the alkyl group.
  • An arylalkyl can be represented by the structure, e.g.,
  • B is an aromatic moiety, e.g., phenyl.
  • Arylalkyl is optionally substituted, i.e., the aryl group and/or the alkyl group, can be substituted as disclosed herein. Examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl.
  • alkylaryl refers to a monovalent moiety that is a radical of an aryl compound, wherein the aryl compound is substituted with an alkyl substituent, i.e., the aryl compound includes a single bond to an alkyl group and wherein the radical is localized on the aryl group.
  • An alkylaryl group bonds to the illustrated chemical structure via the aryl group.
  • An alkylaryl can be represented by the structure, e.g.,
  • Alkylaryl is optionally substituted, i.e., the aryl group and/or the alkyl group, can be substituted as disclosed herein.
  • alkylaryl include, but are not limited to, toluyl.
  • aryloxy refers to a monovalent moiety that is a radical of an aromatic compound wherein the ring atoms are carbon atoms and wherein the ring is substituted with an oxygen radical, i.e., the aromatic compound includes a single bond to an oxygen atom and wherein the radical is localized on the oxygen atom, e.g.,
  • Aryloxy substituents bond to the compound which they substitute through this oxygen atom.
  • Aryloxy is optionally substituted.
  • Aryloxy includes, but is not limited to, those radicals having 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-20 aryloxy; 6 to 15 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-15 aryloxy, and 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-10 aryloxy.
  • Examples of aryloxy moieties include, but are not limited to phenoxy, naphthoxy, and anthroxy.
  • R a R b N-aryloxy refers to a monovalent moiety that is a radical of an aromatic compound wherein the ring atoms are carbon atoms and wherein the ring is substituted with at least one R a R b N— substituent and at least one oxygen radical, i.e., the aromatic compound includes a single bond to an R a R b N— substituent and a single bond to an oxygen atom and wherein the radical is localized on the oxygen atom, e.g.,
  • R a R b N-aryloxy substituents bond to the compound which they substitute through this oxygen atom.
  • R a R b N-aryloxy is optionally substituted.
  • R a R b N-aryloxy includes, but is not limited to, those having 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, for example, C 6-20 (R a R b N) n -aryloxy, 6 to 15 ring carbon atoms, for example, C 6-15 (R a R b N) n -aryloxy, and 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms, for example, C 6-10 (R a R b N) n -aryloxy, wherein n represents the number of R a R b N— substituents.
  • An example of an R a R b N-aryloxy moiety includes, but is not limited to 4-(dimethylamino)-phenoxy,
  • arylene refers to a divalent moiety of an aromatic compound wherein the ring atoms are only carbon atoms.
  • Arylene is optionally substituted and can be monocyclic or polycyclic, e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic.
  • Examples of arylene moieties include, but are not limited to those having 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-20 arylene; 6 to 15 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-15 arylene, and 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms, i.e., C 6-10 arylene.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms.
  • heteroalkenyl refers to an alkenyl in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms.
  • heteroalkynyl refers to an alkynyl in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms. Heteroalkyl is optionally substituted.
  • heteroalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, aminoalkyl, sulfonylalkyl, and sulfinylalkyl.
  • heteroalkyl moieties also include, but are not limited to, methylamino, methylsulfonyl, and methylsulfinyl.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monovalent moiety that is a radical of an aromatic compound wherein the ring atoms contain carbon atoms and at least one oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or phosphorus atom.
  • heteroaryl moieties include, but are not limited to those having 5 to 20 ring atoms; 5 to 15 ring atoms; and 5 to 10 ring atoms. Heteroaryl is optionally substituted.
  • heteroarylene refers to an arylene in which one or more ring atoms of the aromatic ring are replaced with an oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or phosphorus atom. Heteroarylene is optionally substituted.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms. Heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted. Examples of heterocycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, dioxolanyl, dithiolanyl, oxanyl, or thianyl.
  • Lewis acid refers to a molecule or ion that accepts an electron lone pair.
  • the Lewis acids used in the methods described herein are those other than protons.
  • Lewis acids include, but are not limited to, non-metal acids, metal acids, hard Lewis acids, and soft Lewis acids.
  • Lewis acids include, but are not limited to, Lewis acids of aluminum, boron, iron, tin, titanium, magnesium, copper, antimony, phosphorus, silver, ytterbium, scandium, nickel, and zinc.
  • Illustrative Lewis acids include, but are not limited to, AlBr3, AlCl 3 , BCl 3 , boron trichloride methyl sulfide, BF 3 , boron trifluoride methyl etherate, boron trifluoride methyl sulfide, boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuran, dicyclohexylboron trifluoromethanesulfonate, iron (III) bromide, iron (III) chloride, tin (IV) chloride, titanium (IV) chloride, titanium (IV) isopropoxide, Cu(OTf) 2 , CuCl 2 , CuBr 2 , zinc chloride, alkylaluminum halides (R n AlX 3-n , wherein R is hydrocarbyl), Zn(OTf) 2 , ZnCl 2 , Yb(OTf) 3 , Sc(OTf) 3 , MgBr 2 , NiCl 2
  • N-containing heterocycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms and wherein at least one heteroatom is a nitrogen atom. Suitable heteroatoms in addition to nitrogen, include, but are not limited to oxygen and sulfur atoms. N-containing heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted. Examples of N-containing heterocycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, or thiazolidinyl.
  • optionally substituted when used to describe a radical moiety, for example, optionally substituted alkyl, means that such moiety is optionally bonded to one or more substituents.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, halo, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted haloalkyl, azido, epoxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,
  • R A , R B , and R C are, independently at each occurrence, a hydrogen atom, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, or R A and R B together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form a saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring, wherein the ring is optionally substituted, and wherein one or more ring atoms is optionally replaced with a heteroatom.
  • a radical moiety is optionally substituted with an optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring
  • the substituents on the optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring, if they are substituted, are not substituted with substituents which are further optionally substituted with additional substituents.
  • the substituent bonded to the group is unsubstituted unless otherwise specified.
  • binding agent refers to any molecule, e.g., protein, capable of binding with specificity to a given binding partner, e.g., antigen.
  • linker refers to a divalent, trivalent, or multivalent moiety that covalently links the binding agent to one or more compounds described herein, for instance payload compounds and enhancement agents.
  • amide synthesis conditions refers to reaction conditions suitable to effect the formation of an amide, e.g., by the reaction of a carboxylic acid, activated carboxylic acid, or acyl halide with an amine.
  • amide synthesis conditions refers to reaction conditions suitable to effect the formation of an amide bond between a carboxylic acid and an amine.
  • the carboxylic acid is first converted to an activated carboxylic acid before the activated carboxylic acid reacts with an amine to form an amide.
  • Suitable conditions to effect the formation of an amide include, but are not limited to, those utilizing reagents to effect the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine, including, but not limited to, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), (7-azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyAOP), bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBrOP), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexa
  • a carboxylic acid is first converted to an activated carboxylic ester before treating the activated carboxylic ester with an amine to form an amide bond.
  • the carboxylic acid is treated with a reagent.
  • the reagent activates the carboxylic acid by deprotonating the carboxylic acid and then forming a product complex with the deprotonated carboxylic acid as a result of nucleophilic attack by the deprotonated carboxylic acid onto the protonated reagent.
  • the activated carboxylic esters for certain carboxylic acids are subsequently more susceptible to nucleophilic attack by an amine than the carboxylic acid is before it is activated. This results in amide bond formation.
  • the carboxylic acid is described as activated.
  • Exemplary reagents include DCC and DIC.
  • regioisomer As used herein, “regioisomer,” “regioisomers,” or “mixture of regioisomers” refers to the product(s) of 1,3-cycloadditions or strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAACs)—otherwise known as click reactions—that derive from suitable azides (e.g., —N 3 , or PEG-N 3 derivitized antibodies) treated with suitable alkynes.
  • SPAACs strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions
  • click reactions that derive from suitable azides (e.g., —N 3 , or PEG-N 3 derivitized antibodies) treated with suitable alkynes.
  • regioisomers and mixtures of regioisomers are characterized by the click reaction products shown below:
  • more than one suitable azide and more than one suitable alkyne can be utilized within a synthetic scheme en route to a product, where each pair of azide-alkyne can participate in one or more independent click reactions to generate a mixture of regioisomeric click reaction products.
  • a first suitable azide may independently react with a first suitable alkyne
  • a second suitable azide may independently react with a second suitable alkyne, en route to a product, resulting in the generation of four possible click reaction regioisomers or a mixture of the four possible click reaction regioisomers in a sample of an ADC described herein.
  • a first suitable azide may independently react with a first suitable alkyne
  • a second suitable azide may independently react with a second suitable alkyne, en route to a product, resulting in the generation of four possible click reaction regioisomers or a mixture of the four possible click reaction regioisomers in a sample of an LP described herein.
  • the term “residue” refers to the chemical moiety within a compound that remains after a chemical reaction.
