US20160227791A9 - Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations - Google Patents
Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20160227791A9 US20160227791A9 US14/222,335 US201414222335A US2016227791A9 US 20160227791 A9 US20160227791 A9 US 20160227791A9 US 201414222335 A US201414222335 A US 201414222335A US 2016227791 A9 US2016227791 A9 US 2016227791A9
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- diatomaceous earth
- diatoms
- micrometers
- celatom
- canceled
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 249
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 206
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 206010004194 Bed bug infestation Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 241001414835 Cimicidae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 241000206761 Bacillariophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 241001467602 Fragilariaceae Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 241001467601 Fragilariales Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 241001467599 Fragilariophyceae Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 241001466505 Fragilaria Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 241001426193 Synedra Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000618308 Tabularia Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000239223 Arachnida Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 65
- 241001327638 Cimex lectularius Species 0.000 description 58
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000003991 Rietveld refinement Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 17
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 11
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 229910052655 plagioclase feldspar Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 10
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241001414836 Cimex Species 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N ampicillin Chemical compound C1([C@@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]2[C@H]3SC([C@@H](N3C2=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)=CC=CC=C1 AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000238421 Arthropoda Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001649 dickite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052621 halloysite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000021374 legumes Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000003437 trachea Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000636 lethal dose Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000004579 marble Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005029 sieve analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006273 synthetic pesticide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ONAAMCDHQSWPDU-BKUHCKHBSA-N (2s,3s,4s,5r,6r)-6-[[(3s,4s,4ar,6ar,6bs,8ar,9r,12as,14ar,14br)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-9-[[(2r)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxo-2,3-dihydropyran-2-yl]oxy]-4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-5-[(2s,3r,4s,5 Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@@H]2[C@]([C@H]3[C@]([C@@H]4[C@@]([C@@]5(CC[C@@]6(C)[C@H](O[C@@H]7OC(C)=C(O)C(=O)C7)CC(C)(C)C[C@H]6C5=CC4)C)(C)CC3)(C)CC2)(C)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O ONAAMCDHQSWPDU-BKUHCKHBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXNVHPCVMSNXNP-IVKVKCDBSA-N (2s,3s,4s,5r,6r)-6-[[(3s,4s,4ar,6ar,6bs,8r,8ar,9r,10r,12as,14ar,14br)-9-acetyloxy-8-hydroxy-4,8a-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-hexamethyl-10-[(e)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxy-3, Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@H](O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)O[C@H]1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3CC=C4[C@@]([C@@]3(CC[C@H]2[C@]1(CO)C)C)(C)C[C@@H](O)[C@@]1(CO)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](C(C[C@H]14)(C)C)OC(=O)C(/C)=C/C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O AXNVHPCVMSNXNP-IVKVKCDBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXNVHPCVMSNXNP-GKTCLTPXSA-N Aescin Natural products O=C(O[C@H]1[C@@H](OC(=O)C)[C@]2(CO)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]3(C)[C@@]4(C)[C@@H]([C@]5(C)[C@H]([C@](CO)(C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]6[C@@H](O[C@H]7[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O7)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]7[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O7)[C@@H](C(=O)O)O6)CC5)CC4)CC=C3[C@@H]2CC1(C)C)/C(=C/C)/C AXNVHPCVMSNXNP-GKTCLTPXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBZLICPLPYSFNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Astragaloside VIII Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(C)OC1OC1C(OC2C(OC(C(O)C2O)C(O)=O)OC2C(C3C(C4C(C5(CCC6(C)C(O)CC(C)(C)CC6C5=CC4)C)(C)CC3)(C)CC2)(C)CO)OCC(O)C1O IBZLICPLPYSFNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFFJPIQLAPHYBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Azukisaponin V Natural products COC(=O)C1OC(OC2CCC3(C)C(CCC4(C)C3CC=C5C6CC(C)(C)CC(O)C6(O)CCC45C)C2(C)CO)C(OC7OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C7OC8OC(C)C(O)C(O)C8O)C(O)C1O KFFJPIQLAPHYBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001674044 Blattodea Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010011906 Death Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CTQURVKMWHDOKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dehydrosoyasaponin I Natural products CC1OC(OC2C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(OC3OC4CCC5(C)C(CCC6(C)C5CC=C7C8CC(C)(C)CC(=O)C8(C)CCC67C)C4(C)C=O)C(=O)O)C(O)C(O)C1O CTQURVKMWHDOKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CROUPKILZUPLQA-ITVSDQETSA-N Dehydrosoyasaponin I Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@@H]2[C@]([C@H]3[C@]([C@@H]4[C@@]([C@@]5(CC[C@@]6(C)C(=O)CC(C)(C)C[C@H]6C5=CC4)C)(C)CC3)(C)CC2)(C)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CROUPKILZUPLQA-ITVSDQETSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYDPEADEZMZKNM-ZBKPBKBGSA-N Echinocystic acid 3-glucoside Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3CC=C4[C@@]([C@@]3(CC[C@H]2C1(C)C)C)(C)C[C@@H](O)[C@]1(CCC(C[C@H]14)(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O WYDPEADEZMZKNM-ZBKPBKBGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHDIBJJJRNDSX-MCGLQMIESA-N Hederacoside C Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC(=O)[C@@]34[C@@H](CC(C)(C)CC3)C=3[C@@]([C@]5(C)CC[C@H]6[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]7[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO7)O[C@H]7[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O7)O)CC[C@]6(C)[C@H]5CC=3)(C)CC4)O2)O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O RYHDIBJJJRNDSX-MCGLQMIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000257303 Hymenoptera Species 0.000 description 1
- VTAJIXDZFCRWBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Licoricesaponin B2 Natural products C1C(C2C(C3(CCC4(C)CCC(C)(CC4C3=CC2)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)C2C(C)(C)CC1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1O VTAJIXDZFCRWBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEOITPILCOILGM-FCWYPSSHSA-N Sapindoside A Natural products O=C(O)[C@]12[C@H](C=3[C@](C)([C@@]4(C)[C@@H]([C@]5(C)[C@H]([C@@](CO)(C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]6[C@@H](O[C@H]7[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O7)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO6)CC5)CC4)CC=3)CC1)CC(C)(C)CC2 KEOITPILCOILGM-FCWYPSSHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000258242 Siphonaptera Species 0.000 description 1
- JFHRJMPZZYINAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Soyasaponin I Natural products CC1OC(OC2C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC3OC4CCC5(C)C(CCC6(C)C5CC=C7C8CC(C)(C)CC(O)C8(C)CCC67C)C4(C)CO)C(O)C(O)C1O JFHRJMPZZYINAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBZLICPLPYSFNZ-IVWMTKFPSA-N Soyasaponin II Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@@H]2[C@]([C@H]3[C@]([C@@H]4[C@@]([C@@]5(CC[C@@]6(C)[C@H](O)CC(C)(C)C[C@H]6C5=CC4)C)(C)CC3)(C)CC2)(C)CO)OC[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O IBZLICPLPYSFNZ-IVWMTKFPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZLAZXBSOCTDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Soyasaponin II Natural products CC1OC(OC2C(O)C(O)COC2OC3C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC3OC4CCC5(C)C(CCC6(C)C5CC=C7C8CC(C)(C)CC(O)C8(C)CCC67C)C4(C)CO)C(O)C(O)C1O PZLAZXBSOCTDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UZUYQJHHUUDLDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Soyasaponin III Natural products CC1(C)CC(O)C2(C)CCC3(C)C(=CCC4C5(C)CCC(OC6OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C6OC7OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C7O)C(C)(CO)C5CCC34C)C2C1 UZUYQJHHUUDLDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101001041608 Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) Peptide deformylase 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- KBYYTUYPCGPQNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hederin Natural products CC1OC(OC2C(O)C(CO)OC2OC3CCC4(C)C(CCC5(C)C4CC=C6C7CC(C)(C)CCC7(CCC56C)C(=O)O)C3(C)CO)C(O)C(O)C1O KBYYTUYPCGPQNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052934 alunite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010424 alunite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- AXNVHPCVMSNXNP-BEJCRFBNSA-N beta-escin Natural products CC=C(/C)C(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OC(=O)C)[C@]2(CO)[C@H](O)C[C@@]3(C)C(=CC[C@@H]4[C@@]5(C)CC[C@H](O[C@H]6O[C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]7O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]7O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]6O[C@@H]8O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]8O)C(=O)O)[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]5CC[C@@]34C)[C@@H]2CC1(C)C AXNVHPCVMSNXNP-BEJCRFBNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093314 beta-escin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004166 bioassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxosilane oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[K+].[K+].O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920006334 epoxy coating Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside Natural products C1CC(C2C(C3(CCC4(C)CCC(C)(CC4C3=CC2=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)C2C(C)(C)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1OC1OC(C(O)=O)C(O)C(O)C1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycyrrhizic acid Natural products CC1(C)C(CCC2(C)C1CCC3(C)C2C(=O)C=C4C5CC(C)(CCC5(C)CCC34C)C(=O)O)OC6OC(C(O)C(O)C6OC7OC(O)C(O)C(O)C7C(=O)O)C(=O)O UYRUBYNTXSDKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001685 glycyrrhizic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004949 glycyrrhizic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019410 glycyrrhizin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N glycyrrhizinic acid Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1C([C@H]2[C@]([C@@H]3[C@@]([C@@]4(CC[C@@]5(C)CC[C@@](C)(C[C@H]5C4=CC3=O)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC2)(C)CC1)(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052900 illite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052935 jarosite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYHDIBJJJRNDSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N kalopanax-saponin B Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(C)OC1OC1C(CO)OC(OCC2C(C(O)C(O)C(OC(=O)C34C(CC(C)(C)CC3)C=3C(C5(C)CCC6C(C)(CO)C(OC7C(C(O)C(O)CO7)OC7C(C(O)C(O)C(C)O7)O)CCC6(C)C5CC=3)(C)CC4)O2)O)C(O)C1O RYHDIBJJJRNDSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEOITPILCOILGM-LLJOFIFVSA-N kalopanaxsaponin A Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@]([C@H]3[C@]([C@@H]4[C@@]([C@@]5(CC[C@]6(CCC(C)(C)C[C@H]6C5=CC4)C(O)=O)C)(C)CC3)(C)CC2)(C)CO)OC[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O KEOITPILCOILGM-LLJOFIFVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052651 microcline Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052627 muscovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L nonaaluminum;magnesium;tripotassium;1,3-dioxido-2,4,5-trioxa-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane;iron(2+);oxygen(2-);fluoride;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[F-].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2 VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052652 orthoclase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052654 sanidine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930182490 saponin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000017709 saponins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PTDAHAWQAGSZDD-IOVCITQVSA-N soyasaponin I Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@@H]2[C@]([C@H]3[C@]([C@@H]4[C@@]([C@@]5(CC[C@@]6(C)[C@H](O)CC(C)(C)C[C@H]6C5=CC4)C)(C)CC3)(C)CC2)(C)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O PTDAHAWQAGSZDD-IOVCITQVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKIHRVKXRCAJFQ-AHBDIROXSA-N soyasaponin III Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]1O[C@H]1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3CC=C4[C@@]([C@@]3(CC[C@H]2[C@]1(CO)C)C)(C)CC[C@@]1(C)[C@H](O)CC(C[C@H]14)(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O OKIHRVKXRCAJFQ-AHBDIROXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONAAMCDHQSWPDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N soybean saponin BeA Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(C)OC1OC1C(OC2C(OC(C(O)C2O)C(O)=O)OC2C(C3C(C4C(C5(CCC6(C)C(OC7OC(C)=C(O)C(=O)C7)CC(C)(C)CC6C5=CC4)C)(C)CC3)(C)CC2)(C)CO)OC(CO)C(O)C1O ONAAMCDHQSWPDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 terpenoid saponins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- KPZTWMNLAFDTGF-UHFFFAOYSA-D trialuminum;potassium;hexahydroxide;disulfate Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KPZTWMNLAFDTGF-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 150000008130 triterpenoid saponins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/03—Algae
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/20—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects
- A01M1/2022—Poisoning or narcotising insects by vaporising an insecticide
- A01M1/2027—Poisoning or narcotising insects by vaporising an insecticide without heating
- A01M1/2038—Holders or dispensers for pressurized insecticide, e.g. pressurized vessels, cans
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
- B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
- B65D83/75—Aerosol containers not provided for in groups B65D83/16 - B65D83/74
- B65D83/752—Aerosol containers not provided for in groups B65D83/16 - B65D83/74 characterised by the use of specific products or propellants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/30—Materials not provided for elsewhere for aerosols
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
- B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
- B65D83/16—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant characterised by the actuating means
- B65D83/20—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant characterised by the actuating means operated by manual action, e.g. button-type actuator or actuator caps
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/001015 filed on Nov. 1, 2012.
- PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/001015 filed on Nov. 1, 2012, claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/563,220 filed on Nov. 23, 2011, and the benefit of PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/000389 filed at the Canadian receiving office of the PCT on Apr. 26, 2012.
- PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/000389 was filed as U.S. National Phase application Ser. No. 14/114,900 on Oct. 30, 2013. The entire contents of PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/001015, filed on Nov.
- diatomaceous earth to control a population of Cimicidae , wherein the diatomaceous earth comprises remains of pennate diatoms.
- diatomaceous earth to control a population of Cimex lectularius , wherein the diatomaceous earth comprises remains of pennate diatoms.
