US20180318324A1 - Anti-aging compositions and methods for using same - Google Patents

Anti-aging compositions and methods for using same Download PDF

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US20180318324A1
US20180318324A1 US15/773,967 US201615773967A US2018318324A1 US 20180318324 A1 US20180318324 A1 US 20180318324A1 US 201615773967 A US201615773967 A US 201615773967A US 2018318324 A1 US2018318324 A1 US 2018318324A1
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lithium
disease
compound
age
effective amount
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Pavel Idelevich
Anna Idelevich
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Prescient Pharma LLC
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Prescient Pharma LLC
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    • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
    • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
    • A61K31/704—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin attached to a condensed carbocyclic ring system, e.g. sennosides, thiocolchicosides, escin, daunorubicin
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Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to anti-aging compositions and methods for using same.
  • the invention in one aspect, relates to anti-aging methods using known compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising same.
  • Disclosed are methods for preventing cellular aging in a cell of a subject comprising the step of providing to the cell an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby preventing the cell from aging.
  • Also disclosed are methods for preventing cellular aging activity in a subject comprising the step of providing to the subject an effective amount of at least one intracellular alkalinizing agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby preventing the cellular aging activity.
  • Also disclosed are methods method for the treatment of a subject comprising the steps of: diagnosing the subject as having an age-related disorder or disease; and administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • compositions comprising an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • kits comprising an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of: a) at least one agent known to treat an age-related disorder or disease; b) instructions for treating the age-related disorder or disease; and c) instructions for administering the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound in connection with the age-related disorder or disease.
  • FIG. 1 show lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 2 show glycyrrhizic acid monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 3 show lithium monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 4 show untreated treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 5 show representative data pertaining to fibroblast samples.
  • FIG. 6 show untreated treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 7 show glycyrrhizic acid monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 8 show lithium monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 9 show lithium monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 10 show lithium monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 11 show lithium monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 12 show lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 13 show lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 14 show lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 15 show lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 16 show representative data pertaining gene expression profile of the fibroblast in control and treatments groups.
  • FIG. 17 show representative data pertaining survival profile of C. elegans specimens in control and treatments groups.
  • FIG. 18 show untreated treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 19 show retinoic acid monotherapy treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 20 show lithium, glycyrrhizic acid, and retinoic acid combination treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 21 show lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination treated fibroblast samples stained for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 22 shows a graph showing blood telomere related gene expression data following oral administration of lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination.
  • FIG. 23 shows a heatmap showing the effect of inhaled lithium on telomere lengthening.
  • FIG. 24 shows a heatmap showing results of the effect of lithium and glycyrrhizic acid combination on gene expression of various biomarkers.
  • Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
  • references in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed.
  • X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.
  • a weight percent (wt. %) of a component is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.
  • the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
  • the term “subject” can be a vertebrate, such as a mammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian.
  • the subject of the herein disclosed methods can be a human, non-human primate, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent.
  • the term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • a patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder.
  • patient includes human and veterinary subjects.
  • the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of one or more disorders prior to the administering step. In some aspects of the disclosed methods, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of one or more age-related disorder or disease prior to the administering step. In some aspects of the disclosed method, the subject has been diagnosed with a chronic pulmonary disease prior to the administering step. In some aspects of the disclosed method, the subject been diagnosed with a chronic pulmonary disease prior to the administering step.
  • treatment refers to the medical management of a patient with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
  • This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and also includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
  • this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
  • the term covers any treatment of a subject, including a mammal (e.g., a human), and includes: (i) preventing the disease from occurring in a subject that can be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; or (iii) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease.
  • the subject is a mammal such as a primate, and, in a further aspect, the subject is a human.
  • subject also includes domesticated animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), livestock (e.g., cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.), and laboratory animals (e.g., mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, fruit fly, etc.).
  • domesticated animals e.g., cats, dogs, etc.
  • livestock e.g., cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.
  • laboratory animals e.g., mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, fruit fly, etc.
  • prevent refers to precluding, averting, obviating, forestalling, stopping, or hindering something from happening, especially by advance action. It is understood that where reduce, inhibit or prevent are used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the use of the other two words is also expressly disclosed. For example, preventing age-related disease or disorder means reducing the incidences, delaying or reversing diseases or disorders that are related to or associated with aging.
  • the term “diagnosed” means having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by the compounds, compositions, or methods disclosed herein. In some aspects of the disclosed methods, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of an age-related disorder or disease prior to the administering step.
  • the phrase “identified to be in need of treatment for a disorder,” or the like refers to selection of a subject based upon need for treatment of the disorder. It is contemplated that the identification can, in one aspect, be performed by a person different from the person making the diagnosis. It is also contemplated, in a further aspect, that the administration can be performed by one who subsequently performed the administration.
  • the term “providing” refers to any method of administering or contacting a disclosed compound or composition to a cell, target receptor, or other biological entity. preparation to a subject. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration, intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration. Administration can be continuous or intermittent.
  • a preparation can be administered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition.
  • a preparation can be administered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of a disease or condition.
  • administering refers to any method of providing a pharmaceutical preparation to a subject. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration, intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration. Administration can be continuous or intermittent.
  • a preparation can be administered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition.
  • a preparation can be administered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of a disease or condition.
  • contacting refers to bringing a disclosed compound and a cell, target receptor, or other biological entity together in such a manner that the compound can affect the activity of the target (e.g., receptor, cell, etc.), either directly; i.e., by interacting with the target itself, or indirectly; i.e., by interacting with another molecule, co-factor, factor, or protein on which the activity of the target is dependent.
  • the target e.g., receptor, cell, etc.
