US20180076353A1 - Plasmonic light emitting diode - Google Patents
Plasmonic light emitting diode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20180076353A1 US20180076353A1 US15/266,088 US201615266088A US2018076353A1 US 20180076353 A1 US20180076353 A1 US 20180076353A1 US 201615266088 A US201615266088 A US 201615266088A US 2018076353 A1 US2018076353 A1 US 2018076353A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- quantum well
- well structure
- light emitting
- emitting diode
- recited
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000980 Aluminium gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000530 Gallium indium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/04—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction
- H01L33/06—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction within the light emitting region, e.g. quantum confinement structure or tunnel barrier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0062—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/58—Optical field-shaping elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/58—Optical field-shaping elements
- H01L33/60—Reflective elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2933/00—Details relating to devices covered by the group H01L33/00 but not provided for in its subgroups
- H01L2933/0008—Processes
- H01L2933/0033—Processes relating to semiconductor body packages
- H01L2933/0058—Processes relating to semiconductor body packages relating to optical field-shaping elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/64—Heat extraction or cooling elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to light emitting diodes, and more particularly to plasmonic light emitting diodes formed on-chip to provide greater output and a smaller footprint.
- LEDs High performance miniaturized light emitting diodes
- LEDs provide a promising device for applications, such as, next generation bio-sensing components and optical links.
- Conventional plasmonic LEDs need to match a metal resonance wavelength with a semiconductor gain spectrum, which force structural and material limitations on the devices.
- a light emitting diode includes a square quantum well structure, the quantum well structure including III-V materials.
- a dielectric layer is formed on the quantum well structure.
- a plasmonic metal is formed on the dielectric layer and is configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode that is independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure to generate light.
- Another light emitting diode includes a glass substrate and a square quantum well structure mounted of the glass substrate, the quantum well structure including alternating layers of III-V materials to generate light using optical pumping.
- a dielectric layer is formed on the quantum well structure.
- a plasmonic metal is formed on the dielectric layer and is configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure.
- a method for fabricating a light emitting diode includes forming a square quantum well structure on a substrate, the quantum well structure including III-V materials; forming a dielectric layer on the quantum well structure; and depositing a plasmonic metal on the dielectric layer, the plasmonic metal being configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode independently of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a quantum well (QW) arrangement with a dielectric layer and plasmonic metal for enhancing output of a microcavity diode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing another quantum well (QW) arrangement with a dielectric layer and plasmonic metal for enhancing output of a microcavity diode bonded to a glass substrate in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 shows graphs of emission intensity (counts/s) versus wavelength for a plasmonic device and a conventional device, the devices being 10 microns square in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 shows graphs of emission intensity (counts/s) versus wavelength for a plasmonic device and a conventional device, the devices being 5 microns square in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5 shows graphs of emission intensity (counts/s) versus wavelength for a plasmonic device and a conventional device, the devices being 4 microns square in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 6 shows a graph of emission intensity (counts/s) versus input optical power (microWatts) for a 10 micron square plasmonic device, a 5 micron square plasmonic device, a 4 micron square plasmonic device and control devices of the same sizes in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a block/flow diagram showing methods for fabricating a plasmonic diode in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- aspects of the present invention include a propagating plasmonic mode light emitting diode that functions at any wavelength.
- Useful embodiments include a propagating surface plasmonic mode to provide microcavity LEDs with enhanced light output.
- emission intensity scales linearly with input power.
- a plasmonic LED in accordance with embodiments of the present invention provides an enhancement of a factor of about 2 or greater as compared to conventional LEDs.
- emission intensity approximately scales with area, e.g., emission intensity is approximately ⁇ Intensity*area.
- the plasmonic LED may be formed using III-V materials and placed on substrates, such as Si, to enable the formation of additional circuits using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing.
- CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- the plasmonic mode LED can be employed with III-V active materials on a glass substrate for optical coupling.
- a plasmonic mode is employed for enhancing light coupling efficiency into a waveguide.
- the plasmonic mode includes employing plasmonic surface excitation to generate photons.
- the present embodiments can include a design for an integrated circuit chip, which can be created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer can transmit the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly.
- the stored design is then converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer.
- the photolithographic masks are utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed.
- the resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form.
- the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections).
- the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product.
- the end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor.
- material compounds will be described in terms of listed elements, e.g., GaAs. These compounds include different proportions of the elements within the compound, e.g., GaAs includes Ga x As 1-x where x is less than or equal to 1, etc. In addition, other elements can be included in the compound and still function in accordance with the present principles. The compounds with additional elements will be referred to herein as alloys.
- any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B).
- such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C).
- This can be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed.
- spatially relative terms such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, can be used herein for ease of description to describe one element's or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the FIGS. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the FIGS. For example, if the device in the FIGS. is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below.
- the device can be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptors used herein can be interpreted accordingly.
- a layer is referred to as being “between” two layers, it can be the only layer between the two layers, or one or more intervening layers can also be present.
