US20160215352A1 - Methods for Diagnosing Prostate Cancer Using MicroRNAs - Google Patents

Methods for Diagnosing Prostate Cancer Using MicroRNAs Download PDF

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US20160215352A1
US20160215352A1 US15/095,382 US201615095382A US2016215352A1 US 20160215352 A1 US20160215352 A1 US 20160215352A1 US 201615095382 A US201615095382 A US 201615095382A US 2016215352 A1 US2016215352 A1 US 2016215352A1
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Carlo M. Croce
George A. Calin
Stefano Volinia
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Ohio State University
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Definitions

  • cancer the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells, is a major health problem of the modern medical era and is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. In the United States, one in four deaths is caused by cancer (Jemal, A. et al., CA Cancer J. Clin. 52:23-47 (2002)).
  • solid cancers those that arise from organs and solid tissues, known as solid cancers (e.g., colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer) are among the most-commonly identified human cancers.
  • prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy among men in industrialized countries, and, in the United States, 1 in 8 men will develop prostate cancer during his life (Simard, J. et al., Endocrinology 143(6):2029-40 (2002)).
  • the incidence of prostate cancer has dramatically increased over the last decades and prostate cancer is now a leading cause of death in the United States and Western Europe (Peschel, R. E. and J. W. Colberg, Lancet 4:233-41 (2003); Nelson, W. G. et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 349(4):366-81 (2003)).
  • An average 40% reduction in life expectancy affects males with prostate cancer.
  • prostate cancer can often times be cured (e.g., using surgery). However, if diagnosed after spread and metastasis from the prostate, prostate cancer is typically a fatal disease with low cure rates. While prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening has aided early diagnosis of prostate cancer, it is neither highly sensitive nor specific (Punglia et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 349(4):335-42 (2003)). This means that a high percentage of false negative and false positive diagnoses are associated with the test. The consequences are both many instances of missed cancers and unnecessary follow-up biopsies for those without cancer.
  • PSA prostate-specific antigen
  • colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States and Canada (after lung and breast in women, and lung and prostate in men).
  • the American Cancer Society estimates that there will be approximately 145,000 new cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed in the U.S. in 2005 (Cancer Facts and FIGS. 2005 . Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2005).
  • Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States and Canada (after lung cancer).
  • pancreatic cancer The annual incidence of pancreatic cancer is nearly equivalent to the annual mortality, estimated to be 31,860 and 31,270, respectively, in the U.S. in 2004 (Cancer Facts and Figures 2004. Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society, 2004). Patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer have poor prognoses, and diagnosis generally occurs too late for surgery or radiotherapy to be curative (Burr, H. A., et al., The Oncologist 10(3): 183-190, (2005)). Chemotherapy can provide relief of symptoms for some patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, but its impact on survival has been modest to date.
  • stomach cancer gastric cancer
  • the American Cancer Society estimates that there will be 22,710 new cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed in the U.S. in 2004 (Cancer Facts and Figures 2004. Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society, 2004.). Because stomach cancer may occur without symptoms, it may be in advanced stages by the time the diagnosis is made. Treatment is then directed at making the patient more comfortable and improving quality of life.
  • Lung cancer causes more deaths worldwide than any other form of cancer (Goodman, G. E., Thorax 57:994-999 (2002)).
  • lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer death among both men and women.
  • the death rate from lung cancer was an estimated 134,900 deaths, exceeding the combined total for breast, prostate and colon cancer. Id.
  • Lung cancer is also the leading cause of cancer death in all European countries, and numbers of lung cancer-related deaths are rapidly increasing in developing countries as well.
  • markers and genes that are responsible for susceptibility to particular forms of solid cancer is one of the major challenges facing oncology today.
  • Cancer genes may also reveal key molecular pathways that may be manipulated (e.g., using small or large molecule weight drugs) and may lead to more effective treatments regardless of the cancer stage when a particular cancer is first diagnosed.
  • MicroRNAs are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by hybridizing to and triggering either translational repression or, less frequently, degradation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) target.
  • miRNAs messenger RNA
  • the discovery and study of miRNAs has revealed miRNA-mediated gene regulatory mechanisms that play important roles in organismal development and various cellular processes, such as cell differentiation, cell growth and cell death (Cheng, A.M., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 33:1290-1297 (2005)).
  • Recent studies suggest that aberrant expression of particular miRNAs may be involved in human diseases, such as neurological disorders (Ishizuka, A., et al., Genes Dev. 16:2497-2508 (2002)) and cancer.
  • miR-16-1 and/or miR-15a have been found in human chronic lymphocytic leukemias (Calin, G. A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:15524-15529 (2002)).
  • solid cancers e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer.
  • present invention provides novel methods and compositions for the diagnosis and treatment of solid cancers.
  • the present invention is based, in part, on the identification of specific miRNAs that have altered expression levels in particular solid cancers.
  • the invention encompasses methods of diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, a solid cancer.
  • the level of at least one miR gene product in a test sample from the subject is compared to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample.
  • An alteration e.g., an increase, a decrease
  • the solid cancer can be any cancer that arises from organs and solid tissues.
  • the solid cancer is stomach cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer or prostate cancer.
  • the solid cancer is not breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer or gastrointestinal cancer.
  • the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-191, miR-17-5p and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer or lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-210, miR-213 and a combination thereof.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer or pancreas cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is miR-218-2.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, miR-145, miR-21 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-29b-2, miR-146, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-10b, miR-145, miR-181a, miR-140, miR-213, miR-29a prec, miR-181b-1, miR-199b, miR-29b-1, miR-130a, miR-155, let-7a-2, miR-205, miR-29c, miR-224, miR-100, miR-31, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-210, miR-122a, miR-16-2 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-24-1, miR-29b-2, miR-20a, miR-10a, miR-32, miR-203, miR-106a, miR-17-5p, miR-30c, miR-223, miR-126*, miR-128b, miR-21, miR-24-2, miR-99b prec, miR-155, miR-213, miR-150, miR-107, miR-191, miR-221, miR-9-3 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-205, miR-200b, miR-9-1, miR-210, miR-148, miR-141, miR-132, miR-215, miR-128b, let-7g, miR-16-2, miR-129-1/2prec, miR-126*, miR-142-as, miR-30d, miR-30a-5p, miR-7-2, miR-199a-1, miR-127, miR-34a prec, miR-34a, miR-136, miR-202, miR-196-2, miR-199a-2, let-7a-2, miR-124a-1, miR-149, miR-17-5p, miR-196-1 prec, miR-10a, miR-99b prec, miR-196-1, miR-199b, miR-191, miR-195, miR-155 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-1, miR-103-2, miR-155, miR-204 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-2, miR-103-1, miR-24-2, miR-107, miR-100, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-24-1, miR-191, miR-23a, miR-26a-1, miR-125a, miR-130a, miR-26b, miR-145, miR-221, miR-126*, miR-16-2, miR-146, miR-214, miR-99b, miR-128b, miR-155, miR-29b-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-16-1, miR-99a, miR-224, miR-30d
  • the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of let-7d, miR-128a prec, miR-195, miR-203, let-7a-2 prec, miR-34a, miR-20a, miR-218-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-95, miR-197, miR-135-2, miR-187, miR-196-1, miR-148, miR-191, miR-21, let-7i, miR-198, miR-199a-2, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-92-2, miR-146, miR-181b-1 prec, miR-32, miR-206, miR-184 prec, miR-29a prec, miR-29b-2, miR-149, miR-181b-1, miR-196-1 prec, miR-93-1, miR-223, miR-16-1, miR-101-1, miR-124a-1, miR-26a-1
  • the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-223, miR-21, miR-218-2, miR-103-2, miR-92-2, miR-25, miR-136, miR-191, miR-221, miR-125b-2, miR-103-1, miR-214, miR-222, miR-212 prec, miR-125b-1, miR-100, miR-107, miR-92-1, miR-96, miR-192, miR-23a, miR-215, miR-7-2, miR-138-2, miR-24-1, miR-99b, miR-33b, miR-24-2 and combinations thereof.
  • the level of the at least one miR gene product can be measured using a variety of techniques that are well known to those of skill in the art (e.g., quantitative or semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Northern blot analysis, solution hybridization detection).
  • the level of at least one miR gene product is measured by reverse transcribing RNA from a test sample obtained from the subject to provide a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, hybridizing the target oligodeoxynucleotides to one or more miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides (e.g., hybridzing to a microarray that comprises several miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides) to provide a hybridization profile for the test sample, and comparing the test sample hybridization profile to a hybridization profile from a control sample.
  • miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides e.g., hybridzing to a microarray that comprises several miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides
  • target oligonucleotides are hybridized to a microarray comprising miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides for one or more miRNAs selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • the invention also encompasses methods of inhibiting tumorigenesis in a subject who has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer), wherein at least one miR gene product is deregulated (e.g., down-regulated, up-regulated) in the cancer cells of the subject.
  • a solid cancer e.g., prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer
  • the method comprises administering an effective amount of an isolated miR gene product, an isolated variant or a biologically-active fragment of the miR gene product or variant, such that proliferation of cancer cells in the subject is inhibited.
  • the at least one isolated miR gene product is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1.
  • the at least one miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene product selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • the methods of inhibiting tumorigenesis in a subject additionally comprise the step of determining the amount of at least one miR gene product in cancer cells from the subject, and comparing that level of the miR gene product in the cells to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in control cells. If expression of the miR gene product is deregulated (e.g., down-regulated, up-regulated) in cancer cells, the methods further comprise altering the amount of the at least one miR gene product expressed in the cancer cells.
  • the amount of the miR gene product expressed in the cancer cells is less than the amount of the miR gene product expressed in a control cell (e.g., control cells), and an effective amount of the down-regulated miR gene product, isolated variant or biologically-active fragment of the miR gene product or variant, is administered to the subject.
  • Suitable miR gene products for this embodiment include miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof, among others.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1.
  • the amount of the miR gene product expressed in the cancer cells is greater than the amount of the miR gene product expressed in the control cell (e.g., control cells), and an effective amount of at least one compound for inhibiting expression of the at least one up-regulated miR gene product is administered to the subject.
  • Suitable compounds for inhibiting expression of the at least one miR gene product include, but are not limited to, compounds that inhibit the expression of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • the invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating solid cancers (e.g., prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise at least one isolated miR gene product and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • the at least one miR gene product corresponds to a miR gene product that has a decreased level of expression in cancer cells relative to control cells.
  • the isolated miR gene product is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof.
  • compositions of the invention comprise at least one miR expression-inhibition compound and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • the at least one miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene product whose expression is greater in cancer cells than in control cells.
  • the miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for one or more miR gene products selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • the invention also encompasses methods of identifying an inhibitor of tumorigenesis, comprising providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product in the cell.
  • the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in solid cancers (e.g., prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer).
  • An increase in the level of the miR gene product in the cell, relative to a suitable control cell is indicative of the test agent being an inhibitor of tumorigenesis.
  • the at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in solid cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof.
  • the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in solid cancers. A decrease in the level of the miR gene product in the cell, relative to a suitable control cell, is indicative of the test agent being an inhibitor of tumorigenesis.
  • the at least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in solid cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a clustering analysis of 540 samples, representing 6 solid cancers (top) and the respective normal tissues.
  • miRNAs included in the tree represent those whose expression level (background-subtracted intensity) was higher than the threshold value (256) in at least 50% of the samples analyzed.
  • Arrays were median-centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed by using uncentered correlation metric. The colors indicate the difference in expression level from the median for the microRNAs in each sample.
  • FIG. 2 depicts unsupervised analysis of microRNA expression data.
  • MicroRNA profiling of 540 samples (indicated at top of panel) covering breast, colon, lung, pancreas, prostate and stomach (normal tissues and tumors) were filtered, centered and normalized for each feature.
  • the data were subject to hierarchical clustering on both the samples (horizontally-oriented) and the features (vertically-oriented with average linkage and Pearson correlation as a similarity measure.
  • Sample names are indicated at the top of the figure and miRNA names on the left.
  • the probe ID is indicated in parentheses, as the same microRNA can be measured by different oligonucleotides.
  • the colors indicate the difference in expression level from the median for the microRNAs in each sample.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the expression of differentially-regulated miRNAs across solid cancers (top). Sixty-one microRNAs, which are present in at least 90% of the tissues solid cancers, are represented (right of panel). The tree displays the average absolute expression values for each of the listed microRNAs after log 2 transformation. The mean was computed over all samples from the same tissue or tumor histotype. Genes were mean-centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed using Euclidean distance.
  • FIG. 4 depicts fold changes in the expression of miRNAs present in at least 75% of the solid tumors with at least 1 tumor absolute value higher than 2 in different cancer samples (top), relative to normal samples.
  • the tree displays the log 2 transformation of average fold changes (cancer vs. normal).
  • the mean was computed over all samples from the same tissue or tumor histotype.
  • Arrays were mean-centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed using uncentered correlation metric.
  • FIG. 5 depicts fold changes in the expression of miRNAs present in the signatures of at least 50% of the solid tumors in cancer vs. normal samples.
  • the tree displays the log 2 transformation of the average fold changes (cancer over normal).
  • the mean was computed over all samples from the same tissue or tumor histotype.
  • Arrays were mean centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed using uncentered correlation metric.
  • FIG. 6A depicts bar graphs indicating that the 3′UTR of different genes encoding cancer protein enables cancer regulation by microRNA.
  • the relative repression of firefly luciferase expression (Fold Change) standardized to a renilla luciferase control.
  • PLAG1 pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1
  • TGFBR2 transforming growth factor beta receptor II
  • Rb retinoblastoma gene.
  • pGL-3 Promega
  • miR-20a, miR-26a-1 and miR-106 oligoRNAs were used for transfections.
  • FIG. 6B depicts Western blots indicating that, in certain cancers (e.g., lung, breast, colon, gastric), the levels of RB1 (Rb) protein displays an inverse correlation with the level of miR-106a expression.
  • ⁇ -Actin was used as a control for normalization.
  • N1 normal sample; T1 and T2, tumor sample.
  • FIG. 7 depicts Northern blots showing down-regulation of miR-145 (top) and up-regulation of miR-21 (bottom) expression in breast cancer samples (P series and numbered series) relative to normal samples. Normalization was performed with a U6-specific probe.
  • FIG. 8 depicts Northern blots showing up-regulation of miR-103 and down-regulation miR-155 (top) expression in different endocrine pancreatic cancer samples (WDET, well differentiated pancreatic endocrine tumors, WDEC, well differentiated pancreatic endocrine carcinomas and ACC, pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas) relative to normal samples (K series), as well as up-regulation of miR-204 (bottom) expression in insulinomas (F series) relative to normal samples (K series) and non secreting/non functioning (NF-series) samples. Normalization was performed with a probe specific to 5S RNA.
  • the present invention is based, in part, on the identification of particular microRNAs whose expression is altered in cancer cells associated with different solid cancers, such as colon, stomach, pancreatic, lung, breast and prostate cancer, relative to normal control cells.
  • a “miR gene product,” “microRNA,” “miR,” or “miRNA” refers to the unprocessed (e.g., precursor) or processed (e.g., mature) RNA transcript from a miR gene. As the miR gene products are not translated into protein, the term “miR gene products” does not include proteins.
  • the unprocessed miR gene transcript is also called a “miR precursor” or “miR prec” and typically comprises an RNA transcript of about 70-100 nucleotides in length.
  • the miR precursor can be processed by digestion with an RNAse (for example, Dicer, Argonaut, or RNAse III (e.g., E. coli RNAse III)) into an active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule. This active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule is also called the “processed” miR gene transcript or “mature” miRNA.
  • the active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule can be obtained from the miR precursor through natural processing routes (e.g., using intact cells or cell lysates) or by synthetic processing routes (e.g., using isolated processing enzymes, such as isolated Dicer, Argonaut, or RNAse III). It is understood that the active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule can also be produced directly by biological or chemical synthesis, without having been processed from the miR precursor. When a microRNA is referred to herein by name, the name corresponds to both the precursor and mature forms, unless otherwise indicated.
  • Tables 1a and 1b depict the nucleotide sequences of particular precursor and mature human microRNAs.
  • the present invention encompasses methods of diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, a solid cancer, comprising measuring the level of at least one miR gene product in a test sample from the subject and comparing the level of the miR gene product in the test sample to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample.
  • a “subject” can be any mammal that has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer.
  • the subject is a human who has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer.
  • the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • the miR gene product is miR-21, miR-191 or miR-17-5p.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1.
  • the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-182, miR-181, miR-30, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-195, miR-34, miR-153, miR-21, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-211, miR-143, miR-96, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129, miR-9, miR-137, miR-217, miR-186.
  • the solid cancer can be any cancer that arises from organs and solid tissues. Such cancers are typically associated with the formation and/or presence of tumor masses and can be carcinomas, sarcomas and lymphomas. Specific examples of solid cancers to be diagnosed by the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach (gastric) cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, bronchial cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, penile cancer, melanoma and other skin cancers, liver cancer, esophogeal cancer, cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (e.g., tongue cancer, mouth cancer), cancers of the digestive system (e.g., intestinal cancer, gall bladder cancer), bone and joint cancers, cancers of the endocrine system (e.g., thyroid cancer), brain cancer, eye cancer, cancers of the urinary system (e.g., kidney cancer, urinary bladder cancer), Hodgkin disease and non-Hodg
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer or lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-210, miR-213 and a combination thereof.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer or pancreas cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is miR-218-2.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, miR-145, miR-21 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-29b-2, miR-146, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-10b, miR-145, miR-181a, miR-140, miR-213, miR-29a prec, miR-181b-1, miR-199b, miR-29b-1, miR-130a, miR-155, let-7a-2, miR-205, miR-29c, miR-224, miR-100, miR-31, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-210, miR-122a, miR-16-2 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-145, miR-21, miR-155, miR-10b, miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, let7a-2, let7a-3, let-7d, miR-122a, miR-191, miR-206, miR-210, let-7i, miR-009-1 (miR131-1), miR-34 (miR-170), miR-102 (miR-29b), miR-123 (miR-126), miR-140-as, miR-125a, miR-194, miR-204, miR-213, let-7f-2, miR-101, miR-128b, miR-136, miR-143, miR-149, miR-191, miR-196-1, miR-196-2, miR-202, miR-
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, let-7i, miR-100, let-7g, miR-31, miR-32a-1, miR-33b, miR-34a-2, miR-101-1, miR-135-1, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-144, miR-301, miR-29c, miR-30c, miR-106a, or miR-29b-1.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-159-1 or miR-192.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-24-1, miR-29b-2, miR-20a, miR-10a, miR-32, miR-203, miR-106a, miR-17-5p, miR-30c, miR-223, miR-126*, miR-128b, miR-21, miR-24-2, miR-99b prec, miR-155, miR-213, miR-150, miR-107, miR-191, miR-221, miR-9-3 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-205, miR-200b, miR-9-1, miR-210, miR-148, miR-141, miR-132, miR-215, miR-128b, let-7g, miR-16-2, miR-129-1/2 prec, miR-126*, miR-142-as, miR-30d, miR-30a-5p, miR-7-2, miR-199a-1, miR-127, miR-34a prec, miR-34a, miR-136, miR-202, miR-196-2, miR-199a-2, let-7a-2, miR-124a-1, miR-149, miR-17-5p, miR-196-1 prec, miR-10a, miR-99b prec, miR-196-1, miR-199b, miR-191, miR-195, miR-155 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-191, miR-126*, miR-210, miR-155, miR-143, miR-205, miR-126, miR-30a-5p, miR-140, miR-214, miR-218-2, miR-145, miR-106a, miR-192, miR-203, miR-150, miR-220, miR-192, miR-224, miR-24-2, miR-212, miR-9, miR-17, miR-124a-1, miR-95, miR-198, miR-216, miR-219-1, miR-197, miR-125a, miR-26a-1, miR-146, miR-199b, let7a-2, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-29b
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-182, miR-181, miR-30, miR-15a, miR-143, miR-205, miR-96, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129, miR-137, miR-186, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-195, miR-34, miR-153, miR-217, miR-204, miR-211, miR-9, miR-217, let-7a-2 or miR-32.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not let-7c, let-7g, miR-7-3, miR-210, miR-31, miR-34a-1, miR-a-2, miR-99a, miR-100, miR-125b-2, miR-132, miR-135-1, miR-195, miR-34, miR-123, miR-203.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-1, miR-103-2, miR-155, miR-204 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-2, miR-103-1, miR-24-2, miR-107, miR-100, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-24-1, miR-191, miR-23a, miR-26a-1, miR-125a, miR-130a, miR-26b, miR-145, miR-221, miR-126*, miR-16-2, miR-146, miR-214, miR-99b, miR-128b, miR-155, miR-29b-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-16-1, miR-99a, miR-224, miR-30
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of let-7d, miR-128a prec, miR-195, miR-203, let-7a-2 prec, miR-34a, miR-20a, miR-218-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-95, miR-197, miR-135-2, miR-187, miR-196-1, miR-148, miR-191, miR-21, let-7i, miR-198, miR-199a-2, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-92-2, miR-146, miR-181b-1 prec, miR-32, miR-206, miR-184 prec, miR-29a prec, miR-29b-2, miR-149, miR-181b-1, miR-196-1 prec, miR-93-1, miR-223, miR-16-1, miR-101-1, miR-124a-1, miR-26a-1
  • the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as,
  • the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-223, miR-21, miR-218-2, miR-103-2, miR-92-2, miR-25, miR-136, miR-191, miR-221, miR-125b-2, miR-103-1, miR-214, miR-222, miR-212 prec, miR-125b-1, miR-100, miR-107, miR-92-1, miR-96, miR-192, miR-23a, miR-215, miR-7-2, miR-138-2, miR-24-1, miR-99b, miR-33b, miR-24-2 and combinations thereof.
  • the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. hi an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as,
  • the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • the level of at least one miR gene product can be measured in a biological sample (e.g., cells, tissues) obtained from the subject.
  • a biological sample e.g., cells, tissues
  • a tissue sample e.g., from a tumor
  • a blood sample can be removed from the subject, and blood cells (e.g., white blood cells) can be isolated for DNA extraction by standard techniques.
  • the blood or tissue sample is preferably obtained from the subject prior to initiation of radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other therapeutic treatment.
  • a corresponding control tissue or blood sample can be obtained from unaffected tissues of the subject, from a normal human individual or population of normal individuals, or from cultured cells corresponding to the majority of cells in the subject's sample.
  • control tissue or blood sample is then processed along with the sample from the subject, so that the levels of miR gene product produced from a given miR gene in cells from the subject's sample can be compared to the corresponding miR gene product levels from cells of the control sample.
  • a reference miR expression standard for the biological sample can also be used as a control.
  • an alteration e.g., an increase or decrease
  • the level of the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is greater than the level of the corresponding miR gene product in the control sample (i.e., expression of the miR gene product is “up-regulated”).
  • expression of a miR gene product is “up-regulated” when the amount of miR gene product in a cell or tissue sample from a subject is greater than the amount of the same gene product in a control cell or tissue sample.
  • the level of the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is less than the level of the corresponding miR gene product in the control sample (i.e., expression of the miR gene product is “down-regulated”).
  • expression of a miR gene is “down-regulated” when the amount of miR gene product produced from that gene in a cell or tissue sample from a subject is less than the amount produced from the same gene in a control cell or tissue sample.
  • the relative miR gene expression in the control and normal samples can be determined with respect to one or more RNA expression standards.
  • the standards can comprise, for example, a zero miR gene expression level, the miR gene expression level in a standard cell line, the miR gene expression level in unaffected tissues of the subject, or the average level of miR gene expression previously obtained for a population of normal human controls.
  • the level of a miR gene product in a sample can be measured using any technique that is suitable for detecting RNA expression levels in a biological sample. Suitable techniques (e.g., Northern blot analysis, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization) for determining RNA expression levels in a biological sample (e.g., cells, tissues) are well known to those of skill in the art.
  • the level of at least one miR gene product is detected using Northern blot analysis. For example, total cellular RNA can be purified from cells by homogenization in the presence of nucleic acid extraction buffer, followed by centrifugation. Nucleic acids are precipitated, and DNA is removed by treatment with DNase and precipitation.
  • RNA molecules are then separated by gel electrophoresis on agarose gels according to standard techniques, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters.
  • the RNA is then immobilized on the filters by heating. Detection and quantification of specific RNA is accomplished using appropriately labeled DNA or RNA probes complementary to the RNA in question. See, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapter 7, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
  • Suitable probes for Northern blot hybridization of a given miR gene product can be produced from the nucleic acid sequences provided in Table 1a and Table 1b and include, but are not limited to, probes having at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or complete complementarity to a miR gene product of interest.
  • Methods for preparation of labeled DNA and RNA probes, and the conditions for hybridization thereof to target nucleotide sequences, are described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapters 10 and 11, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the nucleic acid probe can be labeled with, e.g., a radionuclide, such as 3 H, 32P, 33 P, 14 C, or 35 S; a heavy metal; a ligand capable of functioning as a specific binding pair member for a labeled ligand (e.g., biotin, avidin or an antibody); a fluorescent molecule; a chemiluminescent molecule; an enzyme or the like.
  • a radionuclide such as 3 H, 32P, 33 P, 14 C, or 35 S
  • a heavy metal such as 3 H, 32P, 33 P, 14 C, or 35 S
  • a heavy metal such as 3 H, 32P, 33 P, 14 C, or 35 S
  • a heavy metal such as 3 H, 32P, 33 P, 14 C, or 35 S
  • a heavy metal such as 3 H, 32P, 33 P, 14 C, or 35 S
  • a heavy metal such as 3 H, 32P, 33 P, 14 C, or 35 S
  • Probes can be labeled to high specific activity by either the nick translation method of Rigby et al. (1977), J. Mol. Biol. 113:237-251 or by the random priming method of Fienberg et al. (1983), Anal. Biochem. 132:6-13, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the latter is the method of choice for synthesizing 32 P-labeled probes of high specific activity from single-stranded DNA or from RNA templates. For example, by replacing preexisting nucleotides with highly radioactive nucleotides according to the nick translation method, it is possible to prepare 32 P-labeled nucleic acid probes with a specific activity well in excess of 10 8 cpm/microgram.
  • Autoradiographic detection of hybridization can then be performed by exposing hybridized filters to photographic film. Densitometric scanning of the photographic films exposed by the hybridized filters provides an accurate measurement of miR gene transcript levels. Using another approach, miR gene transcript levels can be quantified by computerized imaging systems, such as the Molecular Dynamics 400-B 2D Phosphorimager available from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.
  • the random-primer method can be used to incorporate an analogue, for example, the dTTP analogue 5-(N-(N-biotinyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl)-3-aminoallyl)deoxyuridine triphosphate, into the probe molecule.
  • analogue for example, the dTTP analogue 5-(N-(N-biotinyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl)-3-aminoallyl)deoxyuridine triphosphate
  • the biotinylated probe oligonucleotide can be detected by reaction with biotin-binding proteins, such as avidin, streptavidin, and antibodies (e.g., anti-biotin antibodies) coupled to fluorescent dyes or enzymes that produce color reactions.
  • determining the levels of RNA transcripts can be accomplished using the technique of in situ hybridization.
  • This technique requires fewer cells than the Northern blotting technique, and involves depositing whole cells onto a microscope cover slip and probing the nucleic acid content of the cell with a solution containing radioactive or otherwise labeled nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA or RNA) probes.
  • This technique is particularly well-suited for analyzing tissue biopsy samples from subjects.
  • the practice of the in situ hybridization technique is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,916, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Suitable probes for in situ hybridization of a given miR gene product can be produced from the nucleic acid sequences provided in Table 1a and Table 1b, and include, but are not limited to, probes having at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or complete complementarity to a miR gene product of interest, as described above.
  • the relative number of miR gene transcripts in cells can also be determined by reverse transcription of miR gene transcripts, followed by amplification of the reverse-transcribed transcripts by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  • the levels of miR gene transcripts can be quantified in comparison with an internal standard, for example, the level of mRNA from a “housekeeping” gene present in the same sample.
  • a suitable “housekeeping” gene for use as an internal standard includes, e.g., myosin or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH).
  • RNA e.g., at least 20 ⁇ g for each Northern blot
  • autoradiographic techniques that require radioactive isotopes.
  • an oligolibrary in microchip format (i.e., a microarray), may be constructed containing a set of oligonucleotide (e.g., oligodeoxynucleotides) probes that are specific for a set of miR genes.
  • oligonucleotide e.g., oligodeoxynucleotides
  • the expression level of multiple microRNAs in a biological sample can be determined by reverse transcribing the RNAs to generate a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, and hybridizing them to probe the oligonucleotides on the microarray to generate a hybridization, or expression, profile.
  • probe oligonucleotide or “probe oligodeoxynucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide that is capable of hybridizing to a target oligonucleotide.
  • Target oligonucleotide or “target oligodeoxynucleotide” refers to a molecule to be detected (e.g., via hybridization).
  • miR-specific probe oligonucleotide or “probe oligonucleotide specific for a miR” is meant a probe oligonucleotide that has a sequence selected to hybridize to a specific miR gene product, or to a reverse transcript of the specific miR gene product.
  • an “expression profile” or “hybridization profile” of a particular sample is essentially a fingerprint of the state of the sample; while two states may have any particular gene similarly expressed, the evaluation of a number of genes simultaneously allows the generation of a gene expression profile that is unique to the state of the cell. That is, normal tissue may be distinguished from cancerous (e.g., tumor) tissue, and within cancerous tissue, different prognosis states (for example, good or poor long term survival prospects) may be determined. By comparing expression profiles of solid cancer tissue in different states, information regarding which genes are important (including both up- and down-regulation of genes) in each of these states is obtained.
  • sequences that are differentially expressed in solid cancer tissue allows the use of this information in a number of ways. For example, a particular treatment regime may be evaluated (e.g., to determine whether a chemotherapeutic drug acts to improve the long-term prognosis in a particular patient). Similarly, diagnosis may be done or confirmed by comparing patient samples with known expression profiles. Furthermore, these gene expression profiles (or individual genes) allow screening of drug candidates that suppress the solid cancer expression profile or convert a poor prognosis profile to a better prognosis profile.
  • the invention provides methods of diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, a solid cancer, comprising reverse transcribing RNA from a test sample obtained from the subject to provide a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, hybridizing the target oligodeoxynucleotides to a microarray comprising miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides to provide a hybridization profile for the test sample, and comparing the test sample hybridization profile to a hybridization profile generated from a control sample or reference standard, wherein an alteration in the signal of at least one miRNA is indicative of the subject either having, or being at risk for developing, a solid cancer.
  • the microarray comprises miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides for a substantial portion of all known human miRNAs.
  • the microarray comprises miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides for one or more miRNAs selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • the microarray can be prepared from gene-specific oligonucleotide probes generated from known miRNA sequences.
  • the array may contain two different oligonucleotide probes for each miRNA, one containing the active, mature sequence and the other being specific for the precursor of the miRNA.
  • the array may also contain controls, such as one or more mouse sequences differing from human orthologs by only a few bases, which can serve as controls for hybridization stringency conditions.
  • tRNAs or other RNAs e.g., rRNAs, mRNAs
  • sequences are selected based upon the absence of any homology with any known miRNAs.
  • the microarray may be fabricated using techniques known in the art. For example, probe oligonucleotides of an appropriate length, e.g., 40 nucleotides, are 5′-amine modified at position C6 and printed using commercially available microarray systems, e.g., the GeneMachine OmniGridTM 100 Microarrayer and Amersham CodeLinkTM activated slides. Labeled cDNA oligomer corresponding to the target RNAs is prepared by reverse transcribing the target RNA with labeled primer. Following first strand synthesis, the RNA/DNA hybrids are denatured to degrade the RNA templates.
  • probe oligonucleotides of an appropriate length, e.g., 40 nucleotides, are 5′-amine modified at position C6 and printed using commercially available microarray systems, e.g., the GeneMachine OmniGridTM 100 Microarrayer and Amersham CodeLinkTM activated slides.
  • the labeled target cDNAs thus prepared are then hybridized to the microarray chip under hybridizing conditions, e.g., 6 ⁇ SSPE/30% formamide at 25° C. for 18 hours, followed by washing in 0.75 ⁇ TNT (Tris HCl/NaCl/Tween 20) at 37° C. for 40 minutes. At positions on the array where the immobilized probe DNA recognizes a complementary target cDNA in the sample, hybridization occurs.
  • the labeled target cDNA marks the exact position on the array where binding occurs, allowing automatic detection and quantification.
  • the output consists of a list of hybridization events, indicating the relative abundance of specific cDNA sequences, and therefore the relative abundance of the corresponding complementary miRs, in the patient sample.
  • the labeled cDNA oligomer is a biotin-labeled cDNA, prepared from a biotin-labeled primer.
  • the microarray is then processed by direct detection of the biotin-containing transcripts using, e.g., Streptavidin-A1exa647 conjugate, and scanned utilizing conventional scanning methods. Image intensities of each spot on the array are proportional to the abundance of the corresponding miR in the patient sample.
  • the use of the array has several advantages for miRNA expression detection.
  • the relatively limited number of miRNAs allows the construction of a common microarray for several species, with distinct oligonucleotide probes for each. Such a tool would allow for analysis of trans-species expression for each known miR under various conditions.
  • a microchip containing miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides corresponding to a substantial portion of the miRNome, preferably the entire miRNome may be employed to carry out miR gene expression profiling, for analysis of miR expression patterns. Distinct miR signatures can be associated with established disease markers, or directly with a disease state.
  • total RNA from a sample from a subject suspected of having a cancer is quantitatively reverse transcribed to provide a set of labeled target oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the RNA in the sample.
  • the target oligodeoxynucleotides are then hybridized to a microarray comprising miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides to provide a hybridization profile for the sample.
  • the result is a hybridization profile for the sample representing the expression pattern of miRNA in the sample.
  • the hybridization profile comprises the signal from the binding of the target oligodeoxynucleotides from the sample to the miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides in the microarray.
  • the profile may be recorded as the presence or absence of binding (signal vs. zero signal). More preferably, the profile recorded includes the intensity of the signal from each hybridization.
  • the profile is compared to the hybridization profile generated from a normal, i.e., noncancerous, control sample. An alteration in the signal is indicative of the presence of, or propensity to develop, cancer in the subject.
  • the invention also provides methods of determining the prognosis of a subject with a solid cancer, comprising measuring the level of at least one miR gene product, which is associated with a particular prognosis in a solid cancer (e.g., a good or positive prognosis, a poor or adverse prognosis), in a test sample from the subject.
  • a particular prognosis in a solid cancer e.g., a good or positive prognosis, a poor or adverse prognosis
  • an alteration in the level of a miR gene product that is associated with a particular prognosis in the test sample, as compared to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample is indicative of the subject having a solid cancer with a particular prognosis.
  • the miR gene product is associated with an adverse (i.e., poor) prognosis.
  • the level of the at least one miR gene product is measured by reverse transcribing RNA from a test sample obtained from the subject to provide a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, hybridizing the target oligodeoxynucleotides to a microarray that comprises miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides to provide a hybridization profile for the test sample, and comparing the test sample hybridization profile to a hybridization profile generated from a control sample.
  • altering the level of the miR gene product e.g., by decreasing the level of a miR gene product that is up-regulated in solid cancer cells, by increasing the level of a miR gene product that is down-regulated in solid cancer cells
  • altering the level of the miR gene product may successfully treat the solid cancer.