- a method of controlling a population of insects comprising causing a compressed propellant to propel diatomaceous earth on a surface.
- FIGS. 2 to 5 are secondary electron images of diatomaceous earth known as CELATOMTM MN-51;
- FIG. 6 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOMTM MN-51;
- FIG. 7 is a graph of particle size distribution of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOMTM MN-51;
- FIG. 9 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOMTM MN-53;
- FIG. 12 is a secondary electron image of diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarthTM D;
- FIG. 13 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarthTM D;
- FIG. 14 is a graph of particle size distribution of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarthTM D;
- FIGS. 15 to 17 are secondary electron images of diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVETM.
- FIG. 18 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVETM
- FIG. 19 is a scanning electron microscope image of a smaller size fraction of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOMTM MN-51;
- a spray apparatus according to one illustrative embodiment is shown generally at 100 .
- U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,394,321 and 6,581,807 describe aerosol containers that may be suitable for spraying powder, and in some embodiments the spray apparatus 100 may be similar to one of the aerosol containers described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,394,321 and 6,581,807 or to other aerosol containers that may be suitable for spraying powder.
- the spray apparatus 100 in the embodiment shown includes a body 102 defining a reservoir 104 therein.
- the body 102 may include a steel can, and the body 102 in the embodiment shown is thus a rigid container.
- Alternative embodiments may include or other material suitable, such as other rigid containers for example, for holding pressurized air.
- the body 102 in one embodiment may be a steel can having a size known to one skilled in the art as “202 ⁇ 509” (or 2 2/16 inches in diameter and 5 9/16 inches in height, or about 5.4 centimetres (“cm”) in diameter and about 14.1 cm in height) and having an inner epoxy coating, and which may be sized so that the reservoir 104 holds 170 grams of contents 106 .
- the body 102 thus holds the contents 106 , although alternative embodiments may include different structures to hold the contents 106 .
- the body 102 may include a tin-plated steel can with a protective liner.
- the contents 106 include diatomaceous earth 108 and a propellant, which in some embodiments may be a mixture of isobutane and propane known to one skilled in the art as propellant A-46, and which in some embodiments may include about 75% isobutane and about 25% propane.
- the propellant may be a liquefied petroleum gas known to one skilled in the art as propellant blend A-70 available from Brenntag Canada Inc. of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- the propellant is in a gaseous phase 110 , and also in a liquid phase 112 intermixed with the diatomaceous earth 108 .
- the contents 106 in the embodiment shown include an unmatured anhydrous alcohol 114 intermixed with the diatomaceous earth 108 .
- the alcohol 114 may be denatured with fragrance, resin, a product known as BITREXTM, or another product for example.
- the alcohol 114 may include an alcohol known to one skilled in the art as SD-40 or SDAG-6, for example. In some embodiments, such alcohol 114 may evaporate generally rapidly one sprayed from the spray apparatus 100 , thereby leaving dried diatomaceous earth 108 on a surface (not shown) sprayed by the spray apparatus 100 .
- products other than diatomaceous earth such as other products that may be effective to control bedbug populations or more generally as an insecticide or pesticide for example, may be intermixed with the diatomaceous earth 108 .
- products other than diatomaceous earth such as other products that may be effective to control bedbug populations or more generally as an insecticide or pesticide for example, may be intermixed with the diatomaceous earth 108 .
- such legume extracts may be intermixed with the diatomaceous earth 108 , and in such embodiments the propellant may be less than about 38% by weight of the contents 106 and/or the alcohol 114 may be less than about 54% by weight of the contents 106 .
- the contents 106 need not be exactly in the aforementioned proportions, that the spray apparatus 100 may function similarly with more or less of those components, and that “about” in this context means refers to variations of the aforementioned proportions that allow the spray apparatus 100 to function with similar results.
- the reservoir 104 includes a ball bearing or marble 136 to facilitate mixing the contents 106 when the spray apparatus 100 is shaken.
- the spray apparatus 100 may be shaken for about 8 to about 10 seconds, or vigorously for about 10 seconds, to achieve desirable mixing of the contents 106 before the contents 106 are sprayed from the spray apparatus 100 .
- Some embodiments of the spray apparatus 100 or alternative embodiments may be prepared by a batch process.
- the description below is one example of a manufacturing process for 1,000 kilograms of formulated product.
- portions of the bulk concentrate are metered through a filter into aerosol containers at a temperature between 68° F. (about 20° C.) and 73° F. (about 22.8° C.).
- Each aerosol container may then be fitted with an aerosol valve and subjected to a vacuum at 15 inches of mercury (about 50.8 kilopascals) to 20 inches of mercury (about 67.7 kilopascals).
- the propellant (A-70 in this example) may then be metered under pressure into each aerosol container at a temperature between 65° F. (about 18.3° C.) and 70° F. (about 21.1° C.) and at a pressure of 600 pound-force per square inch gauge (about 4,238 kilopascals) to 650 pound-force per square inch gauge (about 4,583 kilopascals), and each aerosol container may be then crimped shut.
- 211 ⁇ 604 or 2 11/16 inches in diameter and 6 4/16 inches in height, or about 6.8 cm in diameter and about 15.9 cm in height
- 114 grams of propellant may be added
- 211 ⁇ 713 or 2 11/16 inches in diameter and 7 13/16 inches in height, or about 6.8 cm in diameter and about 19.8 cm in height
- 152 grams of propellant may be added.
- diatomaceous earth Numerous types of diatomaceous earth are available and vary, for example, on the sizes, shapes, and species of diatoms that contributed to the diatomaceous earth.
- CELATOMTM MN-51 A sample of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOMTM MN-51 was reduced in size to less than 10 micrometers for quantitative X-ray analysis by grinding under ethanol in a vibratory McCrone Micronising Mill for seven minutes.
- Step-scan X-ray powder-diffraction data were collected over a range 3-80°2 ⁇ with CoKa radiation on a Bruker D8 Focus Bragg-Brentano diffractometer equipped with an Fe monochromator foil, 0.6 mm (0.3°) divergence slit, incident- and diffracted-beam Soller slits, and a LynxEye detector.
- the long fine-focus Co X-ray tube was operated at 35 kV and 40 mA, using a take-off angle of 6°.
- FIG. 10 is a secondary electron image (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of diatomaceous earth known as AlpineTM Dust (“Prescription Treatment Brand”) obtained from Whitmire Micro-Gen Research Laboratories, Inc. of St. Louis, Mo., United States of America
- FIG. 11 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as AlpineTM Dust obtained as described above for FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 11 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities.
- the other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections.
- the amounts given on FIG. 11 are renormalized amorphous-free.
- the results of phase analysis of AlpineTM Dust by Rietveld refinements are in Table 5 below.
- FIG. 12 is a secondary electron image (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarthTM D obtained from Whitmire Micro-Gen Research Laboratories, Inc. of St. Louis, Mo., United States of America
- FIG. 13 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarthTM D obtained as described above for FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 13 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities.
- the other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections.
- the amounts given on FIG. 13 are renormalized amorphous-free.
- Table 6 The results of phase analysis of MotherEarthTM D by Rietveld refinements are in Table 6 below.
- FIGS. 15 to 17 are secondary electron images (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVETM obtained from Pest Control Direct Ltd., Hailsham, East Canal, United Kingdom, and FIG. 18 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVETM obtained as described above for FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 18 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities.
- the other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections.
- the amounts given on FIG. 18 are renormalized amorphous-free.
- Table 7 The results of phase analysis of PRO-ACTIVETM by Rietveld refinements are in Table 7 below.
- Example #1 small plastic Petri dishes available from Gelman SciencesTM, each about 5.0 cm or about 2.0 inches in diameter, were used in bioassays. A small opening of about 1.5 cm (or about 0.6 inches) in diameter was cut in the lid and closed with a piece of gauze to allow air for bedbug breathing. The Petri dishes were lined with a filter paper about 4.25 cm (or about 1.7 inches) in diameter. Diatomaceous earth was weighed and spread uniformly over the filter paper with forceps. Ten adult field-collected common bedbugs ( Cimex lectularius ) were introduced in each of the Petri dishes, and the lids were placed over them to prevent their escape.
- Cimex lectularius Cimex lectularius
- Tables 8 and 9 below show mortality data from Experiment #1, where “L” refers to a number of bedbugs still living after a corresponding time given in the tables, and where “D” refers to a number that died after the time given.
- Example #2 mortality of CELATOMTM MN-51 was compared with the diatomaceous earth products known as AlpineTM Dust, MotherEarthTM D, and PRO-ACTIVETM.
- the various products were applied with forceps and weighed on a small filter paper, which was then placed in a Petri dish (about 5.0 cm or about 2 inches diameter).
- Common bedbugs Cimex lectularius ) were introduced in the various Petri dishes, and mortality was assessed in each of the Petri dishes after 24 hours and after 48 hours.
- Four to five concentrations of each product were used, the concentrations ranging from 0.25 mg to 6 mg, and there were three replications of between 9 and 11 bedbugs (adults or last instar nymphs) in each replication.
- a probit analysis was used to calculate LC 50 and LC 95 (lowest lethal concentrations sufficient to kill 95% of the bedbugs) values and 95% confidence intervals (“CIs”) for the LC 50 and LC 95 values, as shown in Table 10 below.
- Experiment #5 Another experiment (“Experiment #5”) was the same as Experiment #4 except that 100 common bedbugs ( Cimex lectularius ) were introduced on the clean piece of cloth as described for Experiment #4. Insects again moved from one side of the box to the other in all cases. There was no mortality in the control boxes, whereas after 18 hours, 99 bedbugs died in one of the experimental boxes and 98 bedbugs died in the other one of the experimental boxes. All of the bedbugs in both experimental boxes died after 24 hours.
- 100 common bedbugs Cimex lectularius
- the fluorescent dye was visibly observed on the bedbugs that did not contact the diatomaceous earth directly, suggesting that such bedbugs came into contact with diatomaceous earth by contacting the bedbug that had contacted the diatomaceous earth directly.
- Example #9 a sample of CELATOMTM MN-51 was size-separated to separate into a smaller size fraction of particles less than about 11 micrometers in size and into a larger size fraction of particles larger than about 11 micrometers in size.
- the CELATOMTM MN-51 sample was size separated in a centrifuge, and because some particles of CELATOMTM MN-51 are non-spherical, 11 micrometers is an approximate separation size and, for example, the smaller size fraction may include elongate particles that are longer than 11 micrometers.
- “a smaller size fraction of particles less than about 11 micrometers in size” may in some embodiments include a smaller size fraction from centrifugal size separation that may include elongate particles that are longer than 11 micrometers.
- FIG. 19 is a scanning electron microscope image of the smaller size fraction (particles less than about 11 micrometers in size) and FIG. 20 is a scanning electron microscope image of the larger size fraction (particles larger than about 11 micrometers in size).
- the scale bar in FIG. 19 represents 30 micrometers, whereas the scale bar in FIG. 20 represents 120 micrometers.
- the original sample of CELATOMTM MN-51 was reduced in weight by about 30% after the larger size fraction (particles larger than about 11 micrometers in size) was removed from it.
- Efficacy against bedbugs of the smaller size fraction of CELATOMTM MN-51 and of the larger size fraction of CELATOMTM MN-51 was measured in three replications of eight adult common bedbugs ( Cimex lectularius ) each, for a total of 24 bedbugs introduced. Samples were weighed and spread on filter papers in Petri dishes, and the bedbugs were then introduced. Mortality assessed after 24 hours and after 48 hours. Table 16 below shows the number of the initially introduced 24 bedbugs that were killed after 24 and after 48 hours when exposed to 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg of the smaller size fraction of CELATOMTM MN-51 and of the larger size fraction of CELATOMTM MN-51.
- LC 50 may be calculated as shown in Table 17 below.
- Table 17 also shows confidence intervals of LC 50 in brackets where the confidence intervals were also calculated.
- diatomaceous earth may damage exoskeletons of animals having exoskeletons, which damage may lead to dehydration and death of the animals. Therefore, it is believed that diatomaceous earth, and various apparatuses such as the spray apparatus 100 as described herein for example, may be effective in the control of populations of one or more of animals having exoskeletons, including arthropods, arachnids, insects, and bedbugs.
- bedbugs may refer to common bedbugs ( Cimex lectularius ), or more generally to Cimex , or still more generally to Cimicidae , for example.
- diatomaceous earth may additionally or alternatively block or otherwise interfere with spiracles on exoskeletons of bedbugs, thereby diminishing or eliminating passage of air into the trachea of the bedbugs and potentially asphyxiating the bedbugs.
- Experiment #2 appears to indicate that to LC 50 and LC 95 after 24 hours for CELATOMTM MN-51 are less than LC 50 and LC 95 after 24 hours for MotherEarthTM D, but the confidence intervals for those LC 50 and LC 95 values overlap. Therefore, according to Experiment #2, CELATOMTM MN-51 may be more effective than MotherEarthTM D at killing bedbugs, and thus in controlling bedbug populations, but overlap in the confidence intervals raises some uncertainty.
- Experiment #6 appears to indicate that when one bedbug contacted CELATOMTM MN-51, that one bedbug was generally more effective at killing other bedbugs by transmitting the CELATOMTM MN-51 to the other bedbugs than was the case for MotherEarthTM D.
