US20170032100A1 - Use of micro-ribonucleic acid (mirna) to diagnose transplant rejection and tolerance of immunosuppression therapy - Google Patents

Use of micro-ribonucleic acid (mirna) to diagnose transplant rejection and tolerance of immunosuppression therapy Download PDF

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US20170032100A1
US20170032100A1 US15/302,815 US201515302815A US2017032100A1 US 20170032100 A1 US20170032100 A1 US 20170032100A1 US 201515302815 A US201515302815 A US 201515302815A US 2017032100 A1 US2017032100 A1 US 2017032100A1
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hsa
mir
mirna
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Abraham Shaked
Bao-li Chang
Brendan KEATING
Toumy Guettouche
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University of Pennsylvania Penn
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    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B10/00—Other methods or instruments for diagnosis, e.g. instruments for taking a cell sample, for biopsy, for vaccination diagnosis; Sex determination; Ovulation-period determination; Throat striking implements
    • A61B10/0038—Devices for taking faeces samples; Faecal examination devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B10/00—Other methods or instruments for diagnosis, e.g. instruments for taking a cell sample, for biopsy, for vaccination diagnosis; Sex determination; Ovulation-period determination; Throat striking implements
    • A61B10/0045—Devices for taking samples of body liquids
    • A61B10/007—Devices for taking samples of body liquids for taking urine samples
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • G06F19/20—
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B25/00—ICT specially adapted for hybridisation; ICT specially adapted for gene or protein expression
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B25/00—ICT specially adapted for hybridisation; ICT specially adapted for gene or protein expression
    • G16B25/10—Gene or protein expression profiling; Expression-ratio estimation or normalisation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B25/00—ICT specially adapted for hybridisation; ICT specially adapted for gene or protein expression
    • G16B25/20—Polymerase chain reaction [PCR]; Primer or probe design; Probe optimisation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
    • G16H50/50—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics for simulation or modelling of medical disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B10/00—Other methods or instruments for diagnosis, e.g. instruments for taking a cell sample, for biopsy, for vaccination diagnosis; Sex determination; Ovulation-period determination; Throat striking implements
    • A61B10/0045—Devices for taking samples of body liquids
    • A61B2010/0061—Alimentary tract secretions, e.g. biliary, gastric, intestinal, pancreatic secretions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007—Details
    • A61B5/150015—Source of blood
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/178—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use miRNA, siRNA or ncRNA

Definitions

  • Solid organ transplantation provides life-saving therapy for patients with end-stage organ disease.
  • a total of 28,664 transplants were performed in the U.S., including 16,899 kidney, 6291 liver, 2333 heart, and 1770 lung transplants (Engels et al., 2011, JAMA, 306(17): 1891-1901).
  • rejection of graft still affects approximately 60% of transplanted individuals and is thus still major risk factors of graft loss with rejection observed in up to 40% of transplanted individuals within the first year post-transplant (Jain et at., 2000, Ann Surg. 232(4): 490-500).
  • Acute rejection is also a known risk factor for progressing to chronic rejection and thus detection and treatment of acute rejection episodes as early as possible is a major goal to minimize graft damage and to stem downstream rejection episodes.
  • adaptive immune responses to the grafted tissues are the major impediment to successful transplantation. Rejection is caused by immune responses to alloantigens on the graft, which are proteins that vary from individual to individual within a species and are therefore perceived as foreign by the recipient.
  • AST aspartate transferase
  • ALT alanine transferase
  • a level of more than three times of normal may also be due to include alcohol toxicity, viral hepatitis, liver cancer, sepsis, Wilson disease, autoimmune hepatitis and drug toxicity (Giboney, 2005, Am Fam Physician 15;71(6):1105-1110; Raurich et al., 2009, Hepatol. Res. 39 (7): 700-5.)
  • Allograft biopsies are currently highly invasive and are plagued by a number of complications including bleeding of the site of puncture, shock, allograft fistulas, and even graft loss and the biopsy procedure carries a greater risk in children.
  • the availability of a non-invasive diagnostic test with high sensitivity and specificity to inform clinicians regarding the status of the patient's rejection trajectory would be of considerable value.
  • Immunosuppression related toxicities can be significant. For instance, several studies in adult liver transplant recipients, have shown a time-dependent continuous decline in renal function with exposure to immunosuppressive therapy. Other important complications of long term immunosuppression include new onset of diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), hypertension, hyperlipidemia and the need for statin therapy (Srinivas et al., 2008, CJASN: (Supplement 2) S101-S116). To redress this situation, research priorities in organ transplantation are moving away from the search of novel powerful immunosuppressive drugs toward the identification of strategies to minimize immunosuppression.
  • Biomarkers can be used to determine the propensity to develop a disease, measure its progress, or predict prognosis (Wehling, 2006, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 62:91-95). In clinical trials, biomarkers can help in patient stratification and thereby increase the chances of a successful outcome by targeting the appropriate population. In addition, biomarkers can pave the way to individualize treatment and thereby usher in a new era in personalized medicine (Frank et al., 2003, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2:566-580). Incorporation of molecular biomarkers into immunosuppression treatments can have large benefits such as the avoidance of invasive biopsies as well as individualized guidance of minimization resulting in reductions in drug-related toxicities.
  • MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules of about 22 nucleotides that regulate the posttranscriptional expression of target genes (Bartel, 2004, Cell 116: 281-297).
  • the biogenesis of miRNA is a multistep process occurring in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • the mature miRNA is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex to bind the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation or translational inhibition (Kim et al., 2006, Trends Genet 22: 165-173).
  • miRNAs have been shown to play crucial roles in cellular development, cell differentiation, tumorigenesis, apoptosis and proliferation (He et al., 2004, Nat Rev Genet. 5: 522-531; Meltzer, 2005. Nature; 435: 745-746; Chen et al., 2004, Science; 303: 83-86.).
  • miRNAs are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses (Harris et al., 2010, Am J Transplant; 10: 713-719; Lindsay, 2008, Trends Immunol; 29: 343-351.).
  • miR-181a is an intrinsic modulator of T-cell sensitivity and selection that facilitates clonal deletion by modulating the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling threshold of thymocytes (Li et al., 2007, Cell 129: 147-161; Ebert et al., 2009, Nat Immunol; 10: 1162-1169.).
  • TCR T-cell receptor
  • miR-155 is important for cytokine production by T and B cells and antigen presentation by dendritic cells (Rodriguez et al., 2007, Science; 316: 608-611.).
  • miRNAs as immune regulators may govern expression of genes relevant to allograft rejection, tolerance induction and posttransplant infection in recipients of organ transplants (Harris et al., 2010, Am J Transplant; 10:713-719).
  • Recent studies have demonstrated differential expression of miRNAs after clinical renal transplantation. It was recently demonstrated that miRNAs are present in the serum and plasma of humans and other mammals, such as rats, mice, cows and horses (Chen et al., 2008, Cell Res. 18:997-1006; Mitchell et al., 2008, Proc. Natl.