  • amino acid residue or “N-alkyl amino acid residue” refers to the product of an amide coupling or peptide coupling of an amino acid or a N-alkyl amino acid to a suitable coupling partner; wherein, for example, a water molecule is expelled after the amide or peptide coupling of the amino acid or the N-alkylamino acid, resulting in the product having the amino acid residue or N-alkyl amino acid residue incorporated therein.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount (e.g., of a compound) that is sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit to a patient in the treatment or management of a disease or disorder, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease or disorder.
  • Certain groups, moieties, substituents, and atoms are depicted with a wiggly line that intersects a bond or bonds to indicate the atom through which the groups, moieties, substituents, atoms are bonded.
  • cyclic group e.g., aromatic, heteroaromatic, fused ring, and saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl
  • substituents bonded to a cyclic group are meant to indicate, unless specified otherwise, that the cyclic group may be substituted with that substituent at any ring position in the cyclic group or on any ring in the fused ring group, according to techniques set forth herein or which are known in the field to which the instant disclosure pertains.
  • subscript q is an integer from 0 to 4 and in which the positions of substituent R 1 are described generically, i.e., not directly attached to any vertex of the bond line structure, i.e., specific ring carbon atom, includes the following, non-limiting examples of groups in which the substituent R 1 is bonded to a specific ring carbon atom:
  • reactive linker or the abbreviation “RL” refers to a monovalent group that includes a reactive group and spacer group, depicted for example, as
  • a reactive linker may include more than one reactive group and more than one spacer group.
  • the spacer group is any divalent moiety that bridges the reactive group to another group, such as a payload.
  • the reactive linkers (RL), together with the payloads to which they are bonded, provide intermediates (“linker-payloads”) useful as synthetic precursors for the preparation of the antibody conjugates described herein.
  • the reactive linker includes a reactive group (“RG”), which is a functional group or moiety that is capable of reacting with a reactive portion of another group, for instance, an antibody, modified antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, or an enhancement group.
  • the “reactive group” is a functional group or moiety (e.g., maleimide or N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester) that reacts with a cysteine or lysine residue of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
  • the “reactive group” is a functional group or moiety that is capable of undergoing a click chemistry reaction (see, e.g., click chemistry, Huisgen Proc. Chem. Soc. 1961, Wang et al. J.
  • the reactive group is an alkyne that is capable of undergoing a 1,3-cycloaddition reaction with an azide.
  • suitable reactive groups include, but are not limited to, strained alkynes, e.g., those suitable for strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAAC), cycloalkynes, e.g., cyclooctynes, benzannulated alkynes, and alkynes capable of undergoing 1,3-cycloaddition reactions with alkynes in the absence of copper catalysts.
  • Suitable alkynes also include, but are not limited to, dibenzoazacyclooctyne or
  • R is alkyl, alkoxy, or acyl), and derivatives thereof.
  • Particularly useful alkynes include
  • Linker-payloads including such reactive groups are useful for conjugating antibodies that have been functionalized with azido groups.
  • Such functionalized antibodies include antibodies functionalized with azido-polyethylene glycol groups.
  • such a functionalized antibody is derived by treating an antibody having at least one glutamine residue, e.g., heavy chain Gln295, with a compound bearing an an amino agroup and an azide group, in the presence of the enzyme transglutaminase.
  • the reactive group is an alkyne, e.g.,
  • the group reacts with an azide on a modified antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • the reactive group is an alkyne, e.g.,
  • the reactive group is an alkyne, e.g.,
  • the reactive group is a functional group, e.g.,
  • Ab refers to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and S refers to the S atom on a cysteine residue through which the functional group bonds to the Ab.
  • the reactive group is a functional group, e.g.,
  • Ab refers to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and NH refers to the NH atom on a lysine side chain residue through which the functional group bonds to the Ab.
  • biodegradable moiety refers to a moiety that degrades in vivo to non-toxic, biocompatible components which can be cleared from the body by ordinary biological processes.
  • a biodegradable moiety completely or substantially degrades in vivo over the course of about 90 days or less, about 60 days or less, or about 30 days or less, where the extent of degradation is based on percent mass loss of the biodegradable moiety, and wherein complete degradation corresponds to 100% mass loss.
  • biodegradable moieties include, without limitation, aliphatic polyesters such as poly( ⁇ -caprolactone) (PCL), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and its copolymers with glycolic acid (i.e., poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA) (Vert M, Schwach G, Engel R and Coudane J (1998) J Control Release 53(1-3):85-92; Jain R A (2000) Biomaterials 21(23):2475-2490; Uhrich K E, Cannizzaro S M, Langer R S and Shakesheff K M (1999) Chemical Reviews 99(11):3181-3198; and Park T G (1995) Biomaterials 16(15): 1123-1130, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).
  • PCL poly( ⁇ -caprolactone)
  • PHB poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
  • PGA
  • the phrases “effective amount,” “physiolocally effective amount,” or “prophylactically effective amount” refer to that amount of compound that is sufficient to effect treatment, when administered to a subject in need of such treatment.
  • a “physiologically effective amount” of an active substance indicates an efficacious amount of the active substances to have a significant, externally observable effect on the patient.
  • a physiologically effective amount affects one or more of the characteristics (e.g., phenotype) in the patient without the need for special equipment to determine the effect.
  • a physiologically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein has a significant, externally observable effect on the behavior of the patient by reducing one or more of the symptoms of the condition to be treated. Accordingly, one can determine whether an efficacious amount of the active substance has been administered by observing the patient and observing whether changes have occurred in the patient due to the active substance.
  • binding agent linker refers to any divalent, trivalent, or multi-valent group or moiety that links, connects, or bonds a binding agent (e.g., an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof) with a payload compound set forth herein (e.g., bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides) and, optionally, with one or more side chain compounds.
  • a binding agent e.g., an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof
  • payload compound set forth herein e.g., bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides
  • suitable binding agent linkers for the antibody conjugates described herein are those that are sufficiently stable to exploit the circulating half-life of the antibody and, at the same time, capable of releasing its payload after antigen-mediated internalization of the conjugate. Linkers can be cleavable or non-cleavable.
  • Cleavable linkers are linkers that are cleaved by intracellular metabolism following internalization, e.g., cleavage via hydrolysis, reduction, or enzymatic reaction.
  • Non-cleavable linkers are linkers that release an attached payload via lysosomal degradation of the antibody following internalization.
  • Suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, acid-labile linkers, hydrolysis-labile linkers, enzymatically cleavable linkers, reduction labile linkers, self-immolative linkers, and non-cleavable linkers.
  • Suitable linkers also include, but are not limited to, those that are or comprise peptides, glucuronides, succinimide-thioethers, polyethylene glycol (PEG) units, hydrazones, mal-caproyl units, dipeptide units, valine-citruline units, and para-aminobenzyl (PAB) units.
  • the binding agent linker (BL) includes a moiety that is formed by the reaction of the reactive group (RG) of a reactive linker (RL) and reactive portion of the binding agent, e.g., antibody, modified antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof.
  • the BL includes the following moiety:
  • the BL includes the following moiety:
  • the BL includes the following moiety:
  • the BL includes the following moiety:
  • the BL includes the following moiety:
  • R 5 is heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl.
  • Useful heterocycloalkyl groups include tetrahydropyranyl, glycosidyl, and piperazinyl. These groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, they are unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, they are substituted. Exemplary substituents include at least one hydroxyl, at least one primary nitrogen, or at least one secondary nitrogen.
  • R 6 is independently in each instance an amino acid residue, an N-alkyl amino acid residue, or a peptide.
  • the amino acid residue may be achiral or chiral, for example, L-amino acid or D-amino acid.
  • the amino acids generally include an amino acid side chain.
  • the side chain can be the side chain of any amino acids known to those of skill.
  • the side chain is the side chain of histidine, alanine, isoleucine, arginine, leucine, asparagine, lysine, aspartic acid, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, glutamine, tryptophan, valine, ornithine, selenocysteine, serine, glycine, homoglycine (e.g., ⁇ -homoglycine), or tyrosine.
  • the peptide may be achiral or chiral, for example, including racemic DL-amino acids or non-racemic D- or L-amino acids and diastereomeric mixtures thereof.
  • the side chains of the peptides are as described in the context of amino acids, above.
  • the N-alkyl amino acid residue includes an alkyl substituent, as defined herein, at the terminal amino group of the amino acid residue or the terminal amino group of the peptide. Examples include N-methyl amino acids and N-ethyl amino acids.
  • each R 7 is halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, —CN, O-glucose, O-amino acid residue, or O-PEG n , wherein each n is an integer from 0-3.
  • O-amino acid residue includes HO-amino acid residue as defined above.
  • R 5 is heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl.
  • Useful heterocycloalkyl groups include tetrahydropyranyl, glycosidyl, and piperazinyl. These groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, they are unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, they are substituted. Exemplary substituents include at least one hydroxyl, at least one primary nitrogen, or at least one secondary nitrogen.
  • R 6 is independently in each instance an amino acid residue, N-alkyl amino acid residue, or a peptide.
  • the amino acid residue may be achiral or chiral, for example, L-amino acid or D-amino acid.
  • the amino acids generally include an amino acid side chain.
