US20170002472A1 - Method for optimizing the yield of electroextraction of heavy metals in aqueous solution with a high salt concentration, and device for the implementation thereof - Google Patents

Method for optimizing the yield of electroextraction of heavy metals in aqueous solution with a high salt concentration, and device for the implementation thereof Download PDF

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US20170002472A1
US20170002472A1 US15/113,617 US201415113617A US2017002472A1 US 20170002472 A1 US20170002472 A1 US 20170002472A1 US 201415113617 A US201415113617 A US 201415113617A US 2017002472 A1 US2017002472 A1 US 2017002472A1
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solution
electrodes
treated
salt concentration
high salt
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Michel BEUGNET
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Fougereux Jean-Michel
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Fougereux Jean-Michel
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
    • C25C7/06—Operating or servicing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4676—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4678—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction of metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/58—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by removing specified dissolved compounds
    • C02F1/62—Heavy metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C1/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
    • C25C7/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/04—Treating liquids
    • G21F9/06—Processing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/04—Treating liquids
    • G21F9/06—Processing
    • G21F9/12—Processing by absorption; by adsorption; by ion-exchange
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/006—Radioactive compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
    • C02F2201/46125—Electrical variables
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
    • C02F2201/4615—Time
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
    • C02F2301/08—Multistage treatments, e.g. repetition of the same process step under different conditions

