US20160316750A1 - Compounds, Compositions and Methods for Attracting and/or Arresting Bed Bugs - Google Patents

Compounds, Compositions and Methods for Attracting and/or Arresting Bed Bugs Download PDF

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US20160316750A1
US20160316750A1 US15/105,676 US201415105676A US2016316750A1 US 20160316750 A1 US20160316750 A1 US 20160316750A1 US 201415105676 A US201415105676 A US 201415105676A US 2016316750 A1 US2016316750 A1 US 2016316750A1
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acid
dimethyl
histamine
hexenal
octenal
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Regine M. Gries
Robert A. Britton
Michael T. HOLMES
Gerhard J. Gries
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Simon Fraser University
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Simon Fraser University
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Assigned to SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY reassignment SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GRIES, GERHARD, GRIES, REGINE, BRITTON, ROBERT, HOLMES, MICHAEL
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/50—1,3-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
    • A01N35/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing aliphatically bound aldehyde or keto groups, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. acetals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/02—Stationary means for catching or killing insects with devices or substances, e.g. food, pheronones attracting the insects
    • A01M1/023—Attracting insects by the simulation of a living being, i.e. emission of carbon dioxide, heat, sound waves or vibrations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/20—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects
    • A01M1/2005—Poisoning insects using bait stations
    • A01M1/2011—Poisoning insects using bait stations for crawling insects
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/20—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects
    • A01M1/2094—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects killing insects by using temperature, e.g. flames, steam or freezing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/18—Vapour or smoke emitting compositions with delayed or sustained release
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
    • A01N31/02—Acyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
    • A01N31/04—Oxygen or sulfur attached to an aliphatic side-chain of a carbocyclic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
    • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • A01N33/08—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds containing oxygen or sulfur
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
    • A01N35/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing aldehyde or keto groups, or thio analogues thereof, directly attached to an aromatic ring system, e.g. acetophenone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. acetals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
    • A01N35/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing keto or thioketo groups as part of a ring, e.g. cyclohexanone, quinone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ketals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N41/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom
    • A01N41/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom not containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, e.g. polysulfides
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This invention pertains to compounds, compositions and methods for attracting and/or arresting bed bugs.
  • a composition for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects comprises histamine.
  • the composition may further comprise volatile compounds, such as sulfides, aldehydes and ketones, for example dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone.
  • the volatile compounds may comprise, by weight, 0.5-99% dimethyl disulfide, 0.5-99% dimethyl trisulfide, 0.5-99% (E)-2-hexenal, 0.5-99% (E)-2-octenal and 0.5-99% 2-hexanone.
  • composition may further comprise an effective amount of one or more additional compounds, such as butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L-valine, L-alanine, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-octadienal, benzyl acetate, (+)-limonene, ( ⁇ )-limonene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone), geranylacetone, carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, L-carvone, L-lactic acid, pro
  • the histamine may be a histamine base.
  • the composition may be formulated as a granule, powder, dust, paste, gel, suspension, emulsion or liquid solution.
  • the composition may be formulated as a slow-release lure.
  • the histamine component of the composition may be formulated as a slow-release lure.
  • the blend of dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone may be formulated as a slow-release lure.
  • the blend of dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone combined with the effective amount of the one or more additional compounds may be formulated as a slow-release lure.
  • the one or more additional compounds may be selected from the group consisting of butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L-valine, L-alanine, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-octadienal, benzyl acetate, (+)-limonene, ( ⁇ )-limonene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone), geranylacetone, carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, L-carvone, L-lactic acid, propri
  • compositions for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects wherein the active ingredient of the composition essentially consists of histamine.
  • compositions for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects wherein the active ingredient of the composition essentially consists of dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone.
  • compositions for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects wherein the active ingredient of the composition essentially consists of histamine, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone.
  • a composition for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects wherein the active ingredient of the composition essentially consists of dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone combined with an effective amount of one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L-valine, L-alanine, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-oc
  • a composition for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects wherein the active ingredient of the composition essentially consists of histamine, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone combined with an effective amount of one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L-valine, L-alanine, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, (E,Z)-2,
  • a method for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects comprises providing a composition as described herein at a desired location.
  • the histamine may be provided in a slow-release device comprising an absorbent material, such as a cellulose mat, impregnated with the histamine.