  • the side chain can be the side chain of any amino acids known to those of skill.
  • the side chain is the side chain of histidine, alanine, isoleucine, arginine, leucine, asparagine, lysine, aspartic acid, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, glutamine, tryptophan, valine, ornithine, selenocysteine, serine, glycine, homoglycine (e.g., ⁇ -homoglycine), or tyrosine.
  • the peptide may be achiral or chiral, for example, including racemic DL-amino acids or non-racemic D- or L-amino acids and diastereomeric mixtures thereof.
  • the side chains of the peptides are as described in the context of amino acids, above.
  • the N-alkyl amino acid residue includes an alkyl substituent, as defined herein, at the terminal amino group of the amino acid or the terminal amino group of the peptide.
  • R 7 is halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, —CN, O-glucose, O-amino acid residue, or O-PEG n , wherein each n is an integer from 0-3.
  • O-amino acid residue includes HO-amino acid residue as defined above.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 — and Q 2 is —C(O)—.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)— and Q 2 is —C(O)—.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)— and Q 2 is —C(O)—.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)— and Q 2 is —CH 2 —.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)— and Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —CH 2 —.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is-OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —O—.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is-OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —NH—.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is-OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —CH 2 —.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —O—.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H,OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H,OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H,OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H,OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H,OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H,OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —CH 2 —, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —NH—.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(H)(OH)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —CH 2 —.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —O—.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, and W is —NH—.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(O)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —C(O)—, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —CH 2 —, and R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, and W is —O—.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —O—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —, W is —NH—, and R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—, Q 2 is —CH 2 —,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —CH 2 —
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —CH 2 —
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl,
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —O—
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 4 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is R 5
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is —O—R 5
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —H and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —NH 2 and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH, —CH 2 NH 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —OH.
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —CH 2 NH 2 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 3
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 4
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is —O—R 5 .
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, hydroxyl
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH or —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —H
  • Q 1 is —C(O)—
  • Q 2 is —C(H)(OH)—
  • W is —NH—
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —H.
  • R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl and methyl.
  • R 5 is heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl.
  • Useful heterocycloalkyl groups include tetrahydropyranyl, glycosidyl, and piperazinyl. These groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, they are unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, they are substituted. Exemplary substituents include at least one hydroxyl, at least one primary nitrogen, or at least one secondary nitrogen.
  • R 6 is independently in each instance an amino acid residue, N-alkyl amino acid residue, or a peptide.
  • the amino acid residue may be achiral or chiral, for example, L-amino acid or D-amino acid.
  • the amino acids generally include an amino acid side chain.
  • the side chain can be the side chain of any amino acids known to those of skill.
  • the side chain is the side chain of histidine, alanine, isoleucine, arginine, leucine, asparagine, lysine, aspartic acid, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, glutamine, tryptophan, valine, ornithine, selenocysteine, serine, glycine, homoglycine (e.g., ⁇ -homoglycine), or tyrosine.
  • the peptide may be achiral or chiral, for example, including racemic DL-amino acids or non-racemic D- or L-amino acids and diastereomeric mixtures thereof.
  • the side chains of the peptides are as described in the context of amino acids, above.
  • the N-alkyl amino acid residue includes an alkyl substituent, as defined herein, at the terminal amino group of the amino acid or the terminal amino group of the peptide.
  • R 7 is halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, —CN, O-glucose, O-amino acid residue, or O-PEG n , wherein each n is an integer from 0-3.
  • O-amino acid residue includes HO-amino acid residue as defined above.
  • R 1 is —OH. In another embodiment, R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —O—(CH 2 ) n —Z, where n is an integer from one to four. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —O—(CH 2 ) n —Z, and n is one. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —O—(CH 2 )—Z, and n is two. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —O—(CH 2 ) n —Z, and n is three. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —O—(CH 2 )—Z, and n is four.
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CH 2 ) n —NH 2 , where n is an integer from one to four.
  • R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CH 2 ) n —NH 2 , and n is one.
  • R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CH 2 ) n —NH 2 , and n is two.
  • R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CH 2 ) n —NH 2 , and n is three.
  • R 1 is —OH, R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CH 2 ) n —NH 2 , and n is four.
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CRR) n —NH 2 , where each R is —H, —OH, or —CH 2 OH, and where n is an integer from one to four.
  • R 1 is —OH
  • R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CRR) n —NH 2
  • each R is —H
  • n is an integer from one to four.
  • R 1 is —OH
  • R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CRR) n —NH 2
  • each R is —OH
  • n is an integer from one to four.
  • R 1 is —OH
  • R 2 is —N(H)C(O)—(CRR) n —NH 2
  • each R is —CH 2 OH
  • n is an integer from one to four.
  • n is one.
  • n is two.
  • n is three.
  • n is four.
  • R 1 is —OH and R 2 is N-piperazinyl. In another embodiment, R 1 is —OH and R 2 is —N(R 6 ) 2 . In another embodiment, R 1 is —OH and R 2 is N-serinyl. In yet another embodiment, R 1 is —OH and R 2 is O-glycosyl.
  • R 1 is —OP(O)(OR 6 )(OH) and R 2 is —NH 2 .
  • compounds according to any of Formulae I, Ia, and Ib may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Suitable binding agents for any of the conjugates provided in the instant disclosure include, but are not limited to, antibodies, lymphokines, hormones, growth factors, viral receptors, interleukins, or any other cell binding or peptide binding molecules or substances.
  • the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
  • the antibody can be in any form known to those of skill in the art.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • the term “antibody” includes immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, as well as multimers thereof (e.g., IgM). Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or V H ) and a heavy chain constant region.
  • HCVR heavy chain variable region
  • the heavy chain constant region comprises three domains, C H 1, C H 2 and C H 3.
  • Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or V L ) and a light chain constant region.
  • the light chain constant region comprises one domain (C L 1).
  • the V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FR framework regions
  • Each V H and V L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the FRs of the antibodies (or antigen-binding portion thereof) suitable for the compounds herein may be identical to the human germline sequences, or may be naturally or artificially modified.
  • An amino acid consensus sequence may be defined based on a side-by-side analysis of two or more CDRs.
  • antibody also includes antigen-binding fragments of full antibody molecules.
  • antigen-binding portion of an antibody, “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody, and the like, as used herein, include any naturally occurring, enzymatically obtainable, synthetic, or genetically engineered polypeptide or glycoprotein that specifically binds an antigen to form a complex.
  • Antigen-binding fragments of an antibody may be derived, e.g., from full antibody molecules using any suitable, standard technique(s) such as proteolytic digestion or recombinant genetic engineering technique(s) involving the manipulation and expression of DNA encoding antibody variable and optionally constant domains.
  • DNA is known and/or is readily available from, e.g., commercial sources, DNA libraries (including, e.g., phage-antibody libraries), or can be synthesized.
  • the DNA may be sequenced and manipulated chemically or by using molecular biology techniques, for example, to arrange one or more variable and/or constant domains into a suitable configuration, or to introduce codons, create cysteine residues, modify, add, or delete amino acids, etc.
  • Non-limiting examples of antigen-binding fragments include: (i) Fab fragments; (ii) F(ab′)2 fragments; (iii) Fd fragments; (iv) Fv fragments; (v) single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules; (vi) dAb fragments; and (vii) minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acid residues that mimic the hypervariable region of an antibody (e.g., an isolated CDR such as a CDR3 peptide), or a constrained FR3-CDR3-FR4 peptide.
  • engineered molecules such as domain-specific antibodies, single domain antibodies, domain-deleted antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, nanobodies (e.g. monovalent nanobodies, bivalent nanobodies, etc.), small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIPs), and shark variable IgNAR domains, are also encompassed within the expression “antigen-binding fragment,” as used herein.
  • An antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least one variable domain.
  • the variable domain may be of any size or amino acid composition and will generally comprise at least one CDR which is adjacent to or in frame with one or more framework sequences.
  • the V H and V L domains may be situated relative to one another in any suitable arrangement.
  • the variable region may be dimeric and contain V H —V H , V H —V L or V L —V L dimers.
  • the antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain a monomeric V H or V L domain.
  • an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain at least one variable domain covalently linked to at least one constant domain.
  • Non-limiting, exemplary configurations of variable and constant domains that may be found within an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention include: (i) V H -C H 1; (ii) V H -C H 2; (iii) V H -C H 3; (iv) V H -C H 1-C H 2; (v) V H -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; (vi) V H -C H 2-C H 3; (vii) V H -C L ; (viii) V L -C H 1; (ix) V L -C H 2; (x) V L -C H 3; (xi) V L -C H 1-C H 2; (xii) V L -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; (xiii) V L -C H 2-C H 3; and (xiv) V L -C L .
  • variable and constant domains may be either directly linked to one another or may be linked by a full or partial hinge or linker region.
  • a hinge region may consist of at least 2 (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, or more) amino acids which result in a flexible or semi-flexible linkage between adjacent variable and/or constant domains in a single polypeptide molecule.
  • antigen-binding fragments may be monospecific or multispecific (e.g., bispecific).
  • a multispecific antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least two different variable domains, wherein each variable domain is capable of specifically binding to a separate antigen or to a different epitope on the same antigen.