Definitions

  • the isolation of the heavy metals dissolved in an aqueous solution can be obtained by means of electrolysis, a method consisting in immersing into said aqueous solution, two electrodes of which one is designated as “anode” and the other by “cathode”, each of them then connected to one or the other of the terminals of an electric current generator, in order to provoke in said aqueous solution the circulation of the positively or negatively charges elements and the concentration on said electrodes of the heavy metals isolated as such.
  • This ground electrode added to the normal electrolysis device has for effect to limit or annihilate the consequences of the strong salt concentration present in the aqueous solution, which opposes the circulation of the current in said solution and as such alters the effectiveness of the method.
  • Said patent also claims a method of electrolysis and the device for the implementation thereof, characterized in that an intermittent mixing in a closed circuit of the solution is carried out by means of an actuation element for example a pump, which provides the simultaneous emptying and filling of the tank of the device.
  • This mixing of the solution to be treated is carried out in order to prevent under the effect of the passing of the current the various species present in the solution from organizing themselves in order oppose the fixing of the heavy metals. It makes it possible to preserve the homogeneity of the solution during the operation of electrolysis.
  • the inventor provides in this patent the adding to the device of the initial patent of an electronic control means that can manage three new actions. Disclosed are also modifications in the quality, function, destination and operation of certain elements of the device of the invention as well as the adding of a filter at the end of the electroplating operation, the purpose of which is to optimize the quality of the discharged effluent by fixing the components with a weak electromotive force driven by the residual ionic movements.
  • the electronic control means added to the device of the initial patent has for first function the application of successive cut-offs of the electrical power of the device, according to a periodicity determined according to the chemical composition of the solution to be treated.
  • the second function of the electronic control means added to the device of the initial patent consists in decoupling the internal ground electrode provided in the method of the initial U.S. Pat. No. 2,733,748 in order to increase the rapidity of the ionic descaling of the electrodes.
  • This action of decoupling the ground electrode has for purpose to disorganize the ionic system in such a way that the free electrons return to the path of their respective electrode and the ions are again deposited where they have to be.
  • the third function of the electronic control means added to the device of the initial patent consists in maintaining and regulating during the entire differential electroplating operation, a constant optimum voltage in the solution to be treated, using a sensor arranged in the solution to be treated and between the electrodes of the device.
  • This electronic control means as such allows for all of the controls, adjustments and regulation as well as the transmission of the information required for the proper unfolding of the operations and the memorization of the latter.
  • the device of this patent provides that the material and the texture of the ground electrode of the device be different from the material and from the texture of the electrodes i.e. from the anode and from the cathode.
  • the device of this patent also provides that the materials and textures of the electrodes be different.
  • the anode and the cathode can be manufactured from materials that are entirely different and determined according to the chemical and radiochemical composition (Radioactive effluents) of the solution to be treated.
  • the device of this patent provides that the sensors placed between the electrodes, in order to make it possible to control and regulate all throughout the differential electrolysis operation the voltage in the solution being treated, be of a chemically neutral texture such as for example that of a referential glass electrode used for chemical measurements.
  • the device of this patent which supplements and modifies the characteristics, composition and operation of the device of the initial patent, provides that the electrodes charged with polluting elements captured during the electrolysis operation be at the end of the operation burned or confined (radioactive elements) according to the type or grade of the polluting effects, with the treated effluents being discharged into the environment or reused industrially in light of their quality.
  • the patent of this invention also provides that the electrodes plunged into the differential electroplating tank, provided in cylindrical and coaxial shape in the initial patent, be of a different form and in particular in the form of a plate.
  • the initial principle remains unchanged, with the electrodes being applied on the opposite faces of neutral supports in plates, with the differential ground being placed in an insulating tube in order to prevent any electronic distortion.
  • the patent of this invention provides that the device allows for the use in successive alternating cycles or in continuous operation.
  • the supplying of the solution to be treated is carried out by the bottom of the tank and at slow speed and determined according to the chemical composition and the texture of the solution to be treated, with the removal of the treated solution being carried out in the top portion of the tank by a duct provided for this purpose.
  • this patent provides for the adding or the replacing at the end of the device of an electrofiltration filter intended mainly to fix the residual elements with a weak electromotive force, still present in the solution at the end of the method of differential electroplating.
  • the electrofiltration filter of this invention has for purpose to exploit this characteristic in order to more easily fix said components with a weak electromotive force, which are driven by the set of weak ionic movements that still exist, amplified by the configuration of said electrofiltration filter.
  • Said electroplating filter is mainly comprised of a cylindrical container for example made from a plastic material that is compatible with its operation and its performance. It preferably has dimensions (Height/Diameter) that are compatible with its operation and its optimum performance and has two electrodes plunged into a neutral filtering material, of which one for example the anode, is preferably thrust on the inside peripheral plane of the container and the other for example the cathode is thrust on an axial support tube located at the center of the inner surface of the lower plane of the container.