  • the dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone may be provided in a slow-release device comprising a gas-permeable sealed reservoir loaded with the dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone.
  • the dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone and the one or more additional compounds may be provided in a slow-release device comprising a gas-permeable sealed reservoir loaded with the dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone and the one or more additional compounds, wherein the one or more additional compounds are selected from the group consisting of butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L-valine, L-alanine,
  • the blood-feeding insect may be the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , or the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus .
  • the desired location may be in, on or near a bed bug control device.
  • the bed bug control device may be a detector, monitor or trap.
  • the slow-release devices may be placed in the detector, monitor or trap.
  • the method may further comprise combining the composition with a source of heat.
  • the method may further comprise combining the composition with a source of carbon dioxide.
  • the method may further comprise combining the composition with a pesticide that is lethal to bed bugs.
  • the blood-feeding insect may be the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , or the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus.
  • dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone for attracting and/or arresting blood-feeding insects.
  • the blood-feeding insect may be the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , or the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus.
  • dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone combined with an effective amount of one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L valine, L-alanine, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-octadienal, benzyl acetate, (+)-limonene, ( ⁇ )-limonene,
  • histamine, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal and 2-hexanone combined with an effective amount of one or more additional compounds selected from the group consisting of butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L valine, L-alanine, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-octadienal, benzyl acetate, (+)-limonene, ( ⁇ )-lim
  • the blood-feeding insect may be the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , or the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the design of (a) the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer, and (b) the large Plexiglass arena; the inserts illustrate the bed bug shelter consisting of histamine-impregnated or control filter paper (FP), corrugated cardboard (CC), and an inverted vial lid (IVL) containing volatile pheromone components formulated in mineral oil or mineral oil alone. Drawings are not to scale.
  • FP histamine-impregnated or control filter paper
  • CC corrugated cardboard
  • IVL inverted vial lid
  • compositions for attracting and/or arresting bed bugs such as the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , and the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus .
  • the composition may comprise pheromone components isolated from the exuviae or faeces of the bed bug Cimex lectularius , or synthetic equivalents of such compounds.
  • the composition comprises histamine.
  • the active ingredient of the composition may essentially consist of histamine.
  • the histamine is provided as a base.
  • the composition comprises histamine and a blend of volatile compounds comprising sulfides, aldehydes and ketones.
  • the blend of volatile compounds comprises one or more of dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and 2-hexanone.
  • the active ingredients of the composition may essentially consist of histamine and one or more of methyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and 2-hexanone.
  • the composition may comprise or essentially consist of histamine, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and 2-hexanone.
  • compositions described herein may include one or more additional active ingredients such as butanal, pentanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, verbenone, ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate, dimethylaminoethanol, N-acetylglucosamine, L-3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate, L-valine, L-alanine, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-octadienal, benzyl acetate, (+)-limonene, ( ⁇ )-limonene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone), geranylacetone, carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, L-carvone, L-lactic active ingredients,
  • compositions described herein may be formulated as a granule, powder, dust, paste, gel, suspension, emulsion or liquid solution.
  • Certain aspects of the invention pertain to methods for attracting and/or arresting bed bugs, such as the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , and the tropical bed bug, C. hemipterus , in a desired location.
  • the methods comprise providing a composition as described herein at the desired location.
  • the desired location can be in, on or near a bed bug control device which is located in any human or animal dwelling, such as one or more living spaces in a residential, institutional, commercial, industrial or agricultural setting, in which bed bugs were present, are present or are suspected to be present.
  • the suitable bed bug control devices include detectors, monitors and traps.
  • the compositions may be formulated as a lure, such as a slow release lure, and provided in, on or near a bed bug control device.
  • the compositions may be provided in a slow release device provided in, on or near a bed bug control device.
  • certain components of the composition may be provided in separate slow release devices.
  • the slow release device for histamine may be an absorbent material (e.g. an absorbent mat such as a cellulose mat) impregnated with the histamine and the slow release device for the volatile compounds as described herein or the volatile compounds and the one or more additional compounds as described herein, may be a gas-permeable sealed reservoir (e.g. a pheromone-permeable, sealed plastic reservoir).
  • the components of the composition may be provided in the same slow release device.
  • compositions may be combined with a source of heat, carbon dioxide and/or a pesticide that is lethal to bed bugs.