  • the present invention encompasses methods of inhibiting tumorigenesis in a subject who has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer wherein at least one miR gene product is deregulated (e.g., down-regulated, up-regulated) in the cancer cells of the subject.
  • the method comprises administering an effective amount of the at least one isolated miR gene product, or an isolated variant or biologically-active fragment thereof, such that proliferation of cancer cells in the subject is inhibited.
  • the isolated miR gene product that is administered is not miR-15a or miR-16-1.
  • the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-9, and miR-137.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-145, miR-21, miR-155, miR-10b, miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, let7a-2, let7a-3, let-7d, miR-122a, miR-191, miR-206, miR-210, let-7i, miR-009-1 (miR131-1), miR-34 (miR-170), miR-102 (miR-29b), miR-123 (miR-126), miR-140-as, miR-125a, miR-194, miR-204, miR-213, let-7f-2, miR-101, miR-128b, miR-136, miR-143, miR-149, miR-191, miR-196-1, miR-196-2, miR-202, miR-103-1, or miR-30c.
  • the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, let-7i, miR-100, let-7g, miR-31, miR-32a-1, miR-33b, miR-34a-2, miR-101-1, miR-135-1, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-144, miR-301, miR-29c, miR-30c, miR-106a, or miR-29b-1.
  • a miR gene product when a miR gene product is down-regulated in a cancer cell in a subject, administering an effective amount of an isolated miR gene product to the subject can inhibit proliferation of the cancer cell.
  • the isolated miR gene product that is administered to the subject can be identical to the endogenous wild-type miR gene product (e.g., a miR gene product shown in Table 1a or Table 1b) that is down-regulated in the cancer cell or it can be a variant or biologically-active fragment thereof.
  • a “variant” of a miR gene product refers to a miRNA that has less than 100% identity to a corresponding wild-type miR gene product and possesses one or more biological activities of the corresponding wild-type miR gene product.
  • Such biological activities include, but are not limited to, inhibition of expression of a target RNA molecule (e.g., inhibiting translation of a target RNA molecule, modulating the stability of a target RNA molecule, inhibiting processing of a target RNA molecule) and inhibition of a cellular process associated with solid cancer (e.g., cell differentiation, cell growth, cell death).
  • These variants include species variants and variants that are the consequence of one or more mutations (e.g., a substitution, a deletion, an insertion) in a miR gene.
  • the variant is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to a corresponding wild-type miR gene product.
  • a “biologically-active fragment” of a miR gene product refers to an RNA fragment of a miR gene product that possesses one or more biological activities of a corresponding wild-type miR gene product.
  • biological activities include, but are not limited to, inhibition of expression of a target RNA molecule and inhibition of a cellular process associated with solid cancer.
  • the biologically-active fragment is at least about 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, or 17 nucleotides in length.
  • an isolated miR gene product can be administered to a subject in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer treatments. Suitable anti-cancer treatments include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and combinations thereof (e.g., chemoradiation).
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one compound for inhibiting expression of the at least one miR gene product, referred to herein as miR gene expression-inhibition compounds, such that proliferation of solid cancer cells is inhibited.
  • the at least one miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene product selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • a miR gene expression-inhibiting compound can be administered to a subject in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer treatments. Suitable anti-cancer treatments include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and combinations thereof (e.g., chemoradiation).
  • treat refers to ameliorating symptoms associated with a disease or condition, for example, a solid cancer, including preventing or delaying the onset of the disease symptoms, and/or lessening the severity or frequency of symptoms of the disease or condition.
  • subject refers to include animals, such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates, cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice or other bovine, ovine, equine, canine, feline, rodent, or murine species.
  • the animal is a human.
  • an “effective amount” of an isolated miR gene product is an amount sufficient to inhibit proliferation of a cancer cell in a subject suffering from a solid cancer.
  • an effective amount of a miR gene product to be administered to a given subject by taking into account factors, such as the size and weight of the subject; the extent of disease penetration; the age, health and sex of the subject; the route of administration; and whether the administration is regional or systemic.
  • an effective amount of an isolated miR gene product can be based on the approximate weight of a tumor mass to be treated.
  • the approximate weight of a tumor mass can be determined by calculating the approximate volume of the mass, wherein one cubic centimeter of volume is roughly equivalent to one gram.
  • An effective amount of the isolated miR gene product based on the weight of a tumor mass can be in the range of about 10-500 micrograms/gram of tumor mass.
  • the tumor mass can be at least about 10 micrograms/gram of tumor mass, at least about 60 micrograms/gram of tumor mass or at least about 100 micrograms/gram of tumor mass.
  • an effective amount of an isolated miR gene product can also be based on the approximate or estimated body weight of a subject to be treated. Preferably, such effective amounts are administered parenterally or enterally, as described herein.
  • an effective amount of the isolated miR gene product is administered to a subject can range from about 5-3000 micrograms/kg of body weight, from about 700-1000 micrograms/kg of body weight, or greater than about 1000 micrograms/kg of body weight.
  • a miR gene product can be administered to the subject once (e.g., as a single injection or deposition).
  • a miR gene product can be administered once or twice daily to a subject for a period of from about three to about twenty-eight days, more particularly from about seven to about ten days.
  • a miR gene product is administered once a day for seven days.
  • a dosage regimen comprises multiple administrations, it is understood that the effective amount of the miR gene product administered to the subject can comprise the total amount of gene product administered over the entire dosage regimen.
  • an “isolated” miR gene product is one that is synthesized, or altered or removed from the natural state through human intervention.
  • a synthetic miR gene product, or a miR gene product partially or completely separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is considered to be “isolated.”
  • An isolated miR gene product can exist in substantially-purified form, or can exist in a cell into which the miR gene product has been delivered.
  • a miR gene product that is deliberately delivered to, or expressed in, a cell is considered an “isolated” miR gene product.
  • a miR gene product produced inside a cell from a miR precursor molecule is also considered to be an “isolated” molecule.
  • the isolated miR gene products described herein can be used for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a solid cancer in a subject (e.g., a human).
  • Isolated miR gene products can be obtained using a number of standard techniques.
  • the miR gene products can be chemically synthesized or recombinantly produced using methods known in the art.
  • miR gene products are chemically synthesized using appropriately protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and a conventional DNA/RNA synthesizer.
  • RNA molecules or synthesis reagents include, e.g., Proligo (Hamburg, Germany), Dharmacon Research (Lafayette, Colo., U.S.A.), Pierce Chemical (part of Perbio Science, Rockford, Ill., U.S.A.), Glen Research (Sterling, Va., U.S.A.), ChemGenes (Ashland, Mass., U.S.A.) and Cruachem (Glasgow, UK).
  • the miR gene products can be expressed from recombinant circular or linear DNA plasmids using any suitable promoter.
  • suitable promoters for expressing RNA from a plasmid include, e.g., the U6 or H1 RNA pol III promoter sequences, or the cytomegalovirus promoters. Selection of other suitable promoters is within the skill in the art.
  • the recombinant plasmids of the invention can also comprise inducible or regulatable promoters for expression of the miR gene products in cancer cells.
  • the miR gene products that are expressed from recombinant plasmids can be isolated from cultured cell expression systems by standard techniques.
  • the miR gene products that are expressed from recombinant plasmids can also be delivered to, and expressed directly in, the cancer cells.
  • the use of recombinant plasmids to deliver the miR gene products to cancer cells is discussed in more detail below.
  • the miR gene products can be expressed from a separate recombinant plasmid, or they can be expressed from the same recombinant plasmid.
  • the miR gene products are expressed as RNA precursor molecules from a single plasmid, and the precursor molecules are processed into the functional miR gene product by a suitable processing system, including, but not limited to, processing systems extant within a cancer cell.
  • suitable processing systems include, e.g., the in vitro Drosophila cell lysate system (e.g., as described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002/0086356 to Tuschl et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) and the E. coli RNAse III system (e.g., as described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004/0014113 to Yang et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).
  • plasmids suitable for expressing the miR gene products are within the skill in the art. See, for example, Zeng et al. (2002), Molecular Cell 9:1327-1333; Tuschl (2002), Nat. Biotechnol, 20:446-448; Brummelkamp et al. (2002), Science 296:550-553; Miyagishi et al. (2002), Nat. Biotechnol. 20:497-500; Paddison et al. (2002), Genes Dev. 16:948-958; Lee et al. (2002), Nat. Biotechnol. 20:500-505; and Paul et al. (2002), Nat. Biotechnol. 20:505-508, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a plasmid expressing the miR gene products comprises a sequence encoding a miR precursor RNA under the control of the CMV intermediate-early promoter.
  • “under the control” of a promoter means that the nucleic acid sequences encoding the miR gene product are located 3′ of the promoter, so that the promoter can initiate transcription of the miR gene product coding sequences.
  • the miR gene products can also be expressed from recombinant viral vectors. It is contemplated that the miR gene products can be expressed from two separate recombinant viral vectors, or from the same viral vector.
  • the RNA expressed from the recombinant viral vectors can either be isolated from cultured cell expression systems by standard techniques, or can be expressed directly in cancer cells. The use of recombinant viral vectors to deliver the miR gene products to cancer cells is discussed in more detail below.
  • the recombinant viral vectors of the invention comprise sequences encoding the miR gene products and any suitable promoter for expressing the RNA sequences.
  • suitable promoters include, but are not limited to, the U6 or H1 RNA pol III promoter sequences, or the cytomegalovirus promoters. Selection of other suitable promoters is within the skill in the art.
  • the recombinant viral vectors of the invention can also comprise inducible or regulatable promoters for expression of the miR gene products in a cancer cell.
  • Any viral vector capable of accepting the coding sequences for the miR gene products can be used; for example, vectors derived from adenovirus (AV); adeno-associated virus (AAV); retroviruses (e.g., lentiviruses (LV), Rhabdoviruses, murine leukemia virus); herpes virus, and the like.
  • AV adenovirus
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • retroviruses e.g., lentiviruses (LV), Rhabdoviruses, murine leukemia virus
  • herpes virus and the like.
  • the tropism of the viral vectors can be modified by pseudotyping the vectors with envelope proteins or other surface antigens from other viruses, or by substituting different viral capsid proteins, as appropriate.
  • lentiviral vectors of the invention can be pseudotyped with surface proteins from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), rabies, Ebola, Mokola, and the like.
  • AAV vectors of the invention can be made to target different cells by engineering the vectors to express different capsid protein serotypes.
  • an AAV vector expressing a serotype 2 capsid on a serotype 2 genome is called AAV 2/2.
  • This serotype 2 capsid gene in the AAV 2/2 vector can be replaced by a serotype 5 capsid gene to produce an AAV 2/5 vector.
  • AAV vectors that express different capsid protein serotypes are within the skill in the art; see, e.g., Rabinowitz, J. E., et al. (2002), J. Virol. 76:791-801, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • recombinant viral vectors suitable for use in the invention methods for inserting nucleic acid sequences for expressing RNA into the vector, methods of delivering the viral vector to the cells of interest, and recovery of the expressed RNA products are within the skill in the art. See, for example, Dornburg (1995), Gene Therapy 2:301-310; Eglitis (1988), Biotechniques 6:608-614; Miller (1990), Hum. Gene Therapy 1:5-14; and Anderson (1998), Nature 392:25-30, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Particularly suitable viral vectors are those derived from AV and AAV.
  • a suitable AV vector for expressing the miR gene products, a method for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and a method for delivering the vector into target cells are described in Xia et al. (2002), Nat. Biotech. 20:1006-1010, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Suitable AAV vectors for expressing the miR gene products, methods for constructing the recombinant AAV vector, and methods for delivering the vectors into target cells are described in Samulski et al. (1987), J. Virol. 61 :3096-3101; Fisher et al. (1996), J.
  • the miR gene products are expressed from a single recombinant AAV vector comprising the CMV intermediate early promoter.
  • a recombinant AAV viral vector of the invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a miR precursor RNA in operable connection with a polyT termination sequence under the control of a human U6 RNA promoter.
  • operable connection with a polyT termination sequence means that the nucleic acid sequences encoding the sense or antisense strands are immediately adjacent to the polyT termination signal in the 5′ direction.
  • the polyT termination signals act to terminate transcription.
  • an effective amount of at least one compound that inhibits miR expression can be administered to the subject.
  • “inhibiting miR expression” means that the production of the precursor and/or active, mature form of miR gene product after treatment is less than the amount produced prior to treatment.
  • One skilled in the art can readily determine whether miR expression has been inhibited in a cancer cell, using, for example, the techniques for determining miR transcript level discussed above for the diagnostic method. Inhibition can occur at the level of gene expression (i.e., by inhibiting transcription of a miR gene encoding the miR gene product) or at the level of processing (e.g., by inhibiting processing of a miR precursor into a mature, active miR).
  • an “effective amount” of a compound that inhibits miR expression is an amount sufficient to inhibit proliferation of a cancer cell in a subject suffering from a cancer (e.g., a solid cancer).
  • a cancer e.g., a solid cancer.
  • One skilled in the art can readily determine an effective amount of a miR expression-inhibition compound to be administered to a given subject, by taking into account factors, such as the size and weight of the subject; the extent of disease penetration; the age, health and sex of the subject; the route of administration; and whether the administration is regional or systemic.
  • an effective amount of the expression-inhibition compound can be based on the approximate weight of a tumor mass to be treated, as described herein.
  • An effective amount of a compound that inhibits miR expression can also be based on the approximate or estimated body weight of a subject to be treated, as described herein.
  • One skilled in the art can also readily determine an appropriate dosage regimen for administering a compound that inhibits miR expression to a given subject.
  • Suitable compounds for inhibiting miR gene expression include double-stranded RNA (such as short- or small-interfering RNA or “siRNA”), antisense nucleic acids, and enzymatic RNA molecules, such as ribozymes. Each of these compounds can be targeted to a given miR gene product and interfere with the expression of (e.g., inhibit translation of, induce cleavage or destruction of) the target miR gene product.
  • siRNA short- or small-interfering RNA or “siRNA”
  • antisense nucleic acids such as antisense nucleic acids
  • enzymatic RNA molecules such as ribozymes.
  • expression of a given miR gene can be inhibited by inducing RNA interference of the miR gene with an isolated double-stranded RNA (“dsRNA”) molecule which has at least 90%, for example at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%, sequence homology with at least a portion of the miR gene product.
  • dsRNA isolated double-stranded RNA
  • the dsRNA molecule is a “short or small interfering RNA” or “siRNA.”
  • siRNA useful in the present methods comprise short double-stranded RNA from about 17 nucleotides to about 29 nucleotides in length, preferably from about 19 to about 25 nucleotides in length.
  • the siRNA comprise a sense RNA strand and a complementary antisense RNA strand annealed together by standard Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions (hereinafter “base-paired”).
  • the sense strand comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is substantially identical to a nucleic acid sequence contained within the target miR gene product.
  • a nucleic acid sequence in an siRNA which is “substantially identical” to a target sequence contained within the target mRNA is a nucleic acid sequence that is identical to the target sequence, or that differs from the target sequence by one or two nucleotides.
  • the sense and antisense strands of the siRNA can comprise two complementary, single-stranded RNA molecules, or can comprise a single molecule in which two complementary portions are base-paired and are covalently linked by a single-stranded “hairpin” area.
  • the siRNA can also be altered RNA that differs from naturally-occurring RNA by the addition, deletion, substitution and/or alteration of one or more nucleotides.
  • Such alterations can include addition of non-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the siRNA or to one or more internal nucleotides of the siRNA, or modifications that make the siRNA resistant to nuclease digestion, or the substitution of one or more nucleotides in the siRNA with deoxyribonucleotides.
  • the siRNA can also comprise a 3′ overhang.
  • a “3′ overhang” refers to at least one unpaired nucleotide extending from the 3′-end of a duplexed RNA strand.
  • the siRNA comprises at least one 3′ overhang of from 1 to about 6 nucleotides (which includes ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides) in length, from 1 to about 5 nucleotides in length, from 1 to about 4 nucleotides in length, or from about 2 to about 4 nucleotides in length.
  • the 3′ overhang is present on both strands of the siRNA, and is 2 nucleotides in length.
  • each strand of the siRNA can comprise 3′ overhangs of dithymidylic acid (“TT”) or diuridylic acid (“uu”).
  • the siRNA can be produced chemically or biologically, or can be expressed from a recombinant plasmid or viral vector, as described above for the isolated miR gene products.
  • Exemplary methods for producing and testing dsRNA or siRNA molecules are described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002/0173478 to Gewirtz and in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004/0018176 to Reich et al., the entire disclosures of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • an “antisense nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid molecule that binds to target RNA by means of RNA-RNA, RNA-DNA or RNA-peptide nucleic acid interactions, which alters the activity of the target RNA.
  • Antisense nucleic acids suitable for use in the present methods are single-stranded nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, DNA, RNA-DNA chimeras, peptide nucleic acid (PNA)) that generally comprise a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence in a miR gene product.
  • the antisense nucleic acid can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is 50-100% complementary, 75-100% complementary, or 95-100% complementary to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence in a miR gene product. Nucleic acid sequences for the miR gene products are provided in Tables la and lb. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the antisense nucleic acids activate RNase H or another cellular nuclease that digests the miR gene product/antisense nucleic acid duplex.
  • Antisense nucleic acids can also contain modifications to the nucleic acid backbone or to the sugar and base moieties (or their equivalent) to enhance target specificity, nuclease resistance, delivery or other properties related to efficacy of the molecule.
  • modifications include cholesterol moieties, duplex intercalators, such as acridine, or one or more nuclease-resistant groups.
  • Antisense nucleic acids can be produced chemically or biologically, or can be expressed from a recombinant plasmid or viral vector, as described above for the isolated miR gene products. Exemplary methods for producing and testing are within the skill in the art; see, e.g., Stein and Cheng (1993), Science 261:1004 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,902 to Woolf et al., the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • an “enzymatic nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid comprising a substrate binding region that has complementarity to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence of a miR gene product, and which is able to specifically cleave the miR gene product.
  • the enzymatic nucleic acid substrate binding region can be, for example, 50-100% complementary, 75-100% complementary, or 95-100%o complementary to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence in a miR gene product.
  • the enzymatic nucleic acids can also comprise modifications at the base, sugar, and/or phosphate groups.
  • An exemplary enzymatic nucleic acid for use in the present methods is a ribozyme.
  • the enzymatic nucleic acids can be produced chemically or biologically, or can be expressed from a recombinant plasmid or viral vector, as described above for the isolated miR gene products.
  • exemplary methods for producing and testing dsRNA or siRNA molecules are described in Werner and Uhlenbeck (1995), Nucl. Acids Res. 23:2092-96; Hammann et al. (1999), Antisense and Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 9:25-31; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071 to Cech et al, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Administration of at least one miR gene product, or at least one compound for inhibiting miR expression will inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in a subject who has a solid cancer.
  • to “inhibit the proliferation of a cancer cell” means to kill the cell, or permanently or temporarily arrest or slow the growth of the cell
  • Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation can be inferred if the number of such cells in the subject remains constant or decreases after administration of the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds.
  • An inhibition of cancer cell proliferation can also be inferred if the absolute number of such cells increases, but the rate of tumor growth decreases.
  • the number of cancer cells in the body of a subject can be determined by direct measurement, or by estimation from the size of primary or metastatic tumor masses.
  • the number of cancer cells in a subject can be measured by immunohistological methods, flow cytometry, or other techniques designed to detect characteristic surface markers of cancer cells.
  • the size of a tumor mass can be ascertained by direct visual observation, or by diagnostic imaging methods, such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and scintigraphy. Diagnostic imaging methods used to ascertain size of the tumor mass can be employed with or without contrast agents, as is known in the art.
  • the size of a tumor mass can also be ascertained by physical means, such as palpation of the tissue mass or measurement of the tissue mass with a measuring instrument, such as a caliper.
  • the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds can be administered to a subject by any means suitable for delivering these compounds to cancer cells of the subject.
  • the miR gene products or miR expression-inhibition compounds can be administered by methods suitable to transfect cells of the subject with these compounds, or with nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding these compounds.
  • the cells are transfected with a plasmid or viral vector comprising sequences encoding at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound.
  • Transfection methods for eukaryotic cells include, e.g., direct injection of the nucleic acid into the nucleus or pronucleus of a cell; electroporation; liposome transfer or transfer mediated by lipophilic materials; receptor-mediated nucleic acid delivery, bioballistic or particle acceleration; calcium phosphate precipitation, and transfection mediated by viral vectors.
  • cells can be transfected with a liposomal transfer compound, e.g., DOTAP (N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium methylsulfate, Boehringer-Mannheim) or an equivalent, such as LIPOFECTIN.
  • DOTAP N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium methylsulfate, Boehringer-Mannheim
  • LIPOFECTIN LIPOFECTIN
  • a miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound can also be administered to a subject by any suitable enteral or parenteral administration route.
  • Suitable enteral administration routes for the present methods include, e.g., oral, rectal, or intranasal delivery.
  • Suitable parenteral administration routes include, e.g., intravascular administration (e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature); peri- and intra-tissue injection (e.g., peri-tumoral and intra-tumoral injection, intra-retinal injection, or subretinal injection); subcutaneous injection or deposition, including subcutaneous infusion (such as by osmotic pumps); direct application to the tissue of interest, for example by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., a retinal pellet or a suppository or an implant comprising a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material); and inhalation.
  • Particularly suitable administration routes are injection, infusion and direct injection into the tumor.
  • a miR gene product or miR gene product expression-inhibition compound can be administered to the subject either as naked RNA, in combination with a delivery reagent, or as a nucleic acid (e.g., a recombinant plasmid or viral vector) comprising sequences that express the miR gene product or miR gene product expression-inhibition compound.
  • Suitable delivery reagents include, e.g., the Mirus Transit TKO lipophilic reagent; lipofectin; lipofectamine; cellfectin; polycations (e.g., polylysine), and liposomes.
  • Recombinant plasmids and viral vectors comprising sequences that express the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds, and techniques for delivering such plasmids and vectors to cancer cells, are discussed herein and/or are well known in the art.
  • liposomes are used to deliver a miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding them) to a subject.
  • Liposomes can also increase the blood half-life of the gene products or nucleic acids.
  • Suitable liposomes for use in the invention can be formed from standard vesicle-forming lipids, which generally include neutral or negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol. The selection of lipids is generally guided by consideration of factors, such as the desired liposome size and half-life of the liposomes in the blood stream.
  • a variety of methods are known for preparing liposomes, for example, as described in Szoka et al. (1980), Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728, 4,837,028, and 5,019,369, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the liposomes for use in the present methods can comprise a ligand molecule that targets the liposome to cancer cells.
  • Ligands that bind to receptors prevalent in cancer cells such as monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumor cell antigens, are preferred.
  • the liposomes for use in the present methods can also be modified so as to avoid clearance by the mononuclear macrophage system (“MMS”) and reticuloendothelial system (“RES”).
  • MMS mononuclear macrophage system
  • RES reticuloendothelial system
  • a liposome of the invention can comprise both an opsonization-inhibition moiety and a ligand.
  • Opsonization-inhibiting moieties for use in preparing the liposomes of the invention are typically large hydrophilic polymers that are bound to the liposome membrane.
  • an opsonization-inhibiting moiety is “bound” to a liposome membrane when it is chemically or physically attached to the membrane, e.g., by the intercalation of a lipid-soluble anchor into the membrane itself, or by binding directly to active groups of membrane lipids.
  • These opsonization-inhibiting hydrophilic polymers form a protective surface layer that significantly decreases the uptake of the liposomes by the MMS and RES; e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,016, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Opsonization-inhibiting moieties suitable for modifying liposomes are preferably water-soluble polymers with a number-average molecular weight from about 500 to about 40,000 daltons, and more preferably from about 2,000 to about 20,000 daltons.
  • Such polymers include polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycol (PPG) derivatives; e.g., methoxy PEG or PPG, and PEG or PPG stearate; synthetic polymers, such as polyacrylamide or poly N-vinyl pyrrolidone; linear, branched, or dendrimeric polyamidoamines; polyacrylic acids; polyalcohols, e.g., polyvinylalcohol and polyxylitol to which carboxylic or amino groups are chemically linked, as well as gangliosides, such as ganglioside GM1.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • PPG polypropylene glycol
  • synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide or poly N
  • Copolymers of PEG, methoxy PEG, or methoxy PPG, or derivatives thereof, are also suitable.
  • the opsonization-inhibiting polymer can be a block copolymer of PEG and either a polyamino acid, polysaccharide, polyamidoamine, polyethyleneamine, or polynucleotide.
  • the opsonization-inhibiting polymers can also be natural polysaccharides containing amino acids or carboxylic acids, e.g., galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, mannuronic acid, hyaluronic acid, pectic acid, neuraminic acid, alginic acid, carrageenan; aminated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides (linear or branched); or carboxylated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, e.g., reacted with derivatives of carbonic acids with resultant linking of carboxylic groups.
  • the opsonization-inhibiting moiety is a PEG, PPG, or a derivative thereof. Liposomes modified with PEG or PEG-derivatives are sometimes called “PEGylated liposomes.”
  • the opsonization-inhibiting moiety can be bound to the liposome membrane by any one of numerous well-known techniques.
  • an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of PEG can be bound to a phosphatidyl-ethanolamine lipid-soluble anchor, and then bound to a membrane.
  • a dextran polymer can be derivatized with a stearylamine lipid-soluble anchor via reductive amination using Na(CN)BH 3 and a solvent mixture, such as tetrahydrofuran and water in a 30:12 ratio at 60° C.
  • Liposomes modified with opsonization-inhibition moieties remain in the circulation much longer than unmodified liposomes. For this reason, such liposomes are sometimes called “stealth” liposomes. Stealth liposomes are known to accumulate in tissues fed by porous or “leaky” microvasculature. Thus, tissue characterized by such microvasculature defects, for example, solid tumors, will efficiently accumulate these liposomes; see Gabizon, et al. (1988), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 18:6949-53.
  • liposomes that are modified with opsonization-inhibition moieties are particularly suited to deliver the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds (or nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding them) to tumor cells.
  • the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions, sometimes called “medicaments,” prior to administering them to a subject, according to techniques known in the art. Accordingly, the invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions for treating a solid cancer.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one isolated miR gene product, or an isolated variant or biologically-active fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • the at least one miR gene product corresponds to a miR gene product that has a decreased level of expression in solid cancer cells relative to suitable control cells.
  • the isolated miR gene product is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 combinations thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise at least one miR expression-inhibition compound.
  • the at least one miR gene expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene whose expression is greater in solid cancer cells than control cells.
  • the miR gene expression-inhibition compound is specific for one or more miR gene products selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention are characterized as being at least sterile and pyrogen-free.
  • pharmaceutical compositions include formulations for human and veterinary use. Methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are within the skill in the art, for example as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the present pharmaceutical compositions comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) (e.g., 0.1 to 90% by weight), or a physiologically-acceptable salt thereof, mixed with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention additionally comprise one or more anti-cancer agents (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents).
  • the pharmaceutical formulations of the invention can also comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them), which are encapsulated by liposomes and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a miR gene or gene product that is not miR-15 and/or miR-16.
  • Especially suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers are water, buffered water, normal saline, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) that is resistant to degradation by nucleases.
  • nucleic acids that are nuclease resistant, for example, by incorporating one or more ribonucleotides that is modified at the 2′-position into the miR gene product.
  • Suitable 2′-modified ribonucleotides include those modified at the 2′-position with fluoro, amino, alkyl, alkoxy, and O-allyl.
  • compositions of the invention can also comprise conventional pharmaceutical excipients and/or additives.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include stabilizers, antioxidants, osmolality adjusting agents, buffers, and pH adjusting agents.
  • Suitable additives include, e.g., physiologically biocompatible buffers (e.g., tromethamine hydrochloride), additions of chelants (such as, for example, DTPA or DTPA-bisamide) or calcium chelate complexes (such as, for example, calcium DTPA, CaNaDTPA-bisamide), or, optionally, additions of calcium or sodium salts (for example, calcium chloride, calcium ascorbate, calcium gluconate or calcium lactate).
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be packaged for use in liquid form, or can be lyophilized.
  • conventional nontoxic solid pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers can be used; for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
  • a solid pharmaceutical composition for oral administration can comprise any of the carriers and excipients listed above and 10-95%, preferably 25%-75%, of the at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them).
  • a pharmaceutical composition for aerosol (inhalational) administration can comprise 0.01-20% by weight, preferably 1%-10% by weight, of the at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) encapsulated in a liposome as described above, and a propellant.
  • a carrier can also be included as desired; e.g., lecithin for intranasal delivery.
  • compositions of the invention can further comprise one or more anti-cancer agents.
  • the compositions comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) and at least one chemotherapeutic agent.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents that are suitable for the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, DNA-alkylating agents, anti-tumor antibiotic agents, anti-metabolic agents, tubulin stabilizing agents, tubulin destabilizing agents, hormone antagonist agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, protein kinase inhibitors, HMG-CoA inhibitors, CDK inhibitors, cyclin inhibitors, caspase inhibitors, metalloproteinase inhibitors, antisense nucleic acids, triple-helix DNAs, nucleic acids aptamers, and molecularly-modified viral, bacterial and exotoxic agents.
  • Suitable agents for the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cytidine arabinoside, methotrexate, vincristine, etoposide (VP-16), doxorubicin (adriamycin), cisplatin (CDDP), dexamethasone, arglabin, cyclophosphamide, sarcolysin, methylnitrosourea, fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), vinblastine, camptothecin, actinomycin-D, mitomycin C, hydrogen peroxide, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, topotecan, leucovorin, carmustine, streptozocin, CPT-11, taxol, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, rituximab, daunorubicin, 1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, imatinib, fludarabine, docetaxel
  • the invention also encompasses methods of identifying an inhibitor of tumorigenesis, comprising providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product in the cell.
  • the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in cancer cells.
  • at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof.
  • the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in cancer cells.
  • At least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a.
  • Suitable agents include, but are not limited to drugs (e.g., small molecules, peptides), and biological macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids).
  • the agent can be produced recombinantly, synthetically, or it may be isolated (i.e., purified) from a natural source.
  • Various methods for providing such agents to a cell e.g., transfection
  • Methods for detecting the expression of at least one miR gene product e.g., Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, expression profiling
  • Several of these methods are also described hereinabove.
  • Microarray analysis was performed as previously described (Liu, C.-G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 11755-11760 (2004)). Briefly, 5 ⁇ g of total RNA was used for hybridization on miRNA microarray chips. These chips contain gene-specific 40-mer oligonucleotide probes, spotted by contacting technologies and covalently attached to a polymeric matrix. The microarrays were hybridized in 6 ⁇ SSPE (0.9 M NaCl/60 mM NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O/8 mM EDTA, pH 7.4)/30% formamide at 25° C.
  • 6 ⁇ SSPE 0.9 M NaCl/60 mM NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O/8 mM EDTA, pH 7.4
  • Tumour type Cancer Samples Normal Samples Lung carcinoma 123 123 Breast carcinoma 79 6* Colon carcinoma 46 8 Gastric carcinoma 20 21 Endocrine pancreatic tumours 39 12 Prostate cancer 56 7 All tissues (527) 363 177 *Pools of 5 unrelated normal breast tissues per sample (for a total of 30 unrelated individuals).
  • Microarray images were analyzed using GenePix Pro (Axon). Average values of the replicate spots of each miRNA were background-subtracted, normalized and subjected to further analysis. Normalization was performed by using a per chip median normalization method, using the median array as a reference. Finally, miRNAs measured as present in at least the smallest of the two classes in a dataset were selected. Absent calls were thresholded to 4.5 prior to statistical analysis. This level is the average minimum intensity level detected in the experiments. MicroRNA nomenclature was according to the Genome Browser and the microRNA database at Sanger Center (Griffiths-Jones, S., Nucleic Acids Res 32: D109-11(2004)); in case of discrepancies we followed the microRNA database.
  • microRNAs were identified by using the t test procedure within significance analysis of microarrays (SAM)(Tusher, V. G., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 5116-21 (2001). SAM calculates a score for each gene on the basis of the change in expression relative to the standard deviation of all measurements. Within SAM, t test was used. The microRNA signatures were determined by applying nearest shrunken centroids method. This method identifies a subgroup of genes that best characterizes each solid cancer from its respective normal counterpart. The prediction error was calculated by means of 10-fold cross validation, and for each cancer, we obtained the miR signature that resulted in the minimal prediction error. A resampling test was performed by random permutation analysis to compute the p-value of the shared signature.
  • SAM microarrays
  • the combined cancers/normal tissue comparison was conducted using a reduced number of lung samples (80 cancer and 40 normal samples), in order to balance the different tissues numerically, yielding a total of 404 samples.
  • 137 miRs whose expression values were above 256 (threshold value) in at least 50% of the samples, were retained from the 228 that were measured.
  • a T test was used to identify differentially-expressed microRNAs (Table 3).
  • the p-values of the T test were corrected for multiple testing procedures and to control Type I error rates. Adjusted p-values were obtained by performing resampling with 500,000 permutations (Jung, S. H., et al. Biostatistics 6: 157-69 (2005)). This analysis was performed in order to evaluate the results by using the same method as Lu and co-workers (Lu, J., et al., Nature 435: 834-8(2005)).
  • microarrays SAM
  • FDR false detection rate
  • microRNA subsets which result in the best tumor classification, i.e., which best predict the two classes (cancer and normal) were then identified using the method of the nearest shrunken centroids, as implemented in PAM (prediction analysis of microarray).
  • the prediction error was calculated by means of 10-fold cross validation. The microRNAs were selected yielding the minimum misclassification error after cross-validation.
  • FIG. 1 The clustering of miRs based on expression profiles derived from 363 solid cancer and 177 normal samples using 228 miRs is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the tree which shows a very good separation between the different tissues, was constructed using 137 different miRNAs that were expressed in at least 50% of the samples used in the study.
  • tissue-specific signatures one for each cancer histotype, were obtained by performing independent PAM tests (summarized in Tables 6 and 7) Specific signatures for each cancer are shown in Tables 8-13: e.g., breast-Table 8; colon-Table 9; lung-Table 10; pancreas-Table 11; prostate-Table 12; stomach-Table 13. Using these data, deregulated microRNAs that were shared among the different histotype miRNA signatures were identified (Table 14).