  • the terms “effective amount” and “amount effective” refer to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired result or to have an effect on an undesired condition.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic result or to have an effect on undesired symptoms, but is generally insufficient to cause adverse side effects.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the route of administration; the rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of a compound at levels lower than those required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. If desired, the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration.
  • compositions can contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.
  • the dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any contraindications. Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. Guidance can be found in the literature for appropriate dosages for given classes of pharmaceutical products.
  • a preparation can be administered in a “prophylactically effective amount”; that is, an amount effective for prevention of a disease or condition.
  • age-related disorder refers to disorders or diseases in which aging is a major risk factor.
  • age-related diseases or disorders can be based on disease type, and can include three main types: (1) abnormal proliferative diseases, such as cancer; (2) degenerative diseases, including neuron degenerating disease (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, stroke), myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, loss of bone marrow, Rheumatoid arthritis, degraded immune function, diabetes, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration; and (3) function decreasing disorders, including declines in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, reduced energy production and so on.
  • abnormal proliferative diseases such as cancer
  • degenerative diseases including neuron degenerating disease (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, stroke), myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteoarthritis, osteop
  • age-related diseases or disorders can also be classified based on the type of cells involved, and can include two main classes: (1) in postmitotic cells: neuron degeneration (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, stroke), sarcopenia (loss of muscle), cardiovascular diseases (heart failure, myocardial infarction); and (2) in mitotic cells: loss of bone marrow, degraded immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
  • neuron degeneration Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, stroke
  • sarcopenia loss of muscle
  • cardiovascular diseases heart failure, myocardial infarction
  • mitotic cells loss of bone marrow, degraded immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, athe
  • age-related diseases or disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction or/and telomere dysfunction include, but are not limited to, cancer, osteoarthritis, age-related macular degeneration, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, skin aging, cataract, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, obesity, grey hair, hearing loss, and the like.
  • the present invention encompasses, but is not limited to the foregoing diseases or disorders.
  • telomere disorder refers to a disease or disorder characterized by or exhibiting a telomere dysfunction.
  • the dysfunction is telomere shortening.
  • a telomere disorder can comprise an immune-mediated disorder, inflammatory disorder, or chronic pulmonary disorder, such as, for example, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the term “senescence” refers to a cell cycle-arrested state in mitotic cells, which can be induced by telomere dysfunction, DNA damage, or oncogene activation.
  • senescent cells caused by telomere dysfunction are arrested at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
  • senescent cells are arrested at the GO phase, which is a non-dividing phase outside of the cell cycle.
  • senescence in fibroblasts means that cells show no increase in number under the microscope for at least 4 days after passage and exhibit ⁇ -galactosidase positive staining.
  • post-mitotic cells refers to a group of cells that are in arrested state at GO, which is a non-dividing phase outside of the cell cycle, but continue to perform their main functions for the rest of the organism's life.
  • Post-mitotic cells include neuronal cells, heart muscle cells, and muscle cells.
  • IC 50 is intended to refer to the concentration of a substance (e.g., a compound or a drug) that is required for 50% inhibition of a biological process, or component of a process, including a protein, subunit, organelle, ribonucleoprotein, etc.
  • a substance e.g., a compound or a drug
  • an IC 50 can refer to the concentration of a substance that is required for 50% inhibition in vivo, as further defined elsewhere herein.
  • IC 50 refers to the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable describes a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., without causing an unacceptable level of undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner.
  • derivative refers to a compound having a structure derived from the structure of a parent compound (e.g., a compound disclosed herein) and whose structure is sufficiently similar to those disclosed herein and based upon that similarity, would be expected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds, or to induce, as a precursor, the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds.
  • exemplary derivatives include salts, esters, amides, salts of esters or amides, and N-oxides of a parent compound.
  • Compounds described herein may comprise atoms in both their natural isotopic abundance and in non-natural abundance.
  • the disclosed compounds can be isotopically-labeled or isotopically-substituted compounds identical to those described, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 35 S, 18 F and 36 Cl, respectively.
  • Compounds further comprise prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds or of said prodrugs which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
  • Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability.
  • isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • the compounds described in the invention can be present as a solvate.
  • the solvent used to prepare the solvate is an aqueous solution, and the solvate is then often referred to as a hydrate.
  • the compounds can be present as a hydrate, which can be obtained, for example, by crystallization from a solvent or from aqueous solution.
  • one, two, three or any arbitrary number of solvate or water molecules can combine with the compounds according to the invention to form solvates and hydrates.
  • the invention includes all such possible solvates.
  • co-crystal means a physical association of two or more molecules which owe their stability through non-covalent interaction.
  • One or more components of this molecular complex provide a stable framework in the crystalline lattice.
  • the guest molecules are incorporated in the crystalline lattice as anhydrates or solvates, see e.g., Almarasson, O., et. al. (2004) The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1889-1896.
  • Examples of co-crystals include p-toluenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid.
  • polymorphic forms It is known that chemical substances form solids which are present in different states of order which are termed polymorphic forms or modifications.
  • the different modifications of a polymorphic substance can differ greatly in their physical properties.
  • the compounds according to the invention can be present in different polymorphic forms, with it being possible for particular modifications to be metastable. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible polymorphic forms.
  • Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art.
  • the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Organics (Morris Plains, N.J.), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), or Sigma (St.
  • compositions disclosed herein have certain functions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result.
  • the invention relates to compounds and compositions for use as anti-aging agents for the treatment of age-related disorders or diseases.
  • the invention relates to compounds and compositions for use in the treatment of age-related diseases and age-related disorders. More specifically, in one aspect, the present invention relates to compounds and compositions for the treatment of tumorigenesis, and malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • each disclosed derivative can be optionally further substituted. It is also contemplated that any one or more derivative can be optionally omitted from the invention. It is understood that the disclosed compounds can be employed in the disclosed methods of using.