  • the invention includes a method for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject.
  • This method comprises determining a level of at least one miRNA expression in a sample from the subject, comparing the level of at least one miRNA in the sample from the subject relative to a baseline level in a control wherein a difference in the level of the least one miRNA in the sample from the level of the at least one miRNA in the control is indicative of an acute transplant rejection, and further wherein when acute transplant rejection is indicated, treatment for the rejection is recommended.
  • the invention also includes a method for predicting minimization of immunosuppression therapy (IST) in a transplant subject.
  • This method comprises determining a level of at least one miRNA expression in a sample from the subject, comparing the level of at least one miRNA in the sample from the subject relative to a baseline level in a control wherein a difference in the level of the least one miRNA in the sample from the level of the at least one miRNA in the control is indicative of likelihood of success or failure of IST minimization, and further wherein when failure of IST minimization is indicated, treatment of the subject is recommended.
  • IST immunosuppression therapy
  • the invention further includes a composition for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject comprising a plurality of miRNAs consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23.
  • the invention further includes a composition for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject comprising a plurality of miRNAs consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23 and 97-134.
  • the invention further includes kit comprising a plurality of oligonucleotides that are configured to detect at least one miRNA from selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23 and 97-134.
  • the invention further includes a composition for detecting or predicting the ability, or non-ability, of minimizing IST dosage in a subject post-transplantation comprising a plurality of miRNAs consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8, 22, 24-48.
  • the invention further includes kit comprising a plurality of oligonucleotides that are configured to detect at least one miRNA from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8, 22, 24-48.
  • the acute transplant rejection comprises acute cellular rejection (ACR).
  • ACR acute cellular rejection
  • the at least one miRNA for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3.
  • the at least one miRNA for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4-15.
  • the at least one miRNA for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16-23.
  • the at least one miRNA for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In yet further embodiments, the at least one miRNA for detecting or predicting transplant rejection of a transplanted organ in a subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23 and 97-134. In some embodiments, the at least one miRNA for predicting minimization of immunosuppression therapy (IST) in a transplant subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24-26.
  • IST immunosuppression therapy
  • the at least one miRNA for predicting minimization of immunosuppression therapy (IST) in a transplant subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8, 22, 27-48. In other embodiments, the at least one miRNA for predicting minimization of immunosuppression therapy (IST) in a transplant subject is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6-8, 22, 24-48. In some embodiments, the minimization of IST is lower than the initial dosage by at least 75%.
  • the minimization of IST is lower than the initial dosage by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 35%, by at least 40%, by at least 45%, by at least 50%, by at least 55%, by at least 60%, by at least 65%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, or by at least 100%.
  • the level of the at least one miRNA is higher than the level of the at least one miRNA in the control by at least 1 fold.
  • determining the level of the at least one miRNA employs at least one technique selected from the group consisting of reverse transcription, PCR, microarray, and Next Generation Sequencing.
  • the sample is at least one selected from the group consisting of urine, peripheral blood, serum, bile, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, pericardial fluid, gastrointestinal fluids, stool samples, biological fluid gathered from an anatomic area in proximity to an allograft, and biological fluid from an allograft.
  • BAL bronchoalveolar lavage
  • the transplanted organ is at least one selected from the group consisting of heart, liver, lung, kidney, an intestine, pancreas, pancreatic islet cells, eye, skin, and stem cells.
  • the comparison of level of miRNA expression is computed in a regression model to indicate a trajectory of acute rejection of the transplanted organ.
  • the kit's oligonucleotides are configured to detect at least SEQ ID NOs: 1-3. In other embodiments, at least one of kit's oligonucleotides is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49-71 and 135-172.
  • the kit's oligonucleotides are configured to detect at least SEQ ID NOs: 24-26. In yet other embodiments, at least one of the kit's oligonucleotides is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 53-55, 70, 72-96. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In other embodiments, the mammal is a human.
  • This plot represents the 3-miRNA serum ACR diagnosis signature (hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-100 and hsa-miR-483).
  • FIG. 2 is a graph that depicts the LOESS smoothing (non-parametric regression methodology) plot of the composite scores of 3-miRNA ACR signature (hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-100 and hsa-miR-483) up to the day of biopsy diagnosed rejection.
  • the signature prediction of an ACR is labeled “Yes” and a non-ACR is labeled “No”.
  • ROC receiver operating characteristic
  • FIG. 5 is a series of box plots depicting the serum expression levels of the top five ACR-associated miRNAs identified by Qiagen Arrays.
  • the Y-axis indicates miRNA expression levels ( ⁇ dCt) and the X-axis indicates ACR status.
  • the present invention relates to the discovery that the expression levels of some microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as diagnostic signature to predict transplant outcomes in a transplant recipient.
  • the methods of the invention relate to methods of diagnosing a transplant subject for acute rejection such as acute cellular rejection (ACR), methods of predicting a subject's risk of having or developing ACR and methods of assessing if a subject is prone to a successful or failure reduction the immunosuppression therapy (IST) dosage from standard ranges.
  • ACR acute cellular rejection
  • IST immunosuppression therapy
  • an element means one element or more than one element.
  • abnormal when used in the context of organisms, tissues, cells or components thereof, refers to those organisms, tissues, cells or components thereof that differ in at least one observable or detectable characteristic (e.g., age, treatment, time of day, etc.) from those organisms, tissues, cells or components thereof that display the “normal” (expected) respective characteristic. Characteristics which are normal or expected for one cell or tissue type, might be abnormal for a different cell or tissue type.
  • a “disease” is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot maintain homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal's health continues to deteriorate.
  • a “disorder” in an animal is a state of health in which the animal is able to maintain homeostasis, but in which the animal's state of health is less favorable than it would be in the absence of the disorder. Left untreated, a disorder does not necessarily cause a further decrease in the animal's state of health.
  • disregulated and “dysregulation” as used herein describes a decreased (down-regulated) or increased (up-regulated) level of expression of a miRNA present and detected in a sample obtained from subject as compared to the level of expression of that miRNA present in a control sample, such as a control sample obtained from one or more normal, not-at-risk subjects, or from the same subject at a different time point.
  • a control sample such as a control sample obtained from one or more normal, not-at-risk subjects, or from the same subject at a different time point.
  • the level of miRNA expression is compared with an average value obtained from more than one not-at-risk individuals.
  • the level of miRNA expression is compared with a miRNA level assessed in a sample obtained from one normal, not-at-risk subject.
  • “Differentially increased expression” or “up regulation” refers to expression levels which are at least 10% or more, for example, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% higher or more, and/or 1.1 fold, 1.2 fold, 1.4 fold, 1.6 fold, 1.8 fold, 2.0 fold higher or more, and any and all whole or partial increments therebetween, than a control.