  • Any multispecific antibody format including the exemplary bispecific antibody formats disclosed herein, may be adapted for use in the context of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention using routine techniques available in the art.
  • antibodies described herein are human antibodies.
  • the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
  • the human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example, in the CDRs and in particular CDR3.
  • human antibody as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
  • the term “human antibody” does not include naturally occurring molecules that normally exist without modification or human intervention/manipulation, in a naturally occurring, unmodified living organism.
  • the antibodies of the invention may, in some embodiments, be recombinant human antibodies.
  • recombinant human antibody is intended to include all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created, or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell (described further below), antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library (described further below), antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295) or antibodies prepared, expressed, created, or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
  • Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V H and V L regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V H and V L sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo. Human antibodies can exist in two forms that are associated with hinge heterogeneity.
  • an immunoglobulin molecule comprises a stable four chain construct of approximately 150-160 kDa in which the dimers are held together by an interchain heavy chain disulfide bond.
  • the dimers are not linked via inter-chain disulfide bonds and a molecule of about 75-80 kDa is formed composed of a covalently coupled light and heavy chain (half-antibody).
  • These forms have been extremely difficult to separate, even after affinity purification.
  • the frequency of appearance of the second form in various intact IgG isotypes is due to, but not limited to, structural differences associated with the hinge region isotype of the antibody.
  • a single amino acid substitution in the hinge region of the human IgG4 hinge can significantly reduce the appearance of the second form (Angal et al.
  • the instant disclosure encompasses antibodies having one or more mutations in the hinge, C H 2 or C H 3 region which may be desirable, for example, in production, to improve the yield of the desired antibody form.
  • the antibodies described herein may be isolated antibodies.
  • An “isolated antibody,” as used herein, refers to an antibody that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from at least one component of its natural environment. For example, an antibody that has been separated or removed from at least one component of an organism, or from a tissue or cell in which the antibody naturally exists or is naturally produced, is an “isolated antibody” for purposes of the instant disclosure.
  • An isolated antibody also includes an antibody in situ within a recombinant cell.
  • Isolated antibodies are antibodies that have been subjected to at least one purification or isolation step. According to certain embodiments, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
  • the antibodies used herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions and/or deletions in the framework and/or CDR regions of the heavy and light chain variable domains as compared to the corresponding germline sequences from which the antibodies were derived. Such mutations can be readily ascertained by comparing the amino acid sequences disclosed herein to germline sequences available from, for example, public antibody sequence databases.
  • the present invention includes antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, which are derived from any of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, wherein one or more amino acids within one or more framework and/or CDR regions are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of the germline sequence from which the antibody was derived, or to the corresponding residue(s) of another human germline sequence, or to a conservative amino acid substitution of the corresponding germline residue(s) (such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”).
  • germline mutations such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”.
  • all of the framework and/or CDR residues within the V H and/or V L domains are mutated back to the residues found in the original germline sequence from which the antibody was derived.
  • only certain residues are mutated back to the original germline sequence, e.g., only the mutated residues found within the first 8 amino acids of FR1 or within the last 8 amino acids of FR4, or only the mutated residues found within CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3.
  • one or more of the framework and/or CDR residue(s) are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of a different germline sequence (i.e., a germline sequence that is different from the germline sequence from which the antibody was originally derived).
  • the antibodies of the present disclosure may contain any combination of two or more germline mutations within the framework and/or CDR regions, e.g., wherein certain individual residues are mutated to the corresponding residue of a particular germline sequence while certain other residues that differ from the original germline sequence are maintained or are mutated to the corresponding residue of a different germline sequence.
  • antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that contain one or more germline mutations can be tested for one or more desired property such as, improved binding specificity, increased binding affinity, improved or enhanced antagonistic or agonistic biological properties (as the case may be), reduced immunogenicity, etc.
  • Antibodies and antigen-binding fragments obtained in this general manner are encompassed within the present disclosure.
  • Antibodies useful for the compounds herein also include antibodies comprising variants of any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein having one or more conservative substitutions.
  • epipe refers to an antigenic determinant that interacts with a specific antigen-binding site in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope.
  • a single antigen may have more than one epitope.
  • different antibodies may bind to different areas on an antigen and may have different biological effects.
  • Epitopes may be either conformational or linear.
  • a conformational epitope is produced by spatially juxtaposed amino acids from different segments of the linear polypeptide chain.
  • a linear epitope is one produced by adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain.
  • an epitope may include moieties of saccharides, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups on the antigen.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain. In certain embodiments, the light chain is a kappa light chain. In certain embodiments, the light chain is a lambda light chain. In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgA. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgD. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgE. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgM. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG1. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG2. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG3. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgG4. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgA1. In some aspects, the heavy chain is an IgA2.
  • the antibody is an antibody fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is an Fv fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is a Fab fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is a F(ab′) 2 fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is a Fab′ fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is an scFv (sFv) fragment. In some aspects, the antibody fragment is an scFv-Fc fragment.
  • the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a polyclonal antibody.
  • the antibody is a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a human antibody.
  • the antigen is a transmembrane molecule (e.g., receptor) or a growth factor.
  • exemplary antigens include, but are not limited to, molecules such as class A scavenger receptors including scavenger receptor A (SR-A, or MSR1), macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), scavenger receptor with C-type lectin (SRCL), and scavenger receptor A-5 (SCARA5), COLEC 12, class B macrophage scavenger receptors including CD36, LIMPII, SRBI, SRBII, class D scavenger receptor CD68, and lysosomal membrane glycoprotein (LAMP), class E scavenger receptor including lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 LOX-1 and Dectin-1, class F scavenger receptors including scavenger receptor expressed by endotheli
  • the binding agent linkers can be bonded to the binding agent, e.g., antibody or antigen-binding molecule, through an attachment at a particular amino acid within the antibody or antigen-binding molecule.
  • Exemplary amino acid attachments that can be used in the context of this aspect of the disclosure include, e.g., lysine (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020; US 2010/0129314; Hollander et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2008, 19:358-361; WO 2005/089808; U.S. Pat. No.
  • cysteine see, e.g., US 2007/0258987; WO 2013/055993; WO 2013/055990; WO 2013/053873; WO 2013/053872; WO 2011/130598; US 2013/0101546; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,750,116
  • selenocysteine see, e.g., WO 2008/122039; and Hofer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 2008, 105:12451-12456
  • formyl glycine see, e.g., Carrico et al., Nat. Chem.
  • Linkers can also be conjugated to an antigen-binding protein via attachment to carbohydrates (see, e.g., US 2008/0305497, WO 2014/065661, and Ryan et al., Food & Agriculture Immunol., 2001, 13:127-130).
  • the binding agent is an antibody or antigen binding molecule, and the antibody is bonded to the linker through a lysine residue. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding molecule is bonded to the linker through a cysteine residue.
  • Linkers can also be conjugated to one or more glutamine residues via transglutaminase-based chemo-enzymatic conjugation (see, e.g., Dennler et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 569-578, and WO 2017/147542).
  • transglutaminase one or more glutamine residues of an antibody can be coupled to a primary amine compound.
  • an antibody having a glutamine residue e.g., a Gln295 residue
  • a primary amine compound described in more detail below, in the presence of the enzyme transglutaminase.
  • Primary amine compounds include, e.g., payloads or linker-payloads, which directly provide antibody drug conjugates via transglutaminase-mediated coupling.
  • Primary amine compounds also include linkers and spacers that are functionalized with reactive groups that can be subsequently treated with further compounds towards the synthesis of antibody drug conjugates.
  • Antibodies comprising glutamine residues can be isolated from natural sources or engineered to comprise one or more glutamine residues. Techniques for engineering glutamine residues into an antibody polypeptide chain (glutaminyl-modified antibodies or antigen binding molecules) are within the skill of the practitioners in the art. In certain embodiments, the antibody is aglycosylated.
  • the antibody or a glutaminyl-modified antibody or antigen binding molecule comprises at least one glutamine residue in at least one polypeptide chain sequence. In certain embodiments, the antibody or a glutaminyl-modified antibody or antigen binding molecule comprises two heavy chain polypeptides, each with one Gln295 residue. In further embodiments, the antibody or a glutaminyl-modified antibody or antigen binding molecule comprises one or more glutamine residues at a site other than a heavy chain 295. Included herein are antibodies of this section bearing Asn297Gln (N297Q) mutation(s) described herein. Included herein are antibodies of this section bearing Gln55 (Q55) residues.
  • the primary amine compound useful for the transglutaminase mediated coupling of an antibody (or antigen binding compound) comprising a glutamine can be any primary amine compound deemed useful by the practitioner of ordinary skill.
  • the primary amine compound has the formula H 2 N—R, where R can be any group compatible with the antibody and reaction conditions.
  • R is alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, or substituted heteroalkyl.
  • the primary amine compound comprises a reactive group or protected reactive group.
  • Useful reactive groups include azides, alkynes, cycloalkynes, thiols, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, esters, hydrazides, anilines, and amines.