- the LED 100 includes a periodic quantum well (QW) arrangement or structure 102 .
- the QW arrangement 102 includes GaAs QWs with alternating layers of different GaAs materials (e.g., AlGaAs and GaAs).
- the alternating layers may number between, e.g., 10 and 100 and include a relationship with the wavelength of generated light to achieve light amplification.
- the QW 102 (or multiple quantum well (MQW)) active regions may include alternating layers of, e.g., 10 nm GaAs/10 nm AlGaAs (Al 0.3 , Ga 0.7 As).
- layers 101 and 103 may respectively include GaAs and AlGaAs.
- the LED 100 is preferably optically pumped using a laser or diode.
- the optical pumping provides an input power to the diode.
- the input power is enhanced to provide an enhanced emission using plasmonic excitation.
- the optical pump can be included in the QW structure 102 , or may be included in a separate device.
- the optical pumping can be done with a light source having a photon energy larger than a bandgap of LED 100 materials.
- the structure 102 can be formed on a dielectric layer 106 .
- the dielectric layer 106 can include a material such as aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) or other suitable material.
- a plasmonic metal 108 is formed in contact with the dielectric layer 104 .
- the QW arrangement 102 includes III-V gain materials (e.g., GaAs, InGaAs, GaN, InGaAl, etc.) formed in proximity of the plasmonic metal 108 .
- the periodic quantum well (QW) arrangement or structure 102 is sandwiched between top 114 and bottom 116 buffer/contact layers.
- the buffer or contact layers 114 and 116 may include a material such as Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As, although other compositions and materials may be employed. Instead of or in addition to the buffer layers 114 and 116 , highly doped contact layers ( 114 , 116 ) may be formed.
- the contact layer 114 may be, e.g., 20 nm thick and may include highly doped GaAs.
- a second electrode 116 (or the electrode can be connected to layer 116 ) can be formed using an n+ doped layer or a side contact may be employed. In one embodiment, a thin highly doped layer is employed for making the contact 116 .
- the metal 108 may include, e.g., Au, although other metals may be employed (e.g., Cu, Ag, Al, etc.).
- the light generated in the QW arrangement 102 causes plasmonic activity in the plasmonic material 108 to excite electrons in the metal 108 .
- the LED 100 generates light using the plasmonic/photonic properties of the device to produce light (as a laser or light emitting diode (LED)).
- the plasmonic metal 108 is formed on the dielectric layer 106 and is configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode that is independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure 102 .
- the plasmons are generated in a waveguide mode (through dielectric layer 106 ) and can include any wavelength.
- the plasmonic metal 108 can also include a dielectrically-loaded surface plasmon polariton (DLSPP) mode.
- the transmission properties of the DLSPP mode depends on the wavelength of the light.
- the metal 108 may include a thickness of between about 50 nm to about 300 nm.
- the metal 108 may also provide heat sink properties to reduce the operating temperature of the device 100 and provide a reflective surface to reduce photon loss.
- estimates of pump power loss between a device 100 and a conventional device having the same dimensions without a plasmonic metal layer 108 , using a transfer matrix method result in significant decreases in power loss.
- loss at the bottom surface of the device (where the plasmonic metal layer 108 is in device 100 and a corresponding surface in the conventional device) was about 32.4% for the conventional device and only 26.5% for the device 100 in accordance with the present embodiments.
- the present device 100 provides enhanced light emission with comparable pump levels at active layers as compared to those for conventional devices.
- the QW arrangement 102 can be formed on a substrate 110 .
- the LED 100 may be bonded on a SiO 2 /Si material as the substrate 110 or monolithically grown on GaAs as the substrate 110 .
- the Si substrate 110 is compatible with CMOS processing.
- the substrate 110 may include field effect transistors, lasers, diodes, bio-sensing components or other devices formed thereon.
- the LED 100 may be bonded to a glass substrate 110 .
- the substrate 110 may be removed (e.g., by etching) to expose the plasmonic metal 108 , and the metal 108 may be bonded to the glass (or other suitable material) substrate.
- the device 100 is wax bonded to a glass substrate.
- the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 can include the plasmonic LED structure 100 with a thin layer (e.g., about 100 nm) of metal 108 and a thin layer (about 20 nm to about 500 nm) of light emission layer(s) 102 .
- a preferred metal 108 includes material having low absorption loss at the working wavelength. For near infrared, Au, Ag, Cu are preferred options.
- the light emission layer 102 can include III-V compound semiconductor quantum wells.
- the square cavity integrated nano-cavity plasmonic light source 100 may include a 10 micron ⁇ 10 micron footprint. Other sizes can be 3 microns ⁇ 3 microns and as low as submicron dimensions. In one embodiment, the square cavity plasmonic LED light source 100 can include a 250 nm ⁇ 250 nm footprint or less.
- light emission measurements are plotted on a graph 202 for a plasmonic LED in accordance with a present embodiment.