  • the invention relates to lithium compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium lactate, lithium citrate, lithium aspartate, lithium gluconate, lithium malate, lithium ascorbate, lithium orotate, lithium succinate, and combinations thereof.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is lithium chloride. In a further aspect, the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is lithium bromide. In a still further aspect, the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is lithium carbonate. In a yet further aspect, the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is lithium citrate. In an even further aspect, the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is lithium orotate.
  • the invention relates to glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compounds include compounds, such as, for example, carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, glycyrrhizin and its aglycone derivative, enoxolone, as well as, analogues and salts thereof.
  • glycyrrhizin refers to (3 ⁇ ,2 ⁇ )-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-O- ⁇ -D-glucopyranuronosyl- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosiduronic acid, and can be used interchangeably with glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizinic acid. It is a compound having the structure represented by the formula:
  • enoxolone refers (2S,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aS,12bR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-13-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-icosahydropicene-2-carboxylic acid, and can be used interchangeably with glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetic acid. It is commonly obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid.
  • enoxolone is a compound having the structure represented by the formula:
  • glycyrrhizic acid 20-B-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3B-yl-2-O- ⁇ -D-glucopyranuronsyl-a-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid, which can also be known as glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizinic acid or glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside (also referred to as biosone, enoxolone, and glycyrrhetin), an extract from glycyrrhiza, better known as licorice, an extract of the dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, is an exemplary triterpene according to the present invention.
  • analogous triterpenes can include carbenoxolone and cicloxolone.
  • the invention relates to glycyrrhizic acid and analogues thereof, in the form of acids, salts, esters and other derivatives.
  • derivatives can include, such as, for example: Glycyrrhisoflavone; Benzyl glycyrrhetinate; Glycyrrhizinic acid ammonium salt; Glycyrrhizinic acid hydrolase; Glycyrrhizinic acid; Zinc glycyrrhizinate; Glycyrrhetic acid 3-0-(hydrogen sulfate); Glycyrrhetinyl stearate; Monopotassium glycyrrhetin; 3-Oxo-18-a-glycyrrhetinic acid; 11-Deoxoglycyrrhetinic acid hydrogen maleate sodium salt; 11-Deoxoglycyrrhetinic acid hydrogen maleate; 18-a-Glycyrrhizic acid diammonium salt; Monoarginine glycyrrhizinate; Potassium gly
  • the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, enoxolone, carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid is glycyrrhizin, having the structure represented by the formula:
  • the invention relates to retinoic acid compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the retinoic acid compound can comprise all-trans-retinoic acid or a cis-retinoic acid, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the retinoic compounds include compounds, such as, for example, 7-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 11-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium lactate, lithium citrate, lithium aspartate, lithium gluconate, lithium malate, lithium ascorbate, lithium orotate, lithium succinate, and combinations thereof; and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, enoxolone, carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate; and the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, enoxolone, carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium lactate, lithium citrate, lithium aspartate, lithium gluconate, lithium malate, lithium ascorbate, lithium orotate, lithium succinate, and combinations thereof; and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate; and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate; and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate;
  • the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;
  • the retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from all-trans-retinoic 7-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 11-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the invention relates to methods for preventing cellular aging in a cell of a subject, the method comprising the step of providing to the cell an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby preventing the cell from aging.
  • the method can further comprise the step of providing to the cell an effective amount of at least one retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the cellular anti-aging activity can comprise maintaining cell replication potential; maintaining senescence, maintaining cell cycle-arrested state in post-mitotic cells, stimulating, improving, or maintaining mitochondrial function; preventing deterioration of mitochondria, preventing cell death following senescence deterioration, or a combination thereof.
  • the cellular anti-aging activity can comprise cell rejuvenation or survival.
  • the cellular anti-aging activity can comprise activity against at least one component of the TOR (Target of rapamycin) pathway, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factors) receptor pathway, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) pathway, or a combination thereof.
  • the cellular anti-aging activity can comprise inhibition of at least one component of the TOR (Target of rapamycin) pathway, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factors) receptor pathway, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) pathway, or a combination thereof.
  • the at least one component can comprise an enzyme or protein.
  • the cellular anti-aging activity comprises preventing an age-related disease or disorder.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • the age-related disease or disorder can comprise an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • the age-related disease or disorder can comprise tumorigenesis, and malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are provided to a cell, such as a mammalian cell, e.g., a human cell.
  • a cell such as a mammalian cell, e.g., a human cell.
  • providing can comprise administering or contacting the cell with the compounds or compositions.
  • the cell prior to providing the compounds or compositions, can be identified with a need for treatment of anti-aging treatment, as described herein.
  • the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are used at low doses.
  • the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound dose is from about 0.001 to about 10000 ⁇ M in serum medium.
  • the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.01 to about 100 ⁇ M in serum medium, including exemplary subranges of about 0.1 to about 10, and about 0.2 to about 1 ⁇ M.
  • the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 0.1 to about 1000 ⁇ M in serum medium, including exemplary subranges of about 1 to about 100, and about 1 to about 50 ⁇ M.
  • the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.1 to about 10 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 1000 ⁇ M in serum medium. In an even further aspect, the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.1 to about 1 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 100 ⁇ M in serum medium. In a still further aspect, the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.1 to about 0.5 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 50 ⁇ M in serum medium. In a yet further aspect, the ratio of lithium compound to glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:1000.
  • the retinoic acid compound is also used at low doses.
  • the retinoic acid compound dose can be from about 0.001 to about 10000 ⁇ M in serum medium.
  • the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 0.01 to about 100 ⁇ M in serum medium, including exemplary subranges of about 0.1 to about 10, and about 0.2 to about 1 ⁇ M.
  • the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 0.1 to about 1000 ⁇ M in serum medium, including exemplary subranges of about 1 to about 100, and about 1 to about 50 ⁇ M.