  • a neutral filtering material of which one for example the anode, is preferably thrust on the inside peripheral plane of the container and the other for example the cathode is thrust on an axial support tube located at the center of the inner surface of the lower plane of the container.
  • the electric current passing through the filtering material is adjusted according to the chemical composition of the solution exiting from the electrolytic treatment container and adapted to the resistivity of the whole knowing that the conductivity of the filtering material varies according to the more or less aqueous liquid that it contains.
  • the solution filtered by its passing through the electrofiltration filter of the invention thus has an optimum quality that allows for the discharge thereof into the environment or for example the reuse thereof in another method of manufacturing.
  • the radioactive elements are practically extracted from the effluent which can then be eliminated into the environment without risk, with the radioactive elements being however confined according to known methods.
  • FIG. 1 is a median diagrammatical cross-section view of the main element of the device of the initial patent, constituted by an electrolysis tank that is for example cylindrical, provided with electrodes and means of supplying with electrical energy and with solution to be treated.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatical cross-section view of the main element of the device of the initial patent modified according to the technical elements claimed by this patent.
  • FIG. 3 is a median diagrammatical cross-section view of the electrofiltration filter of this invention.
  • the method and the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution having a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claim an electrolysis tank ( 2 ) of cylindrical shape and with axis ( 14 ) containing an aqueous solution ( 3 ) with a high salt concentration, into which at least one pair of electrodes is plunged.
  • the ground electrode ( 22 ) is separated from the electrode ( 11 ) by a polyamide screen ( 23 ) in order to prevent any electrolytic interaction between these two electrodes.
  • the method and the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution having a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claim a mixing in the closed circuit during the electrolysis cycle, driven by a pump (not shown) carrying out the displacement of the solution ( 3 ), by emptying the tank ( 2 ) of the solution ( 3 ) via the suction channel ( 24 ) taking the solution in the bottom portion of the tank and near the bottom ( 5 ) of the latter, in order to simultaneously reintroduce it into the same tank ( 2 ) and between the electrodes via the channel ( 28 ) under the action of a pump outside of the tank ( 2 ). (See FIG. 1 ).
  • the method and the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution having a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claim the filtration by intermittence of the treated solution ( 3 ), during the operation of electrolysis and by means of an independent filter ( 32 ) (not shown) and annexed to the tank ( 2 ) comprising a filtering material, for example clay granules.
  • the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claims a common material and a common texture for the electrodes for example the anodes ( 6 ) ( 9 ) 10 ), the cathodes ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 11 ) and the ground electrode ( 22 ).
  • the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claims the characteristics of the shape and of the position of the electrodes ( 6 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 11 ), namely: that each electrode has a coaxial and generally cylindrical shape and that the device comprises at least one neutral support, in FIG. 1 two neutral supports ( 16 ) ( 17 ) of cylindrical shape and of an inert material, having an inner face and an outer face each covered by an electrode, with the electrodes covering the faces of the same support belonging to different pairs of electrodes.
  • the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claims for example the presence of at least three pairs of electrodes the anode ( 6 ) and the cathode ( 7 ), the anode ( 9 ) and the cathode ( 8 ) and the anode ( 10 ) and the cathode ( 11 ), and at least two inert supports ( 16 ) and ( 17 ), with the electrodes covering the faces of the same support being connected to the same terminal of the electric generator ( 4 ).
  • the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claims the characteristic consisting in that at least one electrode of each pair has a continuous axial opening (not shown) extending from one edge to the other of the electrode for example the electrodes ( 8 ) and ( 10 ) and/or the electrodes ( 7 ) and ( 9 ).
  • the device for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration object of the initial patent claims the presence of at least two filters (not shown), a production filter ( 32 a ) and a finishing filter ( 32 b ) annexed to the tank ( 2 ) and comprising clay granules.
  • This invention relates to the technical conditions of composition and of use, added to the method for extracting heavy metals from an aqueous solution having a high salt concentration object of the initial patent filed by the inventor in 1995 and published on 8 Nov. 1996 under U.S. Pat. No. 2,733,748, with the sole purpose of adapting said method to the technical, technological and ecological developments that have taken place since the filing of said patent and to substantially optimize the results of said method.
  • CM electronice control means
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration has electronic control means (CM) allowing for successive cut-offs of the electrical power of the device (PC), according to durations and a periodicity determined according to the chemical composition of the solution to be treated ( 3 ) and the texture of the immersed electrodes ( 6 ) to ( 11 ).
  • CM electronic control means
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration has electronic control means (CM) allowing for decouplings (CM) of the ground electrode ( 22 ) provided in the method of the initial U.S. Pat. No. 2,733,748 in order to increase the rapidity of the ionic descaling of the electrodes ( 6 ) to ( 11 ).
  • CM electronic control means
  • This decoupling action of the ground electrode ( 22 ) has for purpose to disorganize the ionic system in such a way that the free electrons return to the path of their respective electrode and the ions are again deposited where they have to be.