- CELATOMTM MN-51 may be more effective in controlling bedbug populations than the other diatomaceous earth products described above.
- CELATOMTM MN-51 may increase the effectiveness of CELATOMTM MN-51 when compared to other varieties of diatomaceous earth.
- some characteristics of CELATOMTM MN-51 may increase the likelihood of diatomaceous earth being transmitted from one bedbug to another, thereby apparently increasing effectiveness of CELATOMTM MN-51 in controlling bedbug populations when compared to MotherEarthTM D as shown in Experiment #6.
- FIG. 17 illustrates fine grained, broken diatom frustules in the smaller size fraction. Larger grains are absent, but there are aggregates of broken diatom frustules of, roughly, tens of micrometers.
- FIG. 20 illustrates grains that range in size from tens of micrometers to approximately 100 micrometers in length in the larger size fraction. Many grains in FIG. 20 appear not to be diatomaceous material, but rather mineral grains. Therefore, Experiment #9 appears to indicate that the diatom frustules of CELATOMTM MN-51 are more effective at killing bedbugs than other components of CELATOMTM MN-51.
- Experiment #3, Experiment #4, and Experiment #5 appear to indicate that diatomaceous earth delivered from an aerosol product, such as the spray apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 for example, is effective at killing bedbugs, and thus in controlling bedbug populations, even if the bedbugs only contact the diatomaceous earth briefly when crossing an area sprayed with diatomaceous earth (see Experiment #4 and Experiment #5).
- methods of using such an apparatus may include exposing bedbugs or other pests to diatomaceous earth, for example by spraying, propelling, or otherwise applying the diatomaceous earth to a surface.
- that bedbug when one bedbug contacts the diatomaceous earth, that bedbug may spread the diatomaceous earth to other bedbugs (see Experiment #6 and Experiment #7), and therefore causing one bedbug to contact diatomaceous earth may cause death of several bedbugs. Therefore, in some embodiments, spraying, propelling, or otherwise applying the diatomaceous earth to a surface where bedbugs are likely to be found may be effective even against bedbugs that do not contact the surface where the diatomaceous earth was applied.
- the spray apparatus 100 and alternative embodiments may enable a user to apply diatomaceous earth conveniently from a single apparatus, without having to transfer the diatomaceous earth from a container to a separate applicator apparatus as may be required in other methods of applying diatomaceous earth to surfaces.
- embodiments of the spray apparatus 100 and alternative embodiments may effectively control populations of insects such as bedbugs. Therefore, commercial use of embodiments of the spray apparatus 100 and of alternative embodiments may involve distributing, selling, offering for sale, placing, or otherwise using such spray apparatuses in an effort to control populations of animals, such as animals having exoskeletons, arthropods, arachnids, insects, and bedbugs for example.
- embodiments of the spray apparatus 100 and of alternative embodiments may also involve distributing, selling, offering for sale, placing, or otherwise using such spray apparatuses together with such furniture apparatuses in an effort to control populations of animals, such as animals having exoskeletons, arthropods, arachnids, insects, and bedbugs for example.
- one or more internal surfaces may be darkly coloured, such as coloured black or another dark colour.
- the lighter colour of the diatomaceous earth may make the diatomaceous earth more easily visible on such surfaces, and may facilitate noticing an absence of such products on such surfaces.
- Diatomaceous earth is a natural product, and in some embodiments, natural products may be preferable over other pest control products, such as synthetic pesticides for example, because natural products may be less harmful to humans, to other life, or more generally to the environment.
- the spray apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 and alternative embodiments may be advantageous when compared to other methods of controlling bedbug and other insect populations.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Natural Medicines & Medicinal Plants (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/001015, filed on Nov. 1, 2012. PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/001015, filed on Nov. 1, 2012, claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/563,220 filed on Nov. 23, 2011, and the benefit of PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/000389 filed at the Canadian receiving office of the PCT on Apr. 26, 2012. PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/000389 was filed as U.S. National Phase application Ser. No. 14/114,900 on Oct. 30, 2013. The entire contents of PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/001015, filed on Nov. 1, 2012, U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/563,220 filed on Nov. 23, 2011, PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/000389 filed at the Canadian receiving office of the PCT on Apr. 26, 2012, and U.S. application Ser. No. 14/114,900 filed on Oct. 30, 2013, are incorporated by reference herein.
- 1. Field
- The invention relates generally to insect population control, and more particularly to spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations.
- 2. Related Art
- Many insects, such as the insects commonly known as “bedbugs” for example, have become pests in many parts of the world. A bedbug infestation of a building, for example, can be very costly, because often furniture must be destroyed and replaced in order to remove bedbugs from the building. Further, in the case of some institutions such as hotels for example, closing large parts or all of the hotel for bedbug pest removal can result in significant loss of revenue.
- Some known methods of controlling bedbug populations involve using synthetic pesticides, but some pesticides may be harmful to humans and to other life. Other known methods of controlling bedbug populations include applying diatomaceous earth, a naturally occurring siliceous sedimentary rock that includes fossilized remains of diatoms.
- However, known methods of applying diatomaceous earth can be cumbersome. For example, known methods of applying diatomaceous earth may undesirably require handling the diatomaceous earth, for example to transfer the diatomaceous earth from a container not having an applicator to a separate applicator apparatus. Also, known applicator apparatuses may apply diatomaceous earth unevenly, which may be wasteful or ineffective. In general, known methods of applying diatomaceous earth may be sufficiently complex so as to require professional involvement, which may undesirably add to cost and delay of bedbug treatment.
- Also, numerous types of diatomaceous earth are available, and different types of diatomaceous earth vary widely and significantly from each other. It has been estimated that there are approximately 100,000 extant diatom species, and some diatomaceous earth may also include diverse combinations of one or more diatom species and may also include extinct species in addition to the number of extant species. Diatom skeletons (which may also be referred to as “frustules”) may vary widely and significantly in size and shape across a very large number of diatom species. Also, different insect species have different bodies that may be affected significantly differently by different types of diatomaceous earth. Therefore, many varieties of diatomaceous earth are available, and a variety of diatomaceous earth that is effective at controlling a population of one type of insect may not be as effective, or effective at all, at controlling a population of another type of insect.
- According to one illustrative embodiment, there is provided a spray apparatus comprising: a means for holding contents comprising diatomaceous earth and a compressed propellant for propelling the diatomaceous earth from the means for holding; and a means for controllably releasing the propellant and the diatomaceous earth propelled by the propellant from the means for holding.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a spray apparatus comprising: a body defining a reservoir holding contents comprising diatomaceous earth and a compressed propellant for propelling the diatomaceous earth from the reservoir; and an actuator for controllably releasing the propellant and the diatomaceous earth propelled by the propellant from the reservoir.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided use of diatomaceous earth to control a population of bedbugs, wherein the diatomaceous earth comprises remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided use of diatomaceous earth to control a population of Cimicidae, wherein the diatomaceous earth comprises remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided use of diatomaceous earth to control a population of Cimex, wherein the diatomaceous earth comprises remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided use of diatomaceous earth to control a population of Cimex lectularius, wherein the diatomaceous earth comprises remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of controlling a population of bedbugs, the method comprising exposing the bedbugs to diatomaceous earth comprising remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of controlling a population of Cimicidae, the method comprising exposing the Cimicidae to diatomaceous earth comprising remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of controlling a population of Cimex, the method comprising exposing the Cimex to diatomaceous earth comprising remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of controlling a population of Cimex lectularius, the method comprising exposing the Cimex lectularius to diatomaceous earth comprising remains of pennate diatoms.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of controlling a population of insects, the method comprising causing a compressed propellant to propel diatomaceous earth on a surface.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of manufacturing a spray apparatus, the method comprising adding a smaller size fraction of diatomaceous earth to the spray apparatus.
- According to another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing diatomaceous earth for use in controlling a population of insects, the method comprising size separating the diatomaceous earth into a smaller size fraction and into a larger size fraction.
- Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of illustrative embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
- In the drawings:
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a spray apparatus according to one illustrative embodiment; -
FIGS. 2 to 5 are secondary electron images of diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51; -
FIG. 6 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51; -
FIG. 7 is a graph of particle size distribution of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51; -
FIG. 8 is a secondary electron image of diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-53; -
FIG. 9 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-53; -
FIG. 10 is a secondary electron image of diatomaceous earth known as Alpine™ Dust; -
FIG. 11 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as Alpine™ Dust; -
FIG. 12 is a secondary electron image of diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarth™ D; -
FIG. 13 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarth™ D; -
FIG. 14 is a graph of particle size distribution of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarth™ D; -
FIGS. 15 to 17 are secondary electron images of diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVE™; -
FIG. 18 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVE™; -
FIG. 19 is a scanning electron microscope image of a smaller size fraction of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51; and -
FIG. 20 is a scanning electron microscope image of a larger size fraction of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , a spray apparatus according to one illustrative embodiment is shown generally at 100. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,394,321 and 6,581,807 describe aerosol containers that may be suitable for spraying powder, and in some embodiments thespray apparatus 100 may be similar to one of the aerosol containers described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,394,321 and 6,581,807 or to other aerosol containers that may be suitable for spraying powder. - The
spray apparatus 100 in the embodiment shown includes abody 102 defining areservoir 104 therein. Thebody 102 may include a steel can, and thebody 102 in the embodiment shown is thus a rigid container. Alternative embodiments may include or other material suitable, such as other rigid containers for example, for holding pressurized air. For example, thebody 102 in one embodiment may be a steel can having a size known to one skilled in the art as “202×509” (or 2 2/16 inches in diameter and 5 9/16 inches in height, or about 5.4 centimetres (“cm”) in diameter and about 14.1 cm in height) and having an inner epoxy coating, and which may be sized so that thereservoir 104 holds 170 grams ofcontents 106. Thebody 102 thus holds thecontents 106, although alternative embodiments may include different structures to hold thecontents 106. For example, in some embodiments, thebody 102 may include a tin-plated steel can with a protective liner. - In the embodiment shown, the
contents 106 includediatomaceous earth 108 and a propellant, which in some embodiments may be a mixture of isobutane and propane known to one skilled in the art as propellant A-46, and which in some embodiments may include about 75% isobutane and about 25% propane. In other embodiments, the propellant may be a liquefied petroleum gas known to one skilled in the art as propellant blend A-70 available from Brenntag Canada Inc. of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In the embodiment shown, the propellant is in agaseous phase 110, and also in aliquid phase 112 intermixed with thediatomaceous earth 108. Further, thecontents 106 in the embodiment shown include an unmaturedanhydrous alcohol 114 intermixed with thediatomaceous earth 108. Thealcohol 114 may be denatured with fragrance, resin, a product known as BITREX™, or another product for example. Thealcohol 114 may include an alcohol known to one skilled in the art as SD-40 or SDAG-6, for example. In some embodiments,such alcohol 114 may evaporate generally rapidly one sprayed from thespray apparatus 100, thereby leaving drieddiatomaceous earth 108 on a surface (not shown) sprayed by thespray apparatus 100. - In the embodiment shown, the
alcohol 114 is about 54% by weight of thecontents 106, the propellant is about 38% by weight of thecontents 106, and thediatomaceous earth 108 is about 8% by weight of thecontents 106. In other embodiments, thediatomaceous earth 108 may be at least 3% by weight of thecontents 106, at least 5% by weight of thecontents 106, or at least 7% by weight of thecontents 106, for example, and in such embodiments the propellant may be more than about 38% by weight of thecontents 106 and/or thealcohol 114 may be more than about 54% by weight of thecontents 106. - In still other embodiments, products other than diatomaceous earth, such as other products that may be effective to control bedbug populations or more generally as an insecticide or pesticide for example, may be intermixed with the
diatomaceous earth 108. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,408 describes various legume extracts, such as one or more of PA1b-related peptides, terpenoid saponins, triterpenoid saponin, soyasaponin I, soyasaponin II, soyasaponin III, soyasaponin VI, dehydrosoyasaponin I, echinocystic acid 3-glucoside, glycyrrhizic acid, hederacoside C, beta-escin, alpha-hederin, and other acetic acid precipitated insecticidal components. In various embodiments, such legume extracts may be intermixed with thediatomaceous earth 108, and in such embodiments the propellant may be less than about 38% by weight of thecontents 106 and/or thealcohol 114 may be less than about 54% by weight of thecontents 106. - One skilled in the art will appreciate that the
contents 106 need not be exactly in the aforementioned proportions, that thespray apparatus 100 may function similarly with more or less of those components, and that “about” in this context means refers to variations of the aforementioned proportions that allow thespray apparatus 100 to function with similar results. - The
spray apparatus 100 also includes an aerosol valve assembly shown generally at 116 and including atube 118, avalve housing 120 receiving thetube 118 at the bottom of thevalve housing 120, a valve-closingcoil spring 122, and avalve body 124 having a hollow valve stem 126 defininglateral openings 128 extending into the interior of thevalve stem 126. Agasket 130 surrounds thevalve stem 126 and seals theopenings 128 when the aerosol valve is closed. Anactuator 132 is attached to the top of thevalve stem 126 such that anoutlet nozzle 134 of theactuator 132 is in fluid communication with the interior of thevalve stem 126. - Further, the
reservoir 104 includes a ball bearing ormarble 136 to facilitate mixing thecontents 106 when thespray apparatus 100 is shaken. For example, in one embodiment, thespray apparatus 100 may be shaken for about 8 to about 10 seconds, or vigorously for about 10 seconds, to achieve desirable mixing of thecontents 106 before thecontents 106 are sprayed from thespray apparatus 100. - One skilled in the art will appreciate numerous variations from the
spray apparatus 100. For example, alternative embodiments may include various alternative cans, valves, and actuators. For example, one embodiment may include a valve suitable for power and coated on a top side to prevent rusting, such as a valve known to one skilled in the art as Prec. powder valve S.2X.020 Ringed Barb 630 (OAL) (04-0519-42) G.Hex Buna B175 B.080x.030VT 412 Deep MC con. Epon Top Lam. Bot dimp. DT 138 mm A-D, and an actuator known to one skilled in the art as Act.025″ NMBU Raised APSL 0.022 White (21-9116-00-0343). Various embodiments may also include a cap (not shown) to protect the actuator from being actuated unintentionally, such as during shipping for example. Alternative embodiments may also include different contents, such as different propellants for example. - Some embodiments of the
spray apparatus 100 or alternative embodiments may be prepared by a batch process. The description below is one example of a manufacturing process for 1,000 kilograms of formulated product. First, 540 kilograms of anhydrous ethyl alcohol is held in a clean and dry stainless steel tank, and 80 kilograms of diatomaceous earth powder is then added slowly (to avoid clumping) to the anhydrous ethyl alcohol under medium mixing using an air mixer until homogeneous to form a bulk concentrate of 620 kilograms. The mixing may require about 15 minutes. Then, portions of the bulk concentrate are metered through a filter into aerosol containers at a temperature between 68° F. (about 20° C.) and 73° F. (about 22.8° C.). For an aerosol container having a size known to one skilled in the art as “211×604” (or 2 11/16 inches in diameter and 6 4/16 inches in height, or about 6.8 cm in diameter and about 15.9 cm in height), 186 grams of bulk concentrate may be added, and for an aerosol container having a size known to one skilled in the art as “211×713” (or 2 11/16 inches in diameter and 7 13/16 inches in height, or about 6.8 cm in diameter and about 19.8 cm in height), 248 grams of bulk concentrate may be added. - Each aerosol container may then be fitted with an aerosol valve and subjected to a vacuum at 15 inches of mercury (about 50.8 kilopascals) to 20 inches of mercury (about 67.7 kilopascals). The propellant (A-70 in this example) may then be metered under pressure into each aerosol container at a temperature between 65° F. (about 18.3° C.) and 70° F. (about 21.1° C.) and at a pressure of 600 pound-force per square inch gauge (about 4,238 kilopascals) to 650 pound-force per square inch gauge (about 4,583 kilopascals), and each aerosol container may be then crimped shut.