  • the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 0.1 to about 10 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 1000 ⁇ M in serum medium. In an even further aspect, the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 0.1 to about 1 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 1 to about 100 ⁇ M in serum medium. In a still further aspect, the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 0.1 to about 0.5 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 1 to about 50 ⁇ M in serum medium.
  • the combination of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound at these low doses and ratios exhibit the disclosed novel anti-aging activity.
  • the anti-aging activity is not exhibited when the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are used as monotherapy.
  • the synergistic anti-aging activity of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is not present at higher doses.
  • the invention also relates to methods for preventing cellular aging activity in a subject, the method comprising the step of providing to the subject an effective amount of at least one intracellular alkalinizing agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby preventing the cellular aging activity.
  • the intracellular alkalization action comprises direct competition with Na+ on a sodium-hydrogen exchanger, increased expression or number of sodium-hydrogen exchangers, intracellular Na+ retention; increasing membrane permeability for Na+, increased Na+ reabsorption; increased secretion of H+, decreased accumulation of acid products of metabolism; or a combination thereof.
  • the method can further comprise providing to the cell an effective amount of at least one agent for improving telomere function or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the step of providing to the subject comprises providing to the subject an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the lithium and glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound increase intracellular pH, which thus exhibit anti-aging activity.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are administered to a subject in need thereof, such as a vertebrate, e.g., a mammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian.
  • a subject in need thereof, such as a vertebrate, e.g., a mammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian.
  • the subject can be a human, non-human primate, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent.
  • the term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered.
  • the subject is preferably a mammal, such as a human.
  • the subject has been diagnosed with a need for anti-aging treatment prior to the administering step.
  • the subject has been diagnosed with an age-related disease or disorder associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • the subject can be diagnosed with a need for treatment of age-related disorder or disease, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  • IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • the subject can be identified with a need for treatment of anti-aging treatment, as described herein.
  • the compounds or compositions can be administered to the subject according to any method.
  • Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration, intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, sublingual administration, buccal administration and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration.
  • Administration can be continuous or intermittent.
  • a preparation can be administered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition.
  • a preparation can also be administered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of a disease or condition.
  • the effective amount or dosage of the compounds can vary within wide limits. Such a dosage is adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case including the specific compound(s) being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, as well as the patient being treated. In general, in the case of oral or parenteral administration to adult humans weighing approximately 70 Kg or more, a daily dosage of about 1 mg to about 10,000 mg, preferably from about 2 mg to about 1,000 mg, should be appropriate, although the upper limit may be exceeded.
  • the daily dosage can be administered as a single dose or in divided doses, or for parenteral administration, as a continuous infusion. Single dose compositions can contain such amounts or submultiples thereof of the compound or composition to make up the daily dose.
  • the dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any contraindications. Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. In some aspects, the compounds can be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, preferably once or twice per day. This dosing regimen can be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response.
  • the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are used at low doses in a subject.
  • the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound dose is from about 0.1 mg to about 10,000 mg in a subject.
  • the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg in a subject, including exemplary subranges of about 1 to about 50 mg, and about 2 to about 25 mg.
  • the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 1,000 mg in a subject, including exemplary subranges of about 1 to about 100 mg, and about 1 to about 50 mg.
  • the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 1000 mg in a subject. In an even further aspect, the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 1 mg to about 50 mg and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 100 mg. In a still further aspect, the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 1 to about 25 mg and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 50 mg. In a yet further aspect, the ratio of lithium compound to glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:1000.
  • the retinoic acid compound is also used at low doses in a subject.
  • the retinoic acid compound dose is from about 0.1 mg to about 10,000 mg in a subject.
  • the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg in a subject, including exemplary subranges of about 1 to about 50 mg, and about 2 to about 25 mg.
  • the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 1 to about 1,000 mg in a subject, including exemplary subranges of about 1 to about 100 mg, and about 1 to about 50 mg.
  • a response to a prophylactic and/or treatment method of the invention can, for example, also be measured by determining the physiological effects of the treatment or medication, such as the decrease or lack of disease symptoms following administration of the treatment or pharmacological agent.
  • Other assays will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be employed for measuring the level of the response.
  • the diagnostic methods that are used to ascertain the likelihood that a subject has an age-related disorder or disease can be used to ascertain the level of response to a prophylactic and/or treatment method of the invention.
  • the amount of a treatment may be varied for example by increasing or decreasing the amount of a therapeutic composition, by changing the therapeutic composition administered, by changing the route of administration, by changing the dosage timing and so on.
  • the effective amount will vary with the particular condition being treated, the age and physical condition of the subject being treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of the concurrent therapy (if any), the specific route of administration, and the like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health practitioner. For example, an effective amount can depend upon the degree to which an individual has abnormal levels and/or activity of a pathway associated protein or pathway associated protein complex.
  • a maximum dose of the pharmacological agents of the invention (alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents) be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art however, that a patient may insist upon a lower dose or tolerable dose for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reasons.
  • the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In other aspects, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In further aspects, the subject is a mammal. In still further aspects, the mammal is a human.
  • the method further comprises the step of identifying a subject in need of anti-aging treatment.
  • the subject in need of anti-aging treatment comprises having at least one risk factor for developing an age-related disease or disorder.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the invention also relates to a method for the treatment of a subject, the method comprising the steps of: diagnosing the subject as having an age-related disorder or disease; and administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method of diagnosis comprises performing an experiment upon the subject and identifying a level of a biological marker.
  • diagnosing comprises determining, in a patient, levels of a marker (e.g., gene expression) indicative of a state of the patient, the state being predictive as to whether the patient will manifest reduced symptoms in response to a treatment.
  • a marker e.g., gene expression
  • the biological marker is a marker for an age-related disease or disorder.
  • the subject is a biological sample.