  • the reactive group is selected from the group consisting of azide, alkyne, sulfhydryl, cycloalkyne, aldehyde, and carboxyl.
  • the primary amine compound is according to the formula H 2 N-LL-X, where LL is a divalent spacer and X is a reactive group or protected reactive group.
  • LL is a divalent polyethylene glycol (PEG) group.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of —SH, —N 3 , alkyne, aldehyde, and tetrazole. In particular embodiments, X is —N 3 .
  • the primary amine compound is according to one of the following formulas:
  • any of the alkyl (i.e., —CH 2 —) groups can optionally be substituted, for example, with C 1-8 alkyl, methylformyl, or —SO 3 H. In certain embodiments, the alkyl groups are unsubstituted.
  • the primary amine compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the primary amine compound is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • the linker L portion of the conjugates described herein is a moiety, for instance, a divalent moiety, that covalently links a binding agent to a payload compound described herein.
  • the linker L is a trivalent or multivalent moiety that covalently links a binding agent to a payload compound described herein.
  • Suitable linkers may be found, for example, in Antibody - Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins ; Phillips, G. L., Ed.; Springer Verlag: New York, 2013; Antibody - Drug Conjugates ; Ducry, L., Ed.; Humana Press, 2013; Antibody - Drug Conjugates ; Wang, J., Shen, W.-C., and Zaro, J.
  • Payload compounds include compounds of Formula I, Ia, and Ib above, and their residues following bonding or incorporation with linker L.
  • Those of skill in the art will recognize that certain functional groups of the payload moieties are convenient for linking to linkers and/or binding agents. Those groups include amines, hydroxyls, phosphates, and sugars.
  • the linkers are stable in physiological conditions.
  • the linkers are cleavable, for instance, able to release at least the payload portion in the presence of an enzyme or at a particular pH range or value.
  • a linker comprises an enzyme-cleavable moiety.
  • Illustrative enzyme-cleavable moieties include, but are not limited to, peptide bonds, ester linkages, hydrazones, and disulfide linkages.
  • the linker comprises a cathepsin-cleavable linker.
  • the linker comprises a non-cleavable moiety.
  • the non-cleavable linker is derived from
  • the non-cleavable linker-payload is
  • the non-cleavable linker is derived from
  • the non-cleavable linker-payload is
  • the linker is maleimide cyclohexane carboxylate or 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (MCC).
  • suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, those that are chemically bonded to two cysteine residues of a single binding agent, e.g., antibody. Such linkers can serve to mimic the antibody's disulfide bonds that are disrupted as a result of the conjugation process.
  • the linker comprises one or more amino acids. Suitable amino acids include natural, non-natural, standard, non-standard, proteinogenic, non-proteinogenic, and L -, or D - ⁇ -amino acids.
  • the linker comprises alanine, valine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, or citrulline, a derivative thereof, or combination thereof.
  • one or more side chains of the amino acids is linked to a side chain group, described below.
  • the linker comprises valine and citrulline.
  • the linker comprises lysine, valine, and citrulline.
  • the linker comprises lysine, valine, and alanine.
  • the linker comprises valine and alanine.
  • the linker comprises a self-immolative group.
  • the self-immolative group can be any such group known to those of skill.
  • the self-immolative group is p-aminobenzyl (PAB), or a derivative thereof.
  • PAB p-aminobenzyl
  • Useful derivatives include p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PABC).
  • PABC p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl
  • the linker is:
  • the SP 1 spacer is a moiety that connects the (AA) n moiety to the binding agent (BA) or to a reactive group residue which is bonded to BA.
  • Suitable SP 1 spacers include, but are not limited to, those comprising alkylene or polyether, or both.
  • the ends of the spacers e.g., the portion of the spacer bonded to the binding agent or an AA, can be moieties derived from reactive moieties that are used for purposes of coupling the antibody or an AA to the spacer during chemical synthesis of the conjugate.
  • n is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • n is 2.
  • n is 3.
  • n is 4.
  • the SP 1 spacer comprises an alkylene. In some embodiments, the SP 1 spacer comprises a C 5-7 alkylene. In some embodiments, the SP 1 spacer comprises a polyether. In some embodiments, the SP 1 spacer comprises a polymer of ethylene oxide such as polyethylene glycol.
  • the SP 1 spacer is:
  • the reactive group RG can be any reactive group known to those of skill in the art to be capable of forming one or more bonds to the binding agent.
  • the reactive group RG is a moiety comprising a portion in its structure that is capable of reacting with the binding agent (e.g., reacting with an antibody at its cysteine or lysine residues, or at an azide moiety, for example, a PEG-N 3 functionalized antibody at one or more glutamine residues) to form a compound of Formula A, Aa, or Ab.
  • the reactive group becomes the reactive group residue (RG′).
  • Illustrative reactive groups include, but are not limited to, those that comprise haloacetyl, isothiocyanate, succinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, or maleimide portions that are capable of reacting with the binding agent.
  • reactive groups include, but are not limited to, alkynes.
  • the alkynes are alkynes capable of undergoing 1,3-cycloaddition reactions with azides in the absence of copper catalysts such as strained alkynes.
  • Strained alkynes are suitable for strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAAC), cycloalkynes, e.g., cyclooctynes, ane benzannulated alkynes.
  • Suitable alkynes include, but are not limited to, dibenzoazacyclooctyne or
  • alkynes include
  • the binding agent is bonded directly to RG′.
  • the binding agent is bonded to RG′ via a spacer, for instance SP 4 , below.
  • the binding agent is bonded to RG′ via a PEG spacer.
  • the binding agent is prepared by functionalizing with one or more azido groups. Each azido group is capable of reacting with RG to form RG′.
  • the binding agent is derivatized with -PEG-N 3 linked to a glutamine residue. Exemplary —N 3 derivatized binding agents, methods for their preparation, and methods for their use in reacting with RG are provided herein.
  • RG is an alkyne suitable for participation in 1,3-cycloadditions
  • RG′ is a 1,2,3-triazolyl moiety formed from the reaction of RG with an azido-functionalized binding agent.
  • RG′ is linked to the binding agent as shown in
  • each R and R′ is as described herein.
  • the SP 2 spacer is a moiety that connects the (AA) n moiety to the payload.
  • Suitable spacers include, but are not limited to, those described above as SP 1 spacers.
  • Further suitable SP 2 spacers include, but are not limited to, those comprising alkylene or polyether, or both.
  • the ends of the SP 2 spacers e.g., the portion of the spacer directly bonded to the payload or an AA, can be moieties derived from reactive moieties that are used for purposes of coupling the payload or AA to the SP 2 spacer during the chemical synthesis of the conjugate.
  • the ends of the SP 2 spacers e.g., the portion of the SP 2 spacer directly bonded to the payload or an AA, can be residues of reactive moieties that are used for purposes of coupling the payload or an AA to the spacer during the chemical synthesis of the conjugate.
  • the SP 2 spacer is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R 6 )—, —R 4 ′—, —R 5 ′—, —OR 5 ′—, and —OP(O)(OR 6 )O—, wherein:
  • the SP 2 spacer is selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(H)—,
  • each AA is an amino acid or, optionally, a p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl residue (PABC). If PABC is present, preferably only one PABC is present. Preferably, the PABC residue, if present, is a terminal AA in the (AA) n group, proximal to the payload.
  • Suitable amino acids for each AA include natural, non-natural, standard, non-standard, proteinogenic, non-proteinogenic, and L -, or D - ⁇ -amino acids.
  • the linker comprises alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, or citrulline, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof.
  • one or more side chains of the amino acids is linked to a side chain group, described below.
  • n is two.
  • the (AA) n is valine-citrulline.
  • (AA) n is citrulline-valine.
  • (AA) n is valine-alanine. In some embodiments, (AA) n is alanine-valine. In some embodiments, (AA) n is valine-glycine. In some embodiments, (AA) n is glycine-valine. In some embodiments, n is three. In some embodiments, the (AA) n is valine-citrulline-PABC. In some embodiments, (AA) n is citrulline-valine-PABC. In some embodiments, (AA) n is glutamate-valine-citrulline. In some embodiments, (AA) n is glutamine-valine-citrulline.
  • (AA) n is lysine-valine-alanine. In some embodiments, (AA) n is lysine-valine-citrulline. In some embodiments, n is four. In some embodiments, (AA) n is glutamate-valine-citrulline-PAB. In some embodiments, (AA) n is glutamine-valine-citrulline-PABC. Those of skill will recognize PABC as a residue of p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl with the following structure:
  • the PABC residue has been shown to facilitate cleavage of certain linkers in vitro and in vivo.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer. In certain embodiments, the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer. In certain embodiments, the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the (AA) n group can be modified with one or more enhancement groups.
  • the enhancement group can be linked to the side chain of any amino acid in (AA) n .
  • Useful amino acids for linking enhancement groups include lysine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamate, and citrulline.
  • the link to the enhancement group can be a direct bond to the amino acid side chain, or the link can be indirect via a spacer and/or reactive group.
  • Useful spacers and reactive groups include any described above.
  • the enhancement group can be any group deemed useful by those of skill in the art.