- light emission measurements are plotted on a graph 204 for a conventional LED.
- Graphs 202 and 204 depict emission peak intensity (photon counts/second ( ⁇ 10 5 )) on the y-axis and wavelength (nm) on the x-axis.
- the LEDs employed in graphs 202 and 204 include a 10 micron square device.
- Plotted in each graph 202 , 204 are a number or traces (traces 206 - 222 in graph 202 and traces 224 - 238 in graph 204 ).
- the traces show varying effective input powers in microWatts. Table 1 shows the effective input powers versus traces in FIG. 3 .
- light emission measurements are plotted on a graph 302 for a plasmonic LED in accordance with a present embodiment.
- a graph 304 for a conventional LED depict emission peak intensity (photon counts/second ( ⁇ 10 4 )) on the y-axis and wavelength (nm) on the x-axis.
- the LEDs employed in graphs 302 and 304 include a 5 micron square device.
- Plotted in each graph 302 , 304 are a number or traces (traces 306 - 316 in graph 302 and traces 320 - 332 in graph 304 ). The traces show varying effective input powers in microWatts. Table 2 shows the effective input powers versus traces in FIG. 4 .
- light emission measurements are plotted on a graph 402 for a plasmonic LED in accordance with a present embodiment.
- light emission measurements are plotted on a graph 404 for a conventional LED.
- Graphs 402 and 404 depict emission peak intensity (photon counts/second ( ⁇ 10 4 )) on the y-axis and wavelength (nm) on the x-axis.
- the LEDs employed in graphs 402 and 404 include a 4 micron square device.
- Plotted in each graph 402 , 404 are a number or traces (traces 406 - 416 in graph 402 and traces 420 - 432 in graph 404 ).
- the traces show varying effective input powers in microWatts. Table 3 shows the effective input powers versus traces in FIG. 5 .
- emission intensity approximately scales with area, e.g., emission intensity ⁇ area.
- FIG. 6 shows emission peak intensity (counts/s) ( ⁇ 10 5 ) versus input optical power (microWatts) for devices of different sizes.
- Trace 502 is a plot for a 10 micron square plasmonic device.
- Trace 504 is a plot for a 10 micron square control device (conventional) for comparison.
- Trace 506 is a plot for a 5 micron square plasmonic device.
- Trace 508 is a plot for a 5 micron square control device (conventional) for comparison.
- Trace 510 is a plot for a 4 micron square plasmonic device.
- Trace 512 is a plot for a 4 micron square control device (conventional) for comparison.
- each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
- a square quantum well structure is formed on a substrate.
- the quantum well structure preferably includes III-V materials.
- the square quantum well structure may be formed using a III-V substrate and depositing alternating layers on the surface of the previous layer or substrate.
- the alternating layers form a stack and can be deposited using epitaxial growth processes to maintain crystal structure.
- the epitaxial growth processes may include in-situ doping.
- the layers are patterned and etched using a lithographic patterning technique.
- the alternating layers include GaAs and AlGaAs materials. Other materials can also be employed.
- a buffer layer or contact can be formed on the stack.
- a dielectric layer is formed on the quantum well structure or stack (e.g., on the buffer/contact layer, if present).
- a plasmonic metal is deposited on the dielectric layer.
- the plasmonic metal is configured to excite surface plasmons in a plasmon mode independently of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure.
- Conventional plasmonic LEDs need to match a metal resonance wavelength with a semiconductor gain spectrum, however, the present structures can work with any wavelength in a waveguide mode and are not limited to such matching.
- the plasmonic metal may be deposited using chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, atomic layer deposition or any other suitable process.
- the plasmonic metal on the stack will be referred to as a plasmonic stack.
- the substrate is removed from the plasmonic stack, e.g., by an etch process, a mechanical cleaving process, such as, e.g., spalling, etc.
- the plasmonic stack can be transferred to another substrate by a chip transfer process.
- the plasmonic stack may be bonded to a glass substrate, an integrated circuit, a semiconductor substrate, etc.
- the new substrate may include light coupling components, lasers or diodes for optical pumping, electronic components or circuitry, bio-medical processing devices, etc.
- a second contact or buffer layer may be formed on the exposed portion of the plasmonic stack to complete the device.
- the square quantum well structure preferably includes a side dimension of less than about 10 microns, although smaller and sub-micron dimensions are also contemplated. Smaller micro cavity devices are particularly useful in bio-sensing devices and optical links.
- light loss is reduced from the diode using the plasmonic metal to reflect light.
- This includes providing a smooth interface with the dielectric layer and proper material selection of the metal and dielectric material of the layer to ensure optimal reflective properties.
- the plasmonic metal enhances emission intensity by at least a factor of 2 over a same device without the plasmonic metal.
- the plasmonic metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Cu, Ag and Al, although other metals may be employed.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Led Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A light emitting diode includes a square quantum well structure, the quantum well structure including III-V materials. A dielectric layer is formed on the quantum well structure. A plasmonic metal is formed on the dielectric layer and is configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode that is independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure to generate light.