  • “Differentially decreased expression” or “down regulation” refers to expression levels which are at least 10% or more, for example, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% lower or less, and/or 2.0 fold, 1.8 fold, 1.6 fold, 1.4 fold, 1.2 fold, 1.1 fold or less lower, and any and all whole or partial increments therebetween, than a control.
  • expression is defined as the transcription and/or translation of a particular nucleotide sequence.
  • isolated means altered or removed from the natural state through the actions, directly or indirectly, of a human being.
  • a nucleic acid or a peptide naturally present in a living animal is not “isolated,” but the same nucleic acid or peptide partially or completely separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated.”
  • An isolated nucleic acid or protein can exist in substantially purified form, or can exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a host cell.
  • miRNA or “miRNA” describes miRNA molecules, generally about 15 to about 50 nucleotides in length, preferably 17-23 nucleotides, which can play a role in regulating gene expression through, for example, a process termed RNA interference (RNAi).
  • RNAi describes a phenomenon whereby the presence of an RNA sequence that is complementary or antisense to a sequence in a target gene messenger RNA (mRNA) results in inhibition of expression of the target gene.
  • miRNAs are processed from hairpin precursors of about 70 or more nucleotides (pre-miRNA) which are derived from primary transcripts (pri-miRNA) through sequential cleavage by RNAse III enzymes.
  • nucleic acid is meant any nucleic acid, whether composed of deoxyribonucleosides or ribonucleosides, and whether composed of phosphodiester linkages or modified linkages such as phosphotriester, phosphoramidate, siloxane, carbonate, carboxymethylester, acetamidate, carbamate, thioether, bridged phosphoramidate, bridged methylene phosphonate, phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, phosphorodithioate, bridged phosphorothioate or sulfone linkages, and combinations of such linkages.
  • nucleic acid also specifically includes nucleic acids composed of bases other than the five biologically occurring bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil).
  • polynucleotide includes cDNA, RNA, DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense RNA, siRNA, miRNA, snoRNA, genomic DNA, synthetic forms, and mixed polymers, both sense and antisense strands, and may be chemically or biochemically modified to contain non-natural or derivatized, synthetic, or semisynthetic nucleotide bases. Also, included within the scope of the invention are alterations of a wild type or synthetic gene, including but not limited to deletion, insertion, substitution of one or more nucleotides, or fusion to other polynucleotide sequences.
  • the left-hand end of a single-stranded polynucleotide sequence is the 5′-end; the left-hand direction of a double-stranded polynucleotide sequence is referred to as the 5′-direction.
  • oligonucleotide typically refers to short polynucleotides, generally no greater than about 60 nucleotides. It will be understood that when a nucleotide sequence is represented by a DNA sequence (i.e., A, T, G, C), this also includes an RNA sequence (i.e., A, U, G, C) in which “U” replaces “T.”
  • spikeked-in refers to a defined sequence nucleic acid species (such as a RNA species, sequence or transcript) that is added to a sample during processing and used to assess the performance of a microarray.
  • Spiked-in refers to artificial sequences that can include standard or modified nucleotides such as locked nucleic acids (LNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), or nucleic acid analogues (e.g., isoG, isoC, etc.).
  • the defined sequence nucleic acid comprises a sequence that is not likely to be found in the biological sample to be analyzed and is selected to have minimal self-hybridization and cross hybridization with other similar sequences in the set.
  • spiked-in controls can be used to monitor microarray quality, in terms of dynamic range, reproducibility, etc. Different spiked-in controls can be used to monitor different processes in a microarray analysis.
  • the measured degree of hybridization between the spiked-in and the control probes is used to calibrate and normalize the hybridization measurements of the sample RNA or miRNA.
  • hybridization As used herein, “hybridization,” “hybridize (s)” or “capable of hybridizing” is understood to mean the forming of a double or triple stranded molecule or a molecule with partial double or triple stranded nature. Complementary sequences in the nucleic acids pair with each other to form a double helix. The resulting double-stranded nucleic acid is a “hybrid.” Hybridization may be between, for example two complementary or partially complementary sequences. The hybrid may have double-stranded regions and single stranded regions. The hybrid may be, for example, DNA:DNA, RNA:DNA or DNA:RNA. Hybrids may also be formed between modified nucleic acids (e.g., LNA compounds).
  • LNA compounds modified nucleic acids
  • One or both of the nucleic acids may be immobilized on a solid support.
  • Hybridization techniques may be used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands.
  • the stability of a hybrid depends on a variety of factors including the length of complementarity, the presence of mismatches within the complementary region, the temperature and the concentration of salt in the reaction or nucleotide modifications in one of the two strands of the hybrid.
  • a “nucleic acid probe,” or a “probe”, as used herein, is a DNA probe or an RNA probe.
  • NGS Next-generation sequencing
  • S Next-generation sequencing
  • Metzker 2010, Nature Reviews Genetics 11.1: 31-46
  • NGS includes first, second, third as well as subsequent Next Generations Sequencing technologies.
  • sample or “biological sample” as used herein means a biological material from a subject, including but is not limited to organ, tissue, exosome, blood, plasma, saliva, urine and other body fluid.
  • a sample can be any source of material obtained from a subject.
  • the terms “subject” “patient,” “individual,” and the like are used interchangeably herein, and refer to any animal, or cells thereof whether in vitro or in situ, amenable to the methods described herein.
  • the patient, subject or individual is a human.
  • Non-human mammals include, for example, livestock and pets, such as ovine, bovine, porcine, canine, feline and murine mammals.
  • the subject is human.
  • the term “subject” does not denote a particular age or sex.
  • the subject is a human patient.
  • the subject is a human having received an organ transplant.
  • ranges throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2,7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
  • a “mutation” as used therein is a change in a DNA sequence resulting in an alteration from its natural state.
  • the mutation can comprise deletion and/or insertion and/or duplication and/or substitution of at least one deoxyribonucleic acid base such as a purine (adenine and/or thymine) and/or a pyrimidine (guanine and/or cytosine) Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism (subject).
  • biopsy refers to a specimen obtained by removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination.
  • the term includes aspiration biopsies, brush biopsies, chorionic villus biopsies, endoscopic biopsies, excision biopsies, needle biopsies (specimens obtained by removal by aspiration through an appropriate needle or trocar that pierces the skin, or the external surface of an organ, and into the underlying tissue to be examined), open biopsies, punch biopsies (trephine), shave biopsies, sponge biopsies, and wedge biopsies.
  • Biopsies also include a fine needle aspiration biopsy, a minicore needle biopsy, and/or a conventional percutaneous core needle biopsy.
  • Baseline expression or “Baseline level of gene expression level” includes the particular gene expression level of a healthy subject or a subject with a well-functioning transplant.
  • the baseline level of gene expression includes the gene expression level of a subject without acute rejection.