- For an aerosol container having a size known to one skilled in the art as “211×604” (or 2 11/16 inches in diameter and 6 4/16 inches in height, or about 6.8 cm in diameter and about 15.9 cm in height), 114 grams of propellant may be added, and for an aerosol container having a size known to one skilled in the art as “211×713” (or 2 11/16 inches in diameter and 7 13/16 inches in height, or about 6.8 cm in diameter and about 19.8 cm in height), 152 grams of propellant may be added.
- The aerosol containers may then be placed in a hot water bath of 130° F. (about 54° C.) to 140° F. (about 60° C.) for about 30 seconds to test the strength of the aerosol containers. An outer cap, a label, and lot number may then be placed on each aerosol container, and the aerosol containers may be packaged in boxes for distribution. The label may include precautionary information, such as markings not to use the aerosol container in the presence of an open flame or a spark, or while smoking, a warning that the aerosol container may explode if heated, a warning not to expose to temperatures above 50° C. or 122° F., and a warning not puncture or incinerate for example.
- In operation, when the
actuator 132 is pressed towards thebody 102 against the force of thespring 122, theopenings 128 pass below thegasket 130 to open controllably theopenings 128 and thus controllably allow thecontents 106 pass through thetube 118, through theopenings 128, into thevalve stem 126, into theactuator 132, and to be sprayed out thenozzle 134 under pressure from the propellant. When theactuator 132 is released, thespring 122 urges thevalve stem 126 to the a position where theopenings 128 are blocked by thegasket 130 to close the aerosol valve and prevent thecontents 106 from entering into the valve stem under pressure from the propellant. Therefore, thenozzle 134 may controllably release the propellant, and thediatomaceous earth 108 propelled by the propellant, from thereservoir 104. - Numerous types of diatomaceous earth are available and vary, for example, on the sizes, shapes, and species of diatoms that contributed to the diatomaceous earth.
- 1. CELATOM™ MN-51
- The
diatomaceous earth 108 in some embodiments may include CELATOM™ MN-51, which is available from EP Minerals, LLC of 9785 Gateway Drive,Suite 1000, Reno, Nev., United States of America. The diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51 is believed to be a food-grade diatomaceous earth that originates from a deposit formed from fresh-water diatoms at Clark Station, Nev., United States of America, and that may be heat-treated or flash dried at about 900° F. (about 480° C.) or at other temperatures, for example. In one embodiment, flash drying diatomaceous earth involves heating the diatomaceous earth at about 900° F. (about 480° C.) for about 15 seconds. -
FIGS. 2 to 5 are secondary electron images (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51. The scale bars inFIGS. 3 to 5 represent 30 micrometers in those Figures. - The diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51 is believed to have the properties given in Table 1 below.
-
TABLE 1 Properties of CELATOM ™ MN-51. Structure Natural Color Beige G.E. Brightness 75 Sieve Analysis (Tyler) 6.5 % + 325 Mesh (>44 microns) Median Particle Diameter (microns) 15.0 pH (10% slurry) 7.5 Free Moisture (Maximum % H2O) Less than 5.0 (Typical % H2O) 3.0 Density (lb/ft3) (g/l) Wet Bulk 24 385 Dry Bulk 11 176 Specific Gravity 2.00 Refractive Index 1.46 Oil Absorption (ASTM F 726-81) % by weight 150 Water Absorption (ASTM F 726-81) % by weight 165 Chemical Analysis SiO2 73.6% Al2O3 7.8% Fe2O3 1.8% CaO 5.6% MgO 0.3% Other Oxides 2.3% Loss on Ignition 5.5% - A sample of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51 was reduced in size to less than 10 micrometers for quantitative X-ray analysis by grinding under ethanol in a vibratory McCrone Micronising Mill for seven minutes. Step-scan X-ray powder-diffraction data were collected over a range 3-80°2θ with CoKa radiation on a Bruker D8 Focus Bragg-Brentano diffractometer equipped with an Fe monochromator foil, 0.6 mm (0.3°) divergence slit, incident- and diffracted-beam Soller slits, and a LynxEye detector. The long fine-focus Co X-ray tube was operated at 35 kV and 40 mA, using a take-off angle of 6°.
- The X-ray diffractograms were analyzed using the International Centre for Diffraction Database PDF-4 and Search-Match software by Siemens (Bruker). X-ray powder-diffraction data of the sample were refined with Rietveld program Topas 4.2 (Bruker AXS).
FIG. 6 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51.FIG. 6 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities. The other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections. The amounts given onFIG. 6 are renormalized amorphous-free. The sample contained abundant montmorillonite, which exhibits stacking disorder, so the crystal structure is not predictable. An empirical model was used to account for this phase. In addition, the contribution of amorphous silica was modeled with a peak phase and its amount estimated. The results may be considered semi-quantitative and are in Table 2 below. -
TABLE 2 Results of phase analysis of CELATOM ™ MN-51 by Rietveld refinements. Percent Mineral Ideal Formula by Weight Quartz α- SiO 22 Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8—CaAl2Si2O8 18 Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 1 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2•nH2O 46 Amorphous Silica SiO2•nH2O 33 - Particle sizes of sample of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51 were measured in a Mastersizer™ 2000 in a water dispersant, and
FIG. 7 is a graph of particle size distribution of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-51. - 2. CELATOM™ MN-53
- In an alternative embodiment, the diatomaceous earth may include diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-53, which is also available from EP Minerals, LLC of 9785 Gateway Drive,
Suite 1000, Reno, Nev., United States of America.FIG. 8 is a secondary electron image (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-53. The diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-53 is believed to have the properties given in Table 3 below. -
TABLE 3 Properties of CELATOM ™ MN-53. Structure Natural Color Beige G.E. Brightness 65 Sieve Analysis (Tyler) 5.0 % + 325 Mesh (>44 microns) Median Particle Diameter (microns) 14.0 pH (10% slurry) 7.0 Free Moisture (Maximum % H2O) Less than 5.0 (Typical % H2O) 3.0 Density (lb/ft3) (g/l) Wet Bulk 31 500 Dry Bulk 11 175 Specific Gravity 2.00 Refractive Index 1.46 Oil Absorption (ASTM F 726-81) % by weight 150 Water Absorption (ASTM F 726-81) % by weight 165 Chemical Analysis SiO2 83.7% Al2O3 5.6% Fe2O3 2.3% CaO 0.9% MgO 0.3% Other Oxides 1.9% Loss on Ignition 5.0% -
FIG. 9 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as CELATOM™ MN-53 obtained as described above forFIG. 6 .FIG. 9 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities. The other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections. The amounts given onFIG. 9 are renormalized amorphous-free. The results of phase analysis of CELATOM™ MN-53 by Rietveld refinements are in Table 4 below. -
TABLE 4 Results of phase analysis of CELATOM ™ MN-53 by Rietveld refinements. Percent Mineral Ideal Formula by Weight Quartz α- SiO 22 Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8—CaAl2Si2O8 24 Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 2 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2•nH2O 40 Amorphous Silica SiO2•nH2O 31 - 3. Alpine™ Dust
-
FIG. 10 is a secondary electron image (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of diatomaceous earth known as Alpine™ Dust (“Prescription Treatment Brand”) obtained from Whitmire Micro-Gen Research Laboratories, Inc. of St. Louis, Mo., United States of America, andFIG. 11 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as Alpine™ Dust obtained as described above forFIG. 6 .FIG. 11 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities. The other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections. The amounts given onFIG. 11 are renormalized amorphous-free. The results of phase analysis of Alpine™ Dust by Rietveld refinements are in Table 5 below. -
TABLE 5 Results of phase analysis of Alpine ™ Dust by Rietveld refinements. Percent Mineral Ideal Formula by Weight Quartz α- SiO 21 Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8—CaAl2Si2O8 8 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2•nH2O 38 Amorphous Silica SiO2•nH2O 53 - 4. MotherEarth™ D
-
FIG. 12 is a secondary electron image (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarth™ D obtained from Whitmire Micro-Gen Research Laboratories, Inc. of St. Louis, Mo., United States of America, andFIG. 13 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarth™ D obtained as described above forFIG. 6 .FIG. 13 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities. The other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections. The amounts given onFIG. 13 are renormalized amorphous-free. The results of phase analysis of MotherEarth™ D by Rietveld refinements are in Table 6 below. -
TABLE 6 Results of phase analysis of MotherEarth ™ D by Rietveld refinements. Percent Mineral Ideal Formula by Weight Quartz α- SiO 21 Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8—CaAl2Si2O8 9 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2•nH2O 47 Amorphous Silica SiO2•nH2O 43 - Particle sizes of sample of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarth™ D were measured in a Mastersizer™ 2000 in a water dispersant, and
FIG. 14 is a graph of particle size distribution of the diatomaceous earth known as MotherEarth™ D. - 5. PRO-ACTIVE™
-
FIGS. 15 to 17 are secondary electron images (using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold) of diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVE™ obtained from Pest Control Direct Ltd., Hailsham, East Sussex, United Kingdom, andFIG. 18 is a Rietveld refinement plot of the diatomaceous earth known as PRO-ACTIVE™ obtained as described above forFIG. 6 .FIG. 18 shows observed intensity at each step and a calculated pattern, and the line below the graph shows the difference between the observed and calculated intensities. The other lines in the graph show individual diffraction patterns of all phases, and the vertical bars represent positions of all Bragg reflections. The amounts given onFIG. 18 are renormalized amorphous-free. The results of phase analysis of PRO-ACTIVE™ by Rietveld refinements are in Table 7 below. -
TABLE 7 Results of phase analysis of PRO-ACTIVE ™ by Rietveld refinements. Percent Mineral Ideal Formula by Weight Quartz α- SiO 26 Plagioclase NaAlSi3O8—CaAl2Si2O8 5 Alunite K2Al6(SO4)4(OH)12 <1 Jarosite K2Fe6 3+(SO4)4(OH)12 2 Anatase TiO2 <1 K-feldspar KAlSi3O8 1 Illite/Muscovite K0.65Al2.0Al0.65Si3.35O10(OH)2 7 Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 1 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2•nH2O 50 Amorphous Silica SiO2•nH2O 27 -
Experiment # 1 - In one experiment (“
Experiment # 1”), small plastic Petri dishes available from Gelman Sciences™, each about 5.0 cm or about 2.0 inches in diameter, were used in bioassays. A small opening of about 1.5 cm (or about 0.6 inches) in diameter was cut in the lid and closed with a piece of gauze to allow air for bedbug breathing. The Petri dishes were lined with a filter paper about 4.25 cm (or about 1.7 inches) in diameter. Diatomaceous earth was weighed and spread uniformly over the filter paper with forceps. Ten adult field-collected common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) were introduced in each of the Petri dishes, and the lids were placed over them to prevent their escape. Petri dishes were transferred in a plastic box lined with paper towels sprayed with water to maintain humidity in the box. Experiments were conducted at room temperature, and mortality was noted 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the bedbugs were introduced into of the Petri dishes. Four concentrations, between about 0.5 milligrams (“mg”) and about 2.0 mg, were used to calculate a lowest lethal concentration sufficient to kill 50% of the bedbugs (“LC50”) of each product. There was a single replication of 10 bedbugs each. - Tables 8 and 9 below show mortality data from
Experiment # 1, where “L” refers to a number of bedbugs still living after a corresponding time given in the tables, and where “D” refers to a number that died after the time given. -
TABLE 8 Toxicity of adult bedbugs to CELATOM ™ MN-51. Amount of CELATOM ™ MN-51 Time 2.0 mg 1.0 mg 0.8 mg 0.5 mg (hours) L D L D L D L D 48 0 10 3 7 4 6 5 5 72 0 3 0 4 0 5 -
TABLE 9 Toxicity of adult bedbugs to CELATOM ™ MN-53. Amount of CELATOM ™ MN-53 Time 2.0 mg 1.0 mg 0.8 mg 0.5 mg (hours) L D L D L D L D 48 6 4 9 1 7 3 8 2 72 6 4 9 1 7 3 8 2 96 0 10 4 6 6 4 7 3 - All of the bedbugs died in CELATOM™ MN-51 diatomaceous earth after 48 hours. Therefore, LC50 for CELATOM™ MN-51 was calculated for 48 hours only, and LC50 after 48 hours for CELATOM™ MN-51 was calculated as 0.7 mg. The data after 48 hours for CELATOM™ MN-53 were not good for calculation, and therefore LC50 for CELATOM™ MN-53 was calculated after 96 hours as 0.8 mg (0.552-1.052).