Description
- The present invention relates to light emitting diodes, and more particularly to plasmonic light emitting diodes formed on-chip to provide greater output and a smaller footprint.
- High performance miniaturized light emitting diodes (LEDs) provide a promising device for applications, such as, next generation bio-sensing components and optical links. Conventional plasmonic LEDs need to match a metal resonance wavelength with a semiconductor gain spectrum, which force structural and material limitations on the devices.
- In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a light emitting diode includes a square quantum well structure, the quantum well structure including III-V materials. A dielectric layer is formed on the quantum well structure. A plasmonic metal is formed on the dielectric layer and is configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode that is independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure to generate light.
- Another light emitting diode includes a glass substrate and a square quantum well structure mounted of the glass substrate, the quantum well structure including alternating layers of III-V materials to generate light using optical pumping. A dielectric layer is formed on the quantum well structure. A plasmonic metal is formed on the dielectric layer and is configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure.
- A method for fabricating a light emitting diode includes forming a square quantum well structure on a substrate, the quantum well structure including III-V materials; forming a dielectric layer on the quantum well structure; and depositing a plasmonic metal on the dielectric layer, the plasmonic metal being configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode independently of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure.
- These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
- The following description will provide details of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a quantum well (QW) arrangement with a dielectric layer and plasmonic metal for enhancing output of a microcavity diode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing another quantum well (QW) arrangement with a dielectric layer and plasmonic metal for enhancing output of a microcavity diode bonded to a glass substrate in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 shows graphs of emission intensity (counts/s) versus wavelength for a plasmonic device and a conventional device, the devices being 10 microns square in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 4 shows graphs of emission intensity (counts/s) versus wavelength for a plasmonic device and a conventional device, the devices being 5 microns square in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 5 shows graphs of emission intensity (counts/s) versus wavelength for a plasmonic device and a conventional device, the devices being 4 microns square in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 6 shows a graph of emission intensity (counts/s) versus input optical power (microWatts) for a 10 micron square plasmonic device, a 5 micron square plasmonic device, a 4 micron square plasmonic device and control devices of the same sizes in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and -
FIG. 7 is a block/flow diagram showing methods for fabricating a plasmonic diode in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. - Aspects of the present invention include a propagating plasmonic mode light emitting diode that functions at any wavelength. Useful embodiments include a propagating surface plasmonic mode to provide microcavity LEDs with enhanced light output. For LEDs, emission intensity scales linearly with input power. With a same active region size, a plasmonic LED in accordance with embodiments of the present invention provides an enhancement of a factor of about 2 or greater as compared to conventional LEDs. Compared between different device sizes, emission intensity approximately scales with area, e.g., emission intensity is approximately ∫Intensity*area.
- In one embodiment, the plasmonic LED may be formed using III-V materials and placed on substrates, such as Si, to enable the formation of additional circuits using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing. In other embodiments, the plasmonic mode LED can be employed with III-V active materials on a glass substrate for optical coupling. A plasmonic mode is employed for enhancing light coupling efficiency into a waveguide. The plasmonic mode includes employing plasmonic surface excitation to generate photons.
- It is to be understood that aspects of the present invention will be described in terms of a given illustrative architecture; however, other architectures, structures, substrate materials and process features and steps can be varied within the scope of aspects of the present invention.
- It will also be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” or “over” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements can also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly over” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements can be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present.
- The present embodiments can include a design for an integrated circuit chip, which can be created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer can transmit the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design is then converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer. The photolithographic masks are utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed.
- Methods as described herein can be used in the fabrication of integrated circuit chips. The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case, the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case, the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor.
- It should also be understood that material compounds will be described in terms of listed elements, e.g., GaAs. These compounds include different proportions of the elements within the compound, e.g., GaAs includes GaxAs1-x where x is less than or equal to 1, etc. In addition, other elements can be included in the compound and still function in accordance with the present principles. The compounds with additional elements will be referred to herein as alloys.
- Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
- It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This can be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed.
- The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including,” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof.
- Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, can be used herein for ease of description to describe one element's or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the FIGS. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the FIGS. For example, if the device in the FIGS. is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device can be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptors used herein can be interpreted accordingly. In addition, it will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “between” two layers, it can be the only layer between the two layers, or one or more intervening layers can also be present.
- It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. can be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element discussed below could be termed a second element without departing from the scope of the present concept.