  • Certain aspects of the invention pertain to the uses of compounds and compositions for attracting and/or arresting bed bugs.
  • histamine is used to attract and/or arrest bed bugs.
  • the compositions as described herein are used to attract and/or arrest bed bugs.
  • a bed bug culture was maintained as a source of exuviae and faeces, and to supply insects for bioassays.
  • Three-dish, dual-choice olfactometers and large arena olfactometers were utilized for bioassays to determine bioactivity of natural sources of pheromone, extracts of said sources, and synthetic chemicals identified from said extracts.
  • a methanol extract bioassayed at a dose of six exuviae equivalents was bioactive and induced arrestment in baited olfactometers, but extracts of exuviae in hexane, ether, dichloromethane and acetonitrile were not effective in inducing arrestment of 3 rd to 5 th instar nymphs.
  • Isolation of the pheromone component for structural elucidation was accomplished by extracting exuviae in sequence in organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, ether, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and methanol), so that the final methanol extract contained primarily polar compounds.
  • This methanol extract was then fractionated through silica gel in a glass column by elution with five consecutive rinses (2 ml each) of pentane/ether, with increasing proportions of ether [1) 100:0; 2) 90:10; 3) 80:20; 4) 50:50; 5) 0:100], followed by five consecutive rinses (1 ml each) of dichloromethane/methanol, with increasing proportions of methanol [1) 100:0; 2) 90:10; 3) 80:20; 4) 50:50; 5) 0:100].
  • Methanol extracts of bed bug exuviae were subjected to micro-analytical treatments with diazomethane or acetic anhydride in pyridine and then bioassayed. Bioactivity was retained after treatment with diazomethane, but not after treatment with acetic anhydride.
  • Bioassays in large arena olfactometers with a shelter trap at either end disclosed that the highest captures were found when the traps were baited with the less-volatile histamine and the five-component volatile composition comprised of (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and 2-hexanone, and that the less volatile and volatile pheromone components acted synergistically.
  • a colony of common bed bugs was kept in an insectary at 22-24° C., ambient relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 10 hours dark to 14 hours light. To collect pheromone for extraction, isolation and identification, the colony was increased from 2,400 to 6,000 bugs and held at the higher level for 18 months.
  • Each bed bug was allowed to feed once per month on a human volunteer. At 1,500 bed bugs per week for 30 months, this amounts to 180,000 individual feedings. Jars with bed bugs to be fed were covered with fine mesh and pressed against the volunteer's forearm so that the bed bugs could feed through the mesh. After feeding, nymphal bed bugs moult, shedding their exuvia in the process. Each exuvia of a 5th instar nymph weighs about 0.07 mg. Collecting exuviae of 1,200 5th instar nymphs (20% of the entire colony) per month, resulted in a harvest of 84 mg (1200 ⁇ 0.07 mg) of exuviae per month for a total of 1,512 mg of exuviae. This was the starting material for extraction, isolation and identification of the aggregation pheromone.
  • Bioassays were run in dual-choice olfactometers and in large Plexiglass arenas ( FIG. 1 ).
  • Dual-choice olfactometers consisted of two lateral Pyrex® glass Petri dishes, connected to a central dish (all dishes 3 ⁇ 9 cm inner diameter) via a Pyrex® glass tube (2.5 cm long ⁇ 2 cm inner diameter).
  • the dishes in this olfactometer mimic the natural still-air shelters in which bed bugs spend the day.
  • a disc of paper towelling (9 cm diameter) was placed into each dish and a strip of paper towelling (2.4 ⁇ 0.6 cm) was inserted into the connecting glass tubing to provide traction for walking bed bugs.
  • a piece of filter paper (2 ⁇ 3 cm; Whatman) was placed into each lateral dish and covered with a piece of cardboard (2 ⁇ 2 cm) as a refuge for bioassay insects.
  • Treatment and control stimuli were randomly assigned to each lateral dish.
  • Olfactometers were enclosed in opaque plastic bins to prevent light from entering and affecting the insects' response.
  • a single 3 rd , 4 th or 5 th instar C. lectularius nymph was released into the central chamber of the olfactometer, which was then covered with a glass plate to prevent escape.
  • the single bed bugs in each olfactometer were then allowed to explore all chambers. Each insect was released into an olfactometer at the end of the 14-h photophase allowing it to explore the chambers during 10 h of darkness, and to come to rest in one of the shelters during 10 h of light.