  • the biological sample is selected from a cell, blood, saliva, urine, tissue, or phlegm.
  • diagnosis of an age-related disorder or disease comprises a medical history.
  • the diagnosis comprises comparing the findings of the medical history with the diagnostic standards.
  • the diagnosis comprises finding of at least one risk factor for developing an age-related disease or disorder.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • the invention relates to compositions comprising an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compositions can comprise an effective amount of at least one retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the composition can comprise pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the composition can comprise nutraceutical compositions.
  • the compounds have anti-aging activity, and generally have IC 50 values ranging from about 0.01 micromolar to about 100 millimolar.
  • IC 50 refers to the concentration of the compound that is required for 50% antagonism or inhibition of the target in vitro.
  • IC 50 also refers to the concentration of a substance that is required for 50% antagonism or inhibition of the target in vivo.
  • the activity of the compounds, including IC 50 is determined according to the procedures discussed below in the Examples section.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds are conventional acid-addition salts or base-addition salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds and are formed from suitable non-toxic organic or inorganic acids or organic or inorganic bases.
  • Exemplary acid-addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid, and those derived from organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, and the like.
  • Example base-addition salts include those derived from ammonium, potassium, sodium and, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, such as for example, tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
  • Chemical modification of a pharmaceutical compound into a salt is a known technique to obtain improved physical and chemical stability, hygroscopicity, flowability and solubility of compounds. See, e.g., Ansel, H. et. al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (6th Ed. 1995) at pp. 196 and 1456-1457.
  • compositions comprise the compounds in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use.
  • aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • the compounds can be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants and excipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as those disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1995.
  • the disclosed pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compositions comprise the disclosed compounds (including pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants.
  • the instant compositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered.
  • the compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration can be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water.
  • a suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions.
  • the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, mouth washes, gargles, and the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations can be prepared, utilizing a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency.
  • compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories can be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
  • the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compositions of this invention can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds.
  • the pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas.
  • solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid.
  • liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water.
  • gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
  • any convenient pharmaceutical media can be employed.
  • water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like can be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like can be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
  • carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like
  • oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
  • tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed.
  • tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques
  • a tablet containing the composition of this invention can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants.
  • Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations described above can include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient
  • the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a still further aspect, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • the composition is formulated for parenteral administration. In a still further aspect, the composition is formulated for inhalation. In yet a further aspect, the composition is formulated for oral administration. In an even further aspect, the composition is formulated for topical administration.
  • compositions can be prepared from the disclosed compounds. It is also understood that the disclosed compositions can be employed in the disclosed methods of using.
  • the invention relates to a kit comprising an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of: a) at least one agent known to treat an age-related disorder or disease; b) instructions for treating the age-related disorder or disease; and c) instructions for administering the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound in connection with the age-related disorder or disease.
  • the kit can comprise an effective amount of at least one retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for administering the retinoic acid compound in connection with the age-related disorder or disease.
  • kits can also comprise compounds co-packaged, co-formulated, and/or co-delivered with other components.
  • a drug manufacturer, a drug reseller, a physician, a compounding shop, or a pharmacist can provide a kit comprising a disclosed compound and another component for delivery to a patient.
  • the age-related disorder or disease is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the compounds and the at least one agent are co-packaged. In a still further aspect, the compounds and the at least one agent are co-formulated. In a yet further aspect, each dose of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are co-packaged. In an even further aspect, each dose of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent are co-formulated. In a still further aspect, each dose of the lithium compound and the at least one agent are co-formulated. In a yet further aspect, each dose of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound and the at least one agent are co-packaged.
  • each dose comprises an effective amount of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound.
  • each dose comprises an effective amount of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent.
  • each dose of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are administered sequentially. In a still further aspect, each dose of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are administered simultaneously. In a yet further aspect, each dose of the lithium compound and the at least one agent are administered sequentially. In an even further aspect, each dose of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound and the at least one agent are administered simultaneously. In a still further aspect, each dose of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent are administered sequentially. In a yet further aspect, each dose of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent are administered simultaneously.
  • the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In yet a further aspect, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • the dosage forms are formulated for oral administration, inhalation, topical administration, and/or parenteral administration.
  • the dosage form for the compounds is formulated for oral administration.
  • the dosage form for the compound is formulated for oral administration and the dosage form for the at least one agent is formulated for oral administration.
  • the agent known to treat an age-related disorder or disease can comprise nutritional supplements, anti-inflammatory medicines (e.g., NSAIDS) antiplatelet medicines (e.g., clopidogrel, aspirin), anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, heparin), lipid lowering medicines (e.g., statins, niacin), anti-hypertensive medicines (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, diuretics, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs)), anti-diabetic medicines (e.g., metformin), chemotherapeutic agents, or a combination thereof.
  • the nutritional supplement can comprise vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, fatty acid complex, digestive enzymes, or a combination thereof.
  • the agent can comprise a retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the agent can comprise all-trans-retinoic acid or a cis-retinoic acid, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the agent is selected from all-trans-retinoic acid, 7-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 11-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • kits can be prepared from the disclosed compounds, products, and pharmaceutical compositions. It is also understood that the disclosed kits can be employed in connection with the disclosed methods of using.
  • compositions and methods include at least the following aspects:
  • a method for preventing cellular aging in a cell of a subject comprising the step of providing to the cell an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby preventing the cell from aging.
  • Aspect 2 The method of aspect 1, wherein the least one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium lactate, lithium citrate, lithium aspartate, lithium gluconate, lithium malate, lithium ascorbate, lithium orotate, lithium succinate, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 3 The method of aspects 1 or 2, wherein the least one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate.