  • the enhancement group can be any group that imparts a beneficial effect to the compound, payload, linker payload, or antibody conjugate including, but not limited to, biological, biochemical, synthetic, solubilizing, imaging, detecting, and reactivity effects, and the like.
  • the enhancement group is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement group is a cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the enhancement group is capable of improving solublity of the remainder of the conjugate.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is substituted or non-substituted.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 ,
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the linker is:
  • the SP 1 spacer group is as described above.
  • the SP 2 spacer group is as described above.
  • Each (AA) n group is as described above.
  • the SP 3 spacer is a moiety that connects the (AA) n moiety to the enhancement group (EG).
  • Suitable SP 3 spacers include, but are not limited to, those comprising alkylene or polyether, or both.
  • the ends of the SP 3 spacers, i.e., the portion of the SP 3 spacer directly bonded to the enhancement group or an AA, can be moieties derived from reactive moieties that are used for purposes of coupling the enhancement group or an AA to the SP 3 spacer during the chemical synthesis of the conjugate.
  • the ends of the SP 3 spacers i.e., the portion of the spacer directly bonded to the enhancement group or an AA, can be residues of reactive moieties that are used for purposes of coupling the enhancement group or an AA to the spacer during the chemical synthesis of the conjugate.
  • SP 3 is a spacer, linked to one and only one AA of (AA) n .
  • the SP 3 spacer is linked to the side chain of a lysine residue of (AA) n .
  • the SP 3 spacer is:
  • the reactive group RG can be any reactive group known to those of skill in the art to be capable of forming one or more bonds to the enhancement agent.
  • the reactive group RG is a moiety comprising a portion in its structure that is capable of reacting with the binding agent (e.g., reacting with an antibody at its cysteine or lysine residues, or at an azide moiety) to form a compound of Formula A, Aa, or Ab. Following conjugation to the binding agent, the reactive group becomes the reactive group residue (RG′).
  • the reactive group RG can be any reactive group described above. Illustrative reactive groups include, but are not limited to, those that comprise haloacetyl, isothiocyanate, succinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, or maleimide portions that are capable of reacting with the binding agent.
  • reactive groups include, but are not limited to, alkynes.
  • the alkynes are alkynes capable of undergoing 1,3-cycloaddition reactions with azides in the absence of copper catalysts such as strained alkynes.
  • Strained alkynes are suitable for strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAAC), cycloalkynes, e.g., cyclooctynes, ane benzannulated alkynes.
  • Suitable alkynes include, but are not limited to, dibenzoazacyclooctyne or
  • alkynes include
  • the linker is:
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • 1,3-cycloaddition or SPAAC regioisomers, or mixture of regioisomers are derived from PEG-N 3 derivitized antibodies treated with suitable alkynes.
  • the linker is:
  • the linker is:
  • the linker is:
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N(CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer. In certain embodiments, the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H)
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer. In certain embodiments, the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the linker is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer. In certain embodiments, the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the bond to the binding agent can be direct, or via a spacer.
  • the bond to the binding agent is via a PEG spacer to a glutamine residue of the binding agent.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 )C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O) 2 ) 1
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1 -6 heteroalkyl.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • the enhancement agent is a hydrophilic group.
  • the enhancement agent is cyclodextrin.
  • the enhancement group is an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclodextrin can be any cyclodextrin known to those of skill.
  • the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin, beta cyclodextrin, or gamma cyclodextrin, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is alpha cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is beta cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the cyclodextrin is gamma cyclodextrin.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 )C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O) 2 ) 1
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H, wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 ) n —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkylenyl, or heteroalkylenyl sulfonic acid is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —C(O)N((CH 2 ) 1-5 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 1-5 SO 3 H) 2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the conjugate is selected from:
  • k is an integer from 1 to 30. In certain embodiments, k is an integer from 1 to 8. In certain embodiments, k is an integer from 1 to 4. In certain embodiments, k is 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. In certain embodiments, k is 4. In certain embodiments, k is 3. In certain embodiments, k is 2. In certain embodiments, k is 1.
  • Conjugates provided here can be prepared from reactive linker-paylaods with reactive groups RG as described above.
  • the reactive linker payloads can be linked to enhancement groups and/or binding agents according to the methods described below.
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1 -6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1 -6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is:
  • ZZ is hydrogen, or a side chain for an amino acid as discussed elsewhere herein.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 alkyl.
  • ZZ is C 1-6 heteroalkyl.
  • R is R 1 .
  • the reactive linker-payload is selected from:
  • Q 1 , Q 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 7 , W, and n are defined as described in the context of Formula (I).
  • Initial esterification is followed by either protection of R 1 and/or amination of R 1 to beget R 2 P.
  • a saponification and activation of, for example, a carboxylic acid moiety provides a first coupling partner having Q 1 .
  • saponification, and amidation of, for example, a carboxylic acid moiety provides a second coupling partner having Q 2 .
  • Unification of coupling partners having Q 1 and Q 2 , respectively, followed by deprotections of R 1 and R 2 , respectively, provides compounds of Formula I. Exemplary methods of preparation are described in detail in the Examples below.
  • one or more protection or deprotection steps may be included in the methods of preparation described in Scheme A, above.
  • linker-payloads described herein can be synthesized by a series of coupling steps.
  • the payload at the right side can be linked to SP 2 via one or more standard coupling reactions.
  • the payload compounds described herein include free amino groups available for coupling by amide synthesis conditions, described herein.
  • the amino acids of (AA) n can be added by amide synthesis conditions, for instance, peptide synthesis conditions.
  • the spacer SP 2 can be linked to (AA) n via one or more standard coupling reactions.
  • the SP 2 and (AA) n groups described herein include free amino or carboxyl groups available for coupling by amide synthesis conditions, described herein.
  • the spacer SP 3 can be linked to (AA) n via one or more standard coupling reactions.
  • the SP 3 and (AA) n groups described herein include free amino or carboxyl groups available for coupling by amide synthesis conditions, described herein.
  • the spacer SP 3 when present, terminates with a reactive group RG.
  • This reactive group can be linked to the enhancement agent EG via coupling conditions deemed suitable to those of skill in the art.
  • spacer SP 3 is linked to enhancement agent EG via amide synthesis conditions.
  • spacer SP 3 is linked to enhancement agent EG via click chemistry.
  • spacer SP 3 terminates with a reactive group suitable for a click reaction, for instance, an azide or an alkyne
  • enhancement agent EG comprises a complementary reactive group suitable for a click reaction, for instance an alkyne or an azide.
  • SP 3 terminates with a strained alkyne and EG comprises an azide; or SP 3 terminates with an carboxylic acid and EG comprises an amine.
  • the cyclodextrin can comprise an azide.
  • Azido cyclodextrins can be prepared synthetically or obtained from commercial sources.
  • EG is a sulfonic acid moiety, one end(s) of the EG terminate with a sulfonic acid group(s), and the other end terminates with a primary or secondary amine.
  • the conjugates described herein can be synthesized by coupling the linker-payloads described herein with a binding agent, for example, an antibody under standard conjugation conditions (see, e.g., Doronina et al. Nature Biotechnology 2003, 21, 7, 778, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • a binding agent for example, an antibody under standard conjugation conditions (see, e.g., Doronina et al. Nature Biotechnology 2003, 21, 7, 778, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • the binding agent is an antibody
  • the antibody may be coupled to a linker-payload via one or more cysteine or lysine residues of the antibody.
  • Linker-payloads can be coupled to cysteine residues, for example, by subjecting the antibody to a reducing agent, for example, dithiotheritol, to cleave the disulfide bonds of the antibody, purifying the reduced antibody, for example, by gel filtration, and subsequently treating the antibody with a linker-payload containing a suitable reactive moiety, for example, a maleimido group.
  • Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to water, DMA, DMF, and DMSO.
  • Linker-payloads containing a reactive group for example, an activated ester or acid halide group, can be coupled to lysine residues of the antibody.
  • Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to water, DMA, DMF, and DMSO.
  • Conjugates can be purified using known protein techniques, including, for example, size exclusion chromatography, dialysis, and ultrafiltration/diafiltration.
  • Binding agents for example antibodies, can also be conjugated via click chemistry reactions.
  • the linker-payload includes a reactive group, for example an alkyne, that is capable of undergoing a 1,3-cycloaddition reaction with an azide.
  • a reactive group for example an alkyne
  • the antibody includes one or more azide groups.
  • Such antibodies include antibodies functionalized with, for example, azido-polyethylene glycol groups.
  • such functionalized antibody is derived by treating an antibody having at least one glutamine residue, for example, heavy chain Gln295 or Gln55, with a primary amine compound in the presence of the enzyme transglutaminase.
  • such functionalized antibody is derived by treating an antibody having at least one glutamine residue, for example, heavy chain Gln297, with a primary amine compound in the presence of the enzyme transglutaminase.
  • Such antibodies include Asn297Gln (N297Q) mutants.
  • such functionalized antibody is derived by treating an antibody having at least two glutamine residues, for example, heavy chain Gln295 and heavy chain Gln297, with a primary amine compound in the presence of the enzyme transglutaminase.
  • Such antibodies include Asn297Gln (N297Q) mutants.