  • miR Cancer score Normal score miR-21 (#47) 0.0331 ⁇ 0.4364 miR-29b-2 (#95) 0.0263 ⁇ 0.3467 miR-146 (#144) 0.0182 ⁇ 0.2391 miR-125b-2 (#111) ⁇ 0.0174 0.2286 miR-125b-1 (#109) ⁇ 0.0169 0.222 miR-10b (#32) ⁇ 0.0164 0.2166 miR-145 (#143) ⁇ 0.0158 0.2076 miR-181a (#158) 0.0153 ⁇ 0.201 miR-140 (#136) ⁇ 0.0122 0.1613 miR-213 (#160) 0.0116 ⁇ 0.1527 miR-29a prec (#63) 0.0109 ⁇ 0.1441 miR-181b-1 (#210) 0.0098 ⁇ 0.1284 miR-199b (#194) 0.0089 ⁇ 0.1172 miR-29
  • miR Cancer score Normal score miR-24-1 (#52) 0.0972 ⁇ 0.5589 miR-29b-2 (#95) 0.0669 ⁇ 0.3845 miR-20a (#46) 0.0596 ⁇ 0.3424 miR-10a (#30) 0.0511 ⁇ 0.2938 miR-32 (#75) 0.0401 ⁇ 0.2306 miR-203 (#197) 0.0391 ⁇ 0.2251 miR-106a (#99) 0.0364 ⁇ 0.2094 miR-17-5p (#41) 0.0349 ⁇ 0.2005 miR-30c (#70) 0.0328 ⁇ 0.1888 miR-223 (#227) 0.0302 ⁇ 0.1736 miR-126* (#102) 0.0199 ⁇ 0.1144 miR-128b (#115) 0.0177 ⁇ 0.102 miR-21 (#47) 0.0162 ⁇ 0.0929 miR-24-2 (#
  • miR Cancer score Normal score miR-21 (#47) 0.175 ⁇ 0.175 miR-205 (#201) 0.1317 ⁇ 0.1317 miR-200b (#195) 0.1127 ⁇ 0.1127 miR-9-1 (#24) 0.1014 ⁇ 0.1014 miR-210 (#205) 0.0994 ⁇ 0.0994 miR-148 (#146) 0.0737 ⁇ 0.0737 miR-141 (#137) 0.0631 ⁇ 0.0631 miR-132 (#121) 0.0586 ⁇ 0.0586 miR-215 (#213) 0.0575 ⁇ 0.0575 miR-128b (#115) 0.0559 ⁇ 0.0559 let-7g (#15) 0.0557 ⁇ 0.0557 miR-16-2 (#39) 0.0547 ⁇ 0.0547 miR-129-1/2 prec (#118) 0.0515 ⁇ 0.0515 miR-126* (#102) ⁇ 0.040
  • miR Cancer score Normal score miR-103-2 (#96) 0.4746 ⁇ 1.582 miR-103-1 (#97) 0.4089 ⁇ 1.3631 miR-24-2 (#54) 0.4059 ⁇ 1.3529 miR-107 (#100) 0.3701 ⁇ 1.2336 miR-100 (#91) 0.3546 ⁇ 1.182 miR-125b-2 (#111) 0.3147 ⁇ 1.0489 miR-125b-1 (#109) 0.3071 ⁇ 1.0237 miR-24-1 (#52) 0.2846 ⁇ 0.9488 miR-191 (#177) 0.2661 ⁇ 0.887 miR-23a (#50) 0.2586 ⁇ 0.8619 miR-26a-1 (#56) 0.2081 ⁇ 0.6937 miR-125a (#107) 0.1932 ⁇ 0.644 miR-130a (#120) 0.1891 ⁇ 0.6303 miR
  • the mean absolute expression levels of the deregulated miRs for the 6 cancer/normal pairs were computed.
  • the expression level of miRs in the comprehensive subset the different tissues were correctly classified, irrespective of the disease status ( FIG. 3 ).
  • FIG. 4 shows differential expression of the common microRNAs across the different tumor tissues, in relation to the normal tissues.
  • the tree displays the different cancer types according to fold changes in the miRNA subset. Prostate, colon, stomach and pancreatic tissues are most similar among them, while lung and breast tissues were represented by a fairly different signature ( FIG. 4 ). This tree clearly shows which miRNAs are associated with a particular cancer histotype.
  • miR-21, miR-191 and miR-17-5p are significantly over-expressed in all, or in 5 out of 6, of the tumor types that were considered.
  • miR-21 was reported to be over-expressed in glioblastoma and to have anti-apoptotic properties (Chan, J. A., et al., Cancer Res. 65: 6029-6033 (2005)).
  • Lung cancer shares a portion of its signature with breast cancer and a portion with the other solid tumors, including miR-17/20/92, all three of which are members of the microRNA cluster that actively cooperates with c-Myc to accelerate lymphomagenesis (He, L., et al., Nature 435: 828-833 (2005)).
  • a second miRNA group that is activated includes miR-210 and miR-213, together with miR-155, which was already reported to be amplified in large cell lymphomas (Eis, P. S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 3627-3632 (2005)), children with Burkitt lymphoma (Metzler, M., et al., Genes Chromosomes Cancer 39:167-169 (2004)) and various B cell lymphomas (Kluiver, J, et al., J. Pathol., e-published online, Jul. 22, 2005).
  • miR-218-2 is consistently down-regulated in colon, stomach, prostate and pancreas cancers, but not in lung and breast carcinomas.
  • TargetScan predictions were used to identify putative microRNA targets. These include essentially the 3′UTR targets reported by Lewis et al. (Lewis, B. P., et al, Cell 120: 15-20 (2005)), with a few changes arising from updated gene boundary definitions from the April 2005 UCSC Genome Browser mapping of RefSeq mRNAs to the hg17 human genome assembly.
  • known cancer genes tumor suppressors and oncogenes
  • the cells were co-transfected in 12-well plates by using siPORT neoFX (Ambion, Austin, Tex.), according to the manufacturer's protocol, with 0.4 ⁇ g of the firefly luciferase reporter vector and 0.08 ⁇ g of the control vector containing Renilla luciferase, pRL-TK (Promega).
  • siPORT neoFX Anambion, Austin, Tex.
  • pRL-TK Renilla luciferase
  • microRNA oligonucleotides Dharmacon Research, Lafayette, Colo.
  • anti-sense or scrambled oligonucleotides were used at a concentration of 10 nM. Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were measured consecutively at 24 h post transfection using dual-luciferase assays (Promega).
  • RB1 protein levels were quantified using a mouse monoclonal anti-RB1 antibody (Santa Cruz, Calif.) using standard procedures for Western blotting. The normalization was performed with mouse monoclonal anti-Actin antibody (Sigma).
  • microRNA deregulation in cancer needs to be understood. In solid tumors, it appears that the most common microRNA event is gain of expression, while loss of expression in cancer is a more limited event, and more tissue specific. We used a three-step consequential approach in the following order: first, “in silico” prediction of targets, then luciferase assay for first validation of cancer relevant targets and finally, ex vivo tumor correlation between miRNA expression (by microarray) and target protein expression (by Western blotting) for a specific miRNA:mRNA interactor pair. Relevant targets for cancer miRNAs could be either recessive (e.g., tumor suppressors) or dominant (e.g., oncogenes) cancer genes.
  • recessive e.g., tumor suppressors
  • dominant cancer genes e.g., oncogenes
  • TargetScan a database of conserved 3′ UTR microRNA targets (Lewis, B. P., et al, Cell 120: 15-20 (2005)).
  • TargetScan contained 5,121 predictions for 18 miRNAs that are dysregulated in solid tumors, in the total 22,402 (26.5%) predictions.
  • One hundred fifteen out of 263 (44%) well-known cancer genes were predicted as targets for these 18 miRNAs (Table 15). Because a high percentage of cancer genes are targeted by miRs that are deregulated in solid tumors, it is unlikely that these predictions are due to chance (P ⁇ 0.0001 at Fisher exact-test).
  • Retinoblastoma Rb
  • TGF-beta-2 receptor TGFBR2
  • PLAG1 pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1
  • RB1 protein expression correlates with miR-106a expression FIG. 5 and FIG. 6B .
  • RB1 protein expression correlates with miR-106a expression FIG. 5 and FIG. 6B .
  • miR-106a in gastric, prostate and lung tumor samples RB1 was down-regulated (in respect to the paired normal) and miR-106a was found to be over-expressed, while in breast tumor samples, where miR-106a is slightly down-regulated ( FIG. 5 and FIG. 6B ), RB 1 is expressed at slightly higher levels then in the paired normal control.
  • Abelson-related gene miR-107 AF5q31 ALL1 fused gene from 5q31 miR-20, miR-125b AKT3 v-akl murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 miR-26a, miR-155 APC adenomatosis polyposis coli miR-125b miR-26a, miR-218 ARHGEF12 RHO guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 12 (LARG) miR-107, miR-221 ARNT aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator miR-192 ATF1 activating transcription factor 1 miR-26a ATM Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C and D) miR-24 AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase miR-26a, miR-107, BCL11A B-cell CLL/lymphoma 11A miR-146, miR-155 miR-138, miR-92 miR

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Abstract

Described herein are methods for treating prostate cancer using microRNAs. Also described are methods and compositions for the diagnosis and treatment of solid cancers. Methods of identifying inhibitors of tumorigenesis are also provided.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is filed under 35 U.S.C. §121 as a continuation application claiming the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/032,450 filed on Sep. 20, 2013, still pending; which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/406,630 filed on Feb. 28, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,557,520, issued Oct. 15, 2013; which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/160,061 filed July 3, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,069, issued on Apr. 3, 2012; which is the national stage entry of International Application PCT/US2007/000159 filed under the authority of the Patent Cooperation Treaty on Jan. 3, 2007, published; which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/756,585, filed on Jan. 5, 2006. The disclosures of each of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
    • GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
  • This invention made with government support under P01CA76259, P01CA81534, and P30CA56036, awarded by the National Institute of Health. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Cancer, the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells, is a major health problem of the modern medical era and is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. In the United States, one in four deaths is caused by cancer (Jemal, A. et al., CA Cancer J. Clin. 52:23-47 (2002)). Among cancers, those that arise from organs and solid tissues, known as solid cancers (e.g., colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer) are among the most-commonly identified human cancers.
  • For example, prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy among men in industrialized countries, and, in the United States, 1 in 8 men will develop prostate cancer during his life (Simard, J. et al., Endocrinology 143(6):2029-40 (2002)). The incidence of prostate cancer has dramatically increased over the last decades and prostate cancer is now a leading cause of death in the United States and Western Europe (Peschel, R. E. and J. W. Colberg, Lancet 4:233-41 (2003); Nelson, W. G. et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 349(4):366-81 (2003)). An average 40% reduction in life expectancy affects males with prostate cancer. If detected early, prior to metastasis and local spread beyond the capsule, prostate cancer can often times be cured (e.g., using surgery). However, if diagnosed after spread and metastasis from the prostate, prostate cancer is typically a fatal disease with low cure rates. While prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening has aided early diagnosis of prostate cancer, it is neither highly sensitive nor specific (Punglia et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 349(4):335-42 (2003)). This means that a high percentage of false negative and false positive diagnoses are associated with the test. The consequences are both many instances of missed cancers and unnecessary follow-up biopsies for those without cancer.
  • Breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, affecting more than 180,000 women in the United States each year. For women in North America, the life-time odds of getting breast cancer are now one in eight. Although the discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2 were important steps in identifying key genetic factors involved in breast cancer, it has become clear that mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for only a fraction of inherited susceptibility to breast cancer (Nathanson, K. L., et al., Human Mol. Gen. 10(7):715-720 (2001); Anglican Breast Cancer Study Group. Br. J. Cancer 83(10):1301-08 (2000); and Syrjakoski, K., et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92:1529-31 (2000)). Despite considerable research into therapies for breast cancer, breast cancer remains difficult to diagnose and treat effectively, and the high mortality observed in breast cancer patients indicates that improvements are needed in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease.
  • Excluding skin cancer, colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States and Canada (after lung and breast in women, and lung and prostate in men). The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be approximately 145,000 new cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed in the U.S. in 2005 (Cancer Facts and FIGS. 2005. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2005). Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States and Canada (after lung cancer).
  • The annual incidence of pancreatic cancer is nearly equivalent to the annual mortality, estimated to be 31,860 and 31,270, respectively, in the U.S. in 2004 (Cancer Facts and Figures 2004. Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society, 2004). Patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer have poor prognoses, and diagnosis generally occurs too late for surgery or radiotherapy to be curative (Burr, H. A., et al., The Oncologist 10(3): 183-190, (2005)). Chemotherapy can provide relief of symptoms for some patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, but its impact on survival has been modest to date.
  • In the United States, more than 20,000 individuals are diagnosed with stomach (gastric) cancer each year. The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be 22,710 new cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed in the U.S. in 2004 (Cancer Facts and Figures 2004. Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society, 2004.). Because stomach cancer may occur without symptoms, it may be in advanced stages by the time the diagnosis is made. Treatment is then directed at making the patient more comfortable and improving quality of life.
  • Lung cancer causes more deaths worldwide than any other form of cancer (Goodman, G. E., Thorax 57:994-999 (2002)). In the United States, lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer death among both men and women. In 2002, the death rate from lung cancer was an estimated 134,900 deaths, exceeding the combined total for breast, prostate and colon cancer. Id. Lung cancer is also the leading cause of cancer death in all European countries, and numbers of lung cancer-related deaths are rapidly increasing in developing countries as well.
  • The five-year survival rate among all lung cancer patients, regardless of the stage of disease at diagnosis, is only about 13%. This contrasts with a five-year survival rate of 46% among cases detected while the disease is still localized. However, only 16% of lung cancers are discovered before the disease has spread. Early detection is difficult as clinical symptoms are often not observed until the disease has reached an advanced stage. Despite research into therapies for this and other cancers, lung cancer remains difficult to diagnose and treat effectively.
  • Clearly, the identification of markers and genes that are responsible for susceptibility to particular forms of solid cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer) is one of the major challenges facing oncology today. There is a need to identify means for the early detection of individuals that have a genetic susceptibility to cancer so that more aggressive screening and intervention regimens may be instituted for the early detection and treatment of cancer. Cancer genes may also reveal key molecular pathways that may be manipulated (e.g., using small or large molecule weight drugs) and may lead to more effective treatments regardless of the cancer stage when a particular cancer is first diagnosed.
  • MicroRNAs are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by hybridizing to and triggering either translational repression or, less frequently, degradation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) target. The discovery and study of miRNAs has revealed miRNA-mediated gene regulatory mechanisms that play important roles in organismal development and various cellular processes, such as cell differentiation, cell growth and cell death (Cheng, A.M., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 33:1290-1297 (2005)). Recent studies suggest that aberrant expression of particular miRNAs may be involved in human diseases, such as neurological disorders (Ishizuka, A., et al., Genes Dev. 16:2497-2508 (2002)) and cancer. In particular, misexpression of miR-16-1 and/or miR-15a has been found in human chronic lymphocytic leukemias (Calin, G. A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:15524-15529 (2002)).
  • Clearly, there is a great need in the art for improved methods for detecting and treating solid cancers (e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer). The present invention provides novel methods and compositions for the diagnosis and treatment of solid cancers.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention is based, in part, on the identification of specific miRNAs that have altered expression levels in particular solid cancers.
  • Accordingly, the invention encompasses methods of diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, a solid cancer. According to the methods of the invention, the level of at least one miR gene product in a test sample from the subject is compared to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample. An alteration (e.g., an increase, a decrease) in the level of the miR gene product in the test sample, relative to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample, is indicative of the subject either having, or being at risk for developing, a solid cancer. The solid cancer can be any cancer that arises from organs and solid tissues. In certain embodiments, the solid cancer is stomach cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer or prostate cancer. In particular embodiments, the solid cancer is not breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer or gastrointestinal cancer.
  • In one embodiment, the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-191, miR-17-5p and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • In one embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer or lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-210, miR-213 and a combination thereof.
  • In another embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer or pancreas cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is miR-218-2.
  • In a certain embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, miR-145, miR-21 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-29b-2, miR-146, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-10b, miR-145, miR-181a, miR-140, miR-213, miR-29a prec, miR-181b-1, miR-199b, miR-29b-1, miR-130a, miR-155, let-7a-2, miR-205, miR-29c, miR-224, miR-100, miR-31, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-210, miR-122a, miR-16-2 and combinations thereof.
  • In another embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-24-1, miR-29b-2, miR-20a, miR-10a, miR-32, miR-203, miR-106a, miR-17-5p, miR-30c, miR-223, miR-126*, miR-128b, miR-21, miR-24-2, miR-99b prec, miR-155, miR-213, miR-150, miR-107, miR-191, miR-221, miR-9-3 and combinations thereof.
  • In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-205, miR-200b, miR-9-1, miR-210, miR-148, miR-141, miR-132, miR-215, miR-128b, let-7g, miR-16-2, miR-129-1/2prec, miR-126*, miR-142-as, miR-30d, miR-30a-5p, miR-7-2, miR-199a-1, miR-127, miR-34a prec, miR-34a, miR-136, miR-202, miR-196-2, miR-199a-2, let-7a-2, miR-124a-1, miR-149, miR-17-5p, miR-196-1 prec, miR-10a, miR-99b prec, miR-196-1, miR-199b, miR-191, miR-195, miR-155 and combinations thereof.
  • In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-1, miR-103-2, miR-155, miR-204 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-2, miR-103-1, miR-24-2, miR-107, miR-100, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-24-1, miR-191, miR-23a, miR-26a-1, miR-125a, miR-130a, miR-26b, miR-145, miR-221, miR-126*, miR-16-2, miR-146, miR-214, miR-99b, miR-128b, miR-155, miR-29b-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-16-1, miR-99a, miR-224, miR-30d, miR-92-2, miR-199a-1, miR-223, miR-29c, miR-30b, miR-129-1/2, miR-197, miR-17-5p, miR-30c, miR-7-1, miR-93-1, miR-140, miR-30a-5p, miR-132, miR-181b-1, miR-152 prec, miR-23b, miR-20a, miR-222, miR-27a, miR-92-1, miR-21, miR-129-1/2 prec, miR-150, miR-32, miR-106a, miR-29b-1 and combinations thereof.
  • In another embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of let-7d, miR-128a prec, miR-195, miR-203, let-7a-2 prec, miR-34a, miR-20a, miR-218-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-95, miR-197, miR-135-2, miR-187, miR-196-1, miR-148, miR-191, miR-21, let-7i, miR-198, miR-199a-2, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-92-2, miR-146, miR-181b-1 prec, miR-32, miR-206, miR-184 prec, miR-29a prec, miR-29b-2, miR-149, miR-181b-1, miR-196-1 prec, miR-93-1, miR-223, miR-16-1, miR-101-1, miR-124a-1, miR-26a-1, miR-214, miR-27a, miR-24-1, miR-106a, miR-199a-1 and combinations thereof.
  • In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-223, miR-21, miR-218-2, miR-103-2, miR-92-2, miR-25, miR-136, miR-191, miR-221, miR-125b-2, miR-103-1, miR-214, miR-222, miR-212 prec, miR-125b-1, miR-100, miR-107, miR-92-1, miR-96, miR-192, miR-23a, miR-215, miR-7-2, miR-138-2, miR-24-1, miR-99b, miR-33b, miR-24-2 and combinations thereof.
  • The level of the at least one miR gene product can be measured using a variety of techniques that are well known to those of skill in the art (e.g., quantitative or semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Northern blot analysis, solution hybridization detection). In a particular embodiment, the level of at least one miR gene product is measured by reverse transcribing RNA from a test sample obtained from the subject to provide a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, hybridizing the target oligodeoxynucleotides to one or more miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides (e.g., hybridzing to a microarray that comprises several miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides) to provide a hybridization profile for the test sample, and comparing the test sample hybridization profile to a hybridization profile from a control sample. An alteration in the signal of at least one miRNA in the test sample relative to the control sample is indicative of the subject either having, or being at risk for developing, a solid cancer. In a particular embodiment, target oligonucleotides are hybridized to a microarray comprising miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides for one or more miRNAs selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • The invention also encompasses methods of inhibiting tumorigenesis in a subject who has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer), wherein at least one miR gene product is deregulated (e.g., down-regulated, up-regulated) in the cancer cells of the subject. When the at least one isolated miR gene product is down-regulated in the cancer cells, the method comprises administering an effective amount of an isolated miR gene product, an isolated variant or a biologically-active fragment of the miR gene product or variant, such that proliferation of cancer cells in the subject is inhibited. In a further embodiment, the at least one isolated miR gene product is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. When the at least one isolated miR gene product is up-regulated in the cancer cells, the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one compound for inhibiting expression of the at least one miR gene product (referred to herein as a “miR expression-inhibition compound”), such that proliferation of cancer cells in the subject is inhibited. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene product selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • In a related embodiment, the methods of inhibiting tumorigenesis in a subject additionally comprise the step of determining the amount of at least one miR gene product in cancer cells from the subject, and comparing that level of the miR gene product in the cells to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in control cells. If expression of the miR gene product is deregulated (e.g., down-regulated, up-regulated) in cancer cells, the methods further comprise altering the amount of the at least one miR gene product expressed in the cancer cells. In one embodiment, the amount of the miR gene product expressed in the cancer cells is less than the amount of the miR gene product expressed in a control cell (e.g., control cells), and an effective amount of the down-regulated miR gene product, isolated variant or biologically-active fragment of the miR gene product or variant, is administered to the subject. Suitable miR gene products for this embodiment include miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof, among others. In a particular embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the amount of the miR gene product expressed in the cancer cells is greater than the amount of the miR gene product expressed in the control cell (e.g., control cells), and an effective amount of at least one compound for inhibiting expression of the at least one up-regulated miR gene product is administered to the subject. Suitable compounds for inhibiting expression of the at least one miR gene product include, but are not limited to, compounds that inhibit the expression of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating solid cancers (e.g., prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer). In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise at least one isolated miR gene product and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR gene product corresponds to a miR gene product that has a decreased level of expression in cancer cells relative to control cells. In certain embodiments the isolated miR gene product is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof.
  • In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise at least one miR expression-inhibition compound and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene product whose expression is greater in cancer cells than in control cells. In certain embodiments, the miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for one or more miR gene products selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • The invention also encompasses methods of identifying an inhibitor of tumorigenesis, comprising providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product in the cell. In one embodiment, the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in solid cancers (e.g., prostate cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer). An increase in the level of the miR gene product in the cell, relative to a suitable control cell, is indicative of the test agent being an inhibitor of tumorigenesis. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in solid cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof.
  • In other embodiments, the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in solid cancers. A decrease in the level of the miR gene product in the cell, relative to a suitable control cell, is indicative of the test agent being an inhibitor of tumorigenesis. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in solid cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a clustering analysis of 540 samples, representing 6 solid cancers (top) and the respective normal tissues. miRNAs included in the tree (n=137) represent those whose expression level (background-subtracted intensity) was higher than the threshold value (256) in at least 50% of the samples analyzed. Arrays were median-centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed by using uncentered correlation metric. The colors indicate the difference in expression level from the median for the microRNAs in each sample.
  • FIG. 2 depicts unsupervised analysis of microRNA expression data. MicroRNA profiling of 540 samples (indicated at top of panel) covering breast, colon, lung, pancreas, prostate and stomach (normal tissues and tumors) were filtered, centered and normalized for each feature. The data were subject to hierarchical clustering on both the samples (horizontally-oriented) and the features (vertically-oriented with average linkage and Pearson correlation as a similarity measure. Sample names are indicated at the top of the figure and miRNA names on the left. The probe ID is indicated in parentheses, as the same microRNA can be measured by different oligonucleotides. The colors indicate the difference in expression level from the median for the microRNAs in each sample.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the expression of differentially-regulated miRNAs across solid cancers (top). Sixty-one microRNAs, which are present in at least 90% of the tissues solid cancers, are represented (right of panel). The tree displays the average absolute expression values for each of the listed microRNAs after log2 transformation. The mean was computed over all samples from the same tissue or tumor histotype. Genes were mean-centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed using Euclidean distance.
  • FIG. 4 depicts fold changes in the expression of miRNAs present in at least 75% of the solid tumors with at least 1 tumor absolute value higher than 2 in different cancer samples (top), relative to normal samples. The tree displays the log2 transformation of average fold changes (cancer vs. normal). The mean was computed over all samples from the same tissue or tumor histotype. Arrays were mean-centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed using uncentered correlation metric.
  • FIG. 5 depicts fold changes in the expression of miRNAs present in the signatures of at least 50% of the solid tumors in cancer vs. normal samples. The tree displays the log2 transformation of the average fold changes (cancer over normal). The mean was computed over all samples from the same tissue or tumor histotype. Arrays were mean centered and normalized using Gene Cluster 2.0. Average linkage clustering was performed using uncentered correlation metric.
  • FIG. 6A depicts bar graphs indicating that the 3′UTR of different genes encoding cancer protein enables cancer regulation by microRNA. The relative repression of firefly luciferase expression (Fold Change) standardized to a renilla luciferase control. PLAG1, pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1; TGFBR2, transforming growth factor beta receptor II; Rb, retinoblastoma gene. pGL-3 (Promega) was used as the empty vector. miR-20a, miR-26a-1 and miR-106 oligoRNAs (sense and scrambled) were used for transfections. A second experiment using mutated versions of each target mRNA, which lack the 5′ miRNA-end complementarity site (MUT), as controls is shown in the bottom panel. All the experiments were performed twice in triplicate (n=6).
  • FIG. 6B depicts Western blots indicating that, in certain cancers (e.g., lung, breast, colon, gastric), the levels of RB1 (Rb) protein displays an inverse correlation with the level of miR-106a expression. β-Actin was used as a control for normalization. N1, normal sample; T1 and T2, tumor sample.
  • FIG. 7 depicts Northern blots showing down-regulation of miR-145 (top) and up-regulation of miR-21 (bottom) expression in breast cancer samples (P series and numbered series) relative to normal samples. Normalization was performed with a U6-specific probe.
  • FIG. 8 depicts Northern blots showing up-regulation of miR-103 and down-regulation miR-155 (top) expression in different endocrine pancreatic cancer samples (WDET, well differentiated pancreatic endocrine tumors, WDEC, well differentiated pancreatic endocrine carcinomas and ACC, pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas) relative to normal samples (K series), as well as up-regulation of miR-204 (bottom) expression in insulinomas (F series) relative to normal samples (K series) and non secreting/non functioning (NF-series) samples. Normalization was performed with a probe specific to 5S RNA.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention is based, in part, on the identification of particular microRNAs whose expression is altered in cancer cells associated with different solid cancers, such as colon, stomach, pancreatic, lung, breast and prostate cancer, relative to normal control cells.
  • As used herein interchangeably, a “miR gene product,” “microRNA,” “miR,” or “miRNA” refers to the unprocessed (e.g., precursor) or processed (e.g., mature) RNA transcript from a miR gene. As the miR gene products are not translated into protein, the term “miR gene products” does not include proteins. The unprocessed miR gene transcript is also called a “miR precursor” or “miR prec” and typically comprises an RNA transcript of about 70-100 nucleotides in length. The miR precursor can be processed by digestion with an RNAse (for example, Dicer, Argonaut, or RNAse III (e.g., E. coli RNAse III)) into an active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule. This active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule is also called the “processed” miR gene transcript or “mature” miRNA.
  • The active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule can be obtained from the miR precursor through natural processing routes (e.g., using intact cells or cell lysates) or by synthetic processing routes (e.g., using isolated processing enzymes, such as isolated Dicer, Argonaut, or RNAse III). It is understood that the active 19-25 nucleotide RNA molecule can also be produced directly by biological or chemical synthesis, without having been processed from the miR precursor. When a microRNA is referred to herein by name, the name corresponds to both the precursor and mature forms, unless otherwise indicated.
  • Tables 1a and 1b depict the nucleotide sequences of particular precursor and mature human microRNAs.
  • TABLE 1a
    Human microRNA Precursor Sequences
    SEQ ID
    Precursor Name Sequence (5′ To 3′)* NO.