  • the baseline level of gene expression can be a number on paper or the baseline level of gene expression from a control sample of a healthy subject or a subject with a well-functioning transplant.
  • Acute rejection or “acute cellular rejection” refers to an immune reaction evoked by allografted organs. In general, the acute rejection has its onset 2-60 days after transplantation, and possibly other cell-specific antigens expressed by the tubular epithelium and vascular endothelium. It is caused by mismatched HLA antigens, and possibly other cell-specific antigens expressed by the tubular epithelium and vascular endothelium. It is believed that both delayed hypersensitivity and cytotoxicity mechanisms are involved. Acute rejection is characterized by infiltration of the transplanted tissue by immune cells of the recipient, which carry out their effector function and destroy the transplanted tissue.
  • vascular endothelial cell swelling interstitial vascular endothelial cell swelling, interstitial accumulation of lymphocytes, plasma cells, immunoblasts, macrophages, neutrophils; tubular separation with edema/necrosis of tubular epithelium; swelling and vacuolization of the endothelial cells, vascular edema, bleeding and inflammation, renal tubular necrosis, sclerosed glomeruli, tubular ‘thyroidization’.
  • Chronic rejection generally occurs within several months to years after engraftment, even in the presence of successful immunosuppression of acute rejection. Fibrosis is a common factor in chronic rejection of all types of organ transplants. Chronic rejection can typically be described by a range of specific disorders that are characteristic of the particular organ.
  • disorders include fibroproliferative destruction of the airway (bronchiolitis obliterans); in heart transplants or transplants of cardiac tissue, such as valve replacements, such disorders include fibrotic atherosclerosis; in kidney transplants, such disorders include, obstructive nephropathy, nephrosclerorsis, tubulointerstitial nephropathy; and in liver transplants, such disorders include disappearing bile duct syndrome.
  • Chronic rejection can also be characterized by ischemic insult, denervation of the transplanted tissue, hyperlipidemia and hypertension associated with immunosuppressive drugs.
  • transplant rejection encompasses both acute and chronic transplant rejection.
  • diagnosis is used herein to refer to the identification or classification of a molecular or pathological state, disease or condition.
  • diagnosis may refer to identification of a particular type of acute rejection, e.g., acute cellular rejection.
  • prediction is used herein to refer to the likelihood that a patient will develop acute rejection. Thus, prediction also includes the time period without acute rejection.
  • transplantation refers to the process of taking a cell, tissue, or organ, called a “transplant” or “graft” from one individual and placing it or them into a (usually) different individual.
  • the individual who provides the transplant is called the “donor” and the individual who received the transplant is called the “host” (or “recipient”).
  • An organ, or graft, transplanted between two genetically different individuals of the same species is called an “allograft”.
  • a graft transplanted between individuals of different species is called a “xenograft”.
  • transplant rejection refers to a functional and structural deterioration of the organ due to an active immune response expressed by the recipient, and independent of non-immunologic causes of organ dysfunction.
  • Acute transplant rejection can result from the activation of recipient's T cells and/or B cells; the rejection primarily due to T cells is classified as T cell mediated acute rejection or acute cellular rejection (ACR) and the rejection in which B cells are primarily responsible is classified as antibody mediated acute rejection (AMR).
  • ACR T cell mediated acute rejection or acute cellular rejection
  • AMR antibody mediated acute rejection
  • the methods and compositions provided can detect and/or predict acute cellular rejection.
  • immunosuppression or “immunosuppressive therapy (IST)” involve an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant, treating graft-versus-host disease after a bone marrow transplant, or for the treatment of auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease.
  • the term “tolerance” is a state of immune unresponsiveness specific to a particular antigen or set of antigens induced by previous exposure to that antigen or set. Tolerance is generally accepted to be an active process and, in essence, a learning experience for T cells. Tolerance, as used herein, refers to the inhibition of a graft recipient's ability to mount an immune response which would otherwise occur, e.g., in response to the introduction of a nonself MHC antigen into the recipient. Tolerance can involve humoral, cellular, or both humoral and cellular responses.
  • biomarker includes a polynucleotide or polypeptide molecule which is present or increased in quantity or activity in subjects having acute rejection or where the acute rejection is anticipated.
  • biomarkers for diagnosis or “diagnosis signature” includes a group of markers such as miRNA, the quantity or activity of each member of which is correlated with subjects having acute rejection or where the acute rejection is anticipated.
  • diagnosis signature may include only those markers.
  • the signature includes one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more miRNAs.
  • the term “biomarkers for tolerance” or “tolerance signature” includes a group of markers such as miRNA, the quantity or activity of each member of which is correlated with subjects having tolerance for a certain level of immunosuppression minimization or where the immunosuppression minimization is anticipated.
  • the tolerance signature may include only those markers.
  • the signature includes one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more miRNAs.
  • the invention relates to the unexpected discovery that it is possible to anticipate the future development of acute cellular rejection with a high degree of accuracy; and diagnose acute cellular rejection with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity without performing a transplant biopsy, by measuring the levels certain microRNAs, referred as “ACR diagnosis signature”, in serum samples from liver transplant recipients. Furthermore, by measuring the level of other microRNAs candidates, referred as “IST tolerance signature”, the invention enables the prediction in a transplant subject of the success or failure of minimizing immunosuppression therapy (IST) dosage from standard ranges.
  • IST immunosuppression therapy
  • miRNAs associated with ACR are differentially expressed.
  • miRNAs associated with failure in minimizing IST are differentially expressed.
  • the invention relates to compositions and methods useful for the detection and quantification of miRNAs and the use of these miRNAs signature for the diagnosis, assessment, and characterization of trajectory of-, and transplant-outcomes, as well as the adjustment of IST dosage in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method of the invention includes comparing a measured amount of expression of a miRNA marker(s) in a biological sample from a subject to a reference amount (i.e. the control) of expression of a miRNA marker(s).
  • the reference (i.e. the control) level of expression of the miRNA(s) may be obtained by measuring the expression level of a miRNA in a subject having a non-rejected organ.
  • the subject having a non-rejected organ may include a healthy subject.
  • the healthy subject is a subject of similar age, gender, race, graft-donor source, Banff histologic grade, and/or that underwent the same initial anti-rejection treatment as the patient having a transplanted organ for which risk of organ failure is to assessed.
  • a subject having a non-rejected organ is a subject having a well-functioning transplanted organ.
  • a well-functioning (e.g., stable) transplanted organ is defined as a transplanted organ that does not exhibit organ failure (e.g., rejection).
  • a well-functioning transplanted organ is a transplanted organ that has not developed transplant dysfunction or morphologic evidence of transplant injury in areas of the transplant.
  • the subject having a well-functioning (e.g., stable) transplanted organ is a subject of similar age, gender, race, graft-donor source, Banff histologic grade, and/or that underwent the same initial anti-rejection treatment as the subject having a transplanted organ for which risk of organ failure is to be assessed.