  • the antibody has two heavy chains as described in this paragraph for a total of two or a total of four glutamine residues.
  • the antibody comprises a glutamine residue at one or more heavy chain positions numbered 295 in the EU numbering system. In the present disclosure, this position is referred to as glutamine 295, or as Gln295, or as Q295. Those of skill will recognize that this is a conserved glutamine residue in the wild type sequence of many antibodies.
  • the antibody can be engineered to comprise a glutamine residue. Techniques for modifying an antibody sequence to include a glutamine residue are within the skill of those in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al. Current Protoc. Mol. Biol .).
  • the antibody comprises two glutamine residues, one in each heavy chain.
  • the antibody comprises a Q295 residue in each heavy chain.
  • the antibody comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more glutamine residues. These glutamine residues can be in heavy chains, light chains, or in both heavy chains and light chains. Exemplary glutamine residues include Q55. These glutamine residues can be wild-type residues, or engineered residues.
  • the antibodies can be prepared according to standard techniques.
  • an antibody heavy chain has an N297 mutation.
  • the antibody is mutated to no longer have an asparagine residue at position 297.
  • an antibody heavy chain has an N297Q mutation.
  • an antibody having a Q295 residue and/or an N297Q mutation contains one or more additional naturally occurring glutamine residues in their variable regions, which can be accessible to transglutaminase and therefore capable of conjugation to a linker or a linker-payload.
  • An exemplary naturally occurring glutamine residue can be found, e.g., at Q55 of the light chain.
  • the antibody conjugated via transglutaminase can have a higher than expected DAR value (e.g., a DAR higher than 4). Any such antibodies can be isolated from natural or artificial sources.
  • the antibody without interfering glycosylation is then reacted with a primary amine compound.
  • an aglycosylated antibody is reacted with a primary amine compound to produce a glutaminyl-modified antibody.
  • a deglycosylated antibody is reacted with a primary amine compound to produce a glutaminyl-modified antibody.
  • the primary amine can be any primary amine that is capable of forming a covalent bond with a glutamine residue in the presence of a transglutaminase.
  • Useful primary amines are described below.
  • the transglutaminase can be any transglutaminase deemed suitable by those of skill in the art.
  • the transglutaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of an isopeptide bond between a free amine group on the primary amine compound and the acyl group on the side chain of a glutamine residue.
  • Transglutaminase is also known as protein-glutamine- ⁇ -glutamyltransferase.
  • the transglutaminase is classified as EC 2.3.2.13.
  • the transglutaminase can be from any source deemed suitable.
  • the transglutaminase is microbial.
  • Useful transglutaminases have been isolated from Streptomyces mobaraense, Streptomyces cinnamoneum, Streptomyces griseo - carneum, Streptomyces lavendulae , and Bacillus subtilis .
  • Non-microbial transglutaminases, including mammalian transglutaminases, can also be used.
  • the transglutaminase can be produced by any technique or obtained from any source deemed suitable by the practitioner of skill.
  • the transglutaminase is obtained from a commercial source.
  • the primary amine compound comprises a reactive group capable of further reaction after transglutamination.
  • the glutaminyl-modified antibody can be reacted or treated with a reactive payload compound or a reactive linker-payload compound to form an antibody-payload conjugate.
  • the primary amine compound comprises an azide.
  • the glutaminyl-modified antibody is reacted or treated with a reactive linker-payload to form an antibody-payload conjugate.
  • the reaction can proceed under conditions deemed suitable by those of skill in the art.
  • the glutaminyl-modified antibody is contacted with the reactive linker-payload compound under conditions suitable for forming a bond between the glutaminyl-modified antibody and the linker-payload compound. Suitable reaction conditions are well known to those in the art.
  • diseases, conditions, or disorders comprising administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount or one or more of the compounds disclosed herein, for example, one or more of the compounds of a formula provided herein.
  • Diseases, disorders, and/or conditions include, but are not limited to, those associated with the antigens listed herein.
  • the compounds described herein can be administered alone or together with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered just prior to, concurrent with, or shortly after the administration of the compounds described herein.
  • the present disclosure also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising any of the compounds described herein in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, and methods of treatment comprising administering such combinations to subjects in need thereof.
  • Suitable additional therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: a second glucocorticoid, an autoimmune therapeutic agent, a hormone, a biologic, or a monoclonal antibody.
  • Suitable therapeutic agents also include, but are not limited to any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids, or derivatives of a compound set forth herein.
  • multiple doses of a compound described herein may be administered to a subject over a defined time course.
  • the methods according to this aspect of the disclosure comprise sequentially administering to a subject multiple doses of a compound described herein.
  • “sequentially administering” means that each dose of the compound is administered to the subject at a different point in time, e.g., on different days separated by a predetermined interval (e.g., hours, days, weeks, or months).
  • the present disclosure includes methods which comprise sequentially administering to the patient a single initial dose of a compound described herein, followed by one or more secondary doses of the compound, and optionally followed by one or more tertiary doses of the compound.
  • the terms “initial dose,” “secondary doses,” and “tertiary doses,” refer to the temporal sequence of administration of the compounds described herein.
  • the “initial dose” is the dose which is administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen (also referred to as the “baseline dose”);
  • the “secondary doses” are the doses which are administered after the initial dose;
  • the “tertiary doses” are the doses which are administered after the secondary doses.
  • the initial, secondary, and tertiary doses can all include the same amount the compound described herein, but generally can differ from one another in terms of frequency of administration.
  • the amount of the compound included in the initial, secondary, and/or tertiary doses varies from one another (e.g., adjusted up or down as appropriate) during the course of treatment.
  • two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5) doses are administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen as “loading doses” followed by subsequent doses that are administered on a less frequent basis (e.g., “maintenance doses”).
  • each secondary and/or tertiary dose is administered 1 to 26 (e.g., 1, 11 ⁇ 2, 2, 21 ⁇ 2, 3, 31 ⁇ 2, 4, 41 ⁇ 2, 5, 51 ⁇ 2, 6, 61 ⁇ 2, 7, 71 ⁇ 2, 8, 81 ⁇ 2, 9, 91 ⁇ 2, 10, 101 ⁇ 2, 11, 111 ⁇ 2, 12, 121 ⁇ 2, 13, 131 ⁇ 2, 14, 141 ⁇ 2, 15, 151 ⁇ 2, 16, 161 ⁇ 2, 17, 171 ⁇ 2, 18, 181 ⁇ 2, 19, 191 ⁇ 2, 20, 201 ⁇ 2, 21, 211 ⁇ 2, 22, 221 ⁇ 2, 23, 231 ⁇ 2, 24, 241 ⁇ 2, 25, 251 ⁇ 2, 26, 261 ⁇ 2, or more) weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • the phrase “the immediately preceding dose,” as used herein, means, in a sequence of multiple administrations, the dose the compound which is administered to a patient prior to the administration of the very next dose in the sequence with no intervening doses.
  • the methods according to this aspect of the disclosure may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of the compound.
  • any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of the compound may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of the compound.
  • only a single secondary dose is administered to the patient.
  • two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) secondary doses are administered to the patient.
  • only a single tertiary dose is administered to the patient.
  • two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) tertiary doses are administered to the patient.
  • the administration regimen may be carried out indefinitely over the lifetime of a particular subject, or until such treatment is no longer therapeutically needed or advantageous.
  • each secondary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other secondary doses. For example, each secondary dose may be administered to the patient 1 to 2 weeks or 1 to 2 months after the immediately preceding dose. Similarly, in embodiments involving multiple tertiary doses, each tertiary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other tertiary doses. For example, each tertiary dose may be administered to the patient 2 to 12 weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • the frequency at which the secondary and/or tertiary doses are administered to a patient can vary over the course of the treatment regimen. The frequency of administration may also be adjusted during the course of treatment by a physician depending on the needs of the individual patient following clinical examination.
  • the present disclosure includes administration regimens in which 2 to 6 loading doses are administered to a patient at a first frequency (e.g., once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, etc.), followed by administration of two or more maintenance doses to the patient on a less frequent basis.
  • a first frequency e.g., once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, etc.
  • the maintenance doses may be administered to the patient once every six weeks, once every two months, once every three months, etc.
  • compositions of the compounds and/or conjugates described herein e.g., the compounds of Formula I, Ia, Ib A, Aa, or Ab, e.g., compositions comprising a compound described herein, a salt, stereoisomer, polymorph thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, and/or excipient.
  • suitable carriers, diluents and excipients include, but are not limited to, buffers for maintenance of proper composition pH (e.g., citrate buffers, succinate buffers, acetate buffers, phosphate buffers, lactate buffers, oxalate buffers, and the like), carrier proteins (e.g., human serum albumin), saline, polyols (e.g., trehalose, sucrose, xylitol, sorbitol, and the like), surfactants (e.g., polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, polyoxolate, and the like), antimicrobials, and antioxidants.