  • the large two-chamber Plexiglass arena (180 cm long ⁇ 12 cm high ⁇ 13 cm wide) was designed with a central divider (180 cm long ⁇ 5.5 cm high) to accommodate two pieces of wood (162 cm long ⁇ 3.8 cm wide ⁇ 0.8 cm high), each piece for testing the response of a single bed bug to a pheromone-baited shelter or a control shelter (see insert in FIG. 1 ,b) which were randomly assigned to either end of the wood.
  • all experimental replicates used only one chamber of each arena. For each replicate, a single bed bug was placed in the center of the wood piece just prior to the end of the 14-h photophase, and its position was scored the next morning after the onset of the photophase.
  • Table 1 illustrates the effect of number and age of exuviae on the response of bed bugs in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer in Experiments (Exp.) 1-5.
  • Experiment 6-10 tested the efficacy of different organic solvents (hexane, ether, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, methanol) to extract pheromone from exuviae.
  • organic solvents hexane, ether, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, methanol
  • 6-exuviae equivalents of extracts i.e. the amount of material, possibly including pheromone, which could be extracted from a total of six exuviae.
  • Table 2 illustrates the effect of organic solvent used for extraction of exuviae on the response of bed bugs in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer in Experiments (Exp.) 6-10.
  • the methanol extract was applied, allowed to impregnate the silica gel, and then eluted with 5 consecutive rinses (2 ml each) of pentane/ether, with increasing proportions of ether [1) 100:0; 2) 90:10; 3) 80:20; 4) 50:50; 5) 0:100], followed by five consecutive rinses (1 ml each) of dichloromethane/methanol, with increasing proportions of methanol [1) 100:0; 2) 90:10; 3) 80:20; 4) 50:50; 5) 0:100].
  • the five dichloromethane/methanol fractions were then bioassayed in Experiments 11-15.
  • Table 3 illustrates the effect of the solvent system on eluting the bed bug arrestment pheromone component(s) from silica gel. Note that only the test stimulus in Experiment 14, consisting of dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2; 50%) and methanol (MeOH; 50%) as eluents, induced arrestment responses in bed bugs in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer.
  • methanol extracts of exuviae were subjected to micro-analytical treatments with diazomethane (converts acids to esters) or acetic anhydride in pyridine (converts alcohols to esters) and then bioassayed in Experiments 16 and 17.
  • Table 4 illustrates the effect of micro-analytical treatments of pheromone extract on the arrestment response of bed bug nymphs in Experiments 16 and 17. Note that the acetic anhydride treatment of methanol extract of exuviae altered the molecular structure of the pheromone component and thus failed to induce a significant arrestment response of bed bug nymphs in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer.
  • the 1 H NMR spectra of several methanol extracts of exuviae and feces were examined and compared. Analyses of the 1 H NMR spectra revealed several common components that were identified as L-valine, L-alanine, N-acetylglucosamine, histamine, dimethylaminoethanol, and 3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate.
  • Valine, alanine, N-acetylglucosamine, histamine, and dimethylaminoethanol were identified by comparison of the observed 1 H and 13 C NMR and mass spectrometric data with those reported previously for these compounds.
  • authentic samples of L-valine, N-acetylglucosamine, histamine, and dimethylaminoethanol were purchased from commercial vendors and added to a crude methanol extract in separate experiments.
  • 3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate was proposed following comparison of specific resonances observed in the 1 H NMR spectra recorded on the crude methanol extracts to those reported previously for 3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate. Additionally, an authentic sample of 3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate was prepared from 3-hydroxykynurenine following protection of the carboxylic acid as a methyl ester and the amine function as a carboxybenzyl amide. Sulfation of the free alcohol using Me 3 N—SO 3 , followed by removal of the carboxybenzyl protecting group by hydrogenolysis and hydrolysis of the methyl ester provided an authentic sample of 3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate. The 1D and 2D NMR spectra ( 1 H, COSY, HMQC, HMBC) recorded on the synthetic sample of 3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate were in complete agreement with the natural material present in the crude methanol extract.