    let-7a-1 CACUGUGGGAUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUUUUAGGGUCACA 1
    CCCACCACUGGGAGAUAACUAUACAAUCUACUGUCUUUCCUAA
    CGUG
    let-7a-2 AGGUUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUUUAGAAUUACAUCAAGG 2
    GAGAUAACUGUACAGCCUCCUAGCUUUCCU
    let-7a-3 GGGUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUUUGGGGCUCUGCCCUGCUA 3
    UGGGAUAACUAUACAAUCUACUGUCUUUCCU
    let-7a-4 GUGACUGCAUGCUCCCAGGUUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUUU 4
    AGAAUUACACAAGGGAGAUAACUGUACAGCCUCCUAGCUUUCC
    UUGGGUCUUGCACUAAACAAC
    let-7b GGCGGGGUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUUUCAGGGCAGUGAU 5
    GUUGCCCCUCGGAAGAUAACUAUACAACCUACUGCCUUCCCUG
    let-7c GCAUCCGGGUUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUUUAGAGUUACAC 6
    CCUGGGAGUUAACUGUACAACCUUCUAGCUUUCCUUGGAGC
    let-7d CCUAGGAAGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGUUUUAGGGCAGGGAUU 7
    UUGCCCACAAGGAGGUAACUAUACGACCUGCUGCCUUUCUUAG
    G
    let-7d-v1 CUAGGAAGAGGUAGUAGUUUGCAUAGUUUUAGGGCAAAGAUU 8
    UUGCCCACAAGUAGUUAGCUAUACGACCUGCAGCCUUUUGUAG
    let-7d-v2 CUGGCUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGUUGGUCGGGUUGUGACAU 9
    UGCCCGCUGUGGAGAUAACUGCGCAAGCUACUGCCUUGCUAG
    let-7e CCCGGGCUGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGUUGAGGAGGACACCCA 10
    AGGAGAUCACUAUACGGCCUCCUAGCUUUCCCCAGG
    let-7f-1 UCAGAGUGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUUGUGGGGUAGUGAUU 11
    UUACCCUGUUCAGGAGAUAACUAUACAAUCUAUUGCCUUCCCU
    GA
    let-7f-2-1 CUGUGGGAUGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUUGUGGGGUAGUGA 12
    UUUUACCCUGUUCAGGAGAUAACUAUACAAUCUAUUGCCUUCC
    CUGA
    let-7f-2-2 CUGUGGGAUGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUUUUAGGGUCAUACC
    CCAUCUUGGAGAUAACUAUACAGUCUACUGUCUUUCCCACGG 13
    let-7g UUGCCUGAUUCCAGGCUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUACAGUUUGAGG
    GUCUAUGAUACCACCCGGUACAGGAGAUAACUGUACAGGCCAC 14
    UGCCUUGCCAGGAACAGCGCGC
    let-7i CUGGCUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGUUGGUCGGGUUGUGACAU 15
    UGCCCGCUGUGGAGAUAACUGCGCAAGCUACUGCCUUGCUAG
    miR-lb-1-1 ACCUACUCAGAGUACAUACUUCUUUAUGUACCCAUAUGAACAU 16
    ACAAUGCUAUGGAAUGUAAAGAAGUAUGUAUUUUUGGUAGGC
    miR-1b-1-2 CAGCUAACAACUUAGUAAUACCUACUCAGAGUACAUACUUCUU 17
    UAUGUACCCAUAUGAACAUACAAUGCUAUGGAAUGUAAAGAAG
    UAUGUAUUUUUGGUAGGCAAUA
    miR-1b-2 GCCUGCUUGGGAAACAUACUUCUUUAUAUGCCCAUAUGGACCU 18
    GCUAAGCUAUGGAAUGUAAAGAAGUAUGUAUCUCAGGCCGGG
    miR-1b UGGGAAACAUACUUCUUUAUAUGCCCAUAUGGACCUGCUAAGC 19
    UAUGGAAUGUAAAGAAGUAUGUAUCUCA
    miR-1d ACCUACUCAGAGUACAUACUUCUUUAUGUACCCAUAUGAACAU 20
    ACAAUGCUAUGGAAUGUAAAGAAGUAUGUAUUUUUGGUAGGC
    miR-7-1a UGGAUGUUGGCCUAGUUCUGUGUGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUU 21
    GUUUUUAGAUAACUAAAUCGACAACAAAUCACAGUCUGCCAUA
    UGGCACAGGCCAUGCCUCUACA
    miR-7-1b UUGGAUGUUGGCCUAGUUCUGUGUGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGU 22
    UGUUUUUAGAUAACUAAAUCGACAACAAAUCACAGUCUGCCAU
    AUGGCACAGGCCAUGCCUCUACAG
    miR-7-2 CUGGAUACAGAGUGGACCGGCUGGCCCCAUCUGGAAGACUAGU 23
    GAUUUUGUUGUUGUCUUACUGCGCUCAACAACAAAUCCCAGUC
    UACCUAAUGGUGCCAGCCAUCGCA
    miR-7-3 AGAUUAGAGUGGCUGUGGUCUAGUGCUGUGUGGAAGACUAGUG 24
    AUUUUGUUGUUCUGAUGUACUACGACAACAAGUCACAGCCGGC
    CUCAUAGCGCAGACUCCCUUCGAC
    miR-9-1 CGGGGUUGGUUGUUAUCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGAGUGGU 25
    GUGGAGUCUUCAUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGUAAAAAUAACC
    CCA
    miR-9-2 GGAAGCGAGUUGUUAUCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGAGUGUA 26
    UUGGUCUUCAUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGUAAAAACUCCUUC
    A
    miR-9-3 GGAGGCCCGUUUCUCUCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGAGUGCC 27
    ACAGAGCCGUCAUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGUAGAAAUGAUU
    CUCA
    miR-10a GAUCUGUCUGUCUUCUGUAUAUACCCUGUAGAUCCGAAUUUGU 28
    GUAAGGAAUUUUGUGGUCACAAAUUCGUAUCUAGGGGAAUAUG
    UAGUUGACAUAAACACUCCGCUCU
    miR-10b CCAGAGGUUGUAACGUUGUCUAUAUAUACCCUGUAGAACCGAA 29
    UUUGUGUGGUAUCCGUAUAGUCACAGAUUCGAUUCUAGGGGAA
    UAUAUGGUCGAUGCAAAAACUUCA
    miR-15a-2 GCGCGAAUGUGUGUUUAAAAAAAAUAAAACCUUGGAGUAAAGU 30
    AGCAGCACAUAAUGGUUUGUGGAUUUUGAAAAGGUGCAGGCCA
    UAUUGUGCUGCCUCAAAAAUAC
    miR-15a CCUUGGAGUAAAGUAGCAGCACAUAAUGGUUUGUGGAUUUUGA 31
    AAAGGUGCAGGCCAUAUUGUGCUGCCUCAAAAAUACAAGG
    miR-15b-1 CUGUAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACAUGCUACAGUCAAGAUGCG 32
    AAUCAUUAUUUGCUGCUCUAG
    miR-15b-2 UUGAGGCCUUAAAGUACUGUAGCAGCACAUCAUGGUUUACAUG 33
    CUACAGUCAAGAUGCGAAUCAUUAUUUGCUGCUCUAGAAAUUU
    AAGGAAAUUCAU
    miR-16-1 GUCAGCAGUGCCUUAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCGUUAAGAUU 34
    CUAAAAUUAUCUCCAGUAUUAACUGUGCUGCUGAAGUAAGGUU
    GAC
    miR-16-2 GUUCCACUCUAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCGUAGUGAAAUAUA 35
    UAUUAAACACCAAUAUUACUGUGCUGCUUUAGUGUGAC
    miR-16-13 GCAGUGCCUUAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCGUUAAGAUUCUAA 36
    AAUUAUCUCCAGUAUUAACUGUGCUGCUGAAGUAAGGU
    miR-17 GUCAGAAUAAUGUCAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGUGAUAUG 37
    UGCAUCUACUGCAGUGAAGGCACUUGUAGCAUUAUGGUGAC
    miR-18 UGUUCUAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUAGUGAAGUAGAUUAGCA 38
    UCUACUGCCCUAAGUGCUCCUUCUGGCA
    miR-18-13 UUUUUGUUCUAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUAGUGAAGUAGAUU 39
    AGCAUCUACUGCCCUAAGUGCUCCUUCUGGCAUAAGAA
    miR-19a GCAGUCCUCUGUUAGUUUUGCAUAGUUGCACUACAAGAAGAAU 40
    GUAGUUGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGAUGGUGGCCUGC
    miR-19a-13 CAGUCCUCUGUUAGUUUUGCAUAGUUGCACUACAAGAAGAAUG 41
    UAGUUGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGAUGGUGGCCUG
    miR-19b-1 CACUGUUCUAUGGUUAGUUUUGCAGGUUUGCAUCCAGCUGUGU 42
    GAUAUUCUGCUGUGCAAAUCCAUGCAAAACUGACUGUGGUAGU
    G
    miR-19b-2 ACAUUGCUACUUACAAUUAGUUUUGCAGGUUUGCAUUUCAGCG 43
    UAUAUAUGUAUAUGUGGCUGUGCAAAUCCAUGCAAAACUGAUU
    GUGAUAAUGU
    miR-19b-13 UUCUAUGGUUAGUUUUGCAGGUUUGCAUCCAGCUGUGUGAUAU 44
    UCUGCUGUGCAAAUCCAUGCAAAACUGACUGUGGUAG
    miR-19b-X UUACAAUUAGUUUUGCAGGUUUGCAUUUCAGCGUAUAUAUGUA 45
    UAUGUGGCUGUGCAAAUCCAUGCAAAACUGAUUGUGAU
    miR-20 GUAGCACUAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAGUGUUUAGUUAUCU 46
    (miR-20a) ACUGCAUUAUGAGCACUUAAAGUACUGC
    miR-21 UGUCGGGUAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGACUGUUGAAUCUCAU 47
    GGCAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGUCUGACA
    miR-21-17 ACCUUGUCGGGUAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGACUGUUGAAUC 48
    UCAUGGCAACACCAGUCGAUGGGCUGUCUGACAUUUUG
    miR-22 GGCUGAGCCGCAGUAGUUCUUCAGUGGCAAGCUUUAUGUCCUG 49
    ACCCAGCUAAAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGUUGCCCUCUGCC
    miR-23a GGCCGGCUGGGGUUCCUGGGGAUGGGAUUUGCUUCCUGUCACA 50
    AAUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUUCCAACCGACC
    miR-23b CUCAGGUGCUCUGGCUGCUUGGGUUCCUGGCAUGCUGAUUUGU 51
    GACUUAAGAUUAAAAUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUACCACGCAACC
    ACGACCUUGGC
    miR-23-19 CCACGGCCGGCUGGGGUUCCUGGGGAUGGGAUUUGCUUCCUGU 52
    CACAAAUCACAUUGCCAGGGAUUUCCAACCGACCCUGA
    miR-24-1 CUCCGGUGCCUACUGAGCUGAUAUCAGUUCUCAUUUUACACAC 53
    UGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAGGAG
    miR-24-2 CUCUGCCUCCCGUGCCUACUGAGCUGAAACACAGUUGGUUUGU 54
    GUACACUGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAGGG
    miR-24-19 CCCUGGGCUCUGCCUCCCGUGCCUACUGAGCUGAAACACAGUU 55
    GGUUUGUGUACACUGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAGGGG
    miR-24-9 CCCUCCGGUGCCUACUGAGCUGAUAUCAGUUCUCAUUUUACAC 56
    ACUGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAGCAUC
    miR-25 GGCCAGUGUUGAGAGGCGGAGACUUGGGCAAUUGCUGGACGCU 57
    GCCCUGGGCAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGACAGUGCCGGCC
    miR-26a AGGCCGUGGCCUCGUUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCUGUGCAGG 58
    UCCCAAUGGCCUAUCUUGGUUACUUGCACGGGGACGCGGGCCU
    miR-26a-1 GUGGCCUCGUUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCUGUGCAGGUCCCA 59
    AUGGGCCUAUUCUUGGUUACUUGCACGGGGACGC
    miR-26a-2 GGCUGUGGCUGGAUUCAAGUAAUCCAGGAUAGGCUGUUUCCAU 60
    CUGUGAGGCCUAUUCUUGAUUACUUGUUUCUGGAGGCAGCU
    miR-26b CCGGGACCCAGUUCAAGUAAUUCAGGAUAGGUUGUGUGCUGUC 61
    CAGCCUGUUCUCCAUUACUUGGCUCGGGGACCGG
    miR-27a CUGAGGAGCAGGGCUUAGCUGCUUGUGAGCAGGGUCCACACCA 62
    AGUCGUGUUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCCGCCCCCCAG
    miR-27b-1 AGGUGCAGAGCUUAGCUGAUUGGUGAACAGUGAUUGGUUUCCG 63
    CUUUGUUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCUGCACCU
    miR-27b-2 ACCUCUCUAACAAGGUGCAGAGCUUAGCUGAUUGGUGAACAGU 64
    GAUUGGUUUCCGCUUUGUUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCUGCACCUG
    AAGAGAAGGUG
    miR-27-19 CCUGAGGAGCAGGGCUUAGCUGCUUGUGAGCAGGGUCCACACC 65
    AAGUCGUGUUCACAGUGGCUAAGUUCCGCCCCCCAGG
    miR-28 GGUCCUUGCCCUCAAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAGUUACCUUU 66
    CUGACUUUCCCACUAGAUUGUGAGCUCCUGGAGGGCAGGCACU
    miR-29a-2 CCUUCUGUGACCCCUUAGAGGAUGACUGAUUUCUUUUGGUGUU 67
    CAGAGUCAAUAUAAUUUUCUAGCACCAUCUGAAAUCGGUUAUA
    AUGAUUGGGGAAGAGCACCAUG
    miR-29a AUGACUGAUUUCUUUUGGUGUUCAGAGUCAAUAUAAUUUUCUA 68
    GCACCAUCUGAAAUCGGUUAU
    miR-29b-1 CUUCAGGAAGCUGGUUUCAUAUGGUGGUUUAGAUUUAAAUAGU 69
    GAUUGUCUAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCAGUGUUCUUGGGGG
    miR-29b-2 CUUCUGGAAGCUGGUUUCACAUGGUGGCUUAGAUUUUUCCAUC 70
    UUUGUAUCUAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCAGUGUUUUAGGAG
    miR-29c ACCACUGGCCCAUCUCUUACACAGGCUGACCGAUUUCUCCUGG 71
    UGUUCAGAGUCUGUUUUUGUCUAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCGGUUA
    UGAUGUAGGGGGAAAAGCAGCAGC
    miR-30a GCGACUGUAAACAUCCUCGACUGGAAGCUGUGAAGCCACAGAU 72
    GGGCUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGCUGC
    miR-30b-1 AUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCAGCUGUAAUACAUGGAUUGGCUGG 73
    GAGGUGGAUGUUUACGU
    miR-30b-2 ACCAAGUUUCAGUUCAUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCAGCUGUAAU 74
    ACAUGGAUUGGCUGGGAGGUGGAUGUUUACUUCAGCUGACUUG
    GA
    miR-30c AGAUACUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCUCAGCUGUGGAAAGUAAGA 75
    AAGCUGGGAGAAGGCUGUUUACUCUUUCU
    miR-30d GUUGUUGUAAACAUCCCCGACUGGAAGCUGUAAGACACAGCUA 76
    AGCUUUCAGUCAGAUGUUUGCUGCUAC
    miR-30e CUGUAAACAUCCUUGACUGGAAGCUGUAAGGUGUUCAGAGGAG 77
    CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUACAG
    miR-31 GGAGAGGAGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCUGUUGAACUGGGAACC 78
    UGCUAUGCCAACAUAUUGCCAUCUUUCC
    miR-32 GGAGAUAUUGCACAUUACUAAGUUGCAUGUUGUCACGGCCUCA 79
    AUGCAAUUUAGUGUGUGUGAUAUUUUC
    miR-33b GGGGGCCGAGAGAGGCGGGCGGCCCCGCGGUGCAUUGCUGUUG 80
    CAUUGCACGUGUGUGAGGCGGGUGCAGUGCCUCGGCAGUGCAG
    CCCGGAGCCGGCCCCUGGCACCAC
    miR-33b-2 ACCAAGUUUCAGUUCAUGUAAACAUCCUACACUCAGCUGUAAU 81
    ACAUGGAUUGGCUGGGAGGUGGAUGUUUACUUCAGCUGACUUG
    GA
    miR-33 CUGUGGUGCAUUGUAGUUGCAUUGCAUGUUCUGGUGGUACCCA 82
    UGCAAUGUUUCCACAGUGCAUCACAG
    miR-34-a GGCCAGCUGUGAGUGUUUCUUUGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGU 83
    UGUGAGCAAUAGUAAGGAAGCAAUCAGCAAGUAUACUGCCCUA
    GAAGUGCUGCACGUUGUGGGGCCC
    miR-34-b GUGCUCGGUUUGUAGGCAGUGUCAUUAGCUGAUUGUACUGUGG 84
    UGGUUACAAUCACUAACUCCACUGCCAUCAAAACAAGGCAC
    miR-34-c AGUCUAGUUACUAGGCAGUGUAGUUAGCUGAUUGCUAAUAGUA 85
    CCAAUCACUAACCACACGGCCAGGUAAAAAGAUU
    miR-91-13 UCAGAAUAAUGUCAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGUGAUAUGU 86
    GCAUCUACUGCAGUGAAGGCACUUGUAGCAUUAUGGUGA
    miR-92-1 CUUUCUACACAGGUUGGGAUCGGUUGCAAUGCUGUGUUUCUGU 87
    AUGGUAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGUUGAGUUUGG
    miR-92-2 UCAUCCCUGGGUGGGGAUUUGUUGCAUUACUUGUGUUCUAUAU 88
    AAAGUAUUGCACUUGUCCCGGCCUGUGGAAGA
    miR-93-1 CUGGGGGCUCCAAAGUGCUGUUCGUGCAGGUAGUGUGAUUACC 89
    (miR-93-2) CAACCUACUGCUGAGCUAGCACUUCCCGAGCCCCCGG
    miR-95-4 AACACAGUGGGCACUCAAUAAAUGUCUGUUGAAUUGAAAUGCG 90
    UUACAUUCAACGGGUAUUUAUUGAGCACCCACUCUGUG
    miR-96-7 UGGCCGAUUUUGGCACUAGCACAUUUUUGCUUGUGUCUCUCCG 91
    CUCUGAGCAAUCAUGUGCAGUGCCAAUAUGGGAAA
    miR-97-6 GUGAGCGACUGUAAACAUCCUCGACUGGAAGCUGUGAAGCCAC 92
    (miR-30*) AGAUGGGCUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGCUGCCUACU
    miR-98 GUGAGGUAGUAAGUUGUAUUGUUGUGGGGUAGGGAUAUUAGG 93
    CCCCAAUUAGAAGAUAACUAUACAACUUACUACUUUCC
    miR-99b GGCACCCACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCGGGGCCUUCGCCGCACA 94
    CAAGCUCGUGUCUGUGGGUCCGUGUC
    miR-99a CCCAUUGGCAUAAACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGUGGUGAAGUGG 95
    ACCGCACAAGCUCGCUUCUAUGGGUCUGUGUCAGUGUG
    miR-100-1/2 AAGAGAGAAGAUAUUGAGGCCUGUUGCCACAAACCCGUAGAUC 96
    CGAACUUGUGGUAUUAGUCCGCACAAGCUUGUAUCUAUAGGUA
    UGUGUCUGUUAGGCAAUCUCAC
    miR-100-11 CCUGUUGCCACAAACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUGGUAUUAGUC 97
    CGCACAAGCUUGUAUCUAUAGGUAUGUGUCUGUUAGG
    miR-101-1/2 AGGCUGCCCUGGCUCAGUUAUCACAGUGCUGAUGCUGUCUAUU 98
    CUAAAGGUACAGUACUGUGAUAACUGAAGGAUGGCAGCCAUCU
    UACCUUCCAUCAGAGGAGCCUCAC
    miR-101 UCAGUUAUCACAGUGCUGAUGCUGUCCAUUCUAAAGGUACAGU 99
    ACUGUGAUAACUGA
    miR-101-1 UGCCCUGGCUCAGUUAUCACAGUGCUGAUGCUGUCUAUUCUAA 100
    AGGUACAGUACUGUGAUAACUGAAGGAUGGCA
    miR-101-2 ACUGUCCUUUUUCGGUUAUCAUGGUACCGAUGCUGUAUAUCUG 101
    AAAGGUACAGUACUGUGAUAACUGAAGAAUGGUGGU
    miR-101-9 UGUCCUUUUUCGGUUAUCAUGGUACCGAUGCUGUAUAUCUGAA 102
    AGGUACAGUACUGUGAUAACUGAAGAAUGGUG
    miR-102-1 CUUCUGGAAGCUGGUUUCACAUGGUGGCUUAGAUUUUUCCAUC 103
    UUUGUAUCUAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCAGUGUUUUAGGAG
    miR-102-7.1 CUUCAGGAAGCUGGUUUCAUAUGGUGGUUUAGAUUUAAAUAGU 104
    (miR-102-7.2) GAUUGUCUAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCAGUGUUCUUGGGGG
    miR-103-2 UUGUGCUUUCAGCUUCUUUACAGUGCUGCCUUGUAGCAUUCAG 105
    GUCAAGCAACAUUGUACAGGGCUAUGAAAGAACCA
    miR-103-1 UACUGCCCUCGGCUUCUUUACAGUGCUGCCUUGUUGCAUAUGG 106
    AUCAAGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUGAAGGCAUUG
    miR-104-17 AAAUGUCAGACAGCCCAUCGACUGGUGUUGCCAUGAGAUUCAA 107
    CAGUCAACAUCAGUCUGAUAAGCUACCCGACAAGG
    miR-105-1 UGUGCAUCGUGGUCAAAUGCUCAGACUCCUGUGGUGGCUGCUC 108
    AUGCACCACGGAUGUUUGAGCAUGUGCUACGGUGUCUA
    miR-105-2 UGUGCAUCGUGGUCAAAUGCUCAGACUCCUGUGGUGGCUGCUU 109
    AUGCACCACGGAUGUUUGAGCAUGUGCUAUGGUGUCUA
    miR-106-a CCUUGGCCAUGUAAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGCUUUUUGA 110
    GAUCUACUGCAAUGUAAGCACUUCUUACAUUACCAUGG
    miR-106-b CCUGCCGGGGCUAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAUAGUGGUCCUCU 111
    CCGUGCUACCGCACUGUGGGUACUUGCUGCUCCAGCAGG
    miR-107 CUCUCUGCUUUCAGCUUCUUUACAGUGUUGCCUUGUGGCAUGG 112
    AGUUCAAGCAGCAUUGUACAGGGCUAUCAAAGCACAGA
    miR-108-1-A CACUGCAAGAACAAUAAGGAUUUUUAGGGGCAUUAUGACUGA 113
    small GUCAGAAAACACAGCUGCCCCUGAAAGUCCCUCAUUUUUCUUG
    CUGU
    miR-108-2-A CUGCAAGAGCAAUAAGGAUUUUUAGGGGCAUUAUGAUAGUGG 114
    small AAUGGAAACACAUCUGCCCCCAAAAGUCCCUCAUUUU
    miR-122a-1 CCUUAGCAGAGCUGUGGAGUGUGACAAUGGUGUUUGUGUCUAA 115
    ACUAUCAAACGCCAUUAUCACACUAAAUAGCUACUGCUAGGC
    miR-122a-2 AGCUGUGGAGUGUGACAAUGGUGUUUGUGUCCAAACUAUCAAA 116
    CGCCAUUAUCACACUAAAUAGCU
    miR-123 ACAUUAUUACUUUUGGUACGCGCUGUGACACUUCAAACUCGUA 117
    CCGUGAGUAAUAAUGCGC
    miR-124a-1 AGGCCUCUCUCUCCGUGUUCACAGCGGACCUUGAUUUAAAUGU 118
    CCAUACAAUUAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCCAAGAAUGGGGCUG
    miR-124a-2 AUCAAGAUUAGAGGCUCUGCUCUCCGUGUUCACAGCGGACCUU 119
    GAUUUAAUGUCAUACAAUUAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCCAAGAG
    CGGAGCCUACGGCUGCACUUGAAG
    miR-124a-3 UGAGGGCCCCUCUGCGUGUUCACAGCGGACCUUGAUUUAAUGU 120
    CUAUACAAUUAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCCAAGAGAGGCGCCUC
    C
    miR-124a CUCUGCGUGUUCACAGCGGACCUUGAUUUAAUGUCUAUACAAU 121
    UAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCCAAGAG
    miR-124b CUCUCCGUGUUCACAGCGGACCUUGAUUUAAUGUCAUACAAUU 122
    AAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCCAAGAG
    miR-125a-1 UGCCAGUCUCUAGGUCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUGAGGACA 123
    UCCAGGGUCACAGGUGAGGUUCUUGGGAGCCUGGCGUCUGGCC
    miR-125a-2 GGUCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUGAGGACAUCCAGGGUCACA 124
    GGUGAGGUUCUUGGGAGCCUGG
    miR-125b-1 UGCGCUCCUCUCAGUCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGAUGUUUAC 125
    CGUUUAAAUCCACGGGUUAGGCUCUUGGGAGCUGCGAGUCGUG
    CU
    miR-125b-2 ACCAGACUUUUCCUAGUCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGAGGUAU 126
    UUUAGUAACAUCACAAGUCAGGCUCUUGGGACCUAGGCGGAGG
    GGA
    miR-126-1 CGCUGGCGACGGGACAUUAUUACUUUUGGUACGCGCUGUGACA 127
    CUUCAAACUCGUACCGUGAGUAAUAAUGCGCCGUCCACGGCA
    miR-126-2 ACAUUAUUACUUUUGGUACGCGCUGUGACACUUCAAACUCGUA 128
    CCGUGAGUAAUAAUGCGC
    miR-127-1 UGUGAUCACUGUCUCCAGCCUGCUGAAGCUCAGAGGGCUCUGA 129
    UUCAGAAAGAUCAUCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGCUGGUCGGAA
    GUCUCAUCAUC
    miR-127-2 CCAGCCUGCUGAAGCUCAGAGGGCUCUGAUUCAGAAAGAUCAU 130
    CGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGCUGGUCGG
    miR-128a UGAGCUGUUGGAUUCGGGGCCGUAGCACUGUCUGAGAGGUUUA 131
    CAUUUCUCACAGUGAACCGGUCUCUUUUUCAGCUGCUUC
    miR-128b GCCCGGCAGCCACUGUGCAGUGGGAAGGGGGGCCGAUACACUG 132
    UACGAGAGUGAGUAGCAGGUCUCACAGUGAACCGGUCUCUUUC
    CCUACUGUGUCACACUCCUAAUGG
    miR-128 GUUGGAUUCGGGGCCGUAGCACUGUCUGAGAGGUUUACAUUUC 133
    UCACAGUGAACCGGUCUCUUUUUCAGC
    miR-129-1 UGGAUCUUUUUGCGGUCUGGGCUUGCUGUUCCUCUCAACAGUA 134
    GUCAGGAAGCCCUUACCCCAAAAAGUAUCUA
    miR-129-2 UGCCCUUCGCGAAUCUUUUUGCGGUCUGGGCUUGCUGUACAUA 135
    ACUCAAUAGCCGGAAGCCCUUACCCCAAAAAGCAUUUGCGGAG
    GGCG
    miR-130a UGCUGCUGGCCAGAGCUCUUUUCACAUUGUGCUACUGUCUGCA 136
    CCUGUCACUAGCAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAUUGGCCGUGUA
    GUG
    miR-131-1 GCCAGGAGGCGGGGUUGGUUGUUAUCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGU 137
    AUGAGUGGUGUGGAGUCUUCAUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGUA
    AAAAUAACCCCAUACACUGCGCAG
    miR-131-3 CACGGCGCGGCAGCGGCACUGGCUAAGGGAGGCCCGUUUCUCU 138
    CUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGAGUGCCACAGAGCCGUCAUAAA
    GCUAGAUAACCGAAAGUAGAAAUG
    miR-131 GUUGUUAUCUUUGGUUAUCUAGCUGUAUGAGUGUAUUGGUCUU 139
    CAUAAAGCUAGAUAACCGAAAGUAAAAAC
    miR-132-1 CCGCCCCCGCGUCUCCAGGGCAACCGUGGCUUUCGAUUGUUACU 140
    GUGGGAACUGGAGGUAACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCGCCCCGCA
    GCACGCCCACGCGC
    miR-132-2 GGGCAACCGUGGCUUUCGAUUGUUACUGUGGGAACUGGAGGUA 141
    ACAGUCUACAGCCAUGGUCGCCC
    miR-133a-1 ACAAUGCUUUGCUAGAGCUGGUAAAAUGGAACCAAAUCGCCUC 142
    UUCAAUGGAUUUGGUCCCCUUCAACCAGCUGUAGCUAUGCAUU
    GA
    miR-133a-2 GGGAGCCAAAUGCUUUGCUAGAGCUGGUAAAAUGGAACCAAAU 143
    CGACUGUCCAAUGGAUUUGGUCCCCUUCAACCAGCUGUAGCUG
    UGCAUUGAUGGCGCCG
    miR-133 GCUAGAGCUGGUAAAAUGGAACCAAAUCGCCUCUUCAAUGGAU 144
    UUGGUCCCCUUCAACCAGCUGUAGC
    miR-133b CCUCAGAAGAAAGAUGCCCCCUGCUCUGGCUGGUCAAACGGAA 145
    CCAAGUCCGUCUUCCUGAGAGGUUUGGUCCCCUUCAACCAGCU
    ACAGCAGGGCUGGCAAUGCCCAGUCCUUGGAGA
    miR-133b-small GCCCCCUGCUCUGGCUGGUCAAACGGAACCAAGUCCGUCUUCCU 146
    GAGAGGUUUGGUCCCCUUCAACCAGCUACAGCAGGG
    miR-134-1 CAGGGUGUGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGGCAUGCACUGUGUUC 147
    ACCCUGUGGGCCACCUAGUCACCAACCCUC
    miR-134-2 AGGGUGUGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGGCAUGCACUGUGUUCA 148
    CCCUGUGGGCCACCUAGUCACCAACCCU
    miR-135a-1 AGGCCUCGCUGUUCUCUAUGGCUUUUUAUUCCUAUGUGAUUCU 149
    ACUGCUCACUCAUAUAGGGAUUGGAGCCGUGGCGCACGGCGGG
    GACA
    miR-135a-2 AGAUAAAUUCACUCUAGUGCUUUAUGGCUUUUUAUUCCUAUGU 150
    (miR-135-2) GAUAGUAAUAAAGUCUCAUGUAGGGAUGGAAGCCAUGAAAUAC
    AUUGUGAAAAAUCA
    miR-135 CUAUGGCUUUUUAUUCCUAUGUGAUUCUACUGCUCACUCAUAU 151
    AGGGAUUGGAGCCGUGG
    miR-135b CACUCUGCUGUGGCCUAUGGCUUUUCAUUCCUAUGUGAUUGCU 152
    GUCCCAAACUCAUGUAGGGCUAAAAGCCAUGGGCUACAGUGAG
    GGGCGAGCUCC
    miR-136-1 UGAGCCCUCGGAGGACUCCAUUUGUUUUGAUGAUGGAUUCUUA 153
    UGCUCCAUCAUCGUCUCAAAUGAGUCUUCAGAGGGUUCU
    miR-136-2 GAGGACUCCAUUUGUUUUGAUGAUGGAUUCUUAUGCUCCAUCA 154
    UCGUCUCAAAUGAGUCUUC
    miR-137 CUUCGGUGACGGGUAUUCUUGGGUGGAUAAUACGGAUUACGUU 155
    GUUAUUGCUUAAGAAUACGCGUAGUCGAGG
    miR-138-1 CCCUGGCAUGGUGUGGUGGGGCAGCUGGUGUUGUGAAUCAGGC 156
    CGUUGCCAAUCAGAGAACGGCUACUUCACAACACCAGGGCCAC
    ACCACACUACAGG
    miR-138-2 CGUUGCUGCAGCUGGUGUUGUGAAUCAGGCCGACGAGCAGCGC 157
    AUCCUCUUACCCGGCUAUUUCACGACACCAGGGUUGCAUCA
    miR-138 CAGCUGGUGUUGUGAAUCAGGCCGACGAGCAGCGCAUCCUCUU 158
    ACCCGGCUAUUUCACGACACCAGGGUUG
    miR-139 GUGUAUUCUACAGUGCACGUGUCUCCAGUGUGGCUCGGAGGCU 159
    GGAGACGCGGCCCUGUUGGAGUAAC
    miR-140 UGUGUCUCUCUCUGUGUCCUGCCAGUGGUUUUACCCUAUGGUA 160
    GGUUACGUCAUGCUGUUCUACCACAGGGUAGAACCACGGACAG
    GAUACCGGGGCACC
    miR-140as UCCUGCCAGUGGUUUUACCCUAUGGUAGGUUACGUCAUGCUGU 161
    UCUACCACAGGGUAGAACCACGGACAGGA
    miR-140s CCUGCCAGUGGUUUUACCCUAUGGUAGGUUACGUCAUGCUGUU 162
    CUACCACAGGGUAGAACCACGGACAGG
    miR-141-1 CGGCCGGCCCUGGGUCCAUCUUCCAGUACAGUGUUGGAUGGUC 163
    UAAUUGUGAAGCUCCUAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGGCUCCCG
    GGUGGGUUC
    miR-141-2 GGGUCCAUCUUCCAGUACAGUGUUGGAUGGUCUAAUUGUGAAG 164
    CUCCUAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGGCCC
    miR-142 ACCCAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACUAACAGCACUGGAGGGUGUA 165
    GUGUUUCCUACUUUAUGGAUG
    miR-143-1 GCGCAGCGCCCUGUCUCCCAGCCUGAGGUGCAGUGCUGCAUCUC 166
    UGGUCAGUUGGGAGUCUGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUCAGGAAG
    AGAGAAGUUGUUCUGCAGC
    miR-143-2 CCUGAGGUGCAGUGCUGCAUCUCUGGUCAGUUGGGAGUCUGAG 167
    AUGAAGCACUGUAGCUCAGG
    miR-144-1 UGGGGCCCUGGCUGGGAUAUCAUCAUAUACUGUAAGUUUGCGA 168
    UGAGACACUACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAGUCCGGGCACCCCC
    miR-144-2 GGCUGGGAUAUCAUCAUAUACUGUAAGUUUGCGAUGAGACACU 169
    ACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAGUC
    miR-145-1 CACCUUGUCCUCACGGUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUUAGAU 170
    GCUAAGAUGGGGAUUCCUGGAAAUACUGUUCUUGAGGUCAUGG
    UU
    miR-145-2 CUCACGGUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUUAGAUGCUAAGAUG 171
    GGGAUUCCUGGAAAUACUGUUCUUGAG
    miR-146-1 CCGAUGUGUAUCCUCAGCUUUGAGAACUGAAUUCCAUGGGUUG 172
    UGUCAGUGUCAGACCUCUGAAAUUCAGUUCUUCAGCUGGGAUA
    UCUCUGUCAUCGU
    miR-146-2 AGCUUUGAGAACUGAAUUCCAUGGGUUGUGUCAGUGUCAGACC 173
    UGUGAAAUUCAGUUCUUCAGCU
    miR-147 AAUCUAAAGACAACAUUUCUGCACACACACCAGACUAUGGAAG 174
    CCAGUGUGUGGAAAUGCUUCUGCUAGAUU
    miR-148a GAGGCAAAGUUCUGAGACACUCCGACUCUGAGUAUGAUAGAAG 175
    (miR-148) UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGUCUC
    miR-148b CAAGCACGAUUAGCAUUUGAGGUGAAGUUCUGUUAUACACUCA 176
    GGCUGUGGCUCUCUGAAAGUCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGUCU
    CGAAAGCUUUCUA
    miR-148b-small AAGCACGAUUAGCAUUUGAGGUGAAGUUCUGUUAUACACUCAG 177
    GCUGUGGCUCUCUGAAAGUCAGUGCAU
    miR-149-1 GCCGGCGCCCGAGCUCUGGCUCCGUGUCUUCACUCCCGUGCUUG 178
    UCCGAGGAGGGAGGGAGGGACGGGGGCUGUGCUGGGGCAGCUG
    GA
    miR-149-2 GCUCUGGCUCCGUGUCUUCACUCCCGUGCUUGUCCGAGGAGGG 179
    AGGGAGGGAC
    miR-150-1 CUCCCCAUGGCCCUGUCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUGCUGGGCU 180
    CAGACCCUGGUACAGGCCUGGGGGACAGGGACCUGGGGAC
    miR-150-2 CCCUGUCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUGCUGGGCUCAGACCCUGG 181
    UACAGGCCUGGGGGACAGGG
    miR-151 UUUCCUGCCCUCGAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAGUAUGUCUCAUCCC 182
    CUACUAGACUGAAGCUCCUUGAGGACAGG
    miR-151-2 CCUGUCCUCAAGGAGCUUCAGUCUAGUAGGGGAUGAGACAUAC 183
    UAGACUGUGAGCUCCUCGAGGGCAGG
    miR-152-1 UGUCCCCCCCGGCCCAGGUUCUGUGAUACACUCCGACUCGGGCU 184
    CUGGAGCAGUCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGGCCCGGAAGGACC
    miR-152-2 GGCCCAGGUUCUGUGAUACACUCCGACUCGGGCUCUGGAGCAG 185
    UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGGCCCCGG
    miR-153-1-1 CUCACAGCUGCCAGUGUCAUUUUUGUGAUCUGCAGCUAGUAUU 186
    CUCACUCCAGUUGCAUAGUCACAAAAGUGAUCAUUGGCAGGUG
    UGGC
    miR-153-1-2 UCUCUCUCUCCCUCACAGCUGCCAGUGUCAUUGUCACAAAAGU 187
    GAUCAUUGGCAGGUGUGGCUGCUGCAUG
    miR-153-2-1 AGCGGUGGCCAGUGUCAUUUUUGUGAUGUUGCAGCUAGUAAUA 188
    UGAGCCCAGUUGCAUAGUCACAAAAGUGAUCAUUGGAAACUGU
    G
    miR-153-2-2 CAGUGUCAUUUUUGUGAUGUUGCAGCUAGUAAUAUGAGCCCAG 189
    UUGCAUAGUCACAAAAGUGAUCAUUG
    miR-154-1 GUGGUACUUGAAGAUAGGUUAUCCGUGUUGCCUUCGCUUUAUU 190
    UGUGACGAAUCAUACACGGUUGACCUAUUUUUCAGUACCAA
    miR-154-2 GAAGAUAGGUUAUCCGUGUUGCCUUCGCUUUAUUUGUGACGAA 191
    UCAUACACGGUUGACCUAUUUUU
    miR-155 CUGUUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGUUUUUGCCUCCAACUGAC 192
    UCCUACAUAUUAGCAUUAACAG
    miR-156 = miR- CCUAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGGCUCCCGGGUGGGUUCUCUC 193
    157 = overlap GGCAGUAACCUUCAGGGAGCCCUGAAGACCAUGGAGGAC
    miR-141
    miR-158-small = GCCGAGACCGAGUGCACAGGGCUCUGACCUAUGAAUUGACAGC 194
    miR-192 CAGUGCUCUCGUCUCCCCUCUGGCUGCCAAUUCCAUAGGUCACA
    GGUAUGUUCGCCUCAAUGCCAGC
    miR-159-1- UCCCGCCCCCUGUAACAGCAACUCCAUGUGGAAGUGCCCACUGG 195
    small UUCCAGUGGGGCUGCUGUUAUCUGGGGCGAGGGCCA