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration has electronic control means (CM) allowing for permanent control and optimum regulation of the voltage in the treated solution ( 3 ) and during the entire duration of the treatment, by means of sensitive probes (SP) introduced between the pairs of electrodes ( 6 )( 7 ), ( 8 )( 9 ), ( 10 )( 11 ) of the device.
  • CM electronic control means
  • SP sensitive probes
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration involves a ground electrode ( 22 ) of a material and/or texture that are different from those of the other anode ( 6 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) and cathode ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 11 ) electrodes.
  • the ground constituted by the ground electrode ( 22 ) has to remain unique in the system, all of the other constituents of the device in contact with the liquid ( 3 ) and for example tank, filters, tubes, pipes, pumps, etc. are in no case conductors of electricity and consequently manufactured from suitable insulating materials. (See FIG. 2 ).
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration involves electrodes, anodes ( 6 )( 9 )( 10 ) and cathode ( 7 )( 8 )( 11 ) of materials and texture that are different according to a chemical and radiochemical composition (radioactive effluents) of the liquid ( 3 ) to be treated. (See FIG. 2 ).
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration involves sensitive probes (SP) with a chemically neutral texture and for example made of glass, in order to allow for the control and the regulation of the voltage in the solution to be treated ( 3 ), throughout the entire duration of the operation. (See FIG. 2 ).
  • SP sensitive probes
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration involves the recovery at the end of the cycle, of the confined electrodes ( 6 ) to ( 11 ) (radioactive elements) and/or the elimination thereof according to the fixed polluting elements, by means that are adapted to the elements thereof and to the level of the polluting effect thereof (See FIG. 2 ).
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration provides that the electrodes ( 6 ) to ( 11 ) plunged into the differential electroplating tank ( 2 ), provided in cylindrical shape and coaxial in the initial patent, be of a different shape and in particular in the form of a plate.
  • the initial principle remains unchanged, with the electrodes being applied on the opposite faces of neutral supports in plates, with the differential ground ( 22 ) being placed in an insulating tube in order to prevent any electronic distortion.
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration provides that the device allows for use in alternating successive cycles or as continuous operation.
  • the supply of the solution to be treated is carried out through the bottom ( 5 ) of the tank ( 2 ) for example by the duct ( 24 ) and at slow speed and determined according to the chemical composition and the texture of the solution to be treated ( 3 ), with the evacuation of the treated solution ( 3 ) being carried out in the top portion of the tank by a duct ( 28 ) provided for this purpose. (See FIG. 2 ).
  • the device for optimizing the yield of the electroextraction of heavy metals in an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration comprises more preferably in the circuit for the circulation of the solution being treated ( 3 ) and more preferably at the end of the circuit, at least one electrofiltration filter (EFF) intended mainly to fix the residual elements with a weak electromotive force that are still present in the solution ( 3 ) after the differential electroplating operation.
  • EPF electrofiltration filter
  • the electrofiltration filter is mainly comprised of a cylindrical container (C) for example made from a plastic material that is compatible with its operation and its performance. It is preferably of dimensions (Height/Diameter) that are compatible with its operation and its optimum performance and has two electrodes (EC 1 ) and (EC 2 ) plunged into a neutral filtering material (FM), of which one for example the anode, (EC 1 ) is preferably thrust on the inside peripheral plane of the container (C) and the other for example the cathode (EC 2 ) is thrust on an axial support tube (ST) located at the center of the inner surface of the lower plane of the container, which itself is provided at a short distance with a grille (GR).
  • C cylindrical container
  • C for example made from a plastic material that is compatible with its operation and its performance. It is preferably of dimensions (Height/Diameter) that are compatible with its operation and its optimum performance and has two electrodes (EC 1 ) and (EC 2 ) plunged into a neutral filtering material (FM),
  • the electric current passing through the filtering material (FM) is regulated according to the chemical composition of the solution ( 3 ) exiting from the electrolytic treatment container ( 2 ) and adapted to the resistivity of the whole knowing that the conductivity of the filtering material (FM) varies according to the more or less aqueous liquid that it contains (See FIG. 3 ).
  • the solution ( 3 ) filtered by its passing through the electrofiltration filter (EFF) of the invention then has an optimum quality allowing the discharge thereof into the environment or for example the reuse thereof in another method of manufacturing.
  • the radioactive elements are practically extracted from the effluent ( 3 ) which can then be eliminated into the environment without risk, with the radioactive elements being however confined according to known methods.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
US15/113,617 2014-01-22 2014-01-22 Method for optimizing the yield of electroextraction of heavy metals in aqueous solution with a high salt concentration, and device for the implementation thereof Abandoned US20170002472A1 (en)

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PCT/FR2014/000016 WO2015110713A1 (fr) 2014-01-22 2014-01-22 Procédé d'optimisation de rendement de l'extraction par électrolyse de métaux lourds en solution aqueuse a forte concentration de sels et dispositif pour sa mise en oeuvre

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US (1) US20170002472A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP3097057A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2017506151A (ja)
CN (1) CN106103350A (ja)
RU (1) RU2016133851A (ja)
WO (1) WO2015110713A1 (ja)

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US20200180982A1 (en) * 2017-06-21 2020-06-11 Stockholm Water Technology Ab Desalination device and method of manufacturing such a device
US12030795B2 (en) * 2017-06-21 2024-07-09 Stockholm Water Technology Ab Desalination device and method of manufacturing such a device

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EP3097057A1 (fr) 2016-11-30
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