  • Table 5 summarizes the relative amounts of each of these components in each of five individual methanol extracts, and Table 6 shows the biological activity of each extract in Experiments 18-22. Note that the highest response levels (Experiments 18-20) were achieved with the three extracts in which histamine and dimethaminoethanol were both present in appreciable amounts.
  • Table 5 illustrates the relative amount in mg of each of the common components found in the methanol extracts of bed bug exuviae and feces.
  • Histamine An Essential Pheromone Component of Bed Bugs
  • Experiments 29-31 tested whether a 10-fold (from 20 ⁇ g to 200 ⁇ g) increase of dimethylaminoethanol or of histamine improves lure effectiveness. The results indicate that the 10-fold increase of histamine enhances the bed bugs' arrestment response (Table 7).
  • Experiments 23-37 do not define a clear role for dimethylaminoethanol.
  • dimethylaminoethanol and histamine were offered at a ratio of 2 ⁇ g:20 ⁇ g in Experiment 32, there was no preferential selection of the baited chamber.
  • the dose of dimethylaminoethanol was raised to 20 ⁇ g, equal to that of histamine, in Experiments 24 and 29, a preference for the baited chamber appeared.
  • dimethaminoethanol alone in Experiment 36 was inactive.
  • Table 7 illustrates the response in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer of bed bug nymphs in Experiments 23-37 to 1- or 2-component baits of dimethylaminoethanol (D) and histamine (H); numbers in parentheses indicate amounts in micrograms.
  • Table 8 illustrates the response of bed bug nymphs in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer in Experiments 38-42 to the 2-component bait of dimethylaminoethanol (D) and histamine (H) or the same bait with additional components [L-valine (V), L-alanine (A), N-acetylglucosamine (Nac), 3-hydroxykynurenine O-sulfate (3-Hyd)] identified in the methanol extracts of bed bug exuviae and feces; numbers in parentheses indicate amounts in micrograms.
  • D dimethylaminoethanol
  • H histamine
  • Table 9 illustrates the response in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer of bed bug nymphs, adult males or adult females to the 2-component blend of dimethylaminoethanol (D) and histamine (H); numbers in parentheses indicate amounts in micrograms.
  • Pieces of filter paper (5 ⁇ 10 cm) exposed to the feces of approximately 300 bed bugs over a period of four weeks were cut into small sections of 0.75 ⁇ 0.5 cm each which were analyzed with an Agilent Headspace Analyzer coupled to a Varian 2000 Ion Trap GC-MS fitted with a DB-5 MS GC column (30 m ⁇ 0.25 ⁇ m ID). After placing the feces-stained paper into a 20-ml vial, it was sealed with a crimped cap with a 20-mm OD white silicon septum and heated to 90° C. for 5 min. The airborne headspace volatiles were withdrawn with an automated syringe and subjected to coupled gas GC-MS analysis, using the following temperature program: 50° C.
  • the synthetic blend (SB) was tested at a medium dose (50 ⁇ g; Experiment 45), a low dose (5 ⁇ g; Experiment 46), and a very low dose (0.5 ⁇ g; Experiment 47) for the response of bed bugs in three-dish, dual-choice olfactometers (see EXAMPLE 2, FIG. 1 ).
  • a medium dose 50 ⁇ g; Experiment 45
  • a low dose 5 ⁇ g; Experiment 46
  • a very low dose 0.5 ⁇ g; Experiment 47
  • the vial was then placed on top of the corrugated cardboard shelter (see FIG. 1 ) in the randomly assigned treatment dish of the olfactometer (see EXAMPLE 2).
  • the control stimulus consisted of the same type of lid on the corrugated cardboard of the control dish of the olfactometer containing mineral oil without synthetic test chemicals.
  • Table 10 illustrates the response of bed bug males in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer to a synthetic blend (SB) of 15 bed bug feces volatiles (EXAMPLE 11) tested at a medium dose (50 ⁇ g), low dose (5 ⁇ g), and very low dose (0.5 ⁇ g); at each dose, all components were formulated in equal amounts in mineral oil.
  • SB synthetic blend
  • Experiments 48-52 compared their responses to the complete SB of all 15 components (Experiment 48), with those to SBs that lacked groups of related organic chemicals, i.e.
  • esters methyl octanoate, ethyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate; Experiment 49), aldehydes (butanal, pentanal, hexanal, E2-hexenal, E2-octenal, benzyl aldehyde; Experiment 50), sulfides (dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide; Experiment 51), and ketones/alcohol (2-hexanone, acetophenone, verbenone, benzyl alcohol; Experiment 52). All SBs were formulated and bioassayed as described in EXAMPLE 11.