- Referring now to the drawings in which like numerals represent the same or similar elements and initially to
FIG. 1 , a plasmonic light emitting diode (LED) 100 is shown in accordance with one embodiment. TheLED 100 includes a periodic quantum well (QW) arrangement orstructure 102. In one embodiment, theQW arrangement 102 includes GaAs QWs with alternating layers of different GaAs materials (e.g., AlGaAs and GaAs). The alternating layers may number between, e.g., 10 and 100 and include a relationship with the wavelength of generated light to achieve light amplification. In one embodiment, the QW 102 (or multiple quantum well (MQW)) active regions may include alternating layers of, e.g., 10 nm GaAs/10 nm AlGaAs (Al0.3, Ga0.7As). For example, layers 101 and 103 may respectively include GaAs and AlGaAs. - The
LED 100 is preferably optically pumped using a laser or diode. The optical pumping provides an input power to the diode. The input power is enhanced to provide an enhanced emission using plasmonic excitation. The optical pump can be included in theQW structure 102, or may be included in a separate device. The optical pumping can be done with a light source having a photon energy larger than a bandgap ofLED 100 materials. - The
structure 102 can be formed on adielectric layer 106. Thedielectric layer 106 can include a material such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) or other suitable material. Aplasmonic metal 108 is formed in contact with the dielectric layer 104. - The
QW arrangement 102 includes III-V gain materials (e.g., GaAs, InGaAs, GaN, InGaAl, etc.) formed in proximity of theplasmonic metal 108. The periodic quantum well (QW) arrangement orstructure 102 is sandwiched betweentop 114 and bottom 116 buffer/contact layers. The buffer orcontact layers contact layer 114 may be, e.g., 20 nm thick and may include highly doped GaAs. A second electrode 116 (or the electrode can be connected to layer 116) can be formed using an n+ doped layer or a side contact may be employed. In one embodiment, a thin highly doped layer is employed for making thecontact 116. - The
metal 108 may include, e.g., Au, although other metals may be employed (e.g., Cu, Ag, Al, etc.). The light generated in theQW arrangement 102 causes plasmonic activity in theplasmonic material 108 to excite electrons in themetal 108. TheLED 100 generates light using the plasmonic/photonic properties of the device to produce light (as a laser or light emitting diode (LED)). Theplasmonic metal 108 is formed on thedielectric layer 106 and is configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode that is independent of light wavelength generated by thequantum well structure 102. The plasmons are generated in a waveguide mode (through dielectric layer 106) and can include any wavelength. Theplasmonic metal 108 can also include a dielectrically-loaded surface plasmon polariton (DLSPP) mode. The transmission properties of the DLSPP mode depends on the wavelength of the light. - The
metal 108 may include a thickness of between about 50 nm to about 300 nm. Themetal 108 may also provide heat sink properties to reduce the operating temperature of thedevice 100 and provide a reflective surface to reduce photon loss. In one example, estimates of pump power loss between adevice 100 and a conventional device having the same dimensions without aplasmonic metal layer 108, using a transfer matrix method, result in significant decreases in power loss. For example, loss at the bottom surface of the device (where theplasmonic metal layer 108 is indevice 100 and a corresponding surface in the conventional device) was about 32.4% for the conventional device and only 26.5% for thedevice 100 in accordance with the present embodiments. In addition to reduced loss, thepresent device 100 provides enhanced light emission with comparable pump levels at active layers as compared to those for conventional devices. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , theQW arrangement 102 can be formed on asubstrate 110. TheLED 100 may be bonded on a SiO2/Si material as thesubstrate 110 or monolithically grown on GaAs as thesubstrate 110. In one embodiment, theSi substrate 110 is compatible with CMOS processing. Thesubstrate 110 may include field effect transistors, lasers, diodes, bio-sensing components or other devices formed thereon. In other embodiments, theLED 100 may be bonded to aglass substrate 110. In such embodiments, thesubstrate 110 may be removed (e.g., by etching) to expose theplasmonic metal 108, and themetal 108 may be bonded to the glass (or other suitable material) substrate. In one embodiment, thedevice 100 is wax bonded to a glass substrate. - The embodiments depicted in
FIGS. 1 and 2 can include theplasmonic LED structure 100 with a thin layer (e.g., about 100 nm) ofmetal 108 and a thin layer (about 20 nm to about 500 nm) of light emission layer(s) 102. Apreferred metal 108 includes material having low absorption loss at the working wavelength. For near infrared, Au, Ag, Cu are preferred options. Thelight emission layer 102 can include III-V compound semiconductor quantum wells. - In one embodiment, the square cavity integrated nano-cavity plasmonic
light source 100 may include a 10 micron×10 micron footprint. Other sizes can be 3 microns×3 microns and as low as submicron dimensions. In one embodiment, the square cavity plasmonicLED light source 100 can include a 250 nm×250 nm footprint or less. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , light emission measurements are plotted on agraph 202 for a plasmonic LED in accordance with a present embodiment. For comparison, light emission measurements are plotted on agraph 204 for a conventional LED.Graphs graphs graph graph 202 and traces 224-238 in graph 204). The traces show varying effective input powers in microWatts. Table 1 shows the effective input powers versus traces inFIG. 3 . -
TABLE 1 Input power: Power Traces in graph 202Traces in graph 204 (microW) (present embodiment) (conventional) 8.79 Trace 206Trace 22417.75 Trace 208No trace 29.2 Trace 210Trace 22646.31 Trace 212Trace 22871.8 Trace 214Trace 230105.5 Trace 216Trace 232156 Trace 218Trace 234232.8 Trace 220Trace 236346.2 Trace 222Trace 238 - Devices employed included GaAs MQW with plasmonic metal (graph 202) and without metal (graph 204) at the bottom of the device. In addition, the substrate was removed, and the devices were bonded by wax on glass. Emission intensity scales linearly with input power for the plasmonic device of