  • Aspect 4 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, enoxolone, carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 5 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid is glycyrrhizin, having the structure represented by the formula:
  • Aspect 6 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium lactate, lithium citrate, lithium aspartate, lithium gluconate, lithium malate, lithium ascorbate, lithium orotate, lithium succinate, and combinations thereof; and wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, enoxolone, carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 7 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate; and wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, enoxolone, carbenoxolone, cicloxolone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 8 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium lactate, lithium citrate, lithium aspartate, lithium gluconate, lithium malate, lithium ascorbate, lithium orotate, lithium succinate, and combinations thereof; and wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Aspect 9 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate; and wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Aspect 10 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one lithium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium orotate; and wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is selected from glycyrrhizin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Aspect 11 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is an extract from glycyrrhiza (licorice), an extract of the dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 12 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the cellular anti-aging activity comprises: maintaining cell replication potential; maintaining senescence, maintaining cell cycle-arrested state in post-mitotic cells, stimulating, improving, or maintaining mitochondrial function; preventing deterioration of mitochondria, preventing cell death following senescence deterioration, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 13 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the cellular anti-aging activity comprises: activity against at least one component of the TOR (Target of rapamycin) pathway, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factors) receptor pathway, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) pathway, or a combination thereof.
  • TOR Target of rapamycin
  • IGF-I insulin-like growth factors
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Aspect 14 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the cellular anti-aging activity comprises inhibition of at least one component of the TOR (Target of rapamycin) pathway, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factors) receptor pathway, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) pathway, or a combination thereof
  • TOR Target of rapamycin
  • IGF-I insulin-like growth factors
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Aspect 15 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the at least one component comprises an enzyme or a protein.
  • Aspect 16 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the cellular anti-aging activity comprises preventing an age-related disease or disorder.
  • Aspect 17 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • Aspect 18 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • Aspect 19 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteop
  • Aspect 20 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.
  • Aspect 21 The method of aspect 20, wherein the mammalian cell is a human cell.
  • Aspect 22 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • Aspect 23 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • Aspect 24 The method of any preceding aspect, further comprising the step of identifying a cell in need of anti-aging treatment.
  • Aspect 25 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are from about 0.001 to about 10000 ⁇ M in serum medium.
  • Aspect 26 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.1 to about 10 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 1000 ⁇ M in serum medium.
  • Aspect 27 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 0.1 to about 1 ⁇ M in serum medium and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 100 ⁇ M in serum medium.
  • Aspect 28 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the ratio of lithium compound to glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:1000.
  • Aspect 29 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the ratio of lithium compound to glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:250.
  • a method for preventing cellular aging activity in a subject comprising the step of providing to the subject an effective amount of at least one intracellular alkalinizing agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby preventing the cellular aging activity.
  • Aspect 31 The method of aspect 30, wherein the intracellular alkalization action comprises direct competition with Na+ on a sodium-hydrogen exchanger, increased expression or number of sodium-hydrogen exchangers, intracellular Na+ retention; increasing membrane permeability for Na+, increased Na+ reabsorption; increased secretion of H+, decreased accumulation of acid products of metabolism; or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 32 The method of any preceding aspect, further comprising providing to the cell an effective amount of at least one agent for improving telomere function or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Aspect 33 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the step of providing to the subject comprises providing to the subject an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Aspect 34 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with a need for anti-aging treatment prior to the administering step.
  • Aspect 35 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with an age-related disease or disorder associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • Aspect 36 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • Aspect 37 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteop
  • Aspect 38 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the subject is a mammal.
  • Aspect 39 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the mammal is a human.
  • Aspect 40 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • Aspect 41 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • Aspect 42 The method of any preceding aspect, further comprising the step of identifying a subject in need of anti-aging treatment.
  • Aspect 43 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the subject in need of anti-aging treatment comprises having at least one risk factor for developing an age-related disease or disorder
  • Aspect 44 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • Aspect 45 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • Aspect 46 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteop
  • Aspect 47 The method of any preceding aspect, further comprising the step of providing to the cell an effective amount of at least one retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Aspect 48 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the at least one retinoic acid compound is selected from all-trans-retinoic 7-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 11-cis-retinoic acid, and 13-cis-retinoic acid.
  • Aspect 49 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 0.001 to about 10000 ⁇ M in serum medium.
  • a method for the treatment of a subject comprising the steps of: (a) diagnosing the subject as having an age-related disorder or disease; and (b) administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Aspect 51 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein diagnosing comprises performing a physical examination upon the subject and making a finding.
  • Aspect 52 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the finding comprises identifying at least one risk factor for developing an age-related disease or disorder
  • Aspect 53 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein diagnosing comprises performing an experiment upon the subject and identifying a level of a biological marker.
  • Aspect 54 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the biological marker is a marker for an age-related disease or disorder.
  • Aspect 55 The method of any preceding aspect, where in the subject is a biological sample.
  • Aspect 56 The method of any preceding aspect, where in the biological sample is selected from a cell, blood, saliva, urine, tissue, or phlegm.
  • Aspect 57 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • Aspect 58 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • Aspect 59 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteo
  • Aspect 60 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 1 mg to about 50 mg and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 100 mg.
  • Aspect 61 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount of the lithium compound is from about 1 to about 25 mg and the effective amount of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound is from about 1 to about 50 mg.
  • Aspect 62 The method of any preceding aspect, further comprising administrating to the subject an effective amount of at least one retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Aspect 63 The method of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount of the retinoic acid compound is from about 1 to about 100 mg.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
  • Aspect 65 The composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • Aspect 66 The composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • Aspect 67 The composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the composition is formulated for oral administration.
  • Aspect 68 The composition of any preceding aspect, wherein the composition is formulated for topical administration.