-
Experiment # 2 - In another experiment (“
Experiment # 2”), mortality of CELATOM™ MN-51 was compared with the diatomaceous earth products known as Alpine™ Dust, MotherEarth™ D, and PRO-ACTIVE™. The various products were applied with forceps and weighed on a small filter paper, which was then placed in a Petri dish (about 5.0 cm or about 2 inches diameter). Common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) were introduced in the various Petri dishes, and mortality was assessed in each of the Petri dishes after 24 hours and after 48 hours. Four to five concentrations of each product were used, the concentrations ranging from 0.25 mg to 6 mg, and there were three replications of between 9 and 11 bedbugs (adults or last instar nymphs) in each replication. A probit analysis was used to calculate LC50 and LC95 (lowest lethal concentrations sufficient to kill 95% of the bedbugs) values and 95% confidence intervals (“CIs”) for the LC50 and LC95 values, as shown in Table 10 below. -
TABLE 10 LC50, LC95, and CI for CELATOM ™ MN-51, Alpine ™ Dust, and MotherEarth ™ D. Time LC50 CI of LC50 LC95 CI of LC95 Product (hours) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) CELATOM ™ 24 0.24 0.1-0.32 0.95 0.69-1.98 MN-51 Alpine ™ Dust 24 6.36 3.83-29.27 52.57 15.88-3366 Alpine ™ Dust 48 1.72 1.37-2.18 6.6 4.47-13.44 MotherEarth ™ D 24 0.26 0.14-0.36 1.37 0.91-3.44 PRO-ACTIVE ™ 24 3.2 2.28-5.34 28.8 12.8-192.4 -
Experiment # 3 - In another experiment (“
Experiment # 3”), six Petri dishes (each about 5.0 cm or about 2.0 inches in diameter) were sprayed with an aerosol including CELATOM™ MN-51 using an apparatus similar to thespray apparatus 100 shown inFIG. 1 , and a thin coating of the CELATOM™ MN-51 remained after drying; those six Petri dishes were used for an experimental group. An additional six Petri dishes (each 5.0 cm or about 2.0 inches in diameter) did not receive the aerosol or the diatomaceous earth; those six Petri dishes were used for a control group. Five adult common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) were introduced with forceps into each of the 12 Petri dishes, and lids were applied to prevent the bedbugs from escaping. Mortality was assessed 3, 15, 18, and 24 hours after the bedbugs were introduced into the Petri dishes, and there was no mortality in the control group. Mortality in the experimental group is shown in Table 11 below. -
TABLE 11 Number of bedbugs dead from aerosol including CELATOM ™ MN-51. Petri Number dish dead Number dead Number dead Number dead number after 3 hours after 15 hours after 18 hours after 24 hours 1 0 5 5 5 2 0 2 3 5 3 0 5 5 5 4 0 4 5 5 5 0 5 5 5 6 0 3 3 5 Total 0 24 26 30 - Thus, in
Experiment # 3, all of the bedbugs exposed to the aerosol including CELATOM™ MN-51 died within 24 hours, whereas none of the control group bedbugs died within 24 hours. -
Experiment # 4 - Another experiment (“
Experiment # 4”) involved plastic RUBBERMAID™ translucent boxes (about 73.6 cm×about 45.7 cm×about 33.7 cm, or about 29 inches×about 18 inches×about 13.3 inches), more particularly two such boxes as experimental boxes and two such boxes as control boxes. A section about 20 cm (or about 7.9 inches) wide in the center of each of the experimental boxes was sprayed with the aerosol including CELATOM™ MN-51 and allowed to dry. A piece of a field-collected sheet (about 50 cm×about 24 cm, or about 19.7 inches×about 7.9 inches) was lined on one side of each of the boxes and used as a stimulant. The sheet was collected from a home infested with bedbugs, and had eggs and many freshly fed bedbugs, but the bedbugs were collected from the sheet before placing pieces of the sheet into the boxes. Sides of the boxes opposite the pieces of the field-collected sheet were lined with a clean and new piece of cloth. Fifty adult common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) were introduced into each box on the clean cloth, and then the box was closed with a lid. The control boxes were similar to the experimental boxes but did not include the aerosol. - In all four of the boxes, the bedbugs moved from the sides of the boxes having the clean cloths to the sides of the boxes having the pieces of the field-collected sheet. There was no mortality in the control boxes after 48 hours, but after 24 hours, one of the experimental boxes had mortality of 43 of the 50 bedbugs, and the other of the experimental boxes had mortality of 45 of the 50 bedbugs. All of the bedbugs in the experimental boxes died after 48 hours. The bedbugs were found dead lying on their backs and dusted with the product from the aerosol.
-
Experiment # 5 - Another experiment (“
Experiment # 5”) was the same asExperiment # 4 except that 100 common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) were introduced on the clean piece of cloth as described forExperiment # 4. Insects again moved from one side of the box to the other in all cases. There was no mortality in the control boxes, whereas after 18 hours, 99 bedbugs died in one of the experimental boxes and 98 bedbugs died in the other one of the experimental boxes. All of the bedbugs in both experimental boxes died after 24 hours. -
Experiment # 6 - In one experiment (Experiment #6), 1.5 mg of diatomaceous earth was placed on a piece of filter paper. One adult common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) (the “treaded bedbug”) was dusted by introducing it on the filter paper using forceps. The treated bedbug was then introduced in a Petri dish (about 5.0 cm or about 2.0 inches in diameter) containing 4 untreated adult common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius). Both CELATOM™ MN-51 and MotherEarth™ D diatomaceous earths were tested using this method. Control Petri dishes contained five bedbugs, none of which was dusted with diatomaceous earth. There were six replications with five bedbugs in each. Petri dishes were placed in a plastic box with a lid, and mortality was assessed after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 96 hours. Table 12 below shows the number of bedbugs dead in each of the six replications for CELATOM™ MN-51, MotherEarth™ D, and control Petri dishes after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 96 hours.
-
TABLE 12 Number of bedbugs dead for CELATOM ™ MN-51 (“51”), MotherEarth ™ D (“ME”), and control (“C”) Petri dishes. Number Dead Number Dead Number Dead Petri After 24 Hours After 48 Hours After 96 Hours Dish 51 ME C 51 ME C 51 ME C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 0 Total 1 0 0 1 0 0 23 16 8 -
Experiment # 7 - In another experiment (Experiment #7), 2.0 mg of either CELATOM™ MN-51 or MotherEarth™ D diatomaceous earth was mixed with a red fluorescent dust from a luminous powder kit #1162A obtained from BioQuip Products Inc., Rancho Dominguez, Calif., United States of America and placed on a piece of filter paper. One adult common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) was dusted by introducing it on the filter paper using forceps. The dusted bedbug was then introduced in a Petri dish (about 5.0 cm or about 2.0 inches in diameter) containing 4 untreated adult common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius). All Petri dishes were then placed in a plastic box with a lid. Control Petri dishes contained five adult common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius), none of which has been dusted with diatomaceous earth. There were three replications of each condition, and mortality was assessed after 16 hours. The mortality data are shown in Table 13 below.
-
TABLE 13 Number of bedbugs dead after 16 hours for CELATOM ™ MN-51, MotherEarth ™ D, and control Petri dishes. Petri Dish CELATOM ™ MN-51 MotherEarth ™ D Control 1 3 1 0 2 4 3 0 3 4 2 0 Total 11 (61.1%) 6 (33.3%) 0 - The fluorescent dye was visibly observed on the bedbugs that did not contact the diatomaceous earth directly, suggesting that such bedbugs came into contact with diatomaceous earth by contacting the bedbug that had contacted the diatomaceous earth directly.
-
Experiment # 8 - In another experiment (“
Experiment # 8”), diatomaceous earth dusts were weighed on filter paper (Fisher™ brand, about 5.5 cm or about 2.2 inches in diameter). The filter papers were shaken about 3 or 4 times to remove excess dust and were weighed again to measure diatomaceous earth remaining on the paper. Table 14 below shows the weight of dust before shaking, the weight of dust remaining after shaking, and the amount lost from shaking as the difference between the weight of dust before shaking and the weight of dust after shaking. -
TABLE 14 Weights of dust before shaking, after shaking, and amounts lost from shaking. Amount Product Applied Weight before Weight after Lost from as Dust Shaking (mg) Shaking (mg) Shaking (mg) PRO-ACTIVE ™ 5 1.8 3.2 5.3 2.7 2.6 6 3.1 2.9 mean 5.4 2.5 2.9 Alpine ™ Dust 6.6 3.9 2.7 5.3 3.2 2.1 5.5 3.5 2 mean 5.8 3.5 2.3 MotherEarth ™ D 6.5 3.4 3.1 6.5 4.3 2.2 6.8 3.7 3.1 mean 6.6 3.8 2.8 - Similarly, filter paper was weighed, sprayed with aerosol, dried, and weighed again to measure the diatomaceous earth residue. There were three replications for each diatomaceous earth sample tested. Table 15 below shows weights of filter paper before and after spraying aerosol with diatomaceous earth, and amounts of diatomaceous earth added from spraying.
-
TABLE 15 Weights of filter paper before and after spraying aerosol, and amounts of diatomaceous earth added from spraying. Amount Added Product Applied Weight before Weight after from Spraying in Aerosol Spray Spraying (mg) Spraying (mg) (mg) CELATOM ™ MN- 164 175 11 51 157.4 173 15.6 162 176 14 mean 161.1 174.7 13.5 CELATOM ™ MN- 151.1 152.8 1.7 51 (in reduced 169.4 175.8 6.4 spraying volume) 162 170 8 mean 160.8 166.2 5.4 - Experiment #9
- In another experiment (“Experiment #9”), a sample of CELATOM™ MN-51 was size-separated to separate into a smaller size fraction of particles less than about 11 micrometers in size and into a larger size fraction of particles larger than about 11 micrometers in size. The CELATOM™ MN-51 sample was size separated in a centrifuge, and because some particles of CELATOM™ MN-51 are non-spherical, 11 micrometers is an approximate separation size and, for example, the smaller size fraction may include elongate particles that are longer than 11 micrometers. In general herein, “a smaller size fraction of particles less than about 11 micrometers in size” may in some embodiments include a smaller size fraction from centrifugal size separation that may include elongate particles that are longer than 11 micrometers.
- The size-separated powders were examined using a Philips XL-30 scanning electron microscope after coating with evaporated gold.
FIG. 19 is a scanning electron microscope image of the smaller size fraction (particles less than about 11 micrometers in size) andFIG. 20 is a scanning electron microscope image of the larger size fraction (particles larger than about 11 micrometers in size). The scale bar inFIG. 19 represents 30 micrometers, whereas the scale bar inFIG. 20 represents 120 micrometers. The original sample of CELATOM™ MN-51 was reduced in weight by about 30% after the larger size fraction (particles larger than about 11 micrometers in size) was removed from it. - Efficacy against bedbugs of the smaller size fraction of CELATOM™ MN-51 and of the larger size fraction of CELATOM™ MN-51 was measured in three replications of eight adult common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) each, for a total of 24 bedbugs introduced. Samples were weighed and spread on filter papers in Petri dishes, and the bedbugs were then introduced. Mortality assessed after 24 hours and after 48 hours. Table 16 below shows the number of the initially introduced 24 bedbugs that were killed after 24 and after 48 hours when exposed to 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg of the smaller size fraction of CELATOM™ MN-51 and of the larger size fraction of CELATOM™ MN-51.