graph 202. With the same size of active region as conventional devices, the plasmonic LED in accordance with aspects of the present invention (graph 202) provides a count/s enhancement by a factor of ˜2 compared with conventional LEDs ofgraph 204. - Referring to
FIG. 4 , light emission measurements are plotted on agraph 302 for a plasmonic LED in accordance with a present embodiment. For comparison, light emission measurements are plotted on agraph 304 for a conventional LED.Graphs graphs graph graph 302 and traces 320-332 in graph 304). The traces show varying effective input powers in microWatts. Table 2 shows the effective input powers versus traces inFIG. 4 . -
TABLE 2 Input power: Power Traces in graph 302Traces in graph 304 (microW) (present embodiment) (conventional) 8.79 Trace 306Trace 32017.75 Trace 308Trace 32229.2 Trace 310Trace 32446.31 Trace 312Trace 32671.8 Trace 314Trace 328105.5 Trace 316Trace 330156 No Trace Trace 332 - Devices employed included GaAs MQW with plasmonic metal (graph 302) and without metal (graph 304) at the bottom of the device. In addition, the substrate was removed, and the devices were bonded by wax on glass. Emission intensity scales linearly with input power for the plasmonic device of
graph 302. With the same size of active region as conventional devices, the plasmonic LED in accordance with aspects of the present invention (graph 302) provides a count/s enhancement by a factor of ˜2 compared with conventional LEDs ofgraph 304. - Referring to
FIG. 5 , light emission measurements are plotted on agraph 402 for a plasmonic LED in accordance with a present embodiment. For comparison, light emission measurements are plotted on agraph 404 for a conventional LED.Graphs graphs graph graph 402 and traces 420-432 in graph 404). The traces show varying effective input powers in microWatts. Table 3 shows the effective input powers versus traces inFIG. 5 . -
TABLE 3 Input power: Power Traces in graph 302Traces in graph 304 (microW) (present embodiment) (conventional) 8.79 Trace 406Trace 42017.75 No Trace Trace 422 29.2 Trace 408Trace 42446.31 Trace 410Trace 42671.8 Trace 412Trace 428105.5 Trace 414Trace 430156 No Trace Trace 432 - Devices employed included GaAs MQW with plasmonic metal (graph 402) and without metal (graph 404) at the bottom of the device. In addition, the substrate was removed, and the devices were bonded by wax on glass. Emission intensity scales linearly with input power for the plasmonic device of
graph 402. With the same size of active region as conventional devices, the plasmonic LED in accordance with aspects of the present invention (graph 402) provides a count/s enhancement by a factor of ˜2 compared with conventional LEDs ofgraph 404. - Referring to
FIG. 6 , in accordance with aspects of the present invention, for different sized plasmonic devices (e.g., 10 micron square, 5 micron square, 4 micron square, etc.), emission intensity approximately scales with area, e.g., emission intensity ∝ area.FIG. 6 shows emission peak intensity (counts/s) (×105) versus input optical power (microWatts) for devices of different sizes.Trace 502 is a plot for a 10 micron square plasmonic device.Trace 504 is a plot for a 10 micron square control device (conventional) for comparison.Trace 506 is a plot for a 5 micron square plasmonic device.Trace 508 is a plot for a 5 micron square control device (conventional) for comparison.Trace 510 is a plot for a 4 micron square plasmonic device.Trace 512 is a plot for a 4 micron square control device (conventional) for comparison. - Referring to
FIG. 7 , methods for fabricating a light emitting diode are illustratively described and shown. In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. - In
block 602, a square quantum well structure is formed on a substrate. The quantum well structure preferably includes III-V materials. The square quantum well structure may be formed using a III-V substrate and depositing alternating layers on the surface of the previous layer or substrate. The alternating layers form a stack and can be deposited using epitaxial growth processes to maintain crystal structure. The epitaxial growth processes may include in-situ doping. The layers are patterned and etched using a lithographic patterning technique. - In one embodiment, the alternating layers include GaAs and AlGaAs materials. Other materials can also be employed. A buffer layer or contact can be formed on the stack. In
block 604, a dielectric layer is formed on the quantum well structure or stack (e.g., on the buffer/contact layer, if present). - In
block 606, a plasmonic metal is deposited on the dielectric layer. The plasmonic metal is configured to excite surface plasmons in a plasmon mode independently of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure. Conventional plasmonic LEDs need to match a metal resonance wavelength with a semiconductor gain spectrum, however, the present structures can work with any wavelength in a waveguide mode and are not limited to such matching. The plasmonic metal may be deposited using chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, atomic layer deposition or any other suitable process. The plasmonic metal on the stack will be referred to as a plasmonic stack. - In
block 608, the substrate is removed from the plasmonic stack, e.g., by an etch process, a mechanical cleaving process, such as, e.g., spalling, etc. The plasmonic stack can be transferred to another substrate by a chip transfer process. The plasmonic stack may be bonded to a glass substrate, an integrated circuit, a semiconductor substrate, etc. The new substrate may include light coupling components, lasers or diodes for optical pumping, electronic components or circuitry, bio-medical processing devices, etc. A second contact or buffer layer may be formed on the exposed portion of the plasmonic stack to complete the device. - The square quantum well structure preferably includes a side dimension of less than about 10 microns, although smaller and sub-micron dimensions are also contemplated. Smaller micro cavity devices are particularly useful in bio-sensing devices and optical links.