    miR-161-small AAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGAAAAAGGAUGAGGUGACUGGUCU 196
    GGGCUACGCUAUGCUGCGGCGCUCGGG
    miR-163-1b- CAUUGGCCUCCUAAGCCAGGGAUUGUGGGUUCGAGUCCCACCC 197
    small GGGGUAAAGAAAGGCCGAAUU
    miR-163-3- CCUAAGCCAGGGAUUGUGGGUUCGAGUCCCACCUGGGGUAGAG 198
    small GUGAAAGUUCCUUUUACGGAAUUUUUU
    miR-162 CAAUGUCAGCAGUGCCUUAGCAGCACGUAAAUAUUGGCGUUAA 199
    GAUUCUAAAAUUAUCUCCAGUAUUAACUGUGCUGCUGAAGUAA
    GGUUGACCAUACUCUACAGUUG
    miR-175- GGGCUUUCAAGUCACUAGUGGUUCCGUUUAGUAGAUGAUUGUG 200
    small = miR-224 CAUUGUUUCAAAAUGGUGCCCUAGUGACUACAAAGCCC
    miR-177-small ACGCAAGUGUCCUAAGGUGAGCUCAGGGAGCACAGAAACCUCC 201
    AGUGGAACAGAAGGGCAAAAGCUCAUU
    miR-180-small CAUGUGUCACUUUCAGGUGGAGUUUCAAGAGUCCCUUCCUGGU 202
    UCACCGUCUCCUUUGCUCUUCCACAAC
    miR-181a AGAAGGGCUAUCAGGCCAGCCUUCAGAGGACUCCAAGGAACAU 203
    UCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGUUUGGGAUUUGAAAAAACCACUGACC
    GUUGACUGUACCUUGGGGUCCUUA
    miR-181b-1 CCUGUGCAGAGAUUAUUUUUUAAAAGGUCACAAUCAACAUUCA 204
    UUGCUGUCGGUGGGUUGAACUGUGUGGACAAGCUCACUGAACA
    AUGAAUGCAACUGUGGCCCCGCUU
    miR-181b-2 CUGAUGGCUGCACUCAACAUUCAUUGCUGUCGGUGGGUUUGAG 205
    UCUGAAUCAACUCACUGAUCAAUGAAUGCAAACUGCGGACCAA
    ACA
    miR-181c CGGAAAAUUUGCCAAGGGUUUGGGGGAACAUUCAACCUGUCGG 206
    UGAGUUUGGGCAGCUCAGGCAAACCAUCGACCGUUGAGUGGAC
    CCUGAGGCCUGGAAUUGCCAUCCU
    miR-182-as GAGCUGCUUGCCUCCCCCCGUUUUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCAC 207
    ACUGGUGAGGUAACAGGAUCCGGUGGUUCUAGACUUGCCAACU
    AUGGGGCGAGGACUCAGCCGGCAC
    miR-182 UUUUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACACUGGUGAGGUAACAGGAUC 208
    CGGUGGUUCUAGACUUGCCAACUAUGG
    miR-183 CCGCAGAGUGUGACUCCUGUUCUGUGUAUGGCACUGGUAGAAU 209
    UCACUGUGAACAGUCUCAGUCAGUGAAUUACCGAAGGGCCAUA
    AACAGAGCAGAGACAGAUCCACGA
    miR-184-1 CCAGUCACGUCCCCUUAUCACUUUUCCAGCCCAGCUUUGUGACU 210
    GUAAGUGUUGGACGGAGAACUGAUAAGGGUAGGUGAUUGA
    miR-184-2 CCUUAUCACUUUUCCAGCCCAGCUUUGUGACUGUAAGUGUUGG 211
    ACGGAGAACUGAUAAGGGUAGG
    miR-185-1 AGGGGGCGAGGGAUUGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUCCUGAUGGUCCC 212
    CUCCCCAGGGGCUGGCUUUCCUCUGGUCCUUCCCUCCCA
    miR-185-2 AGGGAUUGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUCCUGAUGGUCCCCUCCCCAG 213
    GGGCUGGCUUUCCUCUGGUCCUU
    miR-186-1 UGCUUGUAACUUUCCAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCUUUCUGGU 214
    UUUAUUUUAAGCCCAAAGGUGAAUUUUUUGGGAAGUUUGAGCU
    miR-186-2 ACUUUCCAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCUUUCUGGUUUUAUUUU 215
    AAGCCCAAAGGUGAAUUUUUUGGGAAGU
    miR-187 GGUCGGGCUCACCAUGACACAGUGUGAGACUCGGGCUACAACA 216
    CAGGACCCGGGGCGCUGCUCUGACCCCUCGUGUCUUGUGUUGC
    AGCCGGAGGGACGCAGGUCCGCA
    miR-188-1 UGCUCCCUCUCUCACAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGUGAGCUUU 217
    CUGAAAACCCCUCCCACAUGCAGGGUUUGCAGGAUGGCGAGCC
    miR-188-2 UCUCACAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGUGAGCUUUCUGAAAACC 218
    CCUCCCACAUGCAGGGUUUGCAGGA
    miR-189-1 CUGUCGAUUGGACCCGCCCUCCGGUGCCUACUGAGCUGAUAUC 219
    AGUUCUCAUUUUACACACUGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAGGAG
    UCGAGCCCUUGAGCAA
    miR-189-2 CUCCGGUGCCUACUGAGCUGAUAUCAGUUCUCAUUUUACACAC 220
    UGGCUCAGUUCAGCAGGAACAGGAG
    miR-190-1 UGCAGGCCUCUGUGUGAUAUGUUUGAUAUAUUAGGUUGUUAUU 221
    UAAUCCAACUAUAUAUCAAACAUAUUCCUACAGUGUCUUGCC
    miR-190-2 CUGUGUGAUAUGUUUGAUAUAUUAGGUUGUUAUUUAAUCCAAC 222
    UAUAUAUCAAACAUAUUCCUACAG
    miR-191-1 CGGCUGGACAGCGGGCAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUGUUGUC 223
    UCCAGAGCAUUCCAGCUGCGCUUGGAUUUCGUCCCCUGCUCUCC
    UGCCU
    miR-191-2 AGCGGGCAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUGUUGUCUCCAGAGCA 224
    UUCCAGCUGCGCUUGGAUUUCGUCCCCUGCU
    miR-192-2/3 CCGAGACCGAGUGCACAGGGCUCUGACCUAUGAAUUGACAGCC 225
    AGUGCUCUCGUCUCCCCUCUGGCUGCCAAUUCCAUAGGUCACA
    GGUAUGUUCGCCUCAAUGCCAG
    miR-192 GCCGAGACCGAGUGCACAGGGCUCUGACCUAUGAAUUGACAGC 226
    CAGUGCUCUCGUCUCCCCUCUGGCUGCCAAUUCCAUAGGUCACA
    GGUAUGUUCGCCUCAAUGCCAGC
    miR-193-1 CGAGGAUGGGAGCUGAGGGCUGGGUCUUUGCGGGCGAGAUGAG 227
    GGUGUCGGAUCAACUGGCCUACAAAGUCCCAGUUCUCGGCCCC
    CG
    miR-193-2 GCUGGGUCUUUGCGGGCGAGAUGAGGGUGUCGGAUCAACUGGC 228
    CUACAAAGUCCCAGU
    miR-194-1 AUGGUGUUAUCAAGUGUAACAGCAACUCCAUGUGGACUGUGUA 229
    CCAAUUUCCAGUGGAGAUGCUGUUACUUUUGAUGGUUACCAA
    miR-194-2 GUGUAACAGCAACUCCAUGUGGACUGUGUACCAAUUUCCAGUG 230
    GAGAUGCUGUUACUUUUGAU
    miR-195-1 AGCUUCCCUGGCUCUAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGCACAGGGAA 231
    GCGAGUCUGCCAAUAUUGGCUGUGCUGCUCCAGGCAGGGUGGU
    G
    miR-195-2 UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGCACAGGGAAGCGAGUCUGCCAAU 232
    AUUGGCUGUGCUGCU
    miR-196-1 CUAGAGCUUGAAUUGGAACUGCUGAGUGAAUUAGGUAGUUUCA 233
    UGUUGUUGGGCCUGGGUUUCUGAACACAACAACAUUAAACCAC
    CCGAUUCACGGCAGUUACUGCUCC
    miR-196a-1 GUGAAUUAGGUAGUUUCAUGUUGUUGGGCCUGGGUUUCUGAAC 234
    ACAACAACAUUAAACCACCCGAUUCAC
    miR-196a-2 UGCUCGCUCAGCUGAUCUGUGGCUUAGGUAGUUUCAUGUUGUU 235
    (miR-196-2) GGGAUUGAGUUUUGAACUCGGCAACAAGAAACUGCCUGAGUUA
    CAUCAGUCGGUUUUCGUCGAGGGC
    miR-196 GUGAAUUAGGUAGUUUCAUGUUGUUGGGCCUGGGUUUCUGAAC 236
    ACAACAACAUUAAACCACCCGAUUCAC
    miR-196b ACUGGUCGGUGAUUUAGGUAGUUUCCUGUUGUUGGGAUCCACC 237
    UUUCUCUCGACAGCACGACACUGCCUUCAUUACUUCAGUUG
    miR-197 GGCUGUGCCGGGUAGAGAGGGCAGUGGGAGGUAAGAGCUCUUC 238
    ACCCUUCACCACCUUCUCCACCCAGCAUGGCC
    miR-197-2 GUGCAUGUGUAUGUAUGUGUGCAUGUGCAUGUGUAUGUGUAU 239
    GAGUGCAUGCGUGUGUGC
    miR-198 UCAUUGGUCCAGAGGGGAGAUAGGUUCCUGUGAUUUUUCCUUC 240
    UUCUCUAUAGAAUAAAUGA
    miR-199a-1 GCCAACCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUCAGGAGGCUCUCAAUG 241
    UGUACAGUAGUCUGCACAUUGGUUAGGC
    miR-199a-2 AGGAAGCUUCUGGAGAUCCUGCUCCGUCGCCCCAGUGUUCAGA 242
    CUACCUGUUCAGGACAAUGCCGUUGUACAGUAGUCUGCACAUU
    GGUUAGACUGGGCAAGGGAGAGCA
    miR-199b CCAGAGGACACCUCCACUCCGUCUACCCAGUGUUUAGACUAUC 243
    UGUUCAGGACUCCCAAAUUGUACAGUAGUCUGCACAUUGGUUA
    GGCUGGGCUGGGUUAGACCCUCGG
    miR-199s GCCAACCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUCAGGAGGCUCUCAAUG 244
    UGUACAGUAGUCUGCACAUUGGUUAGGC
    miR-200a GCCGUGGCCAUCUUACUGGGCAGCAUUGGAUGGAGUCAGGUCU 245
    CUAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGACGGC
    miR-200b CCAGCUCGGGCAGCCGUGGCCAUCUUACUGGGCAGCAUUGGAU 246
    GGAGUCAGGUCUCUAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGACGGCGGAG
    CCCUGCACG
    miR-200c CCCUCGUCUUACCCAGCAGUGUUUGGGUGCGGUUGGGAGUCUC 247
    UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGGAGG
    miR-202 GUUCCUUUUUCCUAUGCAUAUACUUCUUUGAGGAUCUGGCCUA 248
    AAGAGGUAUAGGGCAUGGGAAGAUGGAGC
    miR-203 GUGUUGGGGACUCGCGCGCUGGGUCCAGUGGUUCUUAACAGUU 249
    CAACAGUUCUGUAGCGCAAUUGUGAAAUGUUUAGGACCACUAG
    ACCCGGCGGGCGCGGCGACAGCGA
    miR-204 GGCUACAGUCUUUCUUCAUGUGACUCGUGGACUUCCCUUUGUC 250
    AUCCUAUGCCUGAGAAUAUAUGAAGGAGGCUGGGAAGGCAAAG
    GGACGUUCAAUUGUCAUCACUGGC
    miR-205 AAAGAUCCUCAGACAAUCCAUGUGCUUCUCUUGUCCUUCAUUC 251
    CACCGGAGUCUGUCUCAUACCCAACCAGAUUUCAGUGGAGUGA
    AGUUCAGGAGGCAUGGAGCUGACA
    miR-206-1 UGCUUCCCGAGGCCACAUGCUUCUUUAUAUCCCCAUAUGGAUU 252
    ACUUUGCUAUGGAAUGUAAGGAAGUGUGUGGUUUCGGCAAGUG
    miR-206-2 AGGCCACAUGCUUCUUUAUAUCCCCAUAUGGAUUACUUUGCUA 253
    UGGAAUGUAAGGAAGUGUGUGGUUUU
    miR-208 UGACGGGCGAGCUUUUGGCCCGGGUUAUACCUGAUGCUCACGU 254
    AUAAGACGAGCAAAAAGCUUGUUGGUCA
    miR-210 ACCCGGCAGUGCCUCCAGGCGCAGGGCAGCCCCUGCCCACCGCA 255
    CACUGCGCUGCCCCAGACCCACUGUGCGUGUGACAGCGGCUGA
    UCUGUGCCUGGGCAGCGCGACCC
    miR-211 UCACCUGGCCAUGUGACUUGUGGGCUUCCCUUUGUCAUCCUUC 256
    GCCUAGGGCUCUGAGCAGGGCAGGGACAGCAAAGGGGUGCUCA
    GUUGUCACUUCCCACAGCACGGAG
    miR-212 CGGGGCACCCCGCCCGGACAGCGCGCCGGCACCUUGGCUCUAGA 257
    CUGCUUACUGCCCGGGCCGCCCUCAGUAACAGUCUCCAGUCACG
    GCCACCGACGCCUGGCCCCGCC
    miR-213-2 CCUGUGCAGAGAUUAUUUUUUAAAAGGUCACAAUCAACAUUCA 258
    UUGCUGUCGGUGGGUUGAACUGUGUGGACAAGCUCACUGAACA
    AUGAAUGCAACUGUGGCCCCGCUU
    miR-213 GAGUUUUGAGGUUGCUUCAGUGAACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGA 259
    GUUUGGAAUUAAAAUCAAAACCAUCGACCGUUGAUUGUACCCU
    AUGGCUAACCAUCAUCUACUCC
    miR-214 GGCCUGGCUGGACAGAGUUGUCAUGUGUCUGCCUGUCUACACU 260
    UGCUGUGCAGAACAUCCGCUCACCUGUACAGCAGGCACAGACA
    GGCAGUCACAUGACAACCCAGCCU
    miR-215 AUCAUUCAGAAAUGGUAUACAGGAAAAUGACCUAUGAAUUGAC 261
    AGACAAUAUAGCUGAGUUUGUCUGUCAUUUCUUUAGGCCAAUA
    UUCUGUAUGACUGUGCUACUUCAA
    miR-216 GAUGGCUGUGAGUUGGCUUAAUCUCAGCUGGCAACUGUGAGAU 262
    GUUCAUACAAUCCCUCACAGUGGUCUCUGGGAUUAUGCUAAAC
    AGAGCAAUUUCCUAGCCCUCACGA
    miR-217 AGUAUAAUUAUUACAUAGUUUUUGAUGUCGCAGAUACUGCAUC 263
    AGGAACUGAUUGGAUAAGAAUCAGUCACCAUCAGUUCCUAAUG
    CAUUGCCUUCAGCAUCUAAACAAG
    miR-218-1 GUGAUAAUGUAGCGAGAUUUUCUGUUGUGCUUGAUCUAACCAU 264
    GUGGUUGCGAGGUAUGAGUAAAACAUGGUUCCGUCAAGCACCA
    UGGAACGUCACGCAGCUUUCUACA
    miR-218-2 GACCAGUCGCUGCGGGGCUUUCCUUUGUGCUUGAUCUAACCAU 265
    GUGGUGGAACGAUGGAAACGGAACAUGGUUCUGUCAAGCACCG
    CGGAAAGCACCGUGCUCUCCUGCA
    miR-219 CCGCCCCGGGCCGCGGCUCCUGAUUGUCCAAACGCAAUUCUCGA 266
    GUCUAUGGCUCCGGCCGAGAGUUGAGUCUGGACGUCCCGAGCC
    GCCGCCCCCAAACCUCGAGCGGG
    miR-219-1 CCGCCCCGGGCCGCGGCUCCUGAUUGUCCAAACGCAAUUCUCGA 267
    GUCUAUGGCUCCGGCCGAGAGUUGAGUCUGGACGUCCCGAGCC
    GCCGCCCCCAAACCUCGAGCGGG
    miR-219-2 ACUCAGGGGCUUCGCCACUGAUUGUCCAAACGCAAUUCUUGUA 268
    CGAGUCUGCGGCCAACCGAGAAUUGUGGCUGGACAUCUGUGGC
    UGAGCUCCGGG
    miR-220 GACAGUGUGGCAUUGUAGGGCUCCACACCGUAUCUGACACUUU 269
    GGGCGAGGGCACCAUGCUGAAGGUGUUCAUGAUGCGGUCUGGG
    AACUCCUCACGGAUCUUACUGAUG
    miR-221 UGAACAUCCAGGUCUGGGGCAUGAACCUGGCAUACAAUGUAGA 270
    UUUCUGUGUUCGUUAGGCAACAGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUU
    CAGGCUACCUGGAAACAUGUUCUC
    miR-222 GCUGCUGGAAGGUGUAGGUACCCUCAAUGGCUCAGUAGCCAGU 271
    GUAGAUCCUGUCUUUCGUAAUCAGCAGCUACAUCUGGCUACUG
    GGUCUCUGAUGGCAUCUUCUAGCU
    miR-223 CCUGGCCUCCUGCAGUGCCACGCUCCGUGUAUUUGACAAGCUG 272
    AGUUGGACACUCCAUGUGGUAGAGUGUCAGUUUGUCAAAUACC
    CCAAGUGCGGCACAUGCUUACCAG
    miR-224 GGGCUUUCAAGUCACUAGUGGUUCCGUUUAGUAGAUGAUUGUG 273
    CAUUGUUUCAAAAUGGUGCCCUAGUGACUACAAAGCCC
    miR-294-1 CAAUCUUCCUUUAUCAUGGUAUUGAUUUUUCAGUGCUUCCCUUU 274
    (chr16) UGUGUGAGAGAAGAUA
    miR-296 AGGACCCUUCCAGAGGGCCCCCCCUCAAUCCUGUUGUGCCUAAU 275
    UCAGAGGGUUGGGUGGAGGCUCUCCUGAAGGGCUCU
    miR-299 AAGAAAUGGUUUACCGUCCCACAUACAUUUUGAAUAUGUAUGU 276
    GGGAUGGUAAACCGCUUCUU
    miR-301 ACUGCUAACGAAUGCUCUGACUUUAUUGCACUACUGUACUUUAC 277
    AGCUAGCAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGCAUCUGAAAGCAGG
    miR-302a CCACCACUUAAACGUGGAUGUACUUGCUUUGAAACUAAAGAAGU 278
    AAGUGCUUCCAUGUUUUGGUGAUGG
    miR-302b GCUCCCUUCAACUUUAACAUGGAAGUGCUUUCUGUGACUUUAAA 279
    AGUAAGUGCUUCCAUGUUUUAGUAGGAGU
    miR-302c CCUUUGCUUUAACAUGGGGGUACCUGCUGUGUGAAACAAAAGU 280
    AAGUGCUUCCAUGUUUCAGUGGAGG
    miR-302d CCUCUACUUUAACAUGGAGGCACUUGCUGUGACAUGACAAAAAU 281
    AAGUGCUUCCAUGUUUGAGUGUGG
    miR-320 GCUUCGCUCCCCUCCGCCUUCUCUUCCCGGUUCUUCCCGGAGUC 282
    GGGAAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGAAAAAGGAUGAGGU
    miR-321 UUGGCCUCCUAAGCCAGGGAUUGUGGGUUCGAGUCCCACCCGGG 283
    GUAAAGAAAGGCCGA
    miR-323 UUGGUACUUGGAGAGAGGUGGUCCGUGGCGCGUUCGCUUUAUU 284
    UAUGGCGCACAUUACACGGUCGACCUCUUUGCAGUAUCUAAUC
    miR-324 CUGACUAUGCCUCCCCGCAUCCCCUAGGGCAUUGGUGUAAAGCU 285
    GGAGACCCACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGGGGGUUGUAGUC
    miR-325 AUACAGUGCUUGGUUCCUAGUAGGUGUCCAGUAAGUGUUUGUG 286
    ACAUAAUUUGUUUAUUGAGGACCUCCUAUCAAUCAAGCACUGUG
    CUAGGCUCUGG
    miR-326 CUCAUCUGUCUGUUGGGCUGGAGGCAGGGCCUUUGUGAAGGCGG 287
    GUGGUGCUCAGAUCGCCUCUGGGCCCUUCCUCCAGCCCCGAGGC
    GGAUUCA
    miR-328 UGGAGUGGGGGGGCAGGAGGGGCUCAGGGAGAAAGUGCAUACA 288
    GCCCCUGGCCCUCUCUGCCCUUCCGUCCCCUG
    miR-330 CUUUGGCGAUCACUGCCUCUCUGGGCCUGUGUCUUAGGCUCUGC 289
    AAGAUCAACCGAGCAAAGCACACGGCCUGCAGAGAGGCAGCGCU
    CUGCCC
    miR-331 GAGUUUGGUUUUGUUUGGGUUUGUUCUAGGUAUGGUCCCAGGG 290
    AUCCCAGAUCAAACCAGGCCCCUGGGCCUAUCCUAGAACCAACC
    UAAGCUC
    miR-335 UGUUUUGAGCGGGGGUCAAGAGCAAUAACGAAAAAUGUUUGUC 291
    AUAAACCGUUUUUCAUUAUUGCUCCUGACCUCCUCUCAUUUGCU
    AUAUUCA
    miR-337 GUAGUCAGUAGUUGGGGGGUGGGAACGGCUUCAUACAGGAGUU 292
    GAUGCACAGUUAUCCAGCUCCUAUAUGAUGCCUUUCUUCAUCCC
    CUUCAA
    miR-338 UCUCCAACAAUAUCCUGGUGCUGAGUGAUGACUCAGGCGACUCC 293
    AGCAUCAGUGAUUUUGUUGAAGA
    miR-339 CGGGGCGGCCGCUCUCCCUGUCCUCCAGGAGCUCACGUGUGCCU 294
    GCCUGUGAGCGCCUCGACGACAGAGCCGGCGCCUGCCCCAGUGU
    CUGCGC
    miR-340 UUGUACCUGGUGUGAUUAUAAAGCAAUGAGACUGAUUGUCAUA 295
    UGUCGUUUGUGGGAUCCGUCUCAGUUACUUUAUAGCCAUACCUG
    GUAUCUUA
    miR-342 GAAACUGGGCUCAAGGUGAGGGGUGCUAUCUGUGAUUGAGGGA 296
    CAUGGUUAAUGGAAUUGUCUCACACAGAAAUCGCACCCGUCACC
    UUGGCCUACUUA
    miR-345 ACCCAAACCCUAGGUCUGCUGACUCCUAGUCCAGGGCUCGUGAU 297
    GGCUGGUGGGCCCUGAACGAGGGGUCUGGAGGCCUGGGUUUGA
    AUAUCGACAGC
    miR-346 GUCUGUCUGCCCGCAUGCCUGCCUCUCUGUUGCUCUGAAGGAGG 298
    CAGGGGCUGGGCCUGCAGCUGCCUGGGCAGAGCGGCUCCUGC
    miR-367 CCAUUACUGUUGCUAAUAUGCAACUCUGUUGAAUAUAAAUUGG 299
    AAUUGCACUUUAGCAAUGGUGAUGG
    miR-368 AAAAGGUGGAUAUUCCUUCUAUGUUUAUGUUAUUUAUGGUUAA 300
    ACAUAGAGGAAAUUCCACGUUUU
    miR-369 UUGAAGGGAGAUCGACCGUGUUAUAUUCGCUUUAUUGACUUCG 301
    AAUAAUACAUGGUUGAUCUUUUCUCAG
    miR-370 AGACAGAGAAGCCAGGUCACGUCUCUGCAGUUACACAGCUCACG 302
    AGUGCCUGCUGGGGUGGAACCUGGUCUGUCU
    miR-371 GUGGCACUCAAACUGUGGGGGCACUUUCUGCUCUCUGGUGAAAG 303
    UGCCGCCAUCUUUUGAGUGUUAC
    miR-372 GUGGGCCUCAAAUGUGGAGCACUAUUCUGAUGUCCAAGUGGAA 304
    AGUGCUGCGACAUUUGAGCGUCAC
    miR-373 GGGAUACUCAAAAUGGGGGCGCUUUCCUUUUUGUCUGUACUGG 305
    GAAGUGCUUCGAUUUUGGGGUGUCCC
    miR-374 UACAUCGGCCAUUAUAAUACAACCUGAUAAGUGUUAUAGCACUU 306
    AUCAGAUUGUAUUGUAAUUGUCUGUGUA
    miR-hes1 AUGGAGCUGCUCACCCUGUGGGCCUCAAAUGUGGAGGAACUAUU 307
    CUGAUGUCCAAGUGGAAAGUGCUGCGACAUUUGAGCGUCACCGG
    UGACGCCCAUAUCA
    miR-hes2 GCAUCCCCUCAGCCUGUGGCACUCAAACUGUGGGGGCACUUUCU 308
    GCUCUCUGGUGAAAGUGCCGCCAUCUUUUGAGUGUUACCGCUUG
    AGAAGACUCAACC
    miR-hes3 CGAGGAGCUCAUACUGGGAUACUCAAAAUGGGGGCGCUUUCCUU 309
    UUUGUCUGUUACUGGGAAGUGCUUCGAUUUUGGGGUGUCCCUG
    UUUGAGUAGGGCAUC
    *An underlined sequence within a precursor sequence corresponds to a mature processed miR transcript (see Table 1b). Some precursor sequences have two underlined sequences denoting two different mature miRs that are derived from the same precursor. All sequences are human.
  • TABLE 1b
    Human Mature microRNA Sequences.
    Mature miRNA Mature miRNA Sequence Corresponding precursor
    Name (5′ to 3′) SEQ ID NO. microRNA(s); see Table 1a
    let-7a ugagguaguagguuguauaguu 310 let-7a-1; let-7a-2; let-7a-3; let-
    7a-4
    let-7b ugagguaguagguugugugguu 311 let-7b
    let-7c ugagguaguagguuguaugguu 312 let-7c
    let-7d agagguaguagguugcauagu 313 let-7d; let-7d-v1
    let-7e ugagguaggagguuguauagu 314 let-7e
    let-7f ugagguaguagauugauaguu 315 let-7f-1; let-7f-2-1;
    let-7f-2-2
    let-7g ugagguaguaguuuguacagu 316 let-7g
    let-7i ugagguaguaguuugugcu 317 let-7i
    miR-1 uggaauguaaagaaguaugua 318 miR-1b; miR-1b-1;
    miR-1b-2
    miR-7 uggaagacuagugauuuuguu 319 miR-7-1; miR-7-1a;
    miR-7-2; miR-7-3
    miR-9 ucuuugguuaucuagcuguauga 320 miR-9-1; miR-9-2;
    miR-9-3
    miR-9* uaaagcuagauaaccgaaagu 321 miRr-9-1; miR-9-2;
    miR-9-3
    miR-10a uacccuguagauccgaauuugug 322 miR-10a
    miR-10b uacccuguagaaccgaauuugu 323 miR-10b
    miR-15a uagcagcacauaaugguuugug 324 miR-15a; miR-15a-2
    miR-15b uagcagcacaucaugguuuaca 325 miR-15b
    miR-16 uagcagcacguaaauauuggcg 326 miR-16-1; miR-16-2;
    miR-16-13
    miR-l7-5p caaagugcuuacagugcagguagu 327 miR-17
    miR-17-3p acugcagugaaggcacuugu 328 miR-17
    miR-18 uaaggugcaucuagugcagaua 329 miR-18; miR-18-13
    miR-19a ugugcaaaucuaugcaaaacuga 330 miR-19a; miR-19a-13
    miR-19b ugugcaaauccaugcaaaacuga 331 miR-19b-1; miR-19b-2
    miR-20 uaaagugcuuauagugcaggua 332 miR-20 (miR-20a)
    miR-21 uagcuuaucagacugauguuga 333 miR-21; miR-21-17
    miR-22 aagcugccaguugaagaacugu 334 miR-22
    miR-23a aucacauugccagggauuucc 335 miR-23a
    miR-23b aucacauugccagggauuaccac 336 miR-23b
    miR-24 uggcucaguucagcaggaacag 337 miR-24-1; miR-24-2;
    miR-24-19; miR-24-9
    miR-25 cauugcacuugucucggucuga 338 miR-25
    miR-26a uucaaguaauccaggauaggcu 339 miR-26a; miR-26a-1;
    miR-26a-2
    miR-26b uucaaguaauucaggauaggu 340 miR-26b
    miR-27a uucacaguggcuaaguuccgcc 341 miR-27a
    miR-27b uucacaguggcuaaguucug 342 miR-27b-1; miR-27b-2
    miR-28 aaggagcucacagucuauugag 343 miR-28
    miR-29a cuagcaccaucugaaaucgguu 344 miR-29a-2; miR-29a
    miR-29b uagcaccauuugaaaucagu 345 miR-29b-1; miR-29b-2
    miR-29c uagcaccauuugaaaucgguua 346 miR-29c
    miR-30a-5p uguaaacauccucgacuggaagc 347 miR-30a
    miR-30a-3p cuuucagucggauguuugcagc 348 miR-30a
    miR-30b uguaaacauccuacacucagc 349 miR-30b-1; miR-30b-2
    miR-30c uguaaacauccuacacucucagc 350 miR-30c
    miR-30d uguaaacauccccgacuggaag 351 miR-30d
    miR-30e uguaaacauccuugacugga 352 miR-30e
    miR-31 ggcaagaugcuggcauagcug 353 miR-31
    miR-32 uauugcacauuacuaaguugc 354 miR-32
    miR-33 gugcauuguaguugcauug 355 miR-33; miR-33b
    miR-34a uggcagugucuuagcugguugu 356 miR-34a
    miR-34b aggcagugucauuagcugauug 357 miR-34b
    miR-34c aggcaguguaguuagcugauug 358 miR-34c
    miR-92 uauugcacuugucccggccugu 359 miR-92-2; miR-92-1
    miR-93 aaagugcuguucgugcagguag 360 miR-93-1; miR-93-2
    miR-95 uucaacggguauuuauugagca 361 miR-95
    miR-96 uuuggcacuagcacauuuuugc 362 miR-96
    miR-98 ugagguaguaaguuguauuguu 363 miR-98
    miR-99a aacccguagauccgaucuugug 364 miR-99a
    miR-99b cacccguagaaccgaccuugcg 365 miR-99b
    miR-100 uacaguacugugauaacugaag 366 miR-100
    miR-101 uacaguacugugauaacugaag 367 miR-101-1; miR-101-2
    miR-103 agcagcauuguacagggcuauga 368 miR-103-1
    miR-105 ucaaaugcucagacuccugu 369 miR-105
    miR-106-a aaaagugcuuacagugcagguagc 370 miR-106-a
    miR-106-b uaaagugcugacagugcagau 371 miR-106-b
    miR-107 agcagcauuguacagggcuauca 372 miR-107
    miR-122a uggagugugacaaugguguuugu 373 miR-122a-1; miR-122a-2
    miR-124a uuaaggcacgcggugaaugcca 374 miR-124a-1; miR-124a-2; miR-
    124a-3
    miR-125a ucccugagacccuuuaaccugug 375 miR-125a-1; miR-125a-2
    miR-125b ucccugagacccuaacuuguga 376 miR-125b-1; miR-125b-2
    miR-126* cauuauuacuuuugguacgcg 377 miR-126-1; miR-126-2
    miR-126 ucguaccgugaguaauaaugc 378 miR-126-1; miR-126-2
    miR-127 ucggauccgucugagcuuggcu 379 miR-12-1; miR-127-2
    miR-128a ucacagugaaccggucucuuuu 380 miR-128; miR-128a
    miR-128b ucacagugaaccggucucuuuc 381 miR-128b
    miR-129 cuuuuugcggucugggcuugc 382 miR-129-1; miR-129-2
    miR-130a cagugcaauguuaaaagggc 383 miR-130a
    miR-130b cagugcaaugaugaaagggcau 384 miR-130b
    miR-132 uaacagucuacagccauggucg 385 miR-132-1
    miR-133a uugguccccuucaaccagcugu 386 miR-133a-1; miR-133a-2
    miR-133b uugguccccuucaaccagcua 387 miR-133b
    miR-134 ugugacugguugaccagaggg 388 miR-134-1; miR-134-2
    miR-135a uauggcuuuuuauuccuauguga 389 miR-135a; miR-135a-2 (miR-
    135-2)
    miR-135b uauggcuuuucauuccuaugug 390 miR-135b
    miR-136 acuccauuuguuuugaugaugga 391 miR-136-1; miR-136-2
    miR-137 uauugcuuaagaauacgcguag 392 miR-137
    miR-138 agcugguguugugaauc 393 miR-138-1; miR-138-2
    miR-139 ucuacagugcacgugucu 394 miR-139
    miR-140 agugguuuuacccuaugguag 395 miR-140; miR-140as;
    miR-140s
    miR-141 aacacugucugguaaagaugg 396 miR-141-1; miR-141-2
    miR-142-3p uguaguguuuccuacuuuaugga 397 miR-142
    miR-142-5p cauaaaguagaaagcacuac 398 miR-142
    miR-143 ugagaugaagcacuguagcuca 399 miR-143-1
    miR-144 uacaguauagaugauguacuag 400 miR-144-1; miR-144-2
    miR-145 guccaguuuucccaggaaucccuu 401 miR-145-1; miR-145-2
    miR-146 ugagaacugaauuccauggguu 402 miR-146-1; miR-146-2
    miR-147 guguguggaaaugcuucugc 403 miR-147
    miR-148a ucagugcacuacagaacuuugu 404 miR-148a (miR-148)
    miR-148b ucagugcaucacagaacuuugu 405 miR-148b
    miR-149 ucuggcuccgugucuucacucc 406 miR-149
    miR-150 ucucccaacccuuguaccagug 407 miR-150-1; miR-150-2
    miR-151 acuagacugaagcuccuugagg 408 miR-151
    miR-152 ucagugcaugacagaacuugg 409 miR-152-1; miR-152-2
    miR-153 uugcauagucacaaaaguga 410 miR-153-1-1; miR-153-1-2;
    miR-153-2-1;
    miR-153-2-2
    miR-154 uagguuauccguguugccuucg 411 miR-154-1; miR-154-2
    miR-154* aaucauacacgguugaccuauu 412 miR-154-1; miR-154-2
    miR-155 uuaaugcuaaucgugauagggg 413 miR-155
    miR-181a aacauucaacgcugucggugagu 414 miR-181a
    miR-181b aacauucauugcugucgguggguu 415 miR-181b-1; miR-181b-2
    miR-181c aacauucaaccugucggugagu 416 miR-181c
    miR-182 uuuggcaaugguagaacucaca 417 miR-182; miR-182as
    miR-182* ugguucuagacuugccaacua 418 miR-182; miR-182as
    miR-183 uauggcacugguagaauucacug 419 miR-183
    miR-184 uggacggagaacugauaagggu 420 miR-184-1; miR-184-2
    miR-185 uggagagaaaggcaguuc 421 miR-185-1; miR-185-2
    miR-186 caaagaauucuccuuuugggcuu 422 miR-186-1; miR-186-2
    miR-187 ucgugucuuguguugcagccg 423 miR-187
    miR-188 caucccuugcaugguggagggu 424 miR-188
    miR-189 gugccuacugagcugauaucagu 425 miR-189-1; miR-189-2
    miR-190 ugauauguuugauauauuaggu 426 miR-190-1; miR-190-2
    miR-191 caacggaaucccaaaagcagcu 427 miR-191-1; miR-191-2
    miR-192 cugaccuaugaauugacagcc 428 miR-192
    miR-193 aacuggccuacaaagucccag 429 miR-193-1; miR-193-2
    miR-194 uguaacagcaacuccaugugga 430 miR-194-1; miR-194-2
    miR-195 uagcagcacagaaauauuggc 431 miR-195-1; miR-195-2
    miR-196a uagguaguuucauguuguugg 432 miR-196a; miR-196a-2 (miR196
    miR-196b uagguaguuuccuguuguugg 433 miR-196b
    miR-197 uucaccaccuucuccacccagc 434 miR-197
    miR-198 gguccagaggggagauagg 435 miR-198
    miR-199a cccaguguucagacuaccuguuc 436 miR-199a-1; miR-199a-2
    miR-199a* uacaguagucugcacauugguu 437 miR-199a-1; miR-199a-2; miR-
    199s; miR-199b
    miR-199b cccaguguuuagacuaucuguuc 438 miR-199b
    miR-200a uaacacugucugguaacgaugu 439 miR-200a
    miR-200b cucuaauacugccugguaaugaug 440 miR-200b
    miR-200c aauacugccggguaaugaugga 441 miR-200c
    miR-202 agagguauagggcaugggaaga 442 miR-202
    miR-203 gugaaauguuuaggaccacuag 443 miR-203
    miR-204 uucccuuugucauccuaugccu 444 miR-204
    miR-205 uccuucauuccaccggagucug 445 miR-205
    miR-206 uggaauguaaggaagugugugg 446 miR-206-1; miR-206-2
    miR-208 auaagacgagcaaaaagcuugu 447 miR-208
    miR-210 cugugcgugugacagcggcug 448 miR-210
    miR-211 uucccuuugucauccuucgccu 449 miR-211
    miR-212 uaacagucuccagucacggcc 450 miR-212
    miR-213 accaucgaccguugauuguacc 451 miR-213
    miR-214 acagcaggcacagacaggcag 452 miR-214
    miR-215 augaccuaugaauugacagac 453 miR-215
    miR-216 uaaucucagcuggcaacugug 454 miR-216
    miR-217 uacugcaucaggaacugauuggau 455 miR-217
    miR-218 uugugcuugaucuaaccaugu 456 miR-218-1; miR-218-2
    miR-219 ugauuguccaaacgcaauucu 457 miR-219; miR-219-1;
    miR-219-2
    miR-220 ccacaccguaucugacacuuu 458 miR-220
    miR-221 agcuacauugucugcuggguuuc 459 miR-221
    miR-222 agcuacaucuggcuacugggucuc 460 miR-222
    miR-223 ugucaguuugucaaauacccc 461 miR-223
    miR-224 caagucacuagugguuccguuua 462 miR-224
    miR-296 agggcccccccucaauccugu 463 miR-296
    miR-299 ugguuuaccgucccacauacau 464 miR-299
    miR-301 cagugcaauaguauugucaaagc 465 miR-301
    miR-302a uaagugcuuccauguuuugguga 466 miR-302a
    miR-302b* acuuuaacauggaagugcuuucu 467 miR-302b
    miR-302b uaagugcuuccauguuuuaguag 468 miR-302b
    miR-302c* uuuaacauggggguaccugcug 469 miR-302c
    miR-302c uaagugcuuccauguuucagugg 470 miR-302c
    miR-302d uaagugcuuccauguuugagugu 471 miR-302d
    miR-320 aaaagcuggguugagagggcgaa 472 miR-320
    miR-321 uaagccagggauuguggguuc 473 miR-321
    miR-323 gcacauuacacggucgaccucu 474 miR-323
    miR-324-5p cgcauccccuagggcauuggugu 475 miR-324
    miR-324-3p ccacugccccaggugcugcugg 476 miR-324
    miR-325 ccuaguagguguccaguaagu 477 miR-325
    miR-326 ccucugggcccuuccuccag 478 miR-326
    miR-328 cuggcccucucugcccuuccgu 479 miR-328
    miR-330 gcaaagcacacggccugcagaga 480 miR-330
    miR-331 gccccugggccuauccuagaa 481 miR-331
    miR-335 ucaagagcaauaacgaaaaaugu 482 miR-335
    miR-337 uccagcuccuauaugaugccuuu 483 miR-337
    miR-338 uccagcaucagugauuuuguuga 484 miR-338
    miR-339 ucccuguccuccaggagcuca 485 miR-339
    miR-340 uccgucucaguuacuuuauagcc 486 miR-340
    miR-342 ucucacacagaaaucgcacccguc 487 miR-342
    miR-345 ugcugacuccuaguccagggc 488 miR-345
    miR-346 ugucugcccgcaugccugccucu 489 miR-346
    miR-367 aauugcacuuuagcaaugguga 490 miR-367
    miR-368 acauagaggaaauuccacguuu 491 miR-368
    miR-369 aauaauacaugguugaucuuu 492 miR-369
    miR-370 gccugcugggguggaaccugg 493 miR-370
    miR-371 gugccgccaucuuuugagugu 494 miR-371
    miR-372 aaagugcugcgacauuugagcgu 495 miR-372
    miR-373* acucaaaaugggggcgcuuucc 496 miR-373
    miR-373 gaagugcuucgauuuuggggugu 497 miR-373
    miR-374 uuauaauacaaccugauaagug 498 miR-374
  • The present invention encompasses methods of diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, a solid cancer, comprising measuring the level of at least one miR gene product in a test sample from the subject and comparing the level of the miR gene product in the test sample to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample. As used herein, a “subject” can be any mammal that has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer. In a preferred embodiment, the subject is a human who has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer.