-
TABLE 16 Recorded mortality for size-separated CELATOM ™ MN-51 and unseparated CELATOM ™ MN-51. Smaller Size Fraction of Larger Size Fraction of CELATOM ™ MN-51 CELATOM ™ MN-51 Number Number Number Number killed killed killed killed Amount after after after after (mg) 24 hours 48 hours 24 hours 48 hours 1 8 20 0 0 2 10 21 1 1 4 14 22 2 2 8 15 24 3 3 - From the data above, LC50 may be calculated as shown in Table 17 below. Table 17 also shows confidence intervals of LC50 in brackets where the confidence intervals were also calculated.
-
TABLE 17 LC50 for size-separated CELATOM ™ MN-51. LC50 after 24 LC50 after 48 Sample hours (mg) hours (mg) Smaller Size Fraction of 3.038 0.201 CELATOM ™ MN-51 (0.983-13.803) (0.000-0.688) Larger Size Fraction of 50.221 50.221 CELATOM ™ MN-51 - In general, and without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that diatomaceous earth may damage exoskeletons of animals having exoskeletons, which damage may lead to dehydration and death of the animals. Therefore, it is believed that diatomaceous earth, and various apparatuses such as the
spray apparatus 100 as described herein for example, may be effective in the control of populations of one or more of animals having exoskeletons, including arthropods, arachnids, insects, and bedbugs. Herein, “bedbugs” may refer to common bedbugs (Cimex lectularius), or more generally to Cimex, or still more generally to Cimicidae, for example. Animal populations that may be controlled by diatomaceous earth in other embodiments may also include cockroaches, ants, fleas, and other pests. Herein, “control” of an animal population may in various embodiments include prevention of growth or survival of such a population before discovery of the population, and also killing one or more members of such a population after discovery of the population. - Also without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that diatomaceous earth may additionally or alternatively block or otherwise interfere with spiracles on exoskeletons of bedbugs, thereby diminishing or eliminating passage of air into the trachea of the bedbugs and potentially asphyxiating the bedbugs.
-
Experiment # 1 appears to indicate that LC50 for CELATOM™ MN-51 after 48 hours is less than or comparable to LC50 for CELATOM™ MN-53 after 96 hours. In other words, fromExperiment # 1, CELATOM™ MN-51 appears to kill at least as many bedbugs in 48 hours as CELATOM™ MN-53 kills in 96 hours. Also,Experiment # 2 appears to indicate that LC50 and LC95 after 24 hours for CELATOM™ MN-51 are significantly less than LC50 and LC95 after 24 hours for Alpine™ Dust and for PRO-ACTIVE™ because the confidence intervals for those LC50 and LC95 values do not overlap. Moreover, fromExperiment # 2, CELATOM™ MN-51 appears to kill significantly more bedbugs in 24 hours than Alpine™ Dust kills in 48 hours. Therefore,Experiment # 1 andExperiment # 2 appear to indicate CELATOM™ MN-51 is more effective at killing bedbugs, and thus in controlling bedbug populations, than CELATOM™ MN-53, Alpine™ Dust, and PRO-ACTIVE™. -
Experiment # 2 appears to indicate that to LC50 and LC95 after 24 hours for CELATOM™ MN-51 are less than LC50 and LC95 after 24 hours for MotherEarth™ D, but the confidence intervals for those LC50 and LC95 values overlap. Therefore, according toExperiment # 2, CELATOM™ MN-51 may be more effective than MotherEarth™ D at killing bedbugs, and thus in controlling bedbug populations, but overlap in the confidence intervals raises some uncertainty. However,Experiment # 6 appears to indicate that when one bedbug contacted CELATOM™ MN-51, that one bedbug was generally more effective at killing other bedbugs by transmitting the CELATOM™ MN-51 to the other bedbugs than was the case for MotherEarth™ D. Because bedbugs appear to pick up diatomaceous earth even when briefly exposed to the diatomaceous earth (such as by crossing an area treated with CELATOM™ MN-51 as inExperiment # 4 and in Experiment #5), because bedbugs appear to pass diatomaceous earth to other bedbugs (seeExperiment # 6 and Experiment #7), and because CELATOM™ MN-51 appears to be more effective than MotherEarth™ D in killing bedbugs by transmission of diatomaceous earth from one bedbug to other bedbugs (see Experiment #6), it is believed that overall CELATOM™ MN-51 may be more effective than MotherEarth™ D in controlling bedbug populations. - In view of the foregoing, it is believed that CELATOM™ MN-51 may be more effective in controlling bedbug populations than the other diatomaceous earth products described above.
- As indicated above, different insect species have different bodies that may be affected significantly differently by different types of diatomaceous earth. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that some characteristics of CELATOM™ MN-51 may increase the effectiveness of CELATOM™ MN-51 when compared to other varieties of diatomaceous earth. For example, some characteristics of CELATOM™ MN-51 may increase the likelihood of diatomaceous earth being transmitted from one bedbug to another, thereby apparently increasing effectiveness of CELATOM™ MN-51 in controlling bedbug populations when compared to MotherEarth™ D as shown in
Experiment # 6. - In Experiment #9, a sample of CELATOM™ MN-51 was size separated into a smaller size fraction and into a larger size fraction, and Experiment #9 appears to indicate that the smaller size fraction was significantly more effective than the larger size fraction at killing bedbugs.
FIG. 17 illustrates fine grained, broken diatom frustules in the smaller size fraction. Larger grains are absent, but there are aggregates of broken diatom frustules of, roughly, tens of micrometers. In contrast,FIG. 20 illustrates grains that range in size from tens of micrometers to approximately 100 micrometers in length in the larger size fraction. Many grains inFIG. 20 appear not to be diatomaceous material, but rather mineral grains. Therefore, Experiment #9 appears to indicate that the diatom frustules of CELATOM™ MN-51 are more effective at killing bedbugs than other components of CELATOM™ MN-51. - As shown in
FIGS. 2 to 5 , some of the particles of CELATOM™ MN-51 appear to be remains of diatoms having frustules having widths less than about 3 micrometers or less than about 5 micrometers and lengths greater than about 20 micrometers or greater than about 30 micrometers. It is believed that such diatoms may be Fragilaria, Tabularia, or Synedra, or extinct species having similar size and shape to Fragilaria, Tabularia, or Synedra. More generally, it is believed that such diatoms may be Fragilariaceae, or more generally Fragilariales, or more generally Fragilariophyceae, or more generally pennate diatoms, or extinct species having similar size and shape to Fragilariaceae, Fragilariales, Fragilariophyceae, or pennate diatoms. Herein, reference to “Fragilaria”, “Tabularia”, “Synedra”, “Fragilariaceae”, “Fragilariales”, “Fragilariophyceae”, or “pennate” diatoms in some embodiments may include, in addition to extant species known by such names, extinct species having similar size and shape to Fragilaria, Tabularia, Synedra, Fragilariaceae, Fragilariales, Fragilariophyceae, or pennate diatoms respectively. - Because the diatom frustules of CELATOM™ MN-51 appear to be more effective at killing bedbugs than other components of CELATOM™ MN-51 (see Experiment #9), because CELATOM™ MN-51 appears to be more effective in controlling bedbug populations than the other diatomaceous earth products described above (see
Experiment # 1,Experiment # 2, and Experiment #6), and because CELATOM™ MN-51 appears to include one or more of remains of diatoms having frustules having widths less than about 3 micrometers or less than about 5 micrometers and lengths greater than about 20 micrometers or greater than about 30 micrometers, remains of Fragilaria, remains of Tabularia, remains of Synedra, remains of Fragilariaceae, remains of Fragilariales, remains of Fragilariophyceae, and remains of pennate diatoms, it is believed, without wishing to be bound by any theory, that one or more of remains of diatoms having frustules having widths less than about 3 micrometers or less than about 5 micrometers and lengths greater than about 20 micrometers or greater than about 30 micrometers, remains of Fragilaria, remains of Tabularia, remains of Synedra, remains of Fragilariaceae, remains of Fragilariales, remains of Fragilariophyceae, and remains of pennate diatoms may be more effective than other diatom remains at controlling bedbug populations. Again without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that such diatom remains may be sharper than other diatom remains and thus more likely to pierce or otherwise damage exoskeletons such as bedbug exoskeletons. - Also without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the size and shape of some particles in CELATOM™ MN-51, such as one or more of remains of diatoms having frustules having widths less than about 3 micrometers or less than about 5 micrometers and lengths greater than about 20 micrometers or greater than about 30 micrometers, remains of Fragilaria, remains of Tabularia, remains of Synedra, remains of Fragilariaceae, remains of Fragilariales, remains of Fragilariophyceae, and remains of pennate diatoms, for example, may block or otherwise interfere with spiracles on exoskeletons of bedbugs, thereby diminishing or eliminating passage of air into the trachea of the bedbugs and potentially asphyxiating the bedbugs, more effectively than other types of diatomaceous earth.
- Again without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that in some embodiments, heat treatment or flash drying of CELATOM™ MN-51 may change the characteristics of the diatomaceous earth to be more abrasive and thus more damaging to animal exoskeletons, or more particularly to insect exoskeletons or to bedbug exoskeletons, and that such heat treatment or flash drying may also dry out the diatomaceous earth, thereby making the diatomaceous earth more absorbent to dehydrate and kill an animal or insect such as bedbug and potentially more effective in various embodiments including the various embodiments described herein.
- Although CELATOM™ MN-51 has been discussed above, some embodiments may include alternative types of diatomaceous earth that may be supplied by other suppliers but that may include some characteristics of CELATOM™ MN-51 and that thus may have effectiveness similar to the effectiveness of CELATOM™ MN-51. In general, such alternative types of diatomaceous earth in some embodiments may also include one or more of: remains of diatoms having frustules having widths less than about 3 micrometers or less than about 5 micrometers and lengths greater than about 20 micrometers or greater than about 30 micrometers; remains of Fragilaria; remains of Tabularia; remains of Synedra; remains of Fragilariaceae; remains of Fragilariales; remains of Fragilariophyceae; and remains of pennate diatoms. Additionally or alternatively, such alternative types of diatomaceous earth in some embodiments may be heat-treated or flash dried diatomaceous earth, such as diatomaceous earth flash dried at about 480° C. for about 15 seconds for example, or may more generally be modified diatomaceous earth. Such alternative types of diatomaceous earth may also include other types of diatomaceous earth found in deposits formed from fresh-water diatoms, such as the deposit at Clark Station, Nev., United States of America for example. More generally, such alternative types of diatomaceous earth may have one or more properties similar to one or more of the properties of CELATOM™ MN-51 listed in Tables 1 and 2 above in order to achieve effects that may be similar to the effects of CELATOM™ MN-51 described above.
- Because Experiment #9 appears to indicate that the smaller size fraction was significantly more effective than the larger size fraction at killing bedbugs, alternative embodiments may include a smaller size fraction of a size-separated diatomaceous earth instead of the diatomaceous earth itself. Again without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that such smaller size fractions may include greater concentrations of relatively more effective diatom frustule remains. Additionally or alternatively, and again without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that such smaller size fractions may more relatively effectively block or otherwise interfere with spiracles on exoskeletons of bedbugs, thereby diminishing or eliminating passage of air into the trachea of the bedbugs and potentially asphyxiating the bedbugs.