- In
block 610, light loss is reduced from the diode using the plasmonic metal to reflect light. This includes providing a smooth interface with the dielectric layer and proper material selection of the metal and dielectric material of the layer to ensure optimal reflective properties. In one embodiment, using reflective properties and plasmonic excitation, the plasmonic metal enhances emission intensity by at least a factor of 2 over a same device without the plasmonic metal. In useful embodiments, the plasmonic metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Cu, Ag and Al, although other metals may be employed. - Having described preferred embodiments for a plasmonic light emitting diode (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes can be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. A light emitting diode, comprising:
a square quantum well structure, the quantum well structure including III-V materials;
a dielectric layer on the quantum well structure; and
a plasmonic metal formed on the dielectric layer and configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode that is independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure to generate light, wherein the plasmonic metal and the dielectric layer are disposed between the square quantum well structure and a substrate.
2. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the square quantum well structure includes a side dimension of less than about 10 microns.
3. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the quantum well structure includes alternating layers of materials.
4. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 3 , wherein the alternating layers include GaAs and AlGaAs materials.
5. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plasmonic metal reduces light loss from the diode through reflection.
6. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plasmonic metal enhances emission intensity by a factor of about 2 over a same device without the plasmonic metal.
7. The light emitting, de as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plasmonic metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Cu, Ag and Al.
8. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer includes aluminum oxide.
9. A light emitting diode, comprising:
a glass substrate;
a square quantum well structure mounted of the glass substrate, the quantum well structure including alternating layers of III-V materials to generate light using optical pumping;
a dielectric layer formed on the quantum well structure; and
a plasmonic metal formed on the dielectric layer and configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode independent of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure, wherein the plasmonic metal and the dielectric layer are disposed between the square quantum well structure and the substrate.
10. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 9 , wherein the square quantum well structure includes a side dimension of less than about 10 microns.
11. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 9 , wherein the alternating layers include GaAs and AlGaAs materials.
12. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 9 , wherein the plasmonic metal reduces light loss from the diode through reflection.
13. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 9 , wherein the plasmonic metal enhances emission intensity by a factor of about 2 over a same device without the plasmonic metal.
14. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 9 , wherein the plasmonic metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Cu, Ag and Al.
15. The light emitting diode as recited in claim 9 , wherein the dielectric layer includes aluminum oxide.
16. A method for fabricating a light emitting diode, comprising:
forming a square quantum well structure on a substrate, the quantum well structure including III-V materials;
forming a dielectric layer on the quantum well structure; and
depositing a plasmonic metal on the dielectric layer, the plasmonic metal being configured to excite surface plasmons in a waveguide mode independently of light wavelength generated by the quantum well structure, wherein the plasmonic metal and the dielectric layer are disposed between the square quantum well structure and the substrate.
17. The method as recited in claim 16 , wherein the square quantum well structure includes a side dimension of less than about 10 microns.
18. The method as recited in claim 16 , further comprising reducing light loss from the light emitting diode using the plasmonic metal to reflect light.
19. The method as recited in claim 16 , wherein the plasmonic metal enhances emission intensity by a factor of about 2 over a same device without the plasmonic metal.