  • a nutraceutical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Aspect 70 The composition of any preceding aspect, further comprising an effective amount of at least one retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a kit comprising an effective amount of at least one lithium compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an effective amount of at least one glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of: (a) at least one agent known to treat an age-related disorder or disease; (b) instructions for treating the age-related disorder or disease; and (c) instructions for administering the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound in connection with the age-related disorder or disease.
  • Aspect 72 The kit of aspect 71, wherein each dose of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are co-packaged.
  • Aspect 73 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent are co-formulated.
  • Aspect 74 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the lithium compound and the at least one agent are co-formulated.
  • Aspect 75 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound and the at least one agent are co-packaged.
  • Aspect 76 The kit of any preceding aspect, further comprising a plurality of dosage forms, the plurality comprising one or more doses; wherein each dose comprises an effective amount of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound.
  • Aspect 77 The kit of any preceding aspect, further comprising a plurality of dosage forms, the plurality comprising one or more doses; wherein each dose comprises an effective amount of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent.
  • Aspect 78 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • Aspect 79 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.
  • Aspect 80 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are administered sequentially.
  • Aspect 81 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the lithium compound and the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound are administered simultaneously.
  • Aspect 82 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the lithium compound and the at least one agent are administered sequentially.
  • Aspect 83 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound and the at least one agent are administered simultaneously.
  • Aspect 84 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent are administered sequentially.
  • Aspect 85 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein each dose of the lithium compound, the glycyrrhizie triterpenoid compound, and the at least one agent are administered simultaneously.
  • Aspect 86 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the dosage forms are formulated for oral administration, inhalation administration, topical administration, and/or parenteral administration.
  • Aspect 87 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disorder or disease is associated with age-related cell loss, loss of mitochondrial function, or loss of telomere function.
  • Aspect 88 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder comprises an abnormal proliferative disease, a degenerative disease, or a function-decreasing disorder.
  • Aspect 89 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, loss of bone marrow, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren, Rheumatoid arthritis, decreased immune function, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a neurodegenerating disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and disorders caused by dysfunction in testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, IGF-I, or energy production.
  • the age-related disease or disorder is selected from tumorigenesis, malignant cancer development, myocardial infarction, cerebellar infarction, stroke, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, osteo
  • Aspect 90 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the agent known to treat an age-related disorder or disease comprises nutritional supplements, anti-inflammatory medicines, antiplatelet medicines, anticoagulants, lipid lowering medicines, anti-hypertensive medicines, anti-diabetic medicines, chemotherapeutic agents, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 91 The kit of any preceding aspect, wherein the nutritional supplement comprises vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, fatty acid complex, digestive enzymes, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 92 The kit of any preceding aspect, further comprising an effective amount of at least one retinoic acid compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions for administering the retinoic acid compound in connection with the age-related disorder or disease.
  • Aging-associated beta-galactosidase is widely used as a biomarker of senescence.
  • senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase activity of human colon fibroblast cells by visual assessment.
  • Flasks, Thermo Scientific Nunclon Delta Surface 12.5 cm (Cat. No 136196) with EMEM complete medium were seeded with cell culture of CCD 841 CoN (CRL-1790, ATCC) and were kept at 37° C.; 5% CO 2 in incubator until 100% confluence was reached (2 days). Next, the flasks were kept in CO2 incubator, at 37 degrees and 5% of CO2 for additional 4 days to age the cells. After the 4 days, the EMEM medium in the flask were changed to the same medium with or without lithium carbonate and glycyrrhizic acid as explained below:
  • FIGS. 1-4 show pictures of the staining results for each of the groups, respectively.
  • the lithium carbonate treated fibroblasts and glycyrrhizic acid treated fibroblasts both stained positively for beta-galactosidase.
  • the control (non-treated) fibroblasts also stained positively for beta-galactosidase.
  • fibroblasts treated using the combination of lithium carbonate and glycyrrhizic acid showed almost no positive stain for beta-galactosidase.
  • Table 3 shows the data from analyzed pictures for the corresponding flask and FIG. 5 shows the average % of green staining for each group. Higher values reflect more intensive green staining which corresponds to more aged cells.
  • lithium carbonate and glycyrrhizic acid alone did not appear to have significant effect on beta-galactosidase staining of the fibroblasts in comparison with non-treated controls.
  • this rejuvenation effect is visibly observable in combination therapy, but is relevantly undetectable with monotherapy treatment.
  • Group #1 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 0.15 ⁇ M.
  • Group #2 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 1.5 ⁇ M.
  • Group #3 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 15 ⁇ M.
  • Group #4 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 150 ⁇ M.
  • Group #5 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 0.15 ⁇ M and glycyrrhizic acid 0.25 mM.
  • Group #6 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 1.5 ⁇ M and glycyrrhizic acid 0.25 mM.
  • Group #7 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 15 ⁇ M and glycyrrhizic acid 0.25 mM.
  • Group #8 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate 150 ⁇ M and glycyrrhizic acid 0.25 mM.
  • Group #9 contained complete EMEM medium with glycyrrhizic acid 0.25 mM.
  • Group #10 contained complete EMEM medium only and was used as a control.
  • FIGS. 6-15 show pictures of the staining results for each of the groups, respectively. As the data shows, lithium carbonate 15 ⁇ M and glycyrrhizic acid 0.25 mM combotherapy (Group #7) showed minimal green staining, which corresponds to maximum rejuvenation effect.