- Therefore, in various embodiments, the size-separated diatomaceous earth may include CELATOM™ MN-51 for example, and may include diatomaceous earth size-separated by centrifuge. Further, in some embodiments, the smaller size fraction may include or consist of particles less than a separation size, such as about 11 micrometers for example. In embodiments where the diatomaceous earth is size separated by centrifuge, non-spherical particles may be size-separated such that the smaller size fraction may include elongate particles that are longer than the separation size. In general, size separating diatomaceous earth may prepare diatomaceous earth for use in controlling a population of insects, such as for use in the
spray apparatus 100 shown inFIG. 1 for example. -
Experiment # 3,Experiment # 4, andExperiment # 5 appear to indicate that diatomaceous earth delivered from an aerosol product, such as thespray apparatus 100 shown inFIG. 1 for example, is effective at killing bedbugs, and thus in controlling bedbug populations, even if the bedbugs only contact the diatomaceous earth briefly when crossing an area sprayed with diatomaceous earth (seeExperiment # 4 and Experiment #5). In various embodiments, methods of using such an apparatus may include exposing bedbugs or other pests to diatomaceous earth, for example by spraying, propelling, or otherwise applying the diatomaceous earth to a surface. In some embodiments, when one bedbug contacts the diatomaceous earth, that bedbug may spread the diatomaceous earth to other bedbugs (seeExperiment # 6 and Experiment #7), and therefore causing one bedbug to contact diatomaceous earth may cause death of several bedbugs. Therefore, in some embodiments, spraying, propelling, or otherwise applying the diatomaceous earth to a surface where bedbugs are likely to be found may be effective even against bedbugs that do not contact the surface where the diatomaceous earth was applied. - Further, according to
Experiment # 8, quantities of dusts deposited on filter papers weighed less than diatomaceous earth residues deposited by spraying an aerosol formulation on filter papers. Again, without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that perhaps diatomaceous earth delivered from an aerosol product has greater adhesiveness than a diatomaceous earth dust. Thespray apparatus 100 and alternative embodiments may therefore apply diatomaceous earth to some surfaces (such as vertical or generally vertical surfaces of furniture for example) more durably for longer-lasting control of bedbug populations than when compared to other methods of applying diatomaceous earth to surfaces. - Also without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that perhaps diatomaceous earth delivered from an aerosol product may be broken and reduced in size when compared to diatomaceous earth applied as a dust for example, perhaps from one or more of: crushing, such as from the ball bearing or
marble 136 in response to shaking thebody 102 in the embodiment shown inFIG. 1 ; shear stress in an aerosol can; turbulence in an aerosol can; and relatively high velocities from a propellant in an aerosol can. - Further, the
spray apparatus 100 and alternative embodiments may be more convenient or effective in the control of such insect populations when compared to other methods of applying diatomaceous earth to surfaces. For example, thespray apparatus 100 and alternative embodiments may advantageously apply diatomaceous earth to a surface more evenly than when compared to other methods of applying diatomaceous earth to surfaces, because the propellant may cause a generally even spray of diatomaceous earth. In some embodiments, a more even application of diatomaceous earth may increase effectiveness of the diatomaceous earth by effectively covering a greater area of a surface, and may improve the appearance of the surface by avoiding more noticeable areas of high concentration of diatomaceous earth. Further, thespray apparatus 100 and alternative embodiments may enable a user to apply diatomaceous earth conveniently from a single apparatus, without having to transfer the diatomaceous earth from a container to a separate applicator apparatus as may be required in other methods of applying diatomaceous earth to surfaces. - In view of the foregoing, it is believed that some embodiments of the
spray apparatus 100 and alternative embodiments may effectively control populations of insects such as bedbugs. Therefore, commercial use of embodiments of thespray apparatus 100 and of alternative embodiments may involve distributing, selling, offering for sale, placing, or otherwise using such spray apparatuses in an effort to control populations of animals, such as animals having exoskeletons, arthropods, arachnids, insects, and bedbugs for example. - PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/000389 filed at the Canadian receiving office of the PCT on Apr. 26, 2012 describes and illustrates various furniture apparatuses such as a nightstand, a dresser, a bed, a mattress, and a headboard that may include one or more substantially thermoplastic bodies including diatomaceous earth, legume extracts, or both incorporated therein, and such furniture apparatuses according to some embodiments may assist in the control of bedbug and other insect populations. Therefore, commercial use of embodiments of the
spray apparatus 100 and of alternative embodiments may also involve distributing, selling, offering for sale, placing, or otherwise using such spray apparatuses together with such furniture apparatuses in an effort to control populations of animals, such as animals having exoskeletons, arthropods, arachnids, insects, and bedbugs for example. - As indicated in PCT international patent application no. PCT/CA2012/000389 filed at the Canadian receiving office of the PCT on Apr. 26, 2012, in some embodiments of furniture apparatuses, one or more internal surfaces may be darkly coloured, such as coloured black or another dark colour. Thus, for example when diatomaceous earth is applied to such internal surfaces with an embodiment of the
spray apparatus 100 or an alternative embodiment, the lighter colour of the diatomaceous earth may make the diatomaceous earth more easily visible on such surfaces, and may facilitate noticing an absence of such products on such surfaces. Therefore, such darkly coloured internal surfaces in some embodiments may assist with visibly determining whether such internal surfaces have been sprayed or otherwise treated with diatomaceous earth or another more lightly coloured product, and such visual determinations may facilitate determining where and when such diatomaceous earth or other products should be applied to ensure a desired amount of such diatomaceous earth or other products on various furniture apparatuses. More generally, an embodiment of thespray apparatus 100 shown inFIG. 1 or an alternative embodiment may facilitate applying diatomaceous earth to surfaces where bedbugs may be introduced into a room, such as a bed, dresser, or side table where bedbugs may be introduced by occupants or from belongs of occupants of a room, or other surfaces where bedbugs may be likely to travel. - Diatomaceous earth is a natural product, and in some embodiments, natural products may be preferable over other pest control products, such as synthetic pesticides for example, because natural products may be less harmful to humans, to other life, or more generally to the environment. In view of the foregoing, the
spray apparatus 100 shown inFIG. 1 and alternative embodiments may be advantageous when compared to other methods of controlling bedbug and other insect populations. - Although specific embodiments have been described and illustrated, such embodiments should be considered illustrative only and not as limiting the invention as construed in accordance with the accompanying claims.
Claims (43)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/222,335 US9398771B2 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2014-03-21 | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations |
PCT/CA2015/000183 WO2015139122A1 (en) | 2014-03-21 | 2015-03-20 | Diatomaceous earth intermixed with a colouring agent, and spray apparatuses, uses, and methods involving same |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161563220P | 2011-11-23 | 2011-11-23 | |
CAPCT/CA2012/000389 | 2012-04-26 | ||
WOPCT/CA2012/000389 | 2012-04-26 | ||
PCT/CA2012/000389 WO2012149636A1 (en) | 2011-05-03 | 2012-04-26 | Furniture apparatuses, and kits, systems, and uses of same |
PCT/CA2012/001015 WO2013075212A1 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2012-11-01 | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations |
US14/222,335 US9398771B2 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2014-03-21 | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA2012/001015 Continuation WO2013075212A1 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2012-11-01 | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20140242136A1 US20140242136A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
US9398771B2 US9398771B2 (en) | 2016-07-26 |
US20160227791A9 true US20160227791A9 (en) | 2016-08-11 |
Family
ID=48468938
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/222,335 Active 2033-05-16 US9398771B2 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2014-03-21 | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9398771B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2782451B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015500634A (en) |
CN (1) | CN104023538A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2012343291B2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2882873T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013075212A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103687514A (en) | 2011-05-03 | 2014-03-26 | 罗德里克·威廉·菲利普斯 | Furniture apparatuses, and kits, systems, and uses of same |
AU2012343291B2 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2016-09-15 | Roderick William PHILLIPS | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations |
JPWO2015105128A1 (en) * | 2014-01-08 | 2017-03-23 | アース製薬株式会社 | Bed bug control agent, bed bug control composition, and bed bug control method |
JP6506892B2 (en) * | 2015-02-24 | 2019-04-24 | 大日本除蟲菊株式会社 | Aerosol for pest control |
CN105076093A (en) * | 2015-08-11 | 2015-11-25 | 刘源 | Method for killing fly pests in trapping appliance through diatomite in non-toxic mode |
WO2017139580A1 (en) * | 2016-02-12 | 2017-08-17 | Imerys Filtration Minerals, Inc. | Methods, compositions, and systems for killing arthropods |
FR3072292B1 (en) * | 2017-10-16 | 2021-07-16 | Odycea | USE OF MICROSCOPIC ALGAE FOR THE PREPARATION OF COSMETIC AND / OR DERMOSCOSMETIC COMPOSITIONS INTENDED TO PROTECT FROM THE DELETERY EFFECTS OF BLUE LIGHT. |
FR3080741B1 (en) * | 2018-05-04 | 2020-07-31 | Ab7 Innovation | COMPOSITION INSECTICIDE CONTAINING HYDROPHOBIC SILICA |
Family Cites Families (118)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1569710A (en) | 1924-08-29 | 1926-01-12 | Arthur G Burt | Dog mat |
US2508506A (en) | 1946-12-09 | 1950-05-23 | Annette E Fridolph | Decorative furniture panel construction |
GB658221A (en) | 1948-06-15 | 1951-10-03 | Goodrich Co B F | Improvements in or relating to insecticidal compositions and insect control |
GB673877A (en) | 1949-10-18 | 1952-06-11 | Dow Chemical Co | Diamido-thiophosphates and parasiticidal compositions comprising same |
US2687537A (en) | 1951-08-14 | 1954-08-31 | Hettrick Mfg Co | Decorated headboard for beds |
GB803611A (en) | 1954-10-07 | 1958-10-29 | Horatio Myer And Company Ltd | Improvements in beds |
US3010615A (en) | 1960-02-24 | 1961-11-28 | Detrex Chem Ind | Automatic filter powder dispenser |
US3165441A (en) | 1961-03-01 | 1965-01-12 | Monsanto Co | Methylphosphonothioate insecticide |
GB989014A (en) | 1961-03-01 | 1965-04-14 | Monsanto Co | Thiophosphonates and compositions containing the same |
US3082147A (en) | 1961-03-03 | 1963-03-19 | Monsanto Chemicals | Insecticidal o-(aryl) phosphonothioates |
US3082148A (en) | 1961-03-06 | 1963-03-19 | Monsanto Chemicals | Insecticidal phosphonothioates |
GB998604A (en) | 1961-03-03 | 1965-07-14 | Monsanto Co | Thiophosphonates and compositions containing the same |
US3132769A (en) | 1962-03-14 | 1964-05-12 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Powder dispensing device |
US3306499A (en) | 1965-05-06 | 1967-02-28 | Norman R Lykes | Powder distributor |
US3652425A (en) | 1969-02-18 | 1972-03-28 | Wilson Lab Inc | Process for the preparation of heteropoly acid complex compounds of metaphosphoric metasilic acid, metaphosphoric acid and phosphorous pentoxide |
US3878147A (en) * | 1973-12-27 | 1975-04-15 | Du Pont | Composition for increasing the friction of surfaces on ice |
EG11837A (en) | 1974-09-19 | 1977-12-31 | Lilly Co Eli | Novel 1-(substituted benzoyl)-3-(substituted pyrazinyl ureas used as insecticides |
US4008688A (en) | 1975-12-17 | 1977-02-22 | Nicholas Dimitri P | Pet bed |
US4098435A (en) | 1976-08-16 | 1978-07-04 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Stabilized dentrifice containing initially physically separated normally reactive components |
US4279895A (en) * | 1979-07-13 | 1981-07-21 | Arthur Carle | Insecticidal natural bait composition and method of using same |
CA1112158A (en) * | 1981-01-08 | 1981-11-10 | Arthur Carle | Insecticidal natural bait composition and method of using same |
US4526305A (en) | 1981-01-08 | 1985-07-02 | Lykes Norman R | Apparatus for manually distributing powder granules |
GB2107978A (en) | 1981-10-21 | 1983-05-11 | Yolande Sarah Fligelstone | Improvements relating to bed headboards |
USD286378S (en) | 1983-08-15 | 1986-10-28 | Banfield Michael G | Packaging container |
GB2180449A (en) | 1985-09-18 | 1987-04-01 | Slumberland Ltd | A quilt for a bed |
US4821349A (en) | 1987-02-20 | 1989-04-18 | Elaine S. Cohen | Fabric covered knock-down headboard for beds |
CA1286219C (en) * | 1989-06-08 | 1991-07-16 | John W. Tucker | Insecticidal bait composition and method for making same |
EP0412832A3 (en) | 1989-08-11 | 1992-03-04 | Nippon Petrochemicals Company, Limited | Graft-modified substance, process for preparing same, and thermoplastic resin composition using the graft-modified substance |
US5074348A (en) | 1989-09-25 | 1991-12-24 | Phillips Roderick W | Adjustable valence system for a window |
US5346296A (en) | 1990-04-06 | 1994-09-13 | Sligh Furniture Co. | Assembly of wall units with concealed wire storage |
US5176435A (en) | 1990-11-19 | 1993-01-05 | Interchangeable Design Systems, Inc. | Interchangeable modular furniture system |
US5308613A (en) | 1991-03-14 | 1994-05-03 | Consep Membranes, Inc. | Indirect aphid control with low concentration of EBF |