20. The method as recited in claim 16 , wherein the plasmonic metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Cu, Ag and Al.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/266,088 US9935239B1 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2016-09-15 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
US15/887,336 US10263142B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2018-02-02 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
US16/272,374 US10741720B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2019-02-11 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/266,088 US9935239B1 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2016-09-15 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/887,336 Continuation US10263142B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2018-02-02 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20180076353A1 true US20180076353A1 (en) | 2018-03-15 |
US9935239B1 US9935239B1 (en) | 2018-04-03 |
Family
ID=61560321
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/266,088 Active US9935239B1 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2016-09-15 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
US15/887,336 Active US10263142B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2018-02-02 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
US16/272,374 Active US10741720B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2019-02-11 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
Family Applications After (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/887,336 Active US10263142B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2018-02-02 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
US16/272,374 Active US10741720B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2019-02-11 | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US9935239B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20220190197A1 (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2022-06-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Micro light emitting diodes with nanostructures |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111952423B (en) * | 2019-05-17 | 2021-06-25 | 电子科技大学中山学院 | Electrically-driven light source with surface plasmon high output efficiency |
TWI827064B (en) * | 2021-07-27 | 2023-12-21 | 大陸商重慶康佳光電技術研究院有限公司 | Led epitaxy structure and manufacturing method thereof, and led device |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110272669A1 (en) * | 2009-01-30 | 2011-11-10 | Tan Michael R T | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4599546B2 (en) | 2001-03-12 | 2010-12-15 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | Low-dimensional plasmon light emitting device |
US7010183B2 (en) * | 2002-03-20 | 2006-03-07 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Surface plasmon devices |
US20050285128A1 (en) | 2004-02-10 | 2005-12-29 | California Institute Of Technology | Surface plasmon light emitter structure and method of manufacture |
EP2176891B1 (en) * | 2007-07-19 | 2018-12-26 | Lumileds Holding B.V. | Vertical led with conductive vias |
TWI363440B (en) * | 2007-11-01 | 2012-05-01 | Univ Nat Taiwan | Light-emitting device, light-emitting diode and method for forming a light-emitting device |
WO2009096919A1 (en) | 2008-01-30 | 2009-08-06 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Plasmon enhanced light-emitting diodes |
JP2011216555A (en) | 2010-03-31 | 2011-10-27 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Light emitting element |
CN102034913A (en) | 2010-10-11 | 2011-04-27 | 山东华光光电子有限公司 | Metal medium nano structure light-emitting diode and preparation method thereof |
US8653550B2 (en) | 2010-12-17 | 2014-02-18 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Inverted light emitting diode having plasmonically enhanced emission |
US9263689B2 (en) | 2013-02-13 | 2016-02-16 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Organic optoelectronic devices incorporating plasmonic electrodes |
WO2014175837A1 (en) | 2013-04-26 | 2014-10-30 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | High speed surface plasmon coupled light emitting diodes |
-
2016
- 2016-09-15 US US15/266,088 patent/US9935239B1/en active Active
-
2018
- 2018-02-02 US US15/887,336 patent/US10263142B2/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-02-11 US US16/272,374 patent/US10741720B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110272669A1 (en) * | 2009-01-30 | 2011-11-10 | Tan Michael R T | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
US9263637B2 (en) * | 2009-01-30 | 2016-02-16 | Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development Lp | Plasmonic light emitting diode |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20220190197A1 (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2022-06-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Micro light emitting diodes with nanostructures |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US10263142B2 (en) | 2019-04-16 |
US10741720B2 (en) | 2020-08-11 |
US20190189842A1 (en) | 2019-06-20 |
US9935239B1 (en) | 2018-04-03 |
US20180175242A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10741720B2 (en) | Plasmonic light emitting diode | |
EP1526583B1 (en) | Photonic crystal light emitting device | |
US7422915B2 (en) | Light emitting diode and method for manufacturing the same | |
US11742632B2 (en) | Nanocavity monolayer laser monolithically integrated with LED pump | |
US9741897B2 (en) | Thin light emitting diode and fabrication method | |
WO2018003374A1 (en) | Manufacturing method for semiconductor optical device, and semiconductor optical device | |
JPH11154774A (en) | Surface light emission type semiconductor device, manufacture thereof, and display device using the same | |
WO2005093915A1 (en) | Contact-bonded optically pumped semiconductor laser structure | |
JP2004349711A (en) | Optical pumping semiconductor device | |
Kim et al. | Room‐Temperature InGaAs Nanowire Array Band‐Edge Lasers on Patterned Silicon‐on‐Insulator Platforms | |
US10727431B2 (en) | Optoelectronic devices based on intrinsic plasmon-exciton polaritons | |
US10374389B2 (en) | Plasmonic mode III-V laser as on-chip light source | |
US9871341B2 (en) | Laser on silicon made with 2D material gain medium | |
KR20190056288A (en) | Heterogeneous integrated circuit for short wavelengths | |
KR20080093556A (en) | Nitride light emitting device and method of making the same | |
EP3242336A1 (en) | Light emitting structures and systems on the basis of group-iv materials for the ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges based on surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons | |
GB2507513A (en) | Semiconductor device with epitaxially grown active layer adjacent an optically passive region | |
JPH08236807A (en) | Semiconductor light emitting element and semiconductor light emitting element array chip | |
US7812423B2 (en) | Optical device comprising crystalline semiconductor layer and reflective element | |
Lu et al. | Characteristics of metal-cavity surface-emitting microlaser | |
Pelzel et al. | Enabling the Next Generation of Optical Devices Through Fundamental Materials Engineering |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHEN, YAOJIA;LI, NING;SADANA, DEVENDRA K.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:039754/0990 Effective date: 20160912 |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1551); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 4 |