  • In one embodiment, the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the miR gene product is miR-21, miR-191 or miR-17-5p. In another embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In an additional embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-182, miR-181, miR-30, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-195, miR-34, miR-153, miR-21, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-211, miR-143, miR-96, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129, miR-9, miR-137, miR-217, miR-186.
  • The solid cancer can be any cancer that arises from organs and solid tissues. Such cancers are typically associated with the formation and/or presence of tumor masses and can be carcinomas, sarcomas and lymphomas. Specific examples of solid cancers to be diagnosed by the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach (gastric) cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, bronchial cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, penile cancer, melanoma and other skin cancers, liver cancer, esophogeal cancer, cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (e.g., tongue cancer, mouth cancer), cancers of the digestive system (e.g., intestinal cancer, gall bladder cancer), bone and joint cancers, cancers of the endocrine system (e.g., thyroid cancer), brain cancer, eye cancer, cancers of the urinary system (e.g., kidney cancer, urinary bladder cancer), Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In particular embodiments, the solid cancer is not one or more of breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer or gastrointestinal cancer.
  • In one embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer or lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-210, miR-213 and a combination thereof.
  • In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer or pancreas cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is miR-218-2.
  • In a certain embodiment of the invention, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, miR-145, miR-21 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-29b-2, miR-146, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-10b, miR-145, miR-181a, miR-140, miR-213, miR-29a prec, miR-181b-1, miR-199b, miR-29b-1, miR-130a, miR-155, let-7a-2, miR-205, miR-29c, miR-224, miR-100, miR-31, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-210, miR-122a, miR-16-2 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-145, miR-21, miR-155, miR-10b, miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, let7a-2, let7a-3, let-7d, miR-122a, miR-191, miR-206, miR-210, let-7i, miR-009-1 (miR131-1), miR-34 (miR-170), miR-102 (miR-29b), miR-123 (miR-126), miR-140-as, miR-125a, miR-194, miR-204, miR-213, let-7f-2, miR-101, miR-128b, miR-136, miR-143, miR-149, miR-191, miR-196-1, miR-196-2, miR-202, miR-103-1, or miR-30c. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, let-7i, miR-100, let-7g, miR-31, miR-32a-1, miR-33b, miR-34a-2, miR-101-1, miR-135-1, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-144, miR-301, miR-29c, miR-30c, miR-106a, or miR-29b-1. In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is breast cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • In another embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer and the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-24-1, miR-29b-2, miR-20a, miR-10a, miR-32, miR-203, miR-106a, miR-17-5p, miR-30c, miR-223, miR-126*, miR-128b, miR-21, miR-24-2, miR-99b prec, miR-155, miR-213, miR-150, miR-107, miR-191, miR-221, miR-9-3 and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is colon cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-205, miR-200b, miR-9-1, miR-210, miR-148, miR-141, miR-132, miR-215, miR-128b, let-7g, miR-16-2, miR-129-1/2 prec, miR-126*, miR-142-as, miR-30d, miR-30a-5p, miR-7-2, miR-199a-1, miR-127, miR-34a prec, miR-34a, miR-136, miR-202, miR-196-2, miR-199a-2, let-7a-2, miR-124a-1, miR-149, miR-17-5p, miR-196-1 prec, miR-10a, miR-99b prec, miR-196-1, miR-199b, miR-191, miR-195, miR-155 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-191, miR-126*, miR-210, miR-155, miR-143, miR-205, miR-126, miR-30a-5p, miR-140, miR-214, miR-218-2, miR-145, miR-106a, miR-192, miR-203, miR-150, miR-220, miR-192, miR-224, miR-24-2, miR-212, miR-9, miR-17, miR-124a-1, miR-95, miR-198, miR-216, miR-219-1, miR-197, miR-125a, miR-26a-1, miR-146, miR-199b, let7a-2, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-29b-2, miR-33, miR-181c, miR-101-1, miR-124a-3, miR-125b-1 or let7f-1. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the at least one miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-182, miR-181, miR-30, miR-15a, miR-143, miR-205, miR-96, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129, miR-137, miR-186, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-195, miR-34, miR-153, miR-217, miR-204, miR-211, miR-9, miR-217, let-7a-2 or miR-32. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not let-7c, let-7g, miR-7-3, miR-210, miR-31, miR-34a-1, miR-a-2, miR-99a, miR-100, miR-125b-2, miR-132, miR-135-1, miR-195, miR-34, miR-123, miR-203. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is lung cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the at least one miR gene product measured in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-1, miR-103-2, miR-155, miR-204 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-103-2, miR-103-1, miR-24-2, miR-107, miR-100, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1, miR-24-1, miR-191, miR-23a, miR-26a-1, miR-125a, miR-130a, miR-26b, miR-145, miR-221, miR-126*, miR-16-2, miR-146, miR-214, miR-99b, miR-128b, miR-155, miR-29b-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-16-1, miR-99a, miR-224, miR-30d, miR-92-2, miR-199a-1, miR-223, miR-29c, miR-30b, miR-129-1/2, miR-197, miR-17-5p, miR-30c, miR-7-1, miR-93-1, miR-140, miR-30a-5p, miR-132, miR-181b-1, miR-152 prec, miR-23b, miR-20a, miR-222, miR-27a, miR-92-1, miR-21, miR-129-1/2 prec, miR-150, miR-32, miR-106a, miR-29b-1 and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is pancreatic cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • In another embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of let-7d, miR-128a prec, miR-195, miR-203, let-7a-2 prec, miR-34a, miR-20a, miR-218-2, miR-29a, miR-25, miR-95, miR-197, miR-135-2, miR-187, miR-196-1, miR-148, miR-191, miR-21, let-7i, miR-198, miR-199a-2, miR-30c, miR-17-5p, miR-92-2, miR-146, miR-181b-1 prec, miR-32, miR-206, miR-184 prec, miR-29a prec, miR-29b-2, miR-149, miR-181b-1, miR-196-1 prec, miR-93-1, miR-223, miR-16-1, miR-101-1, miR-124a-1, miR-26a-1, miR-214, miR-27a, miR-24-1, miR-106a, miR-199a-1 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is prostate cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product in the test sample is selected from the group consisting of miR-223, miR-21, miR-218-2, miR-103-2, miR-92-2, miR-25, miR-136, miR-191, miR-221, miR-125b-2, miR-103-1, miR-214, miR-222, miR-212 prec, miR-125b-1, miR-100, miR-107, miR-92-1, miR-96, miR-192, miR-23a, miR-215, miR-7-2, miR-138-2, miR-24-1, miR-99b, miR-33b, miR-24-2 and combinations thereof. In a related embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. hi an additional embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the solid cancer is stomach cancer and the miR gene product is not miR-181b, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-153-1, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-129-2, miR-9 or miR-137.
  • The level of at least one miR gene product can be measured in a biological sample (e.g., cells, tissues) obtained from the subject. For example, a tissue sample (e.g., from a tumor) can be removed from a subject suspected of having a solid cancer by conventional biopsy techniques. In another embodiment, a blood sample can be removed from the subject, and blood cells (e.g., white blood cells) can be isolated for DNA extraction by standard techniques. The blood or tissue sample is preferably obtained from the subject prior to initiation of radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other therapeutic treatment. A corresponding control tissue or blood sample can be obtained from unaffected tissues of the subject, from a normal human individual or population of normal individuals, or from cultured cells corresponding to the majority of cells in the subject's sample. The control tissue or blood sample is then processed along with the sample from the subject, so that the levels of miR gene product produced from a given miR gene in cells from the subject's sample can be compared to the corresponding miR gene product levels from cells of the control sample. A reference miR expression standard for the biological sample can also be used as a control.
  • An alteration (e.g., an increase or decrease) in the level of a miR gene product in the sample obtained from the subject, relative to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample, is indicative of the presence of a solid cancer in the subject. In one embodiment, the level of the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is greater than the level of the corresponding miR gene product in the control sample (i.e., expression of the miR gene product is “up-regulated”). As used herein, expression of a miR gene product is “up-regulated” when the amount of miR gene product in a cell or tissue sample from a subject is greater than the amount of the same gene product in a control cell or tissue sample. In another embodiment, the level of the at least one miR gene product in the test sample is less than the level of the corresponding miR gene product in the control sample (i.e., expression of the miR gene product is “down-regulated”). As used herein, expression of a miR gene is “down-regulated” when the amount of miR gene product produced from that gene in a cell or tissue sample from a subject is less than the amount produced from the same gene in a control cell or tissue sample. The relative miR gene expression in the control and normal samples can be determined with respect to one or more RNA expression standards. The standards can comprise, for example, a zero miR gene expression level, the miR gene expression level in a standard cell line, the miR gene expression level in unaffected tissues of the subject, or the average level of miR gene expression previously obtained for a population of normal human controls.
  • The level of a miR gene product in a sample can be measured using any technique that is suitable for detecting RNA expression levels in a biological sample. Suitable techniques (e.g., Northern blot analysis, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization) for determining RNA expression levels in a biological sample (e.g., cells, tissues) are well known to those of skill in the art. In a particular embodiment, the level of at least one miR gene product is detected using Northern blot analysis. For example, total cellular RNA can be purified from cells by homogenization in the presence of nucleic acid extraction buffer, followed by centrifugation. Nucleic acids are precipitated, and DNA is removed by treatment with DNase and precipitation. The RNA molecules are then separated by gel electrophoresis on agarose gels according to standard techniques, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters. The RNA is then immobilized on the filters by heating. Detection and quantification of specific RNA is accomplished using appropriately labeled DNA or RNA probes complementary to the RNA in question. See, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapter 7, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
  • Suitable probes for Northern blot hybridization of a given miR gene product can be produced from the nucleic acid sequences provided in Table 1a and Table 1b and include, but are not limited to, probes having at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or complete complementarity to a miR gene product of interest. Methods for preparation of labeled DNA and RNA probes, and the conditions for hybridization thereof to target nucleotide sequences, are described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook et al., eds., 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, Chapters 10 and 11, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • For example, the nucleic acid probe can be labeled with, e.g., a radionuclide, such as 3H, 32P, 33P, 14C, or 35S; a heavy metal; a ligand capable of functioning as a specific binding pair member for a labeled ligand (e.g., biotin, avidin or an antibody); a fluorescent molecule; a chemiluminescent molecule; an enzyme or the like.
  • Probes can be labeled to high specific activity by either the nick translation method of Rigby et al. (1977), J. Mol. Biol. 113:237-251 or by the random priming method of Fienberg et al. (1983), Anal. Biochem. 132:6-13, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The latter is the method of choice for synthesizing 32P-labeled probes of high specific activity from single-stranded DNA or from RNA templates. For example, by replacing preexisting nucleotides with highly radioactive nucleotides according to the nick translation method, it is possible to prepare 32P-labeled nucleic acid probes with a specific activity well in excess of 108 cpm/microgram. Autoradiographic detection of hybridization can then be performed by exposing hybridized filters to photographic film. Densitometric scanning of the photographic films exposed by the hybridized filters provides an accurate measurement of miR gene transcript levels. Using another approach, miR gene transcript levels can be quantified by computerized imaging systems, such as the Molecular Dynamics 400-B 2D Phosphorimager available from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.
  • Where radionuclide labeling of DNA or RNA probes is not practical, the random-primer method can be used to incorporate an analogue, for example, the dTTP analogue 5-(N-(N-biotinyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl)-3-aminoallyl)deoxyuridine triphosphate, into the probe molecule. The biotinylated probe oligonucleotide can be detected by reaction with biotin-binding proteins, such as avidin, streptavidin, and antibodies (e.g., anti-biotin antibodies) coupled to fluorescent dyes or enzymes that produce color reactions.
  • In addition to Northern and other RNA hybridization techniques, determining the levels of RNA transcripts can be accomplished using the technique of in situ hybridization. This technique requires fewer cells than the Northern blotting technique, and involves depositing whole cells onto a microscope cover slip and probing the nucleic acid content of the cell with a solution containing radioactive or otherwise labeled nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA or RNA) probes. This technique is particularly well-suited for analyzing tissue biopsy samples from subjects. The practice of the in situ hybridization technique is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,916, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable probes for in situ hybridization of a given miR gene product can be produced from the nucleic acid sequences provided in Table 1a and Table 1b, and include, but are not limited to, probes having at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or complete complementarity to a miR gene product of interest, as described above.
  • The relative number of miR gene transcripts in cells can also be determined by reverse transcription of miR gene transcripts, followed by amplification of the reverse-transcribed transcripts by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of miR gene transcripts can be quantified in comparison with an internal standard, for example, the level of mRNA from a “housekeeping” gene present in the same sample. A suitable “housekeeping” gene for use as an internal standard includes, e.g., myosin or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). Methods for performing quantitative and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and variations thereof, are well known to those of skill in the art.
  • In some instances, it may be desirable to simultaneously determine the expression level of a plurality of different miR gene products in a sample. In other instances, it may be desirable to determine the expression level of the transcripts of all known miR genes correlated with a cancer. Assessing cancer-specific expression levels for hundreds of miR genes or gene products is time consuming and requires a large amount of total RNA (e.g., at least 20 μg for each Northern blot) and autoradiographic techniques that require radioactive isotopes.
  • To overcome these limitations, an oligolibrary, in microchip format (i.e., a microarray), may be constructed containing a set of oligonucleotide (e.g., oligodeoxynucleotides) probes that are specific for a set of miR genes. Using such a microarray, the expression level of multiple microRNAs in a biological sample can be determined by reverse transcribing the RNAs to generate a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, and hybridizing them to probe the oligonucleotides on the microarray to generate a hybridization, or expression, profile. The hybridization profile of the test sample can then be compared to that of a control sample to determine which microRNAs have an altered expression level in solid cancer cells. As used herein, “probe oligonucleotide” or “probe oligodeoxynucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide that is capable of hybridizing to a target oligonucleotide. “Target oligonucleotide” or “target oligodeoxynucleotide” refers to a molecule to be detected (e.g., via hybridization). By “miR-specific probe oligonucleotide” or “probe oligonucleotide specific for a miR” is meant a probe oligonucleotide that has a sequence selected to hybridize to a specific miR gene product, or to a reverse transcript of the specific miR gene product.
  • An “expression profile” or “hybridization profile” of a particular sample is essentially a fingerprint of the state of the sample; while two states may have any particular gene similarly expressed, the evaluation of a number of genes simultaneously allows the generation of a gene expression profile that is unique to the state of the cell. That is, normal tissue may be distinguished from cancerous (e.g., tumor) tissue, and within cancerous tissue, different prognosis states (for example, good or poor long term survival prospects) may be determined. By comparing expression profiles of solid cancer tissue in different states, information regarding which genes are important (including both up- and down-regulation of genes) in each of these states is obtained. The identification of sequences that are differentially expressed in solid cancer tissue, as well as differential expression resulting in different prognostic outcomes, allows the use of this information in a number of ways. For example, a particular treatment regime may be evaluated (e.g., to determine whether a chemotherapeutic drug acts to improve the long-term prognosis in a particular patient). Similarly, diagnosis may be done or confirmed by comparing patient samples with known expression profiles. Furthermore, these gene expression profiles (or individual genes) allow screening of drug candidates that suppress the solid cancer expression profile or convert a poor prognosis profile to a better prognosis profile.
  • Accordingly, the invention provides methods of diagnosing whether a subject has, or is at risk for developing, a solid cancer, comprising reverse transcribing RNA from a test sample obtained from the subject to provide a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, hybridizing the target oligodeoxynucleotides to a microarray comprising miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides to provide a hybridization profile for the test sample, and comparing the test sample hybridization profile to a hybridization profile generated from a control sample or reference standard, wherein an alteration in the signal of at least one miRNA is indicative of the subject either having, or being at risk for developing, a solid cancer. In one embodiment, the microarray comprises miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides for a substantial portion of all known human miRNAs. In a particular embodiment, the microarray comprises miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides for one or more miRNAs selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • The microarray can be prepared from gene-specific oligonucleotide probes generated from known miRNA sequences. The array may contain two different oligonucleotide probes for each miRNA, one containing the active, mature sequence and the other being specific for the precursor of the miRNA. The array may also contain controls, such as one or more mouse sequences differing from human orthologs by only a few bases, which can serve as controls for hybridization stringency conditions. tRNAs or other RNAs (e.g., rRNAs, mRNAs) from both species may also be printed on the microchip, providing an internal, relatively stable, positive control for specific hybridization. One or more appropriate controls for non-specific hybridization may also be included on the microchip. For this purpose, sequences are selected based upon the absence of any homology with any known miRNAs.
  • The microarray may be fabricated using techniques known in the art. For example, probe oligonucleotides of an appropriate length, e.g., 40 nucleotides, are 5′-amine modified at position C6 and printed using commercially available microarray systems, e.g., the GeneMachine OmniGrid™ 100 Microarrayer and Amersham CodeLink™ activated slides. Labeled cDNA oligomer corresponding to the target RNAs is prepared by reverse transcribing the target RNA with labeled primer. Following first strand synthesis, the RNA/DNA hybrids are denatured to degrade the RNA templates. The labeled target cDNAs thus prepared are then hybridized to the microarray chip under hybridizing conditions, e.g., 6×SSPE/30% formamide at 25° C. for 18 hours, followed by washing in 0.75×TNT (Tris HCl/NaCl/Tween 20) at 37° C. for 40 minutes. At positions on the array where the immobilized probe DNA recognizes a complementary target cDNA in the sample, hybridization occurs. The labeled target cDNA marks the exact position on the array where binding occurs, allowing automatic detection and quantification. The output consists of a list of hybridization events, indicating the relative abundance of specific cDNA sequences, and therefore the relative abundance of the corresponding complementary miRs, in the patient sample. According to one embodiment, the labeled cDNA oligomer is a biotin-labeled cDNA, prepared from a biotin-labeled primer. The microarray is then processed by direct detection of the biotin-containing transcripts using, e.g., Streptavidin-A1exa647 conjugate, and scanned utilizing conventional scanning methods. Image intensities of each spot on the array are proportional to the abundance of the corresponding miR in the patient sample.
  • The use of the array has several advantages for miRNA expression detection. First, the global expression of several hundred genes can be identified in the same sample at one time point. Second, through careful design of the oligonucleotide probes, expression of both mature and precursor molecules can be identified. Third, in comparison with Northern blot analysis, the chip requires a small amount of RNA, and provides reproducible results using 2.5 μg of total RNA. The relatively limited number of miRNAs (a few hundred per species) allows the construction of a common microarray for several species, with distinct oligonucleotide probes for each. Such a tool would allow for analysis of trans-species expression for each known miR under various conditions.
  • In addition to use for quantitative expression level assays of specific miRs, a microchip containing miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides corresponding to a substantial portion of the miRNome, preferably the entire miRNome, may be employed to carry out miR gene expression profiling, for analysis of miR expression patterns. Distinct miR signatures can be associated with established disease markers, or directly with a disease state.
  • According to the expression profiling methods described herein, total RNA from a sample from a subject suspected of having a cancer (e.g., a solid cancer) is quantitatively reverse transcribed to provide a set of labeled target oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the RNA in the sample. The target oligodeoxynucleotides are then hybridized to a microarray comprising miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides to provide a hybridization profile for the sample. The result is a hybridization profile for the sample representing the expression pattern of miRNA in the sample. The hybridization profile comprises the signal from the binding of the target oligodeoxynucleotides from the sample to the miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides in the microarray. The profile may be recorded as the presence or absence of binding (signal vs. zero signal). More preferably, the profile recorded includes the intensity of the signal from each hybridization. The profile is compared to the hybridization profile generated from a normal, i.e., noncancerous, control sample. An alteration in the signal is indicative of the presence of, or propensity to develop, cancer in the subject.
  • Other techniques for measuring miR gene expression are also within the skill in the art, and include various techniques for measuring rates of RNA transcription and degradation.
  • The invention also provides methods of determining the prognosis of a subject with a solid cancer, comprising measuring the level of at least one miR gene product, which is associated with a particular prognosis in a solid cancer (e.g., a good or positive prognosis, a poor or adverse prognosis), in a test sample from the subject. According to these methods, an alteration in the level of a miR gene product that is associated with a particular prognosis in the test sample, as compared to the level of a corresponding miR gene product in a control sample, is indicative of the subject having a solid cancer with a particular prognosis. In one embodiment, the miR gene product is associated with an adverse (i.e., poor) prognosis. Examples of an adverse prognosis include, but are not limited to, low survival rate and rapid disease progression. In certain embodiments, the level of the at least one miR gene product is measured by reverse transcribing RNA from a test sample obtained from the subject to provide a set of target oligodeoxynucleotides, hybridizing the target oligodeoxynucleotides to a microarray that comprises miRNA-specific probe oligonucleotides to provide a hybridization profile for the test sample, and comparing the test sample hybridization profile to a hybridization profile generated from a control sample.
  • Without wishing to be bound by any one theory, it is believed that alterations in the level of one or more miR gene products in cells can result in the deregulation of one or more intended targets for these miRs, which can lead to the formation of solid cancers. Therefore, altering the level of the miR gene product (e.g., by decreasing the level of a miR gene product that is up-regulated in solid cancer cells, by increasing the level of a miR gene product that is down-regulated in solid cancer cells) may successfully treat the solid cancer.
  • Accordingly, the present invention encompasses methods of inhibiting tumorigenesis in a subject who has, or is suspected of having, a solid cancer wherein at least one miR gene product is deregulated (e.g., down-regulated, up-regulated) in the cancer cells of the subject. When the at least one isolated miR gene product is down-regulated in the cancer cells (e.g., miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2), the method comprises administering an effective amount of the at least one isolated miR gene product, or an isolated variant or biologically-active fragment thereof, such that proliferation of cancer cells in the subject is inhibited. In one embodiment, the isolated miR gene product that is administered is not miR-15a or miR-16-1. In another embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR 159-1 or miR-192. In an additional embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-186, miR-101-1, miR-194, miR-215, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-93, miR-29b, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-182s, miR-182as, miR-183, miR-129-1, let-7a-1, let-7d, let-7f-1, miR-23b, miR-24-1, miR-27b, miR-32, miR-159-1, miR-192, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, miR-100, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-190, miR-21, miR-301, miR-142s, miR-142as, miR-105-1, or miR-175. In a further embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-301, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-194, miR-215, or miR-32. In another embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-148, miR-10a, miR-196-1, miR-152, miR-196-2, miR-148b, miR-10b, miR-129-1, miR-153-2, miR-202, miR-139, let-7a, let-7f, or let-7d. In yet another embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-30, miR-15b, miR-16-2, miR-217, miR-205, miR-204, miR-103, miR-107, miR-9, and miR-137. In a further embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-145, miR-21, miR-155, miR-10b, miR-125b-1, miR-125b-2, let7a-2, let7a-3, let-7d, miR-122a, miR-191, miR-206, miR-210, let-7i, miR-009-1 (miR131-1), miR-34 (miR-170), miR-102 (miR-29b), miR-123 (miR-126), miR-140-as, miR-125a, miR-194, miR-204, miR-213, let-7f-2, miR-101, miR-128b, miR-136, miR-143, miR-149, miR-191, miR-196-1, miR-196-2, miR-202, miR-103-1, or miR-30c. In another embodiment, the miR gene product is not miR-21, miR-125b-1, let-7a-2, let-7i, miR-100, let-7g, miR-31, miR-32a-1, miR-33b, miR-34a-2, miR-101-1, miR-135-1, miR-142as, miR-142s, miR-144, miR-301, miR-29c, miR-30c, miR-106a, or miR-29b-1.
  • For example, when a miR gene product is down-regulated in a cancer cell in a subject, administering an effective amount of an isolated miR gene product to the subject can inhibit proliferation of the cancer cell. The isolated miR gene product that is administered to the subject can be identical to the endogenous wild-type miR gene product (e.g., a miR gene product shown in Table 1a or Table 1b) that is down-regulated in the cancer cell or it can be a variant or biologically-active fragment thereof. As defined herein, a “variant” of a miR gene product refers to a miRNA that has less than 100% identity to a corresponding wild-type miR gene product and possesses one or more biological activities of the corresponding wild-type miR gene product. Examples of such biological activities include, but are not limited to, inhibition of expression of a target RNA molecule (e.g., inhibiting translation of a target RNA molecule, modulating the stability of a target RNA molecule, inhibiting processing of a target RNA molecule) and inhibition of a cellular process associated with solid cancer (e.g., cell differentiation, cell growth, cell death). These variants include species variants and variants that are the consequence of one or more mutations (e.g., a substitution, a deletion, an insertion) in a miR gene. In certain embodiments, the variant is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to a corresponding wild-type miR gene product.
  • As defined herein, a “biologically-active fragment” of a miR gene product refers to an RNA fragment of a miR gene product that possesses one or more biological activities of a corresponding wild-type miR gene product. As described above, examples of such biological activities include, but are not limited to, inhibition of expression of a target RNA molecule and inhibition of a cellular process associated with solid cancer. In certain embodiments, the biologically-active fragment is at least about 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, or 17 nucleotides in length. In a particular embodiment, an isolated miR gene product can be administered to a subject in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer treatments. Suitable anti-cancer treatments include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and combinations thereof (e.g., chemoradiation).
  • When the at least one isolated miR gene product is up-regulated in the cancer cells, the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one compound for inhibiting expression of the at least one miR gene product, referred to herein as miR gene expression-inhibition compounds, such that proliferation of solid cancer cells is inhibited. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene product selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof. A miR gene expression-inhibiting compound can be administered to a subject in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer treatments. Suitable anti-cancer treatments include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and combinations thereof (e.g., chemoradiation).
  • The terms “treat”, “treating” and “treatment”, as used herein, refer to ameliorating symptoms associated with a disease or condition, for example, a solid cancer, including preventing or delaying the onset of the disease symptoms, and/or lessening the severity or frequency of symptoms of the disease or condition. The terms “subject”, “patient” and “individual” are defined herein to include animals, such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates, cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice or other bovine, ovine, equine, canine, feline, rodent, or murine species. In a preferred embodiment, the animal is a human.
  • As used herein, an “effective amount” of an isolated miR gene product is an amount sufficient to inhibit proliferation of a cancer cell in a subject suffering from a solid cancer. One skilled in the art can readily determine an effective amount of a miR gene product to be administered to a given subject, by taking into account factors, such as the size and weight of the subject; the extent of disease penetration; the age, health and sex of the subject; the route of administration; and whether the administration is regional or systemic.
  • For example, an effective amount of an isolated miR gene product can be based on the approximate weight of a tumor mass to be treated. The approximate weight of a tumor mass can be determined by calculating the approximate volume of the mass, wherein one cubic centimeter of volume is roughly equivalent to one gram. An effective amount of the isolated miR gene product based on the weight of a tumor mass can be in the range of about 10-500 micrograms/gram of tumor mass. In certain embodiments, the tumor mass can be at least about 10 micrograms/gram of tumor mass, at least about 60 micrograms/gram of tumor mass or at least about 100 micrograms/gram of tumor mass.
  • An effective amount of an isolated miR gene product can also be based on the approximate or estimated body weight of a subject to be treated. Preferably, such effective amounts are administered parenterally or enterally, as described herein. For example, an effective amount of the isolated miR gene product is administered to a subject can range from about 5-3000 micrograms/kg of body weight, from about 700-1000 micrograms/kg of body weight, or greater than about 1000 micrograms/kg of body weight.
  • One skilled in the art can also readily determine an appropriate dosage regimen for the administration of an isolated miR gene product to a given subject. For example, a miR gene product can be administered to the subject once (e.g., as a single injection or deposition). Alternatively, a miR gene product can be administered once or twice daily to a subject for a period of from about three to about twenty-eight days, more particularly from about seven to about ten days. In a particular dosage regimen, a miR gene product is administered once a day for seven days. Where a dosage regimen comprises multiple administrations, it is understood that the effective amount of the miR gene product administered to the subject can comprise the total amount of gene product administered over the entire dosage regimen.
  • As used herein, an “isolated” miR gene product is one that is synthesized, or altered or removed from the natural state through human intervention. For example, a synthetic miR gene product, or a miR gene product partially or completely separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state, is considered to be “isolated.” An isolated miR gene product can exist in substantially-purified form, or can exist in a cell into which the miR gene product has been delivered. Thus, a miR gene product that is deliberately delivered to, or expressed in, a cell is considered an “isolated” miR gene product. A miR gene product produced inside a cell from a miR precursor molecule is also considered to be an “isolated” molecule. According to the invention, the isolated miR gene products described herein can be used for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a solid cancer in a subject (e.g., a human).
  • Isolated miR gene products can be obtained using a number of standard techniques. For example, the miR gene products can be chemically synthesized or recombinantly produced using methods known in the art. In one embodiment, miR gene products are chemically synthesized using appropriately protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites and a conventional DNA/RNA synthesizer. Commercial suppliers of synthetic RNA molecules or synthesis reagents include, e.g., Proligo (Hamburg, Germany), Dharmacon Research (Lafayette, Colo., U.S.A.), Pierce Chemical (part of Perbio Science, Rockford, Ill., U.S.A.), Glen Research (Sterling, Va., U.S.A.), ChemGenes (Ashland, Mass., U.S.A.) and Cruachem (Glasgow, UK).
  • Alternatively, the miR gene products can be expressed from recombinant circular or linear DNA plasmids using any suitable promoter. Suitable promoters for expressing RNA from a plasmid include, e.g., the U6 or H1 RNA pol III promoter sequences, or the cytomegalovirus promoters. Selection of other suitable promoters is within the skill in the art. The recombinant plasmids of the invention can also comprise inducible or regulatable promoters for expression of the miR gene products in cancer cells.
  • The miR gene products that are expressed from recombinant plasmids can be isolated from cultured cell expression systems by standard techniques. The miR gene products that are expressed from recombinant plasmids can also be delivered to, and expressed directly in, the cancer cells. The use of recombinant plasmids to deliver the miR gene products to cancer cells is discussed in more detail below.
  • The miR gene products can be expressed from a separate recombinant plasmid, or they can be expressed from the same recombinant plasmid. In one embodiment, the miR gene products are expressed as RNA precursor molecules from a single plasmid, and the precursor molecules are processed into the functional miR gene product by a suitable processing system, including, but not limited to, processing systems extant within a cancer cell. Other suitable processing systems include, e.g., the in vitro Drosophila cell lysate system (e.g., as described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002/0086356 to Tuschl et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) and the E. coli RNAse III system (e.g., as described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004/0014113 to Yang et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).
  • Selection of plasmids suitable for expressing the miR gene products, methods for inserting nucleic acid sequences into the plasmid to express the gene products, and methods of delivering the recombinant plasmid to the cells of interest are within the skill in the art. See, for example, Zeng et al. (2002), Molecular Cell 9:1327-1333; Tuschl (2002), Nat. Biotechnol, 20:446-448; Brummelkamp et al. (2002), Science 296:550-553; Miyagishi et al. (2002), Nat. Biotechnol. 20:497-500; Paddison et al. (2002), Genes Dev. 16:948-958; Lee et al. (2002), Nat. Biotechnol. 20:500-505; and Paul et al. (2002), Nat. Biotechnol. 20:505-508, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • In one embodiment, a plasmid expressing the miR gene products comprises a sequence encoding a miR precursor RNA under the control of the CMV intermediate-early promoter. As used herein, “under the control” of a promoter means that the nucleic acid sequences encoding the miR gene product are located 3′ of the promoter, so that the promoter can initiate transcription of the miR gene product coding sequences.
  • The miR gene products can also be expressed from recombinant viral vectors. It is contemplated that the miR gene products can be expressed from two separate recombinant viral vectors, or from the same viral vector. The RNA expressed from the recombinant viral vectors can either be isolated from cultured cell expression systems by standard techniques, or can be expressed directly in cancer cells. The use of recombinant viral vectors to deliver the miR gene products to cancer cells is discussed in more detail below.
  • The recombinant viral vectors of the invention comprise sequences encoding the miR gene products and any suitable promoter for expressing the RNA sequences. Suitable promoters include, but are not limited to, the U6 or H1 RNA pol III promoter sequences, or the cytomegalovirus promoters. Selection of other suitable promoters is within the skill in the art. The recombinant viral vectors of the invention can also comprise inducible or regulatable promoters for expression of the miR gene products in a cancer cell.
  • Any viral vector capable of accepting the coding sequences for the miR gene products can be used; for example, vectors derived from adenovirus (AV); adeno-associated virus (AAV); retroviruses (e.g., lentiviruses (LV), Rhabdoviruses, murine leukemia virus); herpes virus, and the like. The tropism of the viral vectors can be modified by pseudotyping the vectors with envelope proteins or other surface antigens from other viruses, or by substituting different viral capsid proteins, as appropriate.
  • For example, lentiviral vectors of the invention can be pseudotyped with surface proteins from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), rabies, Ebola, Mokola, and the like. AAV vectors of the invention can be made to target different cells by engineering the vectors to express different capsid protein serotypes. For example, an AAV vector expressing a serotype 2 capsid on a serotype 2 genome is called AAV 2/2. This serotype 2 capsid gene in the AAV 2/2 vector can be replaced by a serotype 5 capsid gene to produce an AAV 2/5 vector. Techniques for constructing AAV vectors that express different capsid protein serotypes are within the skill in the art; see, e.g., Rabinowitz, J. E., et al. (2002), J. Virol. 76:791-801, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Selection of recombinant viral vectors suitable for use in the invention, methods for inserting nucleic acid sequences for expressing RNA into the vector, methods of delivering the viral vector to the cells of interest, and recovery of the expressed RNA products are within the skill in the art. See, for example, Dornburg (1995), Gene Therapy 2:301-310; Eglitis (1988), Biotechniques 6:608-614; Miller (1990), Hum. Gene Therapy 1:5-14; and Anderson (1998), Nature 392:25-30, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Particularly suitable viral vectors are those derived from AV and AAV. A suitable AV vector for expressing the miR gene products, a method for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and a method for delivering the vector into target cells, are described in Xia et al. (2002), Nat. Biotech. 20:1006-1010, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable AAV vectors for expressing the miR gene products, methods for constructing the recombinant AAV vector, and methods for delivering the vectors into target cells are described in Samulski et al. (1987), J. Virol. 61 :3096-3101; Fisher et al. (1996), J. Virol., 70:520-532; Samulski et al. (1989), J. Virol. 63:3822-3826; U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,479; U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941; International Patent Application No. WO 94/13788; and International Patent Application No. WO 93/24641, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the miR gene products are expressed from a single recombinant AAV vector comprising the CMV intermediate early promoter.