  • Flasks Thermo Scientific Nunc Nunclon Delta Surface 12.5 cm with EMEM complete medium were seeded with cell culture of CCD 841 CoN (CRL-1790, ATCC) and were kept at 37° C.; 5% CO 2 in incubator until 100% confluence was reached (2 days). Next, the flasks were kept in CO2 incubator, at 37 degrees and 5% of CO2 for additional 4 days to age the cells. After the 4 days, the EMEM medium in the flask were changed to the same medium with or without lithium carbonate and/or glycyrrhizic acid as explained below:
  • Group #1 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 0.15 ⁇ M
  • Group #2 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 1.5 ⁇ M
  • Group #3 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 15 ⁇ M
  • Group #4 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 150 ⁇ M
  • Group #5 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 0.15 ⁇ M and glycyrrhizic acid in final concentration of 0.25 mM
  • Group #6 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 1.5 ⁇ M and Glycyrrhizic acid in final concentration of 0.25 mM
  • Group #7 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 15 ⁇ M and Glycyrrhizic acid in final concentration of 0.25 mM
  • Group #8 contained complete EMEM medium with lithium carbonate in final concentration of 150 ⁇ M and glycyrrhizic acid in final concentration of 0.25 mM
  • Group #9 contained complete EMEM medium with glycyrrhizic acid in final concentration of 0.25 mM
  • Group #10 contained complete EMEM medium only and was used as a control.
  • polystyrene petri dishes 35 mm diameter were prepared by filling with NGM agar containing 10 mg/ml cholesterol, and 25 ⁇ M 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine to suppress reproduction (FUDR; Cat. No. F0503; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Mo., USA).
  • the dishes were seeded with OP50 Escherichia coli as a food source. Duplicate dishes were used for each group.
  • the treatment drug was dissolved in deionized water, and added to the dishes for the groups as explained below:
  • Group #1 lithium carbonate in concentration of 0.15 ⁇ M.
  • Group #2 lithium carbonate in concentration of 15 ⁇ M
  • Group #3 lithium carbonate in concentration of 0.15 ⁇ M and Glycyrrhizic acid in concentration of 0.25 mM
  • Group #4 lithium carbonate in concentration of 15 ⁇ M and Glycyrrhizic acid in concentration of 0.25 mM
  • FUDR 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine
  • Treatment plates were grown overnight at room temperature (20 ⁇ 2° C.), and synchronized young adult worms were added to achieve a density of 19-66 worms per plate.
  • the worms were monitored seven times a week for mortality and scored as dead when they failed to respond when prodded with a platinum pick.
  • the data for this study is provided in Tables 4 and 5 below.
  • the survival data for the various groups are also depicted in FIG. 17 .
  • the longevity effect is observed with specific concentrations of lithium carbonate and glycyrrhizic acid combination therapy, and is not observed at higher combination therapy concentrations or with lithium carbonate monotherapy and glycyrrhizic acid monotherapy.
  • Flask 1 medium was changed to complete McCoy's 5A medium with Lithium Carbonate Li2CO3 (Sigma-Aldrich; Cat. #62472) in concentration of 0.15 uM and glycyrrhzic acid (Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt from ammonium salt root (licorice); Sigma-Aldrich; Cat. # G2137) in concentration of 0.25 mM.
  • Flask 2 medium was changed to complete McCoy's 5A medium with Lithium Carbonate (0.15 uM) and Glycyrrhzic acid (0.25 mM) and retinoic acid (1 uM) (Sigma-Aldrich; Cat # R2625).
  • Flask 3 medium was changed to complete McCoy's 5A medium with retinoic acid (1 uM) only.
  • Flask 4 medium was changed to fresh McCoy's 5A compete medium only. All flasks were kept in the CO 2 incubator 5% CO2, 37° C. for additional 24 hours for treatment. After the treatment period, all flasks were stained using senescence beta-galactosidase staining kit cell signaling according to the protocol provided by the kit manual.
  • FIG. 18 shows a picture of the staining results for the control group (non-treated fibroblasts stained positively for beta-Galactosidase).
  • FIG. 19 shows a picture of the staining results for the retinoic acid mono-treated fibroblasts stained positively for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 20 shows a picture of the staining results for the fibroblasts treated with a combination of lithium carbonate, glycyrrhizic acid, retinoic acid, and stained positively for beta-galactosidase.
  • FIG. 21 shows a picture of the staining results for the lithium carbonate and glycyrrhizic acid treated fibroblasts stained positively for beta-galactosidase.
  • telomere RNA component telomerase RNA component (TERC) and dyskerin
  • FIG. 22 summarizes data obtained following real time analysis of blood cells from the healthy human volunteer.
  • FIG. 23 shows a heatmap outlining the effect of inhaled lithium on telomere lengthening.
  • administration of lithium/licorice combination increased the average telomere length by 3-fold in comparison to the same individual baseline.
  • the level of telomerase components known to play a physiological role in the 3′ elongation of telomeres via addition of TTAGGG—TERC and dyskerin—were elevated as well.
  • TTAGGG—TERC and dyskerin a physiological role in the 3′ elongation of telomeres via addition of TTAGGG—TERC and dyskerin—were elevated as well.
  • TTAGGG TTAGGG
  • dyskerin dyskerin
  • Alipoprotein D (APOD)—is associated with neurological disorders and nerve injury
  • FCGR2B low affinity II b
  • Complement component 3 (C3)—plays a central role in the activation of the complement system
  • Clusterin a chaperone associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis
  • the genes suppressed by aging examined were:
  • Transferrin receptor (TFRC)—is required for iron import from transferrin into cells by endocytosis
  • Collagen type III (COL3)—found in found in extensible connective tissues such as skin, lung, and the vascular system
  • ATP5G3 ATP synthase
  • NADH dehydrogenase (NDUFB11)—participates in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
  • McCoy's medium with 10% of FCS lithium carbonate (SigmaAldrich Cat #62472) was added in order to establish concentration of 10 ⁇ M, for 48 hours.
  • Cells from both flasks, treated by lithium carbonate alone, glyccyrhizic acid alone and combination of both and control were detached by exposition to 5 ml of Trypsin EDTA.
  • Flasks were then placed to incubate at 37° C., 5%-CO2 for 10 min and collected to 15 ml sterile tubes.
  • FIG. 24 shows the results of the real-time PCR.

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