  • buffers for maintenance of proper composition pH e.g., citrate buffers, succinate buffers, acetate buffers, phosphate buffers, lactate buffers, oxalate buffers, and the like
  • carrier proteins e.g., human serum albumin
  • saline e.g., trehalose, sucrose,
  • set forth herein is a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition comprising administering to a patient having said disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Ia, Ib A, Aa, or Ab or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • set forth herein is a method of preventing a disease, disorder or condition comprising administering to a patient having said disorder a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Ia, Ib A, Aa, or Ab or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • set forth herein are methods for treating or preventing any disease, disorder, or condition responsive to modulation of LXR signaling.
  • the disease or disorder is associated with LXR function, LXR polymorphisms, LXR agonist activity, or LXR antagonist activity.
  • set forth herein is a method of treating or preventing a disease, disorder, or condition selected from the group consisting of a proliferative disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, an immunological disorder, an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disorder, a dermatological disease, a metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and a gastrointestinal disease.
  • the proliferative disorder can be any proliferative disorder known to those of skill.
  • proliferative disorders include, without limitation, oncology disorders, where the oncology disorder can be any cancer disorder known to those of skill.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing a melanoma.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing metastatic melanoma.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing lung cancer.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistant lung cancer.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing oral cancer.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing oral squamous cell carcinoma. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing prostate cancer. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing Hodgkin's lymphoma. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing breast cancer.
  • the neurodegenerative disorder can be any neurodegenerative disorder known to those of skill.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease.
  • methods of treating or preventing Parkinson's disease are methods of treating or preventing Huntington's disease.
  • methods of treating or preventing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are provided herein.
  • methods of treating or preventing myelin gene expression are provided herein.
  • the immunological disorder can be any immunological disorder known to those of skill.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing imflammatory bowel disease.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing ulcerative colitis.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing Crohn's disease.
  • the inflammatory disorder can be any inflammatory disorder known to those of skill.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing arthritis.
  • methods of treating or preventing rheumatoid arthritis are provided herein.
  • the metabolic disease can be any metabolic disease known to those of skill.
  • the metabolic disease is dyslipidemia.
  • Dyslipidemia can be any dyslipidemia known to those of skill.
  • dyslipidemia is selected from the group consisting of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, HDL deficiency, ApoA-I deficiency, and cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease (including, for example, treatment and prevention of angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death); atherosclerosis (including, for example, treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis); and restenosis (including, for example, preventing or treating atherosclerotic plaques which develop as a consequence of medical procedures such as balloon angioplasty).
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing diabetes.
  • the cardiovascular disease can be any cardiovascular disease known to those of skill.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing atherosclerosis.
  • methods of treating or preventing atherosclerosis derived from abnormal macrophage processing In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing atherosclerosis derived from the formation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs), where marcrophages fail to process oxLDLs.
  • oxLDLs oxidized low-density lipoproteins
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing ischemic heart disease.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing stroke.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing hypertensive heart disease.
  • provided herein are methods of treating or preventing aortic aneurysm. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing endocarditis. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing peripheral artery disease. In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing combinations of any of the diseases provided in this paragraph.
  • the function may be selected from expression/secretion of inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines, chemokines), cholesterol regulation, cholesterol intake, cholesterol efflux, cholesterol oxidation, migration, chemotaxis, apoptosis and necrosis, an inflammatory activity, lipid regulation, apoptosis, migration, chemotaxis, gene transcription, and protein expression.
  • inflammatory mediators e.g. cytokines, chemokines
  • novel bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides are provided herein.
  • methods for treating diseases, disorders, and conditions including administering the bis-octahydrophenanthrene carboxamides and conjugates.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is a compound identified in Table 1.
  • linker-payloads of the instant disclosure include, but are not limited to, those described in Table 2 below.
  • Reagents and solvents were obtained from commercial sources such as Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (SCRC), Sigma-Aldrich, Alfa, or other vendors, unless explicitly stated otherwise.
  • SCRC Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.
  • Sigma-Aldrich Sigma-Aldrich
  • Alfa Alfa
  • Detectors Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Evaporative Light-scattering Detector (ELSD), Diode array detector (DAD) (214 nm and 254 nm), electrospray ionization-atmospheric ionization (ES-API).
  • ADC Analog to Digital Converter
  • DAD Diode array detector
  • ES-API electrospray ionization-atmospheric ionization
  • Method B for HPLC-MS measurements included, as the Mobile Phase: A: Water (10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 ), B: acetonitrile; Gradient Phase: 5% to 95% of B within 15 min; Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Column: XBridge C18, 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm, 3.5 ⁇ m; Column Temperature: 50° C.
  • Detectors ADC ELSD, DAD (214 nm and 254 nm), mass selective detector (MSD) (ES-API).
  • Method A for LC-MS measurement included, as the Instrument: WATERS 2767; column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack, PRC-ODS, 20 ⁇ 250 mm, 15 ⁇ m, two connected in series; Mobile Phase: A: Water (0.01% TFA), B: acetonitrile (0.01% TFA); Gradient Phase: 5% of B increased to 95% of B within 3 min; Flow Rate: 1.8-2.3 mL/min; Column: SunFire C18, 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm, 3.5 ⁇ m; Column Temperature: 50° C. Detectors: ADC ELSD, DAD (214 nm and 254 nm), ES-API.
  • Method B for LC-MS measurement included, as the Instrument: Gilson GX-281; column: Xbridge Prep C18 10 um OBD, 19 ⁇ 250 mm; Mobile Phase: A: Water (10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 ), B: Acetonitrile; Gradient Phase: 5% to 95% of B within 3 min; Flow Rate: 1.8-2.3 mL/min; Column: XBridge C18, 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm, 3.5 ⁇ m; Column Temperature: 50° C. Detectors: ADC ELSD, DAD (214 nm and 254 nm), MSD (ES-API).
  • Preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography in an acidic or basic solvent system was utilized on a Gilson GX-281 instrument.
  • the acidic solvent system used a Waters SunFire 10 ⁇ m C18 column (100 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ 19 mm), and solvent A for prep-HPLC was water/0.05% TFA and solvent B was acetonitrile.
  • the elution conditions were a linear gradient increase of solvent B from 5% to 100% over a time period of 20 min at a flow rate of 30 mL/min.
  • the basic solvent system included a Waters Xbridge 10 ⁇ m C18 column (100 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ 19 mm), and solvent A used for prep-HPLC was water/10 mM ammonium bicarbonate (NH 4 HCO 3 ) and solvent B was acetonitrile.
  • the elution conditions were a linear gradient increase of solvent B from 5% to 100% over a time period of 20 min at a flow rate of 30 mL/min.
  • Abbreviation Term ADC Antibody-drug conjugate Aglycosylated antibody Antibody does not have any glycan API Atmospheric pressure ionization aq Aqueous Boc N-tert-butoxycarbonyl BupH TM Thermo Scientific Prod# 28372, containing 100 mM sodium phosphate and 150 mM sodium chloride, potassium free, pH was adjusted from 7.2 to 7.6-7.8 MQ, unless otherwise noted.
  • This example demonstrates general methods for the synthesis of the podocarpic derivatives, 9a to 9r, 9t, and 9u in Table 1, above. This example refers to the compounds numbered from 1 to 9a-p in FIG. 1 .
  • podocarpic acid 1 was originally discovered in plant resins in 1873, and later was reported from several species of Podocarpus (See, e.g., J. Chem. Soc. 1938, 1006-1013).
  • the synthesis of compound 4 from podocarpic acid 1 was reported previously (See, e.g., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 2824 ; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 4574).
  • Acyl chloride 6a was prepared from treatment of 4 with thionyl chloride; and active ester 6b was prepared from treatment of 4 with 5.
  • the symmetric imide 8a was synthesized from treatment of amide 7a with acid chloride 6a or activated ester 6b, and was then subjected to de-benzylation via hydrogenation to afford imide 9a.
  • the asymmetric imides 8b-e and 8g were synthesized from coupling reactions of amides 7b-g with activated ester 6b or acid chloride 6a. Yields for asymmetric imides 8b-e and 8g from 6a were lower compared to yields for symmetric imide 8a, but the yields for 8b-e and 8g using activated ester 6b, were increased from ⁇ 40% to 50-85%.
  • Imides 9a-e were obtained from 8a-e via de-protections of the corresponding protective groups—Bn in 8a, TBS in 8b, or Boc in 8c, 8d, and 8e, respectively.
  • N,N-dimethylated analog 9f was obtained from hydrogenation of 8d in methanol to remove the benzyl group while concomitantly N,N-dimethylating the aniline nitrogen;
  • N-Boc analog 9g was obtained from de-benzylation of 8d.
  • Compound 9p was synthesized from the amide coupling reaction of 7g with 6b in the presence of LiHMDS to form 8g, followed by Raney Nickel catalyzed reduction of the nitrile to the amine and debenzylation with boron tribromide (BBr 3 ).
  • Compound 9q was obtained from the amide coupling reaction of 9d with glutaric anhydride.
  • Compound 9r was obtained from the amide coupling reaction of 9d with Boc-iminodiacetic acid followed by Boc deprotection.
  • Compound 9t was obtained from the amide coupling reaction of 7d with an activated ester of dehydroabietic acid (Cas No. 1740-19-8) followed by Boc deprotection.

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