  • a well-functioning transplanted organ is a subject of similar age, gender, race, graft-donor source, Banff histologic grade, and/or that underwent the same initial anti-rejection treatment as the subject having a transplanted organ for which risk of organ failure is to be assessed.
  • the reference amount is obtained by measuring an amount of expression of the miRNA in a second biological sample from the subject.
  • the second biological sample may be obtained from the subject before the organ transplantation and/or from another non-rejected organ of the subject.
  • the reference amount of expression of the miRNA is a value for expression of the miRNA that is accepted in the art (e.g., spiked-in).
  • the reference amount of expression of the miRNA is obtained by measuring an amount of expression of the miRNA in a transplant subject having a successful tolerance for a decrease in the IST dosage.
  • the subject under a lower IST dosage includes a healthy subject.
  • the healthy subject is a subject of similar age, gender, race, graft-donor source, Banff histologic grade, and/or that underwent the same initial anti-rejection treatment as the subject having a transplanted organ for which the minimization of IST is to assessed.
  • a subject having a non-rejected organ is a subject having a well-functioning transplanted organ.
  • a well-functioning (e.g., stable) transplanted organ may be defined as a transplanted organ that does not exhibit organ failure (e.g., rejection).
  • a well-functioning transplanted organ is a transplanted organ that has not developed transplant dysfunction or morphologic evidence of transplant injury in areas of the transplant.
  • the subject having a well-functioning (e.g., stable) transplanted organ is a subject of similar age, gender, race, graft-donor source, Banff histologic grade, and/or that underwent the same initial anti-rejection treatment as the subject having a transplanted organ for which risk of organ failure is to assessed.
  • a well-functioning transplanted organ is a subject of similar age, gender, race, graft-donor source, Banff histologic grade, and/or that underwent the same initial anti-rejection treatment as the subject having a transplanted organ for which risk of organ failure is to assessed.
  • the reference amount is obtained by measuring an amount of expression of the miRNA in a second biological sample from the subject.
  • the second biological sample may be obtained from the subject before the organ transplantation and/or from another non-rejected organ of the subject.
  • the reference amount is obtained by measuring an amount of expression of said miRNA in a second biological sample from the subject prior the organ transplantation and/or prior beginning IST treatment and/or prior beginning minimizing IST.
  • the reference amount of expression of the miRNA is a value for expression of the miRNA that is accepted in the art (e.g., spiked-in).
  • the method includes comparing the measured amount of expression of the miRNA to the reference amount of expression of the miRNA.
  • the miRNA marker may be, for example, a miRNA selected from hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-885-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-505-3p, hsa-miR-378a-3p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa
  • the miRNA marker is selected from hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-885-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-193a-5p and hsa-miR-483-5p, or any combination thereof.
  • the miRNA marker is hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-100-5p and hsa-miR-483-5p, wherein an increase of expression of the miRNA marker that is equivalent to at least about 1-fold as compared to the reference amount of expression of the miRNA marker indicates an increased risk of rejection of the transplanted organ.
  • An increase of expression that is equivalent to at least about 1-fold may be an increase in an amount equivalent to at least about 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 17-, 18-, 19-, 20-fold, or more and any and all partial integers therebetween, as compared with the increase in the reference amount of expression of the miRNA marker.
  • Examples of methods to quantify an increase of expression are known in the art, as are described in the Examples disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • the miRNA marker may be, for example, a miRNA selected from hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-424-3p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-342-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-421, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-374b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-7-1-3p, hsa-miR-181c-5p, h
  • the miRNA marker is hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-424-3p and hsa-miR-125a-5p, wherein an increase of expression of the miRNA marker that is equivalent to at least about 1-fold as compared to the reference amount of expression of the miRNA marker indicates an increased risk of failing minimization of IST.
  • An increase of expression that is equivalent to at least about 1-fold may be an increase in an amount equivalent to at least about 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 17-, 18-, 19-, 20-fold, or more, and any and all partial integers therebetween, as compared with the increase in the reference amount of expression of the miRNA marker.
  • the increase is a fold value. Examples of methods to quantify an increase of expression are known in the art, as are described in the Examples disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • the invention includes normalizing the amount of expression of the miRNA marker.
  • the method includes measuring an amount of expression of commercially available spiked-in markers as references against the expression level of miRNA from the subject.
  • the method further includes measuring an amount of expression of a miRNA marker in a biological sample from a first subject having a rejected organ or at risk for rejecting an organ.
  • the method further includes measuring an amount of expression of miRNA marker in a biological sample from a second subject having a non-rejected organ.
  • the method includes comparing the measured amount of the miRNA markers between these two types of subjects. Furthermore, when acute transplant rejection is indicated, treatment for the rejection is recommended.
  • the calculation indicates an increased risk of rejection of the transplanted organ in the subject having a transplanted organ.
  • the calculated increase that is at least 1-fold may be an increase that is equivalent to at least about 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 17-, 18-, 19-, 20-fold, or more and any and all partial integers therebetween.
  • the calculation indicates an increased risk of rejection of the transplanted organ in the subject having a transplanted organ.
  • the calculated increase that is less than 1-fold may be an increase that is equivalent to at most about 0.9-, 0.8-, 0.7-, 0.6-, 0.5-, 0.4-, 0.3-, 0.2-, or 0.1-fold, or less.
  • the method further includes measuring an amount of expression of an endogenously expressed small non-coding reference RNA in a biological sample from a first tested subject under consideration for minimization of IST dosage.
  • the method further includes measuring an amount of expression of miRNA marker in a biological sample from a second subject having a successful minimization of IST dosage.
  • the method includes comparing the measured amount of the miRNA marker between these two types of subjects. Furthermore, when failure of IST minimization is indicated, treatment of the subject is recommended.
  • the calculation indicates an increased risk of failing minimization of IST dosage in a subject under IST treatment.
  • the calculated increase that is at least 1-fold may be an increase that is equivalent to at least about 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 17-, 18-, 19-, 20-fold, or more and any and all partial integers therebetween.
  • the calculation indicates an increased risk of failing minimization of IST dosage in a subject under IST treatment.
  • the calculated increase that is less than 1-fold may be an increase that is equivalent to at most about 0.9-, 0.8-, 0.7-, 0.6-, 0.5-, 0.4-, 0.3-, 0.2-, or 0.1-fold, or less.
  • fold changes or equivalents thereof for the miRNA marker are normalized to the spiked-in reference miRNAs.
  • the invention includes a method of detecting acute rejection in a subject having received an organ transplant.
  • the method comprises the steps of detecting a level of expression of miRNA indicative of acute rejection in a test sample from the subject, wherein the miRNA is at least one selected from hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-885-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-48
  • ACR acute cellular rejection
  • the invention is based, in part, on the observation that increased expression of certain miRNAs comprising hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-885-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-505-3p, hsa-miR-378a-3p, hsa-miR-193b-3
  • the invention includes a method of detecting a subject that has received an organ transplant and is under IST.