  • In a certain embodiment, a recombinant AAV viral vector of the invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a miR precursor RNA in operable connection with a polyT termination sequence under the control of a human U6 RNA promoter. As used herein, “in operable connection with a polyT termination sequence” means that the nucleic acid sequences encoding the sense or antisense strands are immediately adjacent to the polyT termination signal in the 5′ direction. During transcription of the miR sequences from the vector, the polyT termination signals act to terminate transcription.
  • In other embodiments of the treatment methods of the invention, an effective amount of at least one compound that inhibits miR expression can be administered to the subject. As used herein, “inhibiting miR expression” means that the production of the precursor and/or active, mature form of miR gene product after treatment is less than the amount produced prior to treatment. One skilled in the art can readily determine whether miR expression has been inhibited in a cancer cell, using, for example, the techniques for determining miR transcript level discussed above for the diagnostic method. Inhibition can occur at the level of gene expression (i.e., by inhibiting transcription of a miR gene encoding the miR gene product) or at the level of processing (e.g., by inhibiting processing of a miR precursor into a mature, active miR).
  • As used herein, an “effective amount” of a compound that inhibits miR expression is an amount sufficient to inhibit proliferation of a cancer cell in a subject suffering from a cancer (e.g., a solid cancer). One skilled in the art can readily determine an effective amount of a miR expression-inhibition compound to be administered to a given subject, by taking into account factors, such as the size and weight of the subject; the extent of disease penetration; the age, health and sex of the subject; the route of administration; and whether the administration is regional or systemic.
  • For example, an effective amount of the expression-inhibition compound can be based on the approximate weight of a tumor mass to be treated, as described herein. An effective amount of a compound that inhibits miR expression can also be based on the approximate or estimated body weight of a subject to be treated, as described herein.
  • One skilled in the art can also readily determine an appropriate dosage regimen for administering a compound that inhibits miR expression to a given subject.
  • Suitable compounds for inhibiting miR gene expression include double-stranded RNA (such as short- or small-interfering RNA or “siRNA”), antisense nucleic acids, and enzymatic RNA molecules, such as ribozymes. Each of these compounds can be targeted to a given miR gene product and interfere with the expression of (e.g., inhibit translation of, induce cleavage or destruction of) the target miR gene product.
  • For example, expression of a given miR gene can be inhibited by inducing RNA interference of the miR gene with an isolated double-stranded RNA (“dsRNA”) molecule which has at least 90%, for example at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%, sequence homology with at least a portion of the miR gene product. In a particular embodiment, the dsRNA molecule is a “short or small interfering RNA” or “siRNA.”
  • siRNA useful in the present methods comprise short double-stranded RNA from about 17 nucleotides to about 29 nucleotides in length, preferably from about 19 to about 25 nucleotides in length. The siRNA comprise a sense RNA strand and a complementary antisense RNA strand annealed together by standard Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions (hereinafter “base-paired”). The sense strand comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is substantially identical to a nucleic acid sequence contained within the target miR gene product.
  • As used herein, a nucleic acid sequence in an siRNA which is “substantially identical” to a target sequence contained within the target mRNA is a nucleic acid sequence that is identical to the target sequence, or that differs from the target sequence by one or two nucleotides. The sense and antisense strands of the siRNA can comprise two complementary, single-stranded RNA molecules, or can comprise a single molecule in which two complementary portions are base-paired and are covalently linked by a single-stranded “hairpin” area.
  • The siRNA can also be altered RNA that differs from naturally-occurring RNA by the addition, deletion, substitution and/or alteration of one or more nucleotides. Such alterations can include addition of non-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the siRNA or to one or more internal nucleotides of the siRNA, or modifications that make the siRNA resistant to nuclease digestion, or the substitution of one or more nucleotides in the siRNA with deoxyribonucleotides.
  • One or both strands of the siRNA can also comprise a 3′ overhang. As used herein, a “3′ overhang” refers to at least one unpaired nucleotide extending from the 3′-end of a duplexed RNA strand. Thus, in certain embodiments, the siRNA comprises at least one 3′ overhang of from 1 to about 6 nucleotides (which includes ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides) in length, from 1 to about 5 nucleotides in length, from 1 to about 4 nucleotides in length, or from about 2 to about 4 nucleotides in length. In a particular embodiment, the 3′ overhang is present on both strands of the siRNA, and is 2 nucleotides in length. For example, each strand of the siRNA can comprise 3′ overhangs of dithymidylic acid (“TT”) or diuridylic acid (“uu”).
  • The siRNA can be produced chemically or biologically, or can be expressed from a recombinant plasmid or viral vector, as described above for the isolated miR gene products. Exemplary methods for producing and testing dsRNA or siRNA molecules are described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002/0173478 to Gewirtz and in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004/0018176 to Reich et al., the entire disclosures of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Expression of a given miR gene can also be inhibited by an antisense nucleic acid. As used herein, an “antisense nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid molecule that binds to target RNA by means of RNA-RNA, RNA-DNA or RNA-peptide nucleic acid interactions, which alters the activity of the target RNA. Antisense nucleic acids suitable for use in the present methods are single-stranded nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, DNA, RNA-DNA chimeras, peptide nucleic acid (PNA)) that generally comprise a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence in a miR gene product. The antisense nucleic acid can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is 50-100% complementary, 75-100% complementary, or 95-100% complementary to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence in a miR gene product. Nucleic acid sequences for the miR gene products are provided in Tables la and lb. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the antisense nucleic acids activate RNase H or another cellular nuclease that digests the miR gene product/antisense nucleic acid duplex.
  • Antisense nucleic acids can also contain modifications to the nucleic acid backbone or to the sugar and base moieties (or their equivalent) to enhance target specificity, nuclease resistance, delivery or other properties related to efficacy of the molecule. Such modifications include cholesterol moieties, duplex intercalators, such as acridine, or one or more nuclease-resistant groups.
  • Antisense nucleic acids can be produced chemically or biologically, or can be expressed from a recombinant plasmid or viral vector, as described above for the isolated miR gene products. Exemplary methods for producing and testing are within the skill in the art; see, e.g., Stein and Cheng (1993), Science 261:1004 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,902 to Woolf et al., the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Expression of a given miR gene can also be inhibited by an enzymatic nucleic acid. As used herein, an “enzymatic nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid comprising a substrate binding region that has complementarity to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence of a miR gene product, and which is able to specifically cleave the miR gene product. The enzymatic nucleic acid substrate binding region can be, for example, 50-100% complementary, 75-100% complementary, or 95-100%o complementary to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence in a miR gene product. The enzymatic nucleic acids can also comprise modifications at the base, sugar, and/or phosphate groups. An exemplary enzymatic nucleic acid for use in the present methods is a ribozyme.
  • The enzymatic nucleic acids can be produced chemically or biologically, or can be expressed from a recombinant plasmid or viral vector, as described above for the isolated miR gene products. Exemplary methods for producing and testing dsRNA or siRNA molecules are described in Werner and Uhlenbeck (1995), Nucl. Acids Res. 23:2092-96; Hammann et al. (1999), Antisense and Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 9:25-31; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071 to Cech et al, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Administration of at least one miR gene product, or at least one compound for inhibiting miR expression, will inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in a subject who has a solid cancer. As used herein, to “inhibit the proliferation of a cancer cell” means to kill the cell, or permanently or temporarily arrest or slow the growth of the cell Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation can be inferred if the number of such cells in the subject remains constant or decreases after administration of the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds. An inhibition of cancer cell proliferation can also be inferred if the absolute number of such cells increases, but the rate of tumor growth decreases.
  • The number of cancer cells in the body of a subject can be determined by direct measurement, or by estimation from the size of primary or metastatic tumor masses. For example, the number of cancer cells in a subject can be measured by immunohistological methods, flow cytometry, or other techniques designed to detect characteristic surface markers of cancer cells.
  • The size of a tumor mass can be ascertained by direct visual observation, or by diagnostic imaging methods, such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and scintigraphy. Diagnostic imaging methods used to ascertain size of the tumor mass can be employed with or without contrast agents, as is known in the art. The size of a tumor mass can also be ascertained by physical means, such as palpation of the tissue mass or measurement of the tissue mass with a measuring instrument, such as a caliper.
  • The miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds can be administered to a subject by any means suitable for delivering these compounds to cancer cells of the subject. For example, the miR gene products or miR expression-inhibition compounds can be administered by methods suitable to transfect cells of the subject with these compounds, or with nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding these compounds. In one embodiment, the cells are transfected with a plasmid or viral vector comprising sequences encoding at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound.
  • Transfection methods for eukaryotic cells are well known in the art, and include, e.g., direct injection of the nucleic acid into the nucleus or pronucleus of a cell; electroporation; liposome transfer or transfer mediated by lipophilic materials; receptor-mediated nucleic acid delivery, bioballistic or particle acceleration; calcium phosphate precipitation, and transfection mediated by viral vectors.
  • For example, cells can be transfected with a liposomal transfer compound, e.g., DOTAP (N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium methylsulfate, Boehringer-Mannheim) or an equivalent, such as LIPOFECTIN. The amount of nucleic acid used is not critical to the practice of the invention; acceptable results may be achieved with 0.1-100 micrograms of nucleic acid/105 cells. For example, a ratio of about 0.5 micrograms of plasmid vector in 3 micrograms of DOTAP per 105 cells can be used.
  • A miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound can also be administered to a subject by any suitable enteral or parenteral administration route. Suitable enteral administration routes for the present methods include, e.g., oral, rectal, or intranasal delivery. Suitable parenteral administration routes include, e.g., intravascular administration (e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature); peri- and intra-tissue injection (e.g., peri-tumoral and intra-tumoral injection, intra-retinal injection, or subretinal injection); subcutaneous injection or deposition, including subcutaneous infusion (such as by osmotic pumps); direct application to the tissue of interest, for example by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., a retinal pellet or a suppository or an implant comprising a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material); and inhalation. Particularly suitable administration routes are injection, infusion and direct injection into the tumor.
  • In the present methods, a miR gene product or miR gene product expression-inhibition compound can be administered to the subject either as naked RNA, in combination with a delivery reagent, or as a nucleic acid (e.g., a recombinant plasmid or viral vector) comprising sequences that express the miR gene product or miR gene product expression-inhibition compound. Suitable delivery reagents include, e.g., the Mirus Transit TKO lipophilic reagent; lipofectin; lipofectamine; cellfectin; polycations (e.g., polylysine), and liposomes.
  • Recombinant plasmids and viral vectors comprising sequences that express the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds, and techniques for delivering such plasmids and vectors to cancer cells, are discussed herein and/or are well known in the art.
  • In a particular embodiment, liposomes are used to deliver a miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding them) to a subject. Liposomes can also increase the blood half-life of the gene products or nucleic acids. Suitable liposomes for use in the invention can be formed from standard vesicle-forming lipids, which generally include neutral or negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol. The selection of lipids is generally guided by consideration of factors, such as the desired liposome size and half-life of the liposomes in the blood stream. A variety of methods are known for preparing liposomes, for example, as described in Szoka et al. (1980), Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728, 4,837,028, and 5,019,369, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • The liposomes for use in the present methods can comprise a ligand molecule that targets the liposome to cancer cells. Ligands that bind to receptors prevalent in cancer cells, such as monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumor cell antigens, are preferred.
  • The liposomes for use in the present methods can also be modified so as to avoid clearance by the mononuclear macrophage system (“MMS”) and reticuloendothelial system (“RES”). Such modified liposomes have opsonization-inhibition moieties on the surface or incorporated into the liposome structure. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a liposome of the invention can comprise both an opsonization-inhibition moiety and a ligand.
  • Opsonization-inhibiting moieties for use in preparing the liposomes of the invention are typically large hydrophilic polymers that are bound to the liposome membrane. As used herein, an opsonization-inhibiting moiety is “bound” to a liposome membrane when it is chemically or physically attached to the membrane, e.g., by the intercalation of a lipid-soluble anchor into the membrane itself, or by binding directly to active groups of membrane lipids. These opsonization-inhibiting hydrophilic polymers form a protective surface layer that significantly decreases the uptake of the liposomes by the MMS and RES; e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,016, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Opsonization-inhibiting moieties suitable for modifying liposomes are preferably water-soluble polymers with a number-average molecular weight from about 500 to about 40,000 daltons, and more preferably from about 2,000 to about 20,000 daltons. Such polymers include polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycol (PPG) derivatives; e.g., methoxy PEG or PPG, and PEG or PPG stearate; synthetic polymers, such as polyacrylamide or poly N-vinyl pyrrolidone; linear, branched, or dendrimeric polyamidoamines; polyacrylic acids; polyalcohols, e.g., polyvinylalcohol and polyxylitol to which carboxylic or amino groups are chemically linked, as well as gangliosides, such as ganglioside GM1. Copolymers of PEG, methoxy PEG, or methoxy PPG, or derivatives thereof, are also suitable. In addition, the opsonization-inhibiting polymer can be a block copolymer of PEG and either a polyamino acid, polysaccharide, polyamidoamine, polyethyleneamine, or polynucleotide. The opsonization-inhibiting polymers can also be natural polysaccharides containing amino acids or carboxylic acids, e.g., galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, mannuronic acid, hyaluronic acid, pectic acid, neuraminic acid, alginic acid, carrageenan; aminated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides (linear or branched); or carboxylated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, e.g., reacted with derivatives of carbonic acids with resultant linking of carboxylic groups. Preferably, the opsonization-inhibiting moiety is a PEG, PPG, or a derivative thereof. Liposomes modified with PEG or PEG-derivatives are sometimes called “PEGylated liposomes.”
  • The opsonization-inhibiting moiety can be bound to the liposome membrane by any one of numerous well-known techniques. For example, an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of PEG can be bound to a phosphatidyl-ethanolamine lipid-soluble anchor, and then bound to a membrane. Similarly, a dextran polymer can be derivatized with a stearylamine lipid-soluble anchor via reductive amination using Na(CN)BH3 and a solvent mixture, such as tetrahydrofuran and water in a 30:12 ratio at 60° C.
  • Liposomes modified with opsonization-inhibition moieties remain in the circulation much longer than unmodified liposomes. For this reason, such liposomes are sometimes called “stealth” liposomes. Stealth liposomes are known to accumulate in tissues fed by porous or “leaky” microvasculature. Thus, tissue characterized by such microvasculature defects, for example, solid tumors, will efficiently accumulate these liposomes; see Gabizon, et al. (1988), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 18:6949-53. In addition, the reduced uptake by the RES lowers the toxicity of stealth liposomes by preventing significant accumulation of the liposomes in the liver and spleen. Thus, liposomes that are modified with opsonization-inhibition moieties are particularly suited to deliver the miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds (or nucleic acids comprising sequences encoding them) to tumor cells.
  • The miR gene products or miR gene expression-inhibition compounds can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions, sometimes called “medicaments,” prior to administering them to a subject, according to techniques known in the art. Accordingly, the invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions for treating a solid cancer. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one isolated miR gene product, or an isolated variant or biologically-active fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR gene product corresponds to a miR gene product that has a decreased level of expression in solid cancer cells relative to suitable control cells. In certain embodiments the isolated miR gene product is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 combinations thereof.
  • In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise at least one miR expression-inhibition compound. In a particular embodiment, the at least one miR gene expression-inhibition compound is specific for a miR gene whose expression is greater in solid cancer cells than control cells. In certain embodiments, the miR gene expression-inhibition compound is specific for one or more miR gene products selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a and combinations thereof.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are characterized as being at least sterile and pyrogen-free. As used herein, “pharmaceutical compositions” include formulations for human and veterinary use. Methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are within the skill in the art, for example as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • The present pharmaceutical compositions comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) (e.g., 0.1 to 90% by weight), or a physiologically-acceptable salt thereof, mixed with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention additionally comprise one or more anti-cancer agents (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents).The pharmaceutical formulations of the invention can also comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them), which are encapsulated by liposomes and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a miR gene or gene product that is not miR-15 and/or miR-16.
  • Especially suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers are water, buffered water, normal saline, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like.
  • In a particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) that is resistant to degradation by nucleases. One skilled in the art can readily synthesize nucleic acids that are nuclease resistant, for example, by incorporating one or more ribonucleotides that is modified at the 2′-position into the miR gene product. Suitable 2′-modified ribonucleotides include those modified at the 2′-position with fluoro, amino, alkyl, alkoxy, and O-allyl.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also comprise conventional pharmaceutical excipients and/or additives. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include stabilizers, antioxidants, osmolality adjusting agents, buffers, and pH adjusting agents. Suitable additives include, e.g., physiologically biocompatible buffers (e.g., tromethamine hydrochloride), additions of chelants (such as, for example, DTPA or DTPA-bisamide) or calcium chelate complexes (such as, for example, calcium DTPA, CaNaDTPA-bisamide), or, optionally, additions of calcium or sodium salts (for example, calcium chloride, calcium ascorbate, calcium gluconate or calcium lactate). Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be packaged for use in liquid form, or can be lyophilized.
  • For solid pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, conventional nontoxic solid pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers can be used; for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
  • For example, a solid pharmaceutical composition for oral administration can comprise any of the carriers and excipients listed above and 10-95%, preferably 25%-75%, of the at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them). A pharmaceutical composition for aerosol (inhalational) administration can comprise 0.01-20% by weight, preferably 1%-10% by weight, of the at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) encapsulated in a liposome as described above, and a propellant. A carrier can also be included as desired; e.g., lecithin for intranasal delivery.
  • The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can further comprise one or more anti-cancer agents. In a particular embodiment, the compositions comprise at least one miR gene product or miR gene expression-inhibition compound (or at least one nucleic acid comprising sequences encoding them) and at least one chemotherapeutic agent. Chemotherapeutic agents that are suitable for the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, DNA-alkylating agents, anti-tumor antibiotic agents, anti-metabolic agents, tubulin stabilizing agents, tubulin destabilizing agents, hormone antagonist agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, protein kinase inhibitors, HMG-CoA inhibitors, CDK inhibitors, cyclin inhibitors, caspase inhibitors, metalloproteinase inhibitors, antisense nucleic acids, triple-helix DNAs, nucleic acids aptamers, and molecularly-modified viral, bacterial and exotoxic agents. Examples of suitable agents for the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cytidine arabinoside, methotrexate, vincristine, etoposide (VP-16), doxorubicin (adriamycin), cisplatin (CDDP), dexamethasone, arglabin, cyclophosphamide, sarcolysin, methylnitrosourea, fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), vinblastine, camptothecin, actinomycin-D, mitomycin C, hydrogen peroxide, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, topotecan, leucovorin, carmustine, streptozocin, CPT-11, taxol, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, rituximab, daunorubicin, 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, imatinib, fludarabine, docetaxel, FOLFOX4.
  • The invention also encompasses methods of identifying an inhibitor of tumorigenesis, comprising providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product in the cell. In one embodiment, the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in cancer cells. An increase in the level of the miR gene product in the cell after the agent is provided, relative to a suitable control cell (e.g., agent is not provided), is indicative of the test agent being an inhibitor of tumorigenesis. In a particular embodiment, at least one miR gene product associated with decreased expression levels in cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-145, miR-155, miR-218-2 and combinations thereof.
  • In other embodiments the method comprises providing a test agent to a cell and measuring the level of at least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in cancer cells. A decrease in the level of the miR gene product in the cell after the agent is provided, relative to a suitable control cell(e.g., agent is not provided), is indicative of the test agent being an inhibitor of tumorigenesis. In a particular embodiment, at least one miR gene product associated with increased expression levels in cancer cells is selected from the group consisting of miR-21, miR-17-5p, miR-191, miR-29b-2, miR-223, miR-128b, miR-199a-1, miR-24-1, miR-24-2, miR-146, miR-155, miR-181b-1, miR-20a, miR-107, miR-32, miR-92-2, miR-214, miR-30c, miR-25, miR-221, miR-106a.
  • Suitable agents include, but are not limited to drugs (e.g., small molecules, peptides), and biological macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids). The agent can be produced recombinantly, synthetically, or it may be isolated (i.e., purified) from a natural source. Various methods for providing such agents to a cell (e.g., transfection) are well known in the art, and several of such methods are described hereinabove. Methods for detecting the expression of at least one miR gene product (e.g., Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, expression profiling) are also well known in the art. Several of these methods are also described hereinabove.
  • The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
    • EXEMPLIFICATION
  • The following Materials and Methods were used in the Examples:
  • Samples
  • A total of 540 samples, including 363 primary tumor samples and 177 normal tissues, were used in this study (Table 2). The following solid cancers were represented: lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, colon carcinoma and pancreatic endocrine tumors. All samples were obtained with informed consent from each patient and were confirmed histologically. Normal samples were paired with samples from individuals affected with lung and stomach carcinoma, and from normal individuals for the remaining tissues. All normal breast samples were obtained by pooling 5 unrelated normal tissues. Total RNA was isolated from tissues using TRIzol™ reagent (Invitrogen), according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • MicroRNA Microarrays.
  • Microarray analysis was performed as previously described (Liu, C.-G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 11755-11760 (2004)). Briefly, 5 μg of total RNA was used for hybridization on miRNA microarray chips. These chips contain gene-specific 40-mer oligonucleotide probes, spotted by contacting technologies and covalently attached to a polymeric matrix. The microarrays were hybridized in 6×SSPE (0.9 M NaCl/60 mM NaH2PO4.H2O/8 mM EDTA, pH 7.4)/30% formamide at 25° C. for 18 hr, washed in 0.75×TNT (Tris-HCl/NaCl/Tween 20) at 37° C. for 40 min, and processed using direct detection of the biotin-labeled transcripts by streptavidin-Alexa647 (Molecular Probes) conjugate. Processed slides were scanned using a microarray scanner (GenePix Pro, Axon), with the laser set to 635 nm, at fixed PMT setting and a scan resolution of 10 mm The data were confirmed by Northern blotting as described (Calin, G. A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:11755-11760 (2004); Iorio, M. V., et al., Cancer Res. 65: 7065-7070 (2005)).
  • TABLE 2
    Samples used in the study (tumors and corresponding normals).
    Tumour type Cancer Samples Normal Samples
    Lung carcinoma 123 123 
    Breast carcinoma 79  6*
    Colon carcinoma 46 8
    Gastric carcinoma 20 21 
    Endocrine pancreatic tumours 39 12 
    Prostate cancer 56 7
    All tissues (527) 363 177 
    *Pools of 5 unrelated normal breast tissues per sample (for a total of 30 unrelated individuals).
  • Computational Analysis.
  • Microarray images were analyzed using GenePix Pro (Axon). Average values of the replicate spots of each miRNA were background-subtracted, normalized and subjected to further analysis. Normalization was performed by using a per chip median normalization method, using the median array as a reference. Finally, miRNAs measured as present in at least the smallest of the two classes in a dataset were selected. Absent calls were thresholded to 4.5 prior to statistical analysis. This level is the average minimum intensity level detected in the experiments. MicroRNA nomenclature was according to the Genome Browser and the microRNA database at Sanger Center (Griffiths-Jones, S., Nucleic Acids Res 32: D109-11(2004)); in case of discrepancies we followed the microRNA database. Differentially-expressed microRNAs were identified by using the t test procedure within significance analysis of microarrays (SAM)(Tusher, V. G., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 5116-21 (2001). SAM calculates a score for each gene on the basis of the change in expression relative to the standard deviation of all measurements. Within SAM, t test was used. The microRNA signatures were determined by applying nearest shrunken centroids method. This method identifies a subgroup of genes that best characterizes each solid cancer from its respective normal counterpart. The prediction error was calculated by means of 10-fold cross validation, and for each cancer, we obtained the miR signature that resulted in the minimal prediction error. A resampling test was performed by random permutation analysis to compute the p-value of the shared signature.
    • EXAMPLE 1 Identification of a MicroRNA Expression Signature in Human Solid Cancers Statistics
  • The combined cancers/normal tissue comparison was conducted using a reduced number of lung samples (80 cancer and 40 normal samples), in order to balance the different tissues numerically, yielding a total of 404 samples. For statistical analysis, 137 miRs, whose expression values were above 256 (threshold value) in at least 50% of the samples, were retained from the 228 that were measured. A T test was used to identify differentially-expressed microRNAs (Table 3). The p-values of the T test were corrected for multiple testing procedures and to control Type I error rates. Adjusted p-values were obtained by performing resampling with 500,000 permutations (Jung, S. H., et al. Biostatistics 6: 157-69 (2005)). This analysis was performed in order to evaluate the results by using the same method as Lu and co-workers (Lu, J., et al., Nature 435: 834-8(2005)).
  • As an alternative to T test, significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) was used to identify differentially-expressed microRNAs. This procedure allows for the control of false detection rate (FDR). The delta was chosen to result in an FDR less than or equal to 0.01. microRNA subsets which result in the best tumor classification, i.e., which best predict the two classes (cancer and normal), were then identified using the method of the nearest shrunken centroids, as implemented in PAM (prediction analysis of microarray). The prediction error was calculated by means of 10-fold cross validation. The microRNAs were selected yielding the minimum misclassification error after cross-validation.
  • Results
  • By T-test, 43 differentially-expressed miRs with an adjusted p-value below 0.05 were obtained (Table 3). Twenty six miRs were overexpressed and 17 were under-expressed relative to corresponding normal tissues when the six solid cancers are grouped together (breast, colon, lung, pancreas, prostate, stomach). These results indicated that the spectrum of expressed miRNAs in solid cancers is very different from that of normal cells (43 out of 137 miRNAs, 31%). Using SAM, 49 miRNAs were identified as differentially-expressed, of which 34 were up-regulated (Table 4). Using PAM, 36 over-expressed miRNAs in cancer (indicated by positive cancer scores) and 21 down-regulated miRs (indicated by negative cancer scores) were identified as differentially-expressed (Table 5). However, these analyses are not tailored to identify alterations in miR expression that consistently result in transformation, because miR expression is heavily tissue-specific (He, L., et al. Nature 435: 828-833 (2005); also see FIG. 1 and FIG. 2).
  • The clustering of miRs based on expression profiles derived from 363 solid cancer and 177 normal samples using 228 miRs is shown in FIG. 1. The tree, which shows a very good separation between the different tissues, was constructed using 137 different miRNAs that were expressed in at least 50% of the samples used in the study.
  • TABLE 3
    Differentially regulated miRs in 6 solid cancer types vs. normal tissues (T test stats.)*.
    Cancer Normal
    miR ID Mean Mean Test stat Raw p Adj p
    miR-21 #47 11.538663 9.648338 7.861136 2.00E−06 2.00E−06
    miR-141 #137 9.024091 7.905398 6.238014 2.00E−06 2.00E−06
    miR-212 #208 13.540651 14.33617 −6.57942 2.00E−06 2.00E−06
    miR-128a prec #113 12.32588 13.522675 −6.76388 2.00E−06 2.00E−06
    miR-138-2 #133 11.739557 13.144746 −7.01204 2.00E−06 2.00E−06
    miR-218-2 #221 11.279787 12.539366 −7.40557 2.00E−06 2.00E−06
    miR-23b #51 14.169748 15.949736 −8.37744 2.00E−06 2.00E−06
    miR-195 #184 10.343991 9.172985 5.763262 2.00E−06 1.00E−05
    miR-212 prec #209 12.686966 13.661763 −5.83132 4.00E−06 1.00E−05
    miR-29b-2 #95 11.27556 9.940731 5.660854 2.00E−06 1.40E−05
    miR-199a-1 #191 10.032008 8.920183 5.528849 2.00E−06 3.00E−05
    miR-9-3 #28 11.461922 12.570412 −5.43006 2.00E−06 4.60E−05
    miR-128a #114 13.024235 13.856624 −5.35102 6.00E−06 7.20E−05
    let-7a-1 #1 12.616569 13.455246 −5.35346 2.00E−06 7.20E−05
    let-7b #5 13.42636 14.068521 −5.17701 1.00E−05 0.000146
    miR-16-2 #39 10.460707 9.305895 5.048375 4.00E−06 0.000224
    miR-199a-2 #192 9.714225 8.759237 4.862553 1.00E−05 0.000494
    miR-152 prec #151 11.388676 12.357529 −4.83716 2.00E−06 0.00053
    miR-16-1 #38 10.443169 9.338182 4.755258 1.00E−05 0.00071
    miR-30d #72 13.982017 14.775206 −4.5707 1.20E−05 0.001476
    miR-34a #78 10.675566 9.63769 4.467301 2.60E−05 0.00217
    miR-17-5p #41 11.567244 10.281468 4.341834 3.80E−05 0.0034
    miR-128b #115 10.930395 9.947746 4.304764 3.80E−05 0.003912
    miR-20a #46 11.409852 10.19284 4.304678 3.20E−05 0.003912
    miR-181b-1 prec #211 9.577504 8.804294 4.285968 4.80E−05 0.004126
    miR-132 #121 9.599947 8.775966 4.284737 5.60E−05 0.004126
    miR-200b #195 9.475221 8.527243 4.221511 4.00E−05 0.0052
    let-7a-3 #4 10.436089 9.511546 4.08952 0.000104 0.008242
    miR-138-1 #132 8.299613 9.200253 −4.05204 5.60E−05 0.00931
    miR-29c #65 11.291005 10.326912 4.019385 0.000144 0.010312
    miR-29a #62 11.381359 10.461075 4.013697 0.00015 0.010398
    miR-96 #86 11.37218 12.136636 −3.94825 0.000138 0.012962
    miR-191 #177 13.498207 12.729872 3.817228 0.000158 0.02015
    miR-27a #59 10.399338 9.548582 3.715048 0.000344 0.028096
    let-7g #15 10.819688 10.01157 3.653239 0.000426 0.033874
    miR-9-1 #24 10.102819 9.212988 3.651886 0.000388 0.033874
    miR-125a #107 10.960998 10.005312 3.651356 0.000452 0.033874
    miR-95 #84 9.435733 8.751331 3.59406 0.000478 0.039594
    miR-155 #157 12.505359 13.231221 −3.58369 0.000614 0.040394
    miR-199b #194 9.755066 9.082751 3.55934 0.000588 0.04314
    miR-24-2 #54 12.611696 11.612557 3.518774 0.00087 0.048278
    let-7e #11 12.497795 13.055093 −3.51589 0.00054 0.048354
    miR-92-1 #81 16.081074 16.592426 −3.50446 0.000928 0.049828
    *Forty-three miRs have an adjusted p-value lower than 0.05. Twenty-six miRs are overexpressed and 17 down-regulated in breast, colon, lung, pancreas, prostate, stomach carcinomas.
  • TABLE 4
    Differentially regulated miRs in 6 solid cancer types vs. normal tissues
    (SAM, significance analysis of microarrays)*.
    miR ID d.value stdev p.value q.value R.fold
    miR-21 #47 3.156 0.24 0 0 2.593
    miR-23b #51 −3.117 0.212 0 0 0.443
    miR-138-2 #133 −2.514 0.2 0 0 0.402
    miR-218-2 #221 −2.383 0.17 0 0 0.384
    miR-29b-2 #95 2.246 0.236 0 0 1.868
    miR-128a prec #113 −2.235 0.177 0 0 0.368
    miR-195 #184 2.085 0.203 0 0 1.695
    miR-141 #137 2.08 0.179 0 0 2.459
    miR-199a-1 #191 1.987 0.201 0 0 1.945
    miR-9-3 #28 −1.97 0.204 0 0 0.433
    miR-16-2 #39 1.966 0.229 0 0 1.788
    miR-17-5p #41 1.964 0.296 0 0 0.725
    miR-20a #46 1.898 0.283 0 0 0.969
    miR-16-1 #38 1.87 0.232 0 0 1.447
    miR-212 prec #209 −1.854 0.167 0 0 0.509
    miR-34a #78 1.756 0.232 0 0 1.219
    miR-152 prec #151 −1.734 0.2 0 0 0.46
    miR-199a-2 #192 1.721 0.196 0 0 1.838
    miR-128b #115 1.674 0.228 0 0 1.266
    miR-212 #208 −1.659 0.121 0 0 0.627
    let-7a-1 #1 −1.628 0.157 0 0 0.461
    miR-200b #195 1.626 0.225 0 0 1.432
    miR-128a #114 −1.619 0.156 0 0 0.511
    miR-29c #65 1.611 0.24 0 0 1.225
    let-7a-3 #4 1.581 0.226 0 0 1.109
    miR-29a #62 1.565 0.229 0 0 1.706
    miR-24-2 #54 1.555 0.284 0 0 0.831
    miR-138-1 #132 −1.551 0.222 0 0 0.432
    miR-125a #107 1.541 0.262 0 0 1.164
    miR-106a #99 1.514 0.275 0 0 0.952
    miR-132 #121 1.496 0.192 0 0 2.158
    miR-30d #72 −1.491 0.174 0 0 0.424
    miR-9-1 #24 1.478 0.244 0 0 0.763
    miR-27a #59 1.448 0.229 0 0 1.174
    miR-181b-1 prec #211 1.435 0.18 0 0 1.525
    let-7g #15 1.394 0.221 0 0 1.072
    miR-96 #86 −1.384 0.194 0 0 0.519
    miR-191 #177 1.372 0.201 0 0 1.165
    miR-93-1 #83 1.363 0.266 0 0 0.775
    miR-136 #130 −1.355 0.267 0 0 0.364
    miR-205 #201 1.343 0.309 0 0 1.281
    miR-185 #170 1.287 0.222 0.001 0.001 0.609
    miR-125b-1 #109 1.262 0.283 0.001 0.001 1.215
    miR-10a #30 1.252 0.227 0.001 0.001 1.643
    miR-95 #84 1.247 0.19 0.001 0.001 1.509
    miR-199b #194 1.228 0.189 0.001 0.001 1.246
    miR-10b #32 1.219 0.232 0.002 0.001 1.342
    let-7i #10 1.216 0.203 0.002 0.001 1.026
    miR-210 #205 1.213 0.237 0.002 0.001 1.088
    *Thirty five miRs are over-expressed and 14 are down-regulated in breast, colon, lung, pancreas, prostate, stomach carcinomas (Delta = 0.9, FDR = 0.001).