US5195195A (en) | 1992-10-05 | 1993-03-23 | Murray James J | Headboard |
US5269032A (en) | 1992-10-23 | 1993-12-14 | John Flocks | Portable, readily assembled, easily upholstered headboard |
US5439690A (en) | 1993-05-21 | 1995-08-08 | Ecosmart, Inc. | Non-hazardous pest control |
US5784843A (en) | 1994-12-30 | 1998-07-28 | Steelcase Inc. | Integrated prefabricated furniture system for fitting-out open plan building space |
US6128873A (en) | 1994-12-30 | 2000-10-10 | Steelcase Development Inc. | Integrated prefabricated furniture system for fitting-out open plan building space |
CA2149164C (en) | 1995-05-11 | 2009-03-03 | Zlatko Korunic | Diatomaceous earth insecticidal composition |
WO1996036220A2 (en) | 1995-05-11 | 1996-11-21 | Her Majesty In Right Of Canada, Represented By The Minister Of Agriculture | Insecticidal composition containing diatomaceous earth and silica |
US5950386A (en) | 1995-12-26 | 1999-09-14 | Steelcase Inc. | Partition construction having frame and misaligned covers |
BR9715000A (en) | 1996-09-25 | 2001-09-18 | Aquatrol Corp | Processes for preparing pesticide vehicles that spontaneously disperse in water and the use of these |
WO1998012921A1 (en) | 1996-09-25 | 1998-04-02 | Rhodia Inc. | Spontaneously water dispersible carrier for pesticides |
US6240879B1 (en) | 1997-04-15 | 2001-06-05 | Seefar Technologies, Inc. | Amusement articles possessing microbe-inhibiting properties |
EP1005270B1 (en) | 1997-08-22 | 2003-02-26 | Plaaskem (Proprietary) Limited | Dosage device |
JP3920452B2 (en) | 1998-04-07 | 2007-05-30 | アース製薬株式会社 | Pest repellent aerosol |
JP2000176370A (en) | 1998-12-15 | 2000-06-27 | Teddo:Kk | Wooden closet with deodorant, insectproof and moistureproof coating |
CA2264383A1 (en) | 1999-03-03 | 2000-09-03 | Zlatko Korunic | Low toxicity insecticides |
US6405491B1 (en) | 1999-04-22 | 2002-06-18 | Hill-Rom Services, Inc. | Modular patient room |
US8256135B2 (en) | 1999-05-28 | 2012-09-04 | Thermapure, Inc. | Method for removing or treating harmful biological and chemical substances within structures and enclosures |
US6182307B1 (en) | 1999-08-31 | 2001-02-06 | Julius Rutrick | Wall mounted headboard for a bed |
JP4666716B2 (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2011-04-06 | 株式会社ダイゾー | Aerosol products |
US6371190B1 (en) | 2000-06-16 | 2002-04-16 | Rene D. Owens | Decor unit and method for mounting same on a wall |
GB2370224B (en) | 2000-11-03 | 2004-10-06 | Second Nature U K Ltd | Protection of natural fibres from attack by insects |
US20030056587A1 (en) | 2001-09-19 | 2003-03-27 | Carpenter M. Scott | Thermochromatic indicator for an aersol container |
US20030061758A1 (en) | 2001-09-28 | 2003-04-03 | Wilson Harold W. | Composition and method for exterminating subterranean burrowing air-breathing pests |
US6543071B1 (en) | 2001-09-28 | 2003-04-08 | Mary J. Lenner | Furniture from childhood to adulthood using interchangeable panels |
US6394321B1 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2002-05-28 | Precision Valve Corporation | Aerosol powder valve |
US6618876B2 (en) | 2002-01-18 | 2003-09-16 | Stephen Murphy | Wall-hung decorative headboard for a bed |
US6658677B2 (en) | 2002-02-01 | 2003-12-09 | P. J. Kids, Llc | System for replacing decorative furniture panels |
GB0300797D0 (en) | 2003-01-14 | 2003-02-12 | Second Nature U K Ltd | Insect proofing of carpets |
US7216686B2 (en) | 2003-04-22 | 2007-05-15 | June Tailor, Inc. | Cornice system |
CN1550177A (en) | 2003-05-14 | 2004-12-01 | 曹茂铉 | Mattress integrated stone bed |
US7744298B2 (en) | 2003-10-16 | 2010-06-29 | Permatex, Inc. | Gelled composition applicator |
US20050132500A1 (en) | 2003-12-22 | 2005-06-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Composition for impregnation of fibers, fabrics and nettings imparting a protective activity against pests |
US7387151B1 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2008-06-17 | Payne Donald L | Cabinet door with changeable decorative panel |
US7614298B2 (en) | 2004-03-15 | 2009-11-10 | Display Matrix Corporation | Opaque aerosol container capacity indicator |
US20070289225A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 | 2007-12-20 | Julie Kern | Family Zone Modules for Hospital Walls |
US7469512B2 (en) | 2004-06-22 | 2008-12-30 | Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska by and behalf of University of Nebraska Medical Center | Fabricated wall system |
CN2750730Y (en) | 2004-07-20 | 2006-01-11 | 钱品兴 | Novel hollow plastic headboard |
US7159253B2 (en) | 2004-08-17 | 2007-01-09 | American Signature, Inc. | Modular headboard and method of assembly |
US7118179B1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2006-10-10 | Wilson Stephanie W | Portable wall mounted headboard |
US20060216367A1 (en) * | 2005-03-24 | 2006-09-28 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, The Minister Of Agriculture And Agri-Food | Insecticidal extract from legume plants and method of preparing the same |
CN100531624C (en) | 2005-04-29 | 2009-08-26 | 清展科技股份有限公司 | Insect-expelling screen and production thereof |
US20060270561A1 (en) | 2005-05-24 | 2006-11-30 | Keim William A | Compositions for use in stored crop treatment aerosols and method and apparatus for application to stored crops |
US7490509B2 (en) | 2005-09-16 | 2009-02-17 | Display Matrix Corporation | Opaque aerosol container capacity indicator |
US20070164059A1 (en) | 2006-01-19 | 2007-07-19 | Rosiello Keith M | Powder delivery device |
CN200983804Y (en) | 2006-04-06 | 2007-12-05 | 河南未来机电工程有限公司 | Mobile type bergmeal powder gun |
US20080054020A1 (en) | 2006-05-11 | 2008-03-06 | Pierson Paul R | Aerosol delivery system for dispensing dental compositions |
GB0612788D0 (en) | 2006-06-28 | 2006-08-09 | Insectshield Ltd | Pest control materials |
CN101147643B (en) | 2006-09-21 | 2012-04-18 | 卢正国 | Guard bar on big bed for baby |
KR20090091279A (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2009-08-27 | 유니띠까 가부시키가이샤 | Biodegradable polyester resin composition, and molded body, foamed body and molded container obtained from the biodegradable polyester resin composition |
US20080193387A1 (en) | 2007-02-14 | 2008-08-14 | Ricki De Wolff | Essential oil compositions for killing or repelling ectoparasites and pests and methods for use thereof |
CN201012152Y (en) | 2007-04-05 | 2008-01-30 | 上海品兴科技有限公司 | Improved multifunctional turning-over bed |
CN101327085A (en) | 2007-06-18 | 2008-12-24 | 际诺思(厦门)轻工制品有限公司 | Sponge |
US7723428B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2010-05-25 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Polycarbonate compositions with improved molding capability |
CN101381473A (en) | 2007-09-07 | 2009-03-11 | 许连祥 | Method of preparing thermoplastic hard foam |
WO2009045941A1 (en) | 2007-10-02 | 2009-04-09 | World Minerals, Inc. | Enhanced retention capabilities through methods comprising surface treatment of functional particulate carrier materials, and functional particulate carrier materials made therefrom |
DE112008002943T5 (en) | 2007-10-30 | 2010-09-09 | World Minerals Inc., Santa Barbara | Modified mineral-based fillers |
US8205378B2 (en) | 2007-11-21 | 2012-06-26 | Springstar Inc. | Trap for flying insects |
US20090222995A1 (en) | 2008-03-05 | 2009-09-10 | Bernard Perry | Bedding Applications for Porous Material |
AU2009201024B2 (en) * | 2008-03-14 | 2013-10-24 | Bissell Inc. | Manual spray cleaner |
US8501247B2 (en) | 2008-03-19 | 2013-08-06 | Tyratech, Inc. | Pest control using natural pest control agent blends |
MX2010010219A (en) | 2008-03-19 | 2011-03-01 | Tyratech Inc | Pest control compositions and methods. |
US20090269381A1 (en) | 2008-04-23 | 2009-10-29 | Grain Processing Corporation | Pest Control Agent |
US20100127224A1 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2010-05-27 | Ryan Neff | Atmospheric injection of reflective aerosol for mitigating global warming |
EP2411329B1 (en) | 2009-03-11 | 2021-05-19 | Imerys Filtration Minerals, Inc. | Natural amorphous silica filler products |
CN201375245Y (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2010-01-06 | 王述洋 | Multi-functional bed |
US8440009B2 (en) | 2009-04-23 | 2013-05-14 | Green Wave Innovative Solutions, Llc | Cladophora based materials and method of making same |
US8551235B2 (en) | 2009-04-23 | 2013-10-08 | Green Wave Innovative Solutions, Llc | Algae based fire resistant materials and method of making same |
US20110236589A1 (en) * | 2009-09-14 | 2011-09-29 | Mark Streisfeld | Novel pest repellant and pesticide composition and method of use |
CN201641161U (en) | 2010-01-29 | 2010-11-24 | 深圳市汇益德环保材料有限公司 | Bed with diatom mud coating |
WO2011127529A1 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-10-20 | Lee Zeke O'connor | An improved crawling insect barrier |
EP2377395A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-10-19 | Bayer CropScience AG | Non-woven fabric containing insecticide |
WO2011146663A2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2011-11-24 | Kiltronx Enviro Systems, Llc | Materials, methods, and apparatuses for controlling pests |
US20120167309A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Heidorn Brian D | Bed bug monitoring device |
GB201100621D0 (en) | 2011-01-14 | 2011-03-02 | Insectshield Ltd | Three-dimensional material |
US20120227313A1 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2012-09-13 | Fxi, Inc. | Crawling insect (bed bug and mite) abatement system and method |
CN103687514A (en) | 2011-05-03 | 2014-03-26 | 罗德里克·威廉·菲利普斯 | Furniture apparatuses, and kits, systems, and uses of same |
US8808721B2 (en) | 2011-05-09 | 2014-08-19 | Springstar Inc. | Bed bug attractants and methods for trapping bed bugs |
ES2952649T3 (en) | 2011-10-04 | 2023-11-02 | 0903608 B C Ltd | Formulations for pest control and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
AU2012343291B2 (en) | 2011-11-23 | 2016-09-15 | Roderick William PHILLIPS | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations |
WO2013101298A1 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2013-07-04 | Dirtt Environmental Solutions Inc. | Modular walls incorporating recessed, extendable furniture |
SE536678C2 (en) | 2012-02-02 | 2014-05-20 | Nattaro Labs Ab | Device for detecting and eliminating insects such as bedbugs |
EP2839070B1 (en) | 2012-04-24 | 2018-06-13 | Argaman Technologies Ltd. | A method for the surface application of chemical compounds to both synthetic and natural fibers |
CA2783685C (en) | 2012-07-18 | 2013-05-28 | Robert J. Cullen | Modular bed bug trap system |
US8522488B1 (en) | 2012-10-15 | 2013-09-03 | Hill-Rom Services, Inc. | Headwall with integral wall panel interface |
USD692089S1 (en) | 2012-11-29 | 2013-10-22 | Pic Corporation | Insect trap |
US20140259879A1 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2014-09-18 | Joseph Benedict Logsdon | Badder than a Bed Bug Strategically Designed Modular Moat Systems for Control of Target Pests |
-
2012
- 2012-11-01 AU AU2012343291A patent/AU2012343291B2/en active Active
- 2012-11-01 WO PCT/CA2012/001015 patent/WO2013075212A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-11-01 JP JP2014542647A patent/JP2015500634A/en active Pending
- 2012-11-01 ES ES12850927T patent/ES2882873T3/en active Active
- 2012-11-01 EP EP12850927.0A patent/EP2782451B1/en active Active
- 2012-11-01 CN CN201280065870.6A patent/CN104023538A/en active Pending
-
2014
- 2014-03-21 US US14/222,335 patent/US9398771B2/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US9398771B2 (en) | 2016-07-26 |
JP2015500634A (en) | 2015-01-08 |
ES2882873T3 (en) | 2021-12-03 |
CN104023538A (en) | 2014-09-03 |
AU2012343291A1 (en) | 2014-07-03 |
US20140242136A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
EP2782451B1 (en) | 2021-04-21 |
WO2013075212A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
AU2012343291B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 |
EP2782451A4 (en) | 2015-09-09 |
EP2782451A1 (en) | 2014-10-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US9398771B2 (en) | Spray apparatuses, uses of diatomaceous earth, and methods of controlling insect populations | |
US5830512A (en) | Insect control compositions | |
Losic et al. | Diatomaceous earth, a natural insecticide for stored grain protection: Recent progress and perspectives | |
Korunić et al. | A review of natural insecticides based on diatomaceous earths | |
Arthur et al. | Chemical control in stored products | |
US11350632B2 (en) | Methods, compositions and systems for killing arthropods | |
CA3015923C (en) | Methods of preparing diatomaceous earth for use in controlling a population of bedbugs or arachnids | |
CA2847388A1 (en) | Diatomaceous earth intermixed with a colouring agent, and spray apparatuses, uses, and methods involving same | |
Superfine | Effect of grain moisture content and storage time on efficacy of inert and botanical dusts for the control of Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize | |
Soujanya et al. | Efficacy of plant extracts against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) in stored maize | |
US20160270386A1 (en) | String apparatuses including diatomaceous earth | |
TWI504348B (en) | Pesticide compositions and methods for controlling invertebrate pests | |
Wahba et al. | Joint Action of Peppermint Oil on Diatom against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) | |
Golob et al. | Pest management | |
US9609877B2 (en) | Composition for extermination of bedbugs and methods thereof | |
Wiltz et al. | Potential of kaolin-based particle film barriers for Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) control | |
Econdi et al. | Aldehyde-containing clays: a sustainable approach against the olive tree pest, Bactrocera oleae | |
Nukenine et al. | Diatomaceous earths: Alternative insecticides to Malathion in the Soudano-Guinean agro-ecological zone of Cameroon against stored maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | |
WO2000051433A1 (en) | Low toxicity insecticides | |
Cook et al. | Project Report No. 344 | |
Binici | A Study on Insecticide Potential of Sepiolite | |
Stathers | Diatomaceous earths as grain protectants in Tanzania |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: SURCHARGE FOR LATE PAYMENT, SMALL ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M2554); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YR, SMALL ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M2551); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: 7.5 YR SURCHARGE - LATE PMT W/IN 6 MO, SMALL ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M2555); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 8TH YR, SMALL ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M2552); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY Year of fee payment: 8 |