  • the method comprises the steps of detecting a level of expression of miRNA indicative of IST in a test sample from the subject, wherein the miRNA is at least one selected from hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-424-3p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-342-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-421, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-374b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-
  • the invention is based, in part, on the observation that increased expression of certain miRNAs comprising hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-424-3p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-342-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-421, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-223-5p, hsa-miR-495-3p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-374b-5p, hsa-let-7g-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-18b-5p, hsa-miR-7-1-3p, hsa-miR-181
  • compositions and methods are now available for the rapid and reliable detection of or prediction of acute rejection even without allograft biopsy, as well as the prediction of success or failure of minimizing IST dosage.
  • the amounts of any combinations of the miRNAs listed herein may be detected according to the methods disclosed herein and compared with a control (baseline level).
  • a difference in the level of expression of one miRNA indicates that the subject has or is developing acute rejection.
  • changes in the amounts of any combination of two, three, four, six, eight, nine or more miRNAs can indicate that the subject has or is developing acute rejection.
  • the dose of immunosuppression agents can be modified, e.g., increased or decreased or discontinued and/or new agents can be added to the administered treatment regimen.
  • other treatment modalities can be initiated, such as for example, plasmapheresis.
  • the level of miRNA expression is determined for one or more miRNA in a sample obtained from a subject.
  • the sample can be a fluid sample such as a blood sample, preferably containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a urine sample, preferably containing urinary cells such as epithelial cells, or infiltrating immune cells, a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, a sample of bile, pleural fluid or peritoneal fluid, or any other fluid secreted or excreted by a normally or abnormally functioning allograft, or any other fluid resulting from exudation or transudation through an allograft or in anatomic proximity to an allograft, or any fluid that is in physiological contact or proximity with the allograft, or any other body fluid in addition to those recited herein should also be considered to be included in the invention.
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • urinary cells such as epithelial cells, or infiltrating immune cells
  • a microarray can be used.
  • Microarrays are known in the art and consist of a surface to which probes that correspond in sequence to gene products (e.g. mRNAs, polypeptides, fragments thereof etc.) can be specifically hybridized or bound to a known position.
  • a hybridization sample is formed by contacting the test sample with at least one nucleic acid probe.
  • a preferred probe for detecting miRNA is a labeled nucleic acid probe capable of hybridizing to miRNA.
  • the nucleic acid probe can be, for example, a full-length nucleic acid molecule, or a portion thereof, such as an oligonucleotide of at least 10, 15, or 20 nucleotides in length and sufficient to specifically hybridize under stringent conditions to appropriate miRNA.
  • the hybridization sample is maintained under conditions which are sufficient to allow specific hybridization of the nucleic acid probe to a miRNA target of interest.
  • Specific hybridization can be performed under high stringency conditions or moderate stringency conditions, as appropriate. In a preferred embodiment, the hybridization conditions for specific hybridization are high stringency. Specific hybridization, if present, is then detected using standard methods.
  • hybridization intensity data detected by the scanner are automatically acquired and processed by the Affymetrix Microarray Suite (MASS) software. Raw data is normalized to expression levels using a target intensity of 150.
  • Affymetrix Microarray Suite Affymetrix Microarray Suite
  • An alternate and preferred method to measure miRNA expression profiles of a small number of different genes is by e.g. either classical TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays or TaqMan® Low Density Array—micro fluidic cards (Applied Biosystems). Particularly, this invention preferably utilizes a microRNA qPCR system.
  • Non-limiting examples include commercial kits such as the PrimePCRPathways® commercially available from Bio-rad (Berkley, Calif.), the miRCURY LNATM Universal RT microRNA PCR commercially available from Exiqon (Denmark), or the Custom RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays commercially available from Qiagen (Netherlands).
  • Another example of method that can be employed for determining the level of miRNA expression is the use of molecular color-coded barcodes and single molecule imaging to detect and count hundreds of unique transcripts in a single reaction such as in the nCounter® system from Nanostring Technology® (Seattle, Wash.).
  • each color-coded barcode is attached to a single target-specific probe corresponding to a gene of interest so that each color-coded barcode represents a single target molecule.
  • Barcodes hybridize directly to the target molecules and can be individually counted without the need for amplification providing very sensitive digital data. After hybridization, the excess probes are removed and the probe/target complexes are aligned and immobilized in the nCounter® Cartridge. The sample Cartridges are placed in the nCounter® Digital Analyzer for data collection and the color codes on the surface of the cartridge are counted and tabulated for each target molecule.
  • RNA profiling microRNAs rely on the use of hydrogel particles such as the FireflyTM microRNA Assay (Firefly BioWorks Inc, Cambridge, Mass. 02139).
  • This assay based on porous particle, allows target molecules to diffuse and bind in a unique nanoscale three-dimensional scaffold which favors accurate multiplexed miRNAs detection in a variety of biological samples.
  • the present invention particularly contemplates the use of FireflyTM Circulating microRNA Assay for profiling circulating microRNAs biomarkers directly from a sample such as blood, serum or plasma without any prior RNA purification.
  • the transcriptional state of a sample may also be measured by other nucleic acid expression technologies known in the art.
  • the miRNAs are detected in a sample from the recipient of an organ transplant. Any method known to those in the art can be employed for determining the level of microRNAs (particularly, the miRNAs provided elsewhere herein in Tables 1-5). miRNA can be isolated from the sample using any method known to those in the art. Non-limiting examples include commercial kits, such as the miRNeasy® commercially available from Qiagen (Netherlands) or the Mini Kit the TRI Reagent® commercially available from Molecular Research Center, Inc. (Cincinnati, Ohio), can be used to isolate RNA.
  • the isolated miRNAs may be amplified using methods known in the art.
  • Amplification systems utilizing, for example, PCR or RT-PCR methodologies are known to those skilled in the art.
  • PCR RT-PCR methodologies
  • An alternative method for determining the level of microRNAs includes the use of molecular beacons and other labeled probes useful in, for example multiplex PCR.
  • the PCR mixture contains primers and probes directed to the selected miRNAs PCR product.
  • a single fluorochrome is used in the assay.
  • the molecular beacon or probe is detected to determine the level of miRNA.
  • Molecular beacons are described, for example, by Tyagi and Kramer (Nature Biotechnology 14, 303-308, 1996) and by Andrus and Nichols in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20040053284.
  • NGS Next Generation Sequencing
  • first, second, third as well as subsequent Next Generations Sequencing technologies can be used.
  • NGS Next Generation Sequencing
  • Non limiting examples could be the nanopore or semiconductor technologies (e.g. Oxford Nanopore Technologies, United Kingdom) or the Illumina microRNA-Seq Platform (Luo S., 2012, Methods Mol Biol. 822:183-8).