  • Table 11 illustrates the response of adult male bed bugs in the three-dish, dual-choice olfactometer to: a 15-component synthetic blend (SB) comprising 6 aldehydes (butanal, pentanal, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, benzyl aldehyde), one alcohol (benzyl alcohol), 3 ketones (2-hexanone, acetophenone, verbenone), 3 esters (ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, pentyl hexanoate), and 2 sulfides (dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide) (Exp.
  • SB 15-component synthetic blend
  • SB minus 2-hexanone 13 9 1 62 6-Comp. SB 20 3 1 63 6-Comp. SB minus dimethyl 18 6 0 trisulfide 64 6-Comp. SB minus dimethyl 17 6 1 disulfide 65 6-Comp. SB 19 5 0 66 6-Comp. SB minus (E)-2-hexenal 18 5 1 67 6-Comp. SB minus (E)-2-octenal 15 8 1
  • Experiments 68-75 were carried out to ascertain whether bed bugs respond to synthetic pheromone not only in small olfactometers (EXAMPLE 2; FIG. 1 ; Tables 7-11) but also in large bioassay arenas. Experiments 68-75 also investigated the effect of the volatile pheromone components (VPCs) (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide and 2-hexanone, and the effect of the less-volatile pheromone component histamine (H), on attraction and arrestment of bed bugs.
  • VPCs volatile pheromone components
  • Treatment stimuli consisted of filter paper (4 ⁇ 2.2 cm) impregnated with H (2,000 ⁇ g) and covered with a piece of corrugated cardboard shelter (3 ⁇ 2.2 cm), and of VPCs formulated at a high dose (500 ⁇ g; Experiments 68-74) or a medium dose (50 ⁇ g; Experiment 75) in mineral oil (0.5 ml) and pipetted into the inverted lid of a 20-ml scintillation vial resting on top of the shelter ( FIG. 1 ).
  • Control stimuli were of identical design but the filter paper contained no H, and the mineral oil contained no VPCs.
  • Experiment 68 tested the complete synthetic pheromone blend consisting of VPCs and H versus a control stimulus
  • Experiment 69 tested a partial pheromone blend consisting of only VPCs versus a control stimulus.
  • Table 12 illustrates the response of adult male bed bugs to complete or partial synthetic pheromone blends comprising the volatile pheromone components (VPC5) (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide and 2-hexanone, and/or the less-volatile pheromone component histamine (H).
  • VPCs in experiments 68-74 were tested at 500 ⁇ g and in experiment 75 at 50 ⁇ g. Histamine was tested at 2,000 ⁇ g.
  • Experiments 68-69, 70-71, 72-73, and 74-75 were run concurrently.
  • Experiment 76 we tested shelters baited with the complete synthetic pheromone lure (VPCs+histamine) versus unbaited shelters, and in Experiment 77 we tested shelters baited with VPCs only versus unbaited shelters. Analogously, in Experiment 78 we tested shelters baited with the complete synthetic pheromone lure (VPCs+histamine) versus unbaited shelters, and in Experiment 79 we tested shelters baited with histamine only versus unbaited shelters.
  • Mean ( ⁇ SE) Mean ⁇ SE number insects number insects Exp. no. Bait* in baited shelter in control shelter 76 VPCs + H 21.4 ⁇ 5.93 4.8 ⁇ 1.82 77 VPCs 10.3 ⁇ 3.45 4.7 ⁇ 1.73 78 VPCs + H 24.86 ⁇ 6.84 3.73 ⁇ 1.43 79 H 6.06 ⁇ 1.28 4.53 ⁇ 1.8
  • Pheromone-baited shelters contained all nymphal instars (fed and non-fed) as well as adult males and females (fed and non-fed), clearly indicating that the complete synthetic pheromone attracts and retains bed bugs irrespective of their developmental stage, gender or physiological condition.
  • 6-component synthetic pheromone lure comprised of (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 2-hexanone and histamine is capable of attracting and retaining bed bugs in lightly-infested residential apartments and that this novel pheromone lure has the potential to become an effective tool for detecting bed bug infestations in residential and commercial premises.

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