  • upregulation of miRNA level includes increases above a baseline level of 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 17-, 18-, 19-, 20-fold, or more and any and all partial integers therebetween; as well as above a baseline level of 0.9-, 0.8-, 0.7-, 0.6-, 0.5-, 0.4-, 0.3-, 0.2-, or 0.1-fold, or less.
  • the level of expression is determined using log-transformed miRNA levels.
  • the log transformation or miRNA levels substantially reduce the positive skew in the data.
  • the level of expression is determined using log-transformed miRNA levels determined by normalizing miRNA levels using a logistic regression model.
  • Logistic regression models are used for prediction of the probability of occurrence of acute rejection by fitting data to a logistic curve. It is a generalized linear model used for binomial regression.
  • a normalizer may be needed to correct expression data for differences in sample input, RNA quality, and RT efficiency between samples.
  • the miRNA expression can be normalized to accurately compare levels of expression between samples, e.g., it is a baseline level against which expression is compared.
  • quantitative assays such as for example, quantitative real-time Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) normalization can be performed using spiked-in markers as references against the expression level of a miRNA under investigation. Normalization includes rendering the measurements of different arrays or PCR or in particular RT-PCR experiments comparable by reducing or removing the technical variability.
  • miRNA normalization involves use of spiked-in markers that have known fractional cycle number or crossing point. These are utilized as a reference, internal control or reference values in the quantification of miRNA expression.
  • a spiked-in marker exhibits minimum change of expression and transcription across different miRNA samples and thus serves as a control, or reference, for the measurement of variable miRNA activities across different samples.
  • Spiked-in markers can be, but are not limited to, UniSp2 and UniSp4 (Exiqon, Denmark).
  • Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves can be generated for individual miRNA levels and a linear combination of miRNA levels to determine the cutoff points that yielded the highest combined sensitivity and specificity for detecting ACR or anticipating ACR as well as detecting the likelihood of successful minimization of IST.
  • ROC Receiver Operating Characteristic
  • hsa-miR-125b-5p hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-885-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-505-3p, hsa-miR-378a-3p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-mi
  • the invention includes a set of preferred probes or primers, either labeled (e.g., fluorescer, quencher, etc.) or unlabeled, that are useful for the detection of at least three miRNAs selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-885-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-497-5p, hsa-miR-194-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-483-5p,
  • Particularly preferred probe sets comprise probes that are capable of detecting the three biomarkers hsa-miR-483-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p and hsa-miR-100-5p for the diagnosis or prediction of ACR; and the three biomarkers hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-424-3p and hsa-miR-125a-5p for the diagnosis of tolerance for minimization of IST.
  • kits are provided. Commercially available kits for use in these methods are, in view of this specification, known to those of skill in the art. In general, kits will comprise a detection reagent that is suitable for detecting the presence of a polypeptide or nucleic acid, or mRNA of interest.
  • probe sets are designed to detect expression of one or more miRNAs and provide information about the rejection of a graft and/or the minimization of IST.
  • Probe sets are particularly useful because they are smaller and cheaper than probe sets that are intended to detect as many miRNAs as possible in a particular genome.
  • the probe sets are targeted at the detection of miRNAs that are informative about acute rejection or tolerance for IST minimization.
  • Probe sets may also comprise a large or small number of probes that detect miRNAs that are not informative about transplant rejection or minimization of IST. Such probes are useful as controls and for normalization (e.g., spiked-in markers).
  • Probe sets may be a dry mixture or a mixture in solution.
  • probe sets can be affixed to a solid substrate to form an array of probes. It is anticipated that probe sets may also be useful for multiplex PCR.
  • the probes may be nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA, chemically modified forms of DNA and RNA), LNAs (Locked nucleic acids), or PNAs (Peptide nucleic acids), or any other polymeric compound capable of specifically interacting with the desired nucleic acid sequences.
  • kits may be designed for isolating and/or detecting miRNA in essentially any sample (e.g., urine, blood, etc.), and a wide variety of reagents and methods are, in view of this specification, known in the art.
  • Normalized miRNA expression values were imported into Array Studio software (www.omicsoft.com) for additional data QC and single variable analysis. Outliers implicated by both Principal Components Analysis (PCA) clustering and MAD scores were excluded. Serum samples collected during biopsy-proven ACR and no-rejection episodes were randomly assigned to discovery (14 ACR and 37 non-ACR samples), and replication (13 ACR and 40 non-ACR samples) sets. The associations between ACR status and individual miRNA expression levels were tested using general linear model, adjusting for the potential cofounder time since transplantation. False discovery rate (FDR) was applied for multiple testing correction.
  • PCA Principal Components Analysis
  • Logistic regression analysis was used to identify parsimonious subsets of ACR-associated serum miRNAs that discriminated ACR from non-ACR episodes.
  • Models with up to 6-terms were built with hierarchical forward with switching as the variable selection method. From those models in which each predictor was significant at P ⁇ 0.1, provisionally selection was based on the miRNA with the greatest log-likelihood and greatest area under the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve as the best-fitting model.
  • the regression estimates from this model defined a diagnostic signature, and area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate the ability of this signature to discriminate ACR from non-ACR episodes.
  • the regression coefficients for the miRNAs included in the diagnostic signature obtained from ITN samples were used to calculate a composite score to summarize the expression values of these miRNAs for each sample in the replication datasets (samples obtained from CTOT-03 study and samples collected from non-randomized subjects participating in ITN trial).
  • the composite scores were then used in a logistic regression model. % correct classification, AUC, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for these two replication datasets.
  • LOESS locally estimated scatterplot smoothing
  • the regression estimates from this model defined an IST minimization signature, and area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate the ability of this signature to discriminate subjects who tolerated from subjects who failed 25% immunosuppression dose at various immunosuppression minimization dosages.
  • ACR Acute Cellular Rejection
  • miRNA profiling was performed on 233 serum samples from 42 clinical trial participants from the National Institutes of Health Immune Tolerance in Transplantation-30 (ITN-30) study. This included 33 subjects randomized to immunosuppression withdrawal and 9 subjects randomized to maintenance, using the miRCURY LNATM Universal RT microRNA PCR v3 panel (Exiqon, Denmark). The primary aims of this study were: 1) to identify serum miRNA signatures for diagnosis of acute cellular rejection (ACR) events; 2) to identify serum miRNA signatures for prediction of ACR events; 3) to identify serum miRNA signatures to differentiate subjects who fail immunosuppression withdrawal from subjects who develop tolerance; and 4) to identify miRNA markers that are associated with immunosuppression doses and trough levels.
  • ACR acute cellular rejection
  • the Exiqon miRNA panel included unique 752 miRNA assays of which 240 were above the lower limit of reliable quantification in a sufficient proportion of samples to allow for meaningful statistical analysis.
  • a comparison of serum samples from biopsy proven rejection and serum samples without biopsy proven rejection in a two-stage study design (a discovery phase consisting of 14 ACR samples and 37 non-ACR samples; with a replication phase consisting of 13 ACR samples and 40 non-ACR samples) was conducted. From the miRNAs that were nominally significant (P ⁇ 0.05) in the discovery phase 11 of 26 were confirmed at P ⁇ 0.05 in the replication phase. In the combined dataset, 15 miRNAs were significantly associated with ACR diagnosis after multiple testing correction (FDR adjusted P ⁇ 0.05) (Table 1).
  • These 15 miRNA include all of the 11 miRNA replicated between discovery and replication phases. To build a multiple marker panel/signature that may better differentiate ACR from non-ACR, the aforementioned 15 significant miRNAs and time since randomization were used as inputs in logistic regression modeling for forward variable selection. Three miRNAs, hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-100 and hsa-miR-483, remained in the final parsimonious model.
  • the invention herein assessed the trajectory towards rejection as well as the diagnosis and prognosis for minimization of the immunosuppressive therapy (IST) dose. Specifically, the possibility of using the 3-miRNA serum ACR diagnosis signature to predict ACR events was explored before the onset of rejection. As shown in the LOESS plot ( FIG. 2 ), the miRNA signature model score was elevated before the occurrence of ACR (at day 0) whereas the level of the signature model score remained un-elevated in non-ACR group, with the 95% confidence band of ACR separated from that of non-ACR 40 days before ACR events.
  • Table 1 lists the identified miRNAs associated with ACR diagnosis with a 2-stage study.
  • the discovery phase with 14 ACR samples and 37 non-ACR samples identified 26 miRNAs with P ⁇ 0.05.
  • 11 of the 26 significant miRNAs were replicated at P ⁇ 0.05.
  • 25/26 miRNA trended in the same direction of association, with only one miRNA showing the opposite direction of association, indicating consistency in both study phases.
  • 15 miRNAs were found to be associated with ACR diagnosis after multiple test correction (FDR P ⁇ 0.05).
  • the 3 miRNAs utilized to generate the multi-marker signature are marked by the symbol **.
  • the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure (BH step-up procedure) controls the false discovery rate (at level alpha) termed FDR-BH.
  • the 25% IST dose was used as the basis for this comparison because a large proportion of subjects (40% of all participants) failed at this stage, and this may represent where major changes occur in serum miRNAs that best differentiate patients who may tolerate or fail at lower IST doses
  • the level of 30 miRNAs were found to be significantly different at P ⁇ 0.01 between samples taken from those who eventually failed at the 25% IST dose and those who were tolerant at the 25% IST dose.
  • Three miRNAs were still significant after multiple testing correction (FDR P ⁇ 0.05). It is noted that the serum miRNA biomarkers for ACR diagnosis are not on the higher significant list for biomarkers for tolerance, indicating potential biological differences in the physiological states of rejection vs. tolerance.
  • a composite score model was constructed including the three miRNAs that passed the FDR ⁇ 0.05 significance threshold (hsa-miR-146b, hsa-miR-424 and hsa-miR-125a) for tolerance association at the 25% IST dose.
  • Composite scores computed based on the expression levels of the 3 miRNAs at the 75% IST dose or at randomization (100% IST dose) were used to test whether those subjects who were tolerant at the 25% IST dose could be differentiated from those who failed at the 25% IST dose. As shown in FIG.
  • the results demonstrate the ability to greatly improve the IST minimization process by predicting which patients may go on to exhibit a 25% IST dose early-on during the minimization process when the failure rate is minimal (93% subjects estimated to be able to tolerant a 75% IST dose, based on our ITN data).
  • Table 2 Lists 30 serum miRNAs that were significant at P ⁇ 0.01 for the comparison of failed and tolerant samples at 25% immunosuppression minimization.
  • ACR Acute Cellular Rejection
  • Table 3 lists 20 replicated miRNAs associated with ACR diagnosis detected in the follow up study including 19 ACR and 16 non-ACR samples.
  • ACR Acute Cellular Rejection
  • Table 4 lists the top ACR-associated miRNA identified using Exiqon human miRNA panel that were confirmed with Qiagen Human miRNome miRNA PCR Array
  • Table 5 lists the top ACR-associated miRNA (nominal p ⁇ 0.15) identified using Qiagen Human miRNome miRNA PCR Array.
  • Table 7 lists the sequence identifiers for the miRNAs biomarkers and their related target sequence (listed in Table 6) selected for ACR prediction and/or IST minimization tolerance.
  • SEQ. ID for miRNA Symbol SEQ. ID for miRNA sequence Target sequence hsa-miR-125b-5p SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 49 hsa-miR-100-5p SEQ ID NO: 2 SEQ ID NO: 50 hsa-miR-483-5p SEQ ID NO: 3 SEQ ID NO: 51 hsa-miR-885-5p SEQ ID NO: 4 SEQ ID NO: 52 hsa-miR-122-5p SEQ ID NO: 5 SEQ ID NO: 53 hsa-miR-99a-5p SEQ ID NO: 6 SEQ ID NO: 54 hsa-miR-30a-5p SEQ ID NO: 7 SEQ ID NO: 55 hsa-miR-497-5p SEQ ID NO: 8 SEQ ID NO: 56 hsa-miR-194-5p SEQ ID NO: 9 SEQ ID NO: 57 hsa-miR-34a-5p SEQ ID NO

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US11216742B2 (en) 2019-03-04 2022-01-04 Iocurrents, Inc. Data compression and communication using machine learning
IT202100011951A1 (it) * 2021-05-10 2022-11-10 Persongene Srl METODO DI IDENTIFICAZIONE DI microRNA DERIVATI DA EV PER DISCRIMINARE PAZIENTI TRAPIANTATI CON RIGETTO E SENZA RIGETTO

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WO2018081624A1 (fr) * 2016-10-27 2018-05-03 The United States Government As Represented By The Department Of Veterans Affairs Micro-arn dans l'activation de lymphocytes t

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WO2010105275A2 (fr) * 2009-03-13 2010-09-16 Cornell University Procédé pour évaluer un état d'allogreffe humaine à partir des taux d'expression de micro-arn
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WO2019227063A1 (fr) * 2018-05-25 2019-11-28 Organovo, Inc. Méthodes, dosages et kits d'évaluation de la performance de constructions tissulaires hépatiques modifiées
US11216742B2 (en) 2019-03-04 2022-01-04 Iocurrents, Inc. Data compression and communication using machine learning
US11468355B2 (en) 2019-03-04 2022-10-11 Iocurrents, Inc. Data compression and communication using machine learning
IT202100011951A1 (it) * 2021-05-10 2022-11-10 Persongene Srl METODO DI IDENTIFICAZIONE DI microRNA DERIVATI DA EV PER DISCRIMINARE PAZIENTI TRAPIANTATI CON RIGETTO E SENZA RIGETTO

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