  • TABLE 5
    MicroRNAs selected by PAM (prediction analysis of microarray) in 6
    solid cancer types vs. normal tissues
    miR ID Solid cancer score Normal tissues score
    miR-21 #47 0.0801 −0.2643
    miR-138-2 #133 −0.055 0.1815
    miR-218-2 #221 −0.0535 0.1765
    miR-23b #51 −0.0516 0.17
    miR-128a prec #113 −0.0498 0.1642
    miR-29b-2 #95 0.0457 −0.1508
    miR-195 #184 0.0404 −0.1333
    miR-17-5p #41 0.0383 −0.1263
    miR-9-3 #28 −0.0357 0.1176
    miR-212 prec #209 −0.0342 0.1129
    miR-20a #46 0.0322 −0.1061
    miR-141 #137 0.0322 −0.1061
    miR-199a-1 #191 0.0319 −0.1053
    miR-16-2 #39 0.0315 −0.1037
    miR-152 prec #151 −0.0283 0.0933
    miR-16-1 #38 0.0277 −0.0913
    miR-34a #78 0.0269 −0.0886
    miR-212 #208 −0.0265 0.0875
    let-7a-1 #1 −0.0264 0.0872
    miR-128a #114 −0.0259 0.0855
    miR-128b #115 0.0254 −0.0839
    miR-24-2 #54 0.0244 −0.0803
    miR-29c #65 0.0224 −0.0738
    miR-199a-2 #192 0.0223 −0.0736
    let-7a-3 #4 0.0221 −0.073
    miR-191 #177 0.0188 −0.062
    miR-125a #107 0.0186 −0.0613
    miR-30d #72 −0.0185 0.061
    miR-29a #62 0.0184 −0.0608
    miR-106a #99 0.0177 −0.0584
    miR-93-1 #83 0.0163 −0.0537
    miR-200b #195 0.0159 −0.0524
    let-7g #15 0.0158 −0.0521
    miR-27a #59 0.0157 −0.0518
    miR-96 #86 −0.0156 0.0514
    let-7b #5 −0.0152 0.0501
    miR-138-1 #132 −0.0151 0.0499
    miR-9-1 #24 0.0136 −0.0448
    miR-181b-1 prec #211 0.0134 −0.0442
    miR-155 #157 −0.0128 0.0423
    miR-132 #121 0.0127 −0.0418
    miR-136 #130 −0.0112 0.037
    let-7i #10 0.0103 −0.034
    miR-210 #205 0.0074 −0.0245
    miR-205 #201 0.0073 −0.024
    *. miR-185 #170 0.0071 −0.0234
    miR-24-1 #52 0.007 −0.023
    miR-199b #194 0.0064 −0.021
    miR-125b-1 #109 0.006 −0.0199
    miR-206 prec #203 −0.005 0.0166
    miR-10a #30 0.0045 −0.015
    miR-95 #84 0.0045 −0.0149
    let-7e #11 −0.0039 0.013
    miR-124a-3 #106 −0.0028 0.0091
    miR-10b #32 0.002 −0.0066
    miR-185 prec #171 −0.0014 0.0047
    miR-92-1 #81 −2.00E−04 5.00E−04
    *T = 1.5 and misclassification error = 0.176. Thirty six over-expressed miRs in cancer are indicated by positive cancer scores; 21 down-regulated miRs are indicated by negative cancer scores.
    • EXAMPLE 2 Identification of MicroRNA Expression Signatures Associated with Various Human Solid Cancers
  • Results
  • To identify microRNAs that are prognostic for cancer status associated with solid tumors, without incurring bias due to tissue specificity, an alternative approach was used. First, six tissue-specific signatures, one for each cancer histotype, were obtained by performing independent PAM tests (summarized in Tables 6 and 7) Specific signatures for each cancer are shown in Tables 8-13: e.g., breast-Table 8; colon-Table 9; lung-Table 10; pancreas-Table 11; prostate-Table 12; stomach-Table 13. Using these data, deregulated microRNAs that were shared among the different histotype miRNA signatures were identified (Table 14). In order to compute the p-values for this comparative analysis, a re-sampling test with 1,000,000 random permutations on the miRNA identity was performed. The p-value was defined as the relative frequency of simulation scores exceeding the real score. Twenty-one misregulated microRNAs that were common to at least 3 types of solid cancers (p-value=2.5×10−3) were identified (Table 14).
  • TABLE 6
    MicroRNAs used to classify human cancers and normal tissues*.
    Up- Down-
    regulated regulated Misclassification error after 10 fold
    Cancer miRs miRs cross validation
    Breast 15 12 0.08
    Colon 21 1 0.09
    Lung 35 3 0.31
    Pancreas 55 2 0.02
    Prostate 39 6 0.11
    Stomach 22 6 0.19
    *Median normalization was performed and the method of the nearest shrunken centroids was used to select predictive miRNAs.
  • TABLE 7
    Deregulated microRNAs in solid common cancers*.
    PAM Up- PAM Down- SAM Down-
    Cancer regulated SAM Up-regulated regulated regulated
    Breast 15  3 (FDR = 0.33) 12 47
    Colon 21 42 (FDR <= 0.06) 1 5
    Lung 35 38 (FDR <= 0.01) 3 3
    Pancreas 55 50 (FDR <= 0.01) 2 8
    Stomach 22 22 (FDR = 0.06) 6 4
    Prostate 39 49 (FDR = 0.06) 6 3
    *Prediction analysis of microarrays (PAM) identifies those genes which best characterize cancers and normal tissues, whilst significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) identifies all those which have differential expression in the two classes. False detection rates (FDR) computed in SAM are indicated in parenthesis.
  • TABLE 8
    MicroRNAs selected by prediction analysis of microarray (PAM) in
    breast cancer (cancer vs. normal tissues)*.
    miR Cancer score Normal score
    miR-21 (#47) 0.0331 −0.4364
    miR-29b-2 (#95) 0.0263 −0.3467
    miR-146 (#144) 0.0182 −0.2391
    miR-125b-2 (#111) −0.0174 0.2286
    miR-125b-1 (#109) −0.0169 0.222
    miR-10b (#32) −0.0164 0.2166
    miR-145 (#143) −0.0158 0.2076
    miR-181a (#158) 0.0153 −0.201
    miR-140 (#136) −0.0122 0.1613
    miR-213 (#160) 0.0116 −0.1527
    miR-29a prec (#63) 0.0109 −0.1441
    miR-181b-1 (#210) 0.0098 −0.1284
    miR-199b (#194) 0.0089 −0.1172
    miR-29b-1 (#64) 0.0084 −0.1111
    miR-130a (#120) −0.0076 0.1001
    miR-155 (#157) 0.0072 −0.0951
    let-7a-2 (#3) −0.0042 0.0554
    miR-205 (#201) −0.004 0.0533
    miR-29c (#65) 0.0032 −0.0423
    miR-224 (#228) −0.003 0.0399
    miR-100 (#91) −0.0021 0.0283
    miR-31 (#73) 0.0017 −0.022
    miR-30c (#70) −7.00E−04 0.009
    miR-17-5p (#41) 7.00E−04 −0.0089
    miR-210 (#205) 4.00E−04 −0.0057
    miR-122a (#101) 4.00E−04 −0.005
    miR-16-2 (#39) −1.00E−04 0.0013
    *27 miRs selected, misclassification error after cross validation of 0.008. Seventeen overexpressed miRs in cancer are indicated by positive cancer scores; 12 down-regulated miRs are indicated by negative cancer scores.
  • TABLE 9
    MicroRNAs selected by prediction analysis of microarray (PAM) in colon
    (cancer vs. normal tissues)*.
    miR Cancer score Normal score
    miR-24-1 (#52) 0.0972 −0.5589
    miR-29b-2 (#95) 0.0669 −0.3845
    miR-20a (#46) 0.0596 −0.3424
    miR-10a (#30) 0.0511 −0.2938
    miR-32 (#75) 0.0401 −0.2306
    miR-203 (#197) 0.0391 −0.2251
    miR-106a (#99) 0.0364 −0.2094
    miR-17-5p (#41) 0.0349 −0.2005
    miR-30c (#70) 0.0328 −0.1888
    miR-223 (#227) 0.0302 −0.1736
    miR-126* (#102) 0.0199 −0.1144
    miR-128b (#115) 0.0177 −0.102
    miR-21 (#47) 0.0162 −0.0929
    miR-24-2 (#54) 0.0145 −0.0835
    miR-99b prec (#88) 0.0125 −0.0721
    miR-155 (#157) 0.0092 −0.0528
    miR-213 (#160) 0.0091 −0.0522
    miR-150 (#148) 0.0042 −0.0243
    miR-107 (#100) 0.003 −0.0173
    miR-191 (#177) 0.0028 −0.0159
    miR-221 (#224) 0.002 −0.0116
    miR-9-3 (#28) −0.0014 0.0083
    *22 miRs selected, misclassification error after cross validation of 0.09. Twenty-one over-expressed miRs in cancer are indicated by positive cancer scores; 1 down-regulated miR is indicated by a negative cancer score.
  • TABLE 10
    MicroRNAs selected by prediction analysis of microarray (PAM) in
    lung cancer (cancer vs. normal tissues)*.
    miR Cancer score Normal score
    miR-21 (#47) 0.175 −0.175
    miR-205 (#201) 0.1317 −0.1317
    miR-200b (#195) 0.1127 −0.1127
    miR-9-1 (#24) 0.1014 −0.1014
    miR-210 (#205) 0.0994 −0.0994
    miR-148 (#146) 0.0737 −0.0737
    miR-141 (#137) 0.0631 −0.0631
    miR-132 (#121) 0.0586 −0.0586
    miR-215 (#213) 0.0575 −0.0575
    miR-128b (#115) 0.0559 −0.0559
    let-7g (#15) 0.0557 −0.0557
    miR-16-2 (#39) 0.0547 −0.0547
    miR-129-1/2 prec (#118) 0.0515 −0.0515
    miR-126* (#102) −0.0406 0.0406
    miR-142-as (#139) 0.0366 −0.0366
    miR-30d (#72) −0.0313 0.0313
    miR-30a-5p (#66) −0.0297 0.0297
    miR-7-2 (#21) 0.0273 −0.0273
    miR-199a-1 (#191) 0.0256 −0.0256
    miR-127 (#112) 0.0254 −0.0254
    miR-34a prec (#79) 0.0214 −0.0214
    miR-34a (#78) 0.0188 −0.0188
    miR-136 (#130) 0.0174 −0.0174
    miR-202 (#196) 0.0165 −0.0165
    miR-196-2 (#188) 0.0134 −0.0134
    miR-199a-2 (#192) 0.0126 −0.0126
    let-7a-2 (#3) 0.0109 −0.0109
    miR-124a-1 (#104) 0.0081 −0.0081
    miR-149 (#147) 0.0079 −0.0079
    miR-17-5p (#41) 0.0061 −0.0061
    miR-196-1 prec (#186) 0.0053 −0.0053
    miR-10a (#30) 0.0049 −0.0049
    miR-99b prec (#88) 0.0045 −0.0045
    miR-196-1 (#185) 0.0044 −0.0044
    miR-199b (#194) 0.0039 −0.0039
    miR-191 (#177) 0.0032 −0.0032
    miR-195 (#184) 7.00E−04 −7.00E−04
    miR-155 (#157) 7.00E−04 −7.00E−04
    *38 miRs selected, misclassification error after cross validation of 0.31. Thirty-five over-expressed miRs in cancer are indicated by positive cancer scores; 3 down-regulated miRs are indicated by negative cancer scores.
  • TABLE 11
    MicroRNAs selected by prediction analysis of microarray (PAM) in
    pancreatic cancer (cancer vs. normal tissues)*.
    miR Cancer score Normal score
    miR-103-2 (#96) 0.4746 −1.582
    miR-103-1 (#97) 0.4089 −1.3631
    miR-24-2 (#54) 0.4059 −1.3529
    miR-107 (#100) 0.3701 −1.2336
    miR-100 (#91) 0.3546 −1.182
    miR-125b-2 (#111) 0.3147 −1.0489
    miR-125b-1 (#109) 0.3071 −1.0237
    miR-24-1 (#52) 0.2846 −0.9488
    miR-191 (#177) 0.2661 −0.887
    miR-23a (#50) 0.2586 −0.8619
    miR-26a-1 (#56) 0.2081 −0.6937
    miR-125a (#107) 0.1932 −0.644
    miR-130a (#120) 0.1891 −0.6303
    miR-26b (#58) 0.1861 −0.6203
    miR-145 (#143) 0.1847 −0.6158
    miR-221 (#224) 0.177 −0.59
    miR-126* (#102) 0.1732 −0.5772
    miR-16-2 (#39) 0.1698 −0.5659
    miR-146 (#144) 0.1656 −0.552
    miR-214 (#212) 0.1642 −0.5472
    miR-99b (#89) 0.1636 −0.5454
    miR-128b (#115) 0.1536 −0.512
    miR-155 (#157) −0.1529 0.5098
    miR-29b-2 (#95) 0.1487 −0.4956
    miR-29a (#62) 0.1454 −0.4848
    miR-25 (#55) 0.1432 −0.4775
    miR-16-1 (#38) 0.1424 −0.4746
    miR-99a (#90) 0.1374 −0.4581
    miR-224 (#228) 0.1365 −0.4549
    miR-30d (#72) 0.1301 −0.4336
    miR-92-2 (#82) 0.116 −0.3865
    miR-199a-1 (#191) 0.1158 −0.3861
    miR-223 (#227) 0.1141 −0.3803
    miR-29c (#65) 0.113 −0.3768
    miR-30b (#68) 0.1008 −0.3361
    miR-129-1/2 (#117) 0.1001 −0.3337
    miR-197 (#189) 0.0975 −0.325
    miR-17-5p (#41) 0.0955 −0.3185
    miR-30c (#70) 0.0948 −0.316
    miR-7-1 (#19) 0.0933 −0.311
    miR-93-1 (#83) 0.0918 −0.3061
    miR-140 (#136) 0.0904 −0.3015
    miR-30a-5p (#66) 0.077 −0.2568
    miR-132 (#121) 0.0654 −0.2179
    miR-181b-1 (#210) 0.0576 −0.1918
    miR-152 prec (#151) −0.0477 0.1591
    miR-23b (#51) 0.0469 −0.1562
    miR-20a (#46) 0.0452 −0.1507
    miR-222 (#225) 0.0416 −0.1385
    miR-27a (#59) 0.0405 −0.1351
    miR-92-1 (#81) 0.0332 −0.1106
    miR-21 (#47) 0.0288 −0.0959
    miR-129-1/2 prec 0.0282 −0.0939
    (#118)
    miR-150 (#148) 0.0173 −0.0578
    miR-32 (#75) 0.0167 −0.0558
    miR-106a (#99) 0.0142 −0.0473
    miR-29b-1 (#64) 0.0084 −0.028
    *57 miRs selected, misclassification error after cross validation of 0.02. Fifty-seven miRs are over-expressed and 2 are down-regulated in cancer (indicated by positive and negative scores, respectively).
  • TABLE 12
    MicroRNAs selected by prediction analysis of microarray (PAM) in
    prostate cancer (cancer vs. normal tissues)*.
    miR Cancer score Normal score
    let-7d (#8) 0.0528 −0.4227
    miR-128a prec (#113) −0.0412 0.3298
    miR-195 (#184) 0.04 −0.3199
    miR-203 (#197) 0.0356 −0.2851
    let-7a-2 prec (#2) −0.0313 0.2504
    miR-34a (#78) 0.0303 −0.2428
    miR-20a (#46) 0.029 −0.2319
    miR-218-2 (#221) −0.0252 0.2018
    miR-29a (#62) 0.0247 −0.1978
    miR-25 (#55) 0.0233 −0.1861
    miR-95 (#84) 0.0233 −0.1861
    miR-197 (#189) 0.0198 −0.1587
    miR-135-2 (#128) 0.0198 −0.1582
    miR-187 (#173) 0.0192 −0.1535
    miR-196-1 (#185) 0.0176 −0.1411
    miR-148 (#146) 0.0175 −0.1401
    miR-191 (#177) 0.017 −0.136
    miR-21 (#47) 0.0169 −0.1351
    let-7i (#10) 0.0163 −0.1303
    miR-198 (#190) 0.0145 −0.1161
    miR-199a-2 (#192) 0.0136 −0.1088
    miR-30c (#70) 0.0133 −0.1062
    miR-17-5p (#41) 0.0132 −0.1053
    miR-92-2 (#82) 0.012 −0.0961
    miR-146 (#144) 0.0113 −0.0908
    miR-181b-1 prec (#211) 0.011 −0.0878
    miR-32 (#75) 0.0109 −0.0873
    miR-206 (#202) 0.0104 −0.083
    miR-184 prec (#169) 0.0096 −0.0764
    miR-29a prec (#63) −0.0095 0.076
    miR-29b-2 (#95) 0.0092 −0.0739
    miR-149 (#147) −0.0084 0.0676
    miR-181b-1 (#210) 0.0049 −0.0392
    miR-196-1 prec (#186) 0.0042 −0.0335
    miR-93-1 (#83) 0.0039 −0.0312
    miR-223 (#227) 0.0038 −0.0308
    miR-16-1 (#38) 0.0028 −0.0226
    miR-101-1 prec (#92) 0.0015 −0.0123
    miR-124a-1 (#104) 0.0015 −0.0119
    miR-26a-1 (#56) 0.0015 −0.0119
    miR-214 (#212) 0.0013 −0.0105
    miR-27a (#59) 0.0011 −0.0091
    miR-24-1 (#53) −8.00E−04 0.0067
    miR-106a (#99) 7.00E−04 −0.0057
    miR-199a-1 (#191) 4.00E−04 −0.0029
    *T = 1, 45 miRs selected, misclassification error after cross validation of 0.11. Thirty-nine over-expressed miRs in cancer are indicated by positive cancer scores; 6 downregulated miRs are indicated by negative cancer scores.
  • TABLE 13
    MicroRNAs selected by prediction analysis of microarray (PAM) in
    stomach cancer (cancer vs. normal tissues)*.
    miR Cancer score Normal score
    miR-223 (#227) 0.1896 −0.1806
    miR-21 (#47) 0.1872 −0.1783
    miR-218-2 (#221) −0.1552 0.1478
    miR-103-2 (#96) 0.1206 −0.1148
    miR-92-2 (#82) 0.1142 −0.1088
    miR-25 (#55) 0.1097 −0.1045
    miR-136 (#130) −0.1097 0.1045
    miR-191 (#177) 0.0946 −0.0901
    miR-221 (#224) 0.0919 −0.0876
    miR-125b-2 (#111) 0.0913 −0.0869
    miR-103-1 (#97) 0.0837 −0.0797
    miR-214 (#212) 0.0749 −0.0713
    miR-222 (#225) 0.0749 −0.0713
    miR-212 prec (#209) −0.054 0.0514
    miR-125b-1 (#109) 0.0528 −0.0503
    miR-100 (#91) 0.0526 −0.0501
    miR-107 (#100) 0.0388 −0.0369
    miR-92-1 (#81) 0.0369 −0.0351
    miR-96 (#86) −0.0306 0.0291
    miR-192 (#178) 0.0236 −0.0224
    miR-23a (#50) 0.022 −0.021
    miR-215 (#213) 0.0204 −0.0194
    miR-7-2 (#21) 0.0189 −0.018
    miR-138-2 (#133) −0.0185 0.0176
    miR-24-1 (#52) 0.0151 −0.0144
    miR-99b (#89) 0.0098 −0.0093
    miR-33b (#76) −0.0049 0.0046
    miR-24-2 (#54) 0.0041 −0.0039
    *T = 1, 28 miRs selected, misclassification error after cross validation of 0.19. Twenty-two over-expressed miRs in cancer are indicated by positive cancer scores; 6 down-regulated miRs are indicated by negative cancer scores.
  • TABLE 14
    The microRNAs shared by the signatures of the 6 solid cancers*.
    miR N Tumor Type
    miR-21 6 Breast Colon Lung Pancreas Prostate Stomach
    miR-17-5p 5 Breast Colon Lung Pancreas Prostate
    miR-191 5 Colon Lung Pancreas Prostate Stomach
    miR-29b-2 4 Breast Colon Pancreas Prostate
    miR-223 4 Colon Pancreas Prostate Stomach
    miR-128b 3 Colon Lung Pancreas
    miR-199a-1 3 Lung Pancreas Prostate
    miR-24-1 3 Colon Pancreas Stomach
    miR-24-2 3 Colon Pancreas Stomach
    miR-146 3 Breast Pancreas Prostate
    miR-155 3 Breast Colon Lung
    miR-181b-1 3 Breast Pancreas Prostate
    miR-20a 3 Colon Pancreas Prostate
    miR-107 3 Colon Pancreas Stomach
    miR-32 3 Colon Pancreas Prostate
    miR-92-2 3 Pancreas Prostate Stomach
    miR-214 3 Pancreas Prostate Stomach
    miR-30c 3 Colon Pancreas Prostate
    miR-25 3 Pancreas Prostate Stomach
    miR-221 3 Colon Pancreas Stomach
    miR-106a 3 Colon Pancreas Prostate
    *The list includes 21 commonly up-regulated microRNAs in 3 or more (N) types of solid cancers (p-value = 2.5 × 10−3).
  • To maximize concision, the mean absolute expression levels of the deregulated miRs for the 6 cancer/normal pairs were computed. Using the expression level of miRs in the comprehensive subset, the different tissues were correctly classified, irrespective of the disease status (FIG. 3).
  • FIG. 4 shows differential expression of the common microRNAs across the different tumor tissues, in relation to the normal tissues. The tree displays the different cancer types according to fold changes in the miRNA subset. Prostate, colon, stomach and pancreatic tissues are most similar among them, while lung and breast tissues were represented by a fairly different signature (FIG. 4). This tree clearly shows which miRNAs are associated with a particular cancer histotype.
  • Strikingly, miR-21, miR-191 and miR-17-5p are significantly over-expressed in all, or in 5 out of 6, of the tumor types that were considered. miR-21 was reported to be over-expressed in glioblastoma and to have anti-apoptotic properties (Chan, J. A., et al., Cancer Res. 65: 6029-6033 (2005)). Lung cancer shares a portion of its signature with breast cancer and a portion with the other solid tumors, including miR-17/20/92, all three of which are members of the microRNA cluster that actively cooperates with c-Myc to accelerate lymphomagenesis (He, L., et al., Nature 435: 828-833 (2005)). The identification of these microRNAs as being over-expressed is an excellent confirmation of our approach. A second miRNA group that is activated includes miR-210 and miR-213, together with miR-155, which was already reported to be amplified in large cell lymphomas (Eis, P. S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 3627-3632 (2005)), children with Burkitt lymphoma (Metzler, M., et al., Genes Chromosomes Cancer 39:167-169 (2004)) and various B cell lymphomas (Kluiver, J, et al., J. Pathol., e-published online, Jul. 22, 2005). These microRNAs are the only ones up-regulated in breast and lung cancer. miR-218-2 is consistently down-regulated in colon, stomach, prostate and pancreas cancers, but not in lung and breast carcinomas.
  • Several observations strengthen these results. First, in this study, the expression levels of both the precursor pre-miRNA and the mature miRNA were determined for the majority of genes. Of note, with the exception of miR-212 and miR-128a, in all other instances, the abnormally-expressed region was that corresponding to the active gene product. Second, as shown in FIG. 3, the expression variation of the miRNAs in the comprehensive subset was often univocal (namely, down- or up-regulation) across the different types of cancers, suggesting a common mechanism in human tumorigenesis. Third, the microarray data were validated by solution hybridization for 12 breast samples (miR-125b, miR-145 and miR-21; Iorio, M. V., et al., Cancer Res. 65: 7065-7070 (2005)) and 17 endocrine pancreatic and normal samples (miR-103, miR-155 and miR-204; data not shown), strongly confirming the accuracy of the microarray data.
    • EXAMPLE 3 Identification of Predicted Targets for MicroRNAs that are Deregulated in Solid Tumors
  • Materials and Methods:
  • Tumor Suppressor and Oncogene Target Predictions
  • The most recent TargetScan predictions (April 2005) were used to identify putative microRNA targets. These include essentially the 3′UTR targets reported by Lewis et al. (Lewis, B. P., et al, Cell 120: 15-20 (2005)), with a few changes arising from updated gene boundary definitions from the April 2005 UCSC Genome Browser mapping of RefSeq mRNAs to the hg17 human genome assembly. Among the putative targets, known cancer genes (tumor suppressors and oncogenes) were specified according to their identification in the Cancer Gene Census, or as reported by OMIM.
  • Target in vitro Assays
  • For luciferase reporter experiments, 3′ UTR segments of Rbl, TGFBR2 and Plag1 that are predicted to interact with specific cancer-associated microRNAs were amplified by PCR from human genomic DNA and inserted into the pGL3 control vector (Promega) using the XbaI site immediately downstream from the stop codon of luciferase. The human megakaryocytic cell line, MEG-01, was grown in 10% FBS in RPMI medium 1640, supplemented with 1× nonessential amino acid and 1 mmol sodium pyruvate at 37° C. in a humified atmosphere of 5% CO2. The cells were co-transfected in 12-well plates by using siPORT neoFX (Ambion, Austin, Tex.), according to the manufacturer's protocol, with 0.4 μg of the firefly luciferase reporter vector and 0.08 μg of the control vector containing Renilla luciferase, pRL-TK (Promega). For each well, microRNA oligonucleotides (Dharmacon Research, Lafayette, Colo.) and anti-sense or scrambled oligonucleotides (Ambion) were used at a concentration of 10 nM. Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were measured consecutively at 24 h post transfection using dual-luciferase assays (Promega).
  • Western Blotting for RBI
  • Levels of RB1 protein were quantified using a mouse monoclonal anti-RB1 antibody (Santa Cruz, Calif.) using standard procedures for Western blotting. The normalization was performed with mouse monoclonal anti-Actin antibody (Sigma).
  • Results
  • The functional significance of microRNA deregulation in cancer needs to be understood. In solid tumors, it appears that the most common microRNA event is gain of expression, while loss of expression in cancer is a more limited event, and more tissue specific. We used a three-step consequential approach in the following order: first, “in silico” prediction of targets, then luciferase assay for first validation of cancer relevant targets and finally, ex vivo tumor correlation between miRNA expression (by microarray) and target protein expression (by Western blotting) for a specific miRNA:mRNA interactor pair. Relevant targets for cancer miRNAs could be either recessive (e.g., tumor suppressors) or dominant (e.g., oncogenes) cancer genes. To test the hypothesis that microRNAs that are deregulated in solid tumors target known oncogenes or tumor suppressors, the predicted targets for these miRNAs were determined using TargetScan, a database of conserved 3′ UTR microRNA targets (Lewis, B. P., et al, Cell 120: 15-20 (2005)). TargetScan contained 5,121 predictions for 18 miRNAs that are dysregulated in solid tumors, in the total 22,402 (26.5%) predictions. One hundred fifteen out of 263 (44%) well-known cancer genes were predicted as targets for these 18 miRNAs (Table 15). Because a high percentage of cancer genes are targeted by miRs that are deregulated in solid tumors, it is unlikely that these predictions are due to chance (P<0.0001 at Fisher exact-test).
  • In silico predictions for three different cancer genes, Retinoblastoma (Rb), TGF-beta-2 receptor (TGFBR2), and pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1), were confirmed experimentally by in vitro assays. Using a luciferase reporter assay, three microRNAs tested (miR-106a, miR-20a and miR-26a-1) caused a significant reduction of protein translation relative to the scrambled control oligoRNAs in transfected MEG-01 cells (FIG. 6). Retinoblastoma 3′UTR, for example, was found to interact functionally with miR-106a. The biological significance of this miRNA:mRNA interaction is reinforced by previous reports showing that the Rb1 gene is normally transcribed in colon cancers, whilst various fractions of cells do not express Rb1 protein (Ali, A. A., et al., FASEB J. 7:931-937 (1993)). This finding suggests the existence of a post-transcriptional mechanism for regulating Rb1 that could be explained by concomitant miR-106a over-expression in colon carcinoma (FIG. 4). Furthermore, mir-20a is down-regulated in breast cancer (FIG. 4) and TFGBR2 protein is expressed in the epithelium of breast cancer cells (Buck, M. B., et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 10:491-498 (2004)). Conversely, the over-expression of mir-20a in colon cancer may represent a novel mechanism for down-regulating TGFBR2, in addition to mutational inactivation (Biswas, S., et al., Cancer Res. 64:687-692 (2004)).
  • Finally, a set of patient samples was tested to verify whether RB1 protein expression correlates with miR-106a expression (FIG. 5 and FIG. 6B). As expected, in gastric, prostate and lung tumor samples RB1 was down-regulated (in respect to the paired normal) and miR-106a was found to be over-expressed, while in breast tumor samples, where miR-106a is slightly down-regulated (FIG. 5 and FIG. 6B), RB 1 is expressed at slightly higher levels then in the paired normal control.
  • These experimental proofs reinforce the hypothesis that key cancer genes are regulated by aberrant expression of miRs in solid cancers. These data add novel examples to the list of microRNA with important cancer gene targets, as previously shown by Johnsson et al. (Johnson, S. M., et al., Cell 120: 635-647 (2005)) for the let-7:Ras interaction, O'Donnell et al. (O'Donnell, K. A., et al., Nature 435:839-843 (2005)) for the miR-17-5p:cMyc interaction, and Cimmino et al. (Cimmino, A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:13944-13949 (2005)) for the mir-16:Bc12 interaction. Notably, miR-17-5p and miR-16 are members of the miRNA solid cancer signature described herein.
  • TABLE 15
    Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes predicted by TargetScanS as targets of
    microRNAs from the comprehensive cancer subset.*
    miRNA gene Gene Name Gene description
    miR-26a, miR-146 ABL2 v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene
    homolog 2 (arg. Abelson-related gene)
    miR-107 AF5q31 ALL1 fused gene from 5q31
    miR-20, miR-125b AKT3 v-akl murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3
    miR-26a, miR-155 APC adenomatosis polyposis coli
    miR-125b
    miR-26a, miR-218 ARHGEF12 RHO guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 12
    (LARG)
    miR-107, miR-221 ARNT aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
    miR-192 ATF1 activating transcription factor 1
    miR-26a ATM Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes
    complementation groups A, C and D)
    miR-24 AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase
    miR-26a, miR-107, BCL11A B-cell CLL/lymphoma 11A
    miR-146, miR-155
    miR-138, miR-92
    miR-20 BCL11B B-cell CLL/lymphoma 11B (CTIP2)
    miR-21 BCL2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
    miR-26a, miR-26a BCL6 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (zinc finger protein 51)
    miR-20,
    miR-92 BCL9 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9
    miR-26a, miR-223 CBFB core-binding factor, beta subunit
    miR-221, miR-125b
    miR-218 CCDC6 coiled-coil domain containing 6
    miR-20 CCND1 cyclin D1 (PRAD1: parathyroid adenomatosis 1)
    miR-26a, miR-20 CCND2 cyclin D2
    miR-26a, miR-107, miR-92 CDK6 cyclin-dependent kinase 6
    miR-20 CDKN1A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1)
    miR-221, miR-92 CDKN1C cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2)
    miR-24 CDX2 caudal type homeo box transcription factor 2
    miR-92 CEBPA CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha
    miR-26a CLTC clathrin, heavy polypeptide (Hc)
    miR-218 COL1A1 collagen, type I, alpha 1
    miR-26a CREBBP CREB binding protein (CBP)
    miR-20 CRK v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene
    homolog
    miR-20 CSF1 colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage)
    miR-221, miR-192 DDX6 DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 6
    (RNA helicase, 54 kD)
    miR-138 DEK DEK oncogene (DNA binding)
    miR-20 E2F1 E2F transcription factor 1
    miR-20 ELK3 ELK3, ETS-domain protein (SRF accessory protein
    2)
    miR-24 ELL ELL gene (11-19 lysine-rich leukemia gene)
    miR-26a, miR-138 ERBB4 v-erb-a avian erythroblastic leukemia viral
    oncogene homolog-like 4
    miR-221, miR-155, miR- ETS1 v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene
    125b homolog 1
    miR-20 ETV1 ets variant gene 1
    miR-125b ETV6 ets variant gene 6 (TEL oncogene)
    miR-223 FAT FAT tumor suppressor (Drosophila) homolog
    miR-223, miR-125b, miR- FGFR2 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2
    218
    miR-92 FLI1 Friend leukemia virus integration 1
    miR-24, miR-20 FLT1 fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (vascular endothelial
    growth factor/vascular permeability factor receptor)
    miR-221 FOS v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene
    homolog
    miR-92 FOXG1B forkhead box G1B
    miR-223 FOXO3A forkhead box O3A
    miR-125b GOLGA5 golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 5 (PTC5)
    miR-138 GPHN gephyrin (GPH)
    miR-107, miR-223, miR-20, HLF hepatic leukemia factor
    miR-218
    miR-26a, miR-107 HMGA1 high mobility group AT-hook 1
    miR-20 HOXA13 homeo box A13
    miR-92 HOXA9 homeo box A9
    miR-125b IRF4 interferon regulatory factor 4
    miR-146, miR-20, miR-138 JAZF1 juxtaposed with another zinc finger gene 1
    miR-92 JUN v-jun avian sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog
    miR-155 KRAS v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene
    homolog
    miR-218 LASP1 LIM and SH3 protein 1
    miR-218 LHFP lipoma HMGIC fusion partner
    miR-125b, miR-218 LIFR leukemia inhibitory factor receptor
    miR-223 LMO2 LIM domain only 2 (rhombotin-like 1) (RBTN2)
    miR-223, miR-155, miR- MAF v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (avian)
    125b, miR-92 oncogene homolog
    miR-92 MAP2K4 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4
    miR-146, miR-20 MAP3K8 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8
    miR-125b MAX MAX protein
    miR-218 MCC mutated in colorectal cancers
    miR-24 MEN1 multiple endocrine neoplasia I
    miR-138 MLLT6 myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia
    (trithorax homolog, Drosophila); translocated to, 6
    (AF17)
    miR-192 MSN moesin
    miR-24 MYB v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene
    homolog
    miR-107, miR-223, miR-146, MYBL1 v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene
    miR-221, miR-155, miR-218 homolog-like 1
    miR-107, miR-20 MYCN v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral related
    oncogene, neuroblastoma derived
    miR-107, miR-92 MYH9 myosin, heavy polypeptide 9, non-muscle
    miR-24 MYST4 MYST histone acetyltransferase (monocytic
    leukemia) 4 (MORF)
    miR-20 NBL1 neuroblastoma, suppression of tumorigenicity 1
    miR-125b NIN ninein (GSK3B interacting protein)
    miR-26a, miR-107 NKTR natural killer-tumor recognition sequence
    miR-92 NOTCH1 Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated
    (Drosophila) (TAN1)
    miR-24 NTRK3 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3
    miR-125b PCSK7 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7
    miR-24, miR-146 PER1 period homolog 1 (Drosophila)
    miR-146, miR-125b, miR- PHOX2B paired-like homeobox 2b
    138
    miR-155 PICALM phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly
    protein (CALM)
    miR-24, miR-26a PIM1 pim-1 oncogene
    miR-24, miR-26a, miR-21, PLAG1 pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1
    miR-107, miR-20, miR-155
    miR-218 RAB8A RAB8A, member RAS oncogene family
    miR-24, miR-221 RALA v-ral simian leukemia viral oncogene homolog A
    (ras related)
    miR-138 RARA retinoic acid receptor, alpha
    miR-20, miR-192 RB1 retinoblastoma 1 (including osteosarcoma)
    miR-20 RBL1 retinoblastoma-like 1 (p107)
    miR-20 RBL2 retinoblastoma-like 2 (p130)
    miR-155, miR-138 REL v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene
    homolog
    miR-20, miR-138 RHOC ras homolog gene family, member C
    miR-20, miR-192 RUNX1 runt-related transcription factor 1 (AML1)
    miR-107, miR-223 SEPT6 septin 6
    miR-146, miR-20, miR-125b SET SET translocation
    miR-21, miR-20, miR-155, SKI v-ski avian sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
    miR-218
    miR-26a, miR-146 SMAD4 SMAD, mothers against DPP homolog 4
    (Drosophila)
    miR-155 SPI1 spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) proviral
    integration oncogene spi1
    miR-125b SS18 synovial sarcoma translocation, chromosome 18
    miR-107, miR-155 SUFU suppressor of fused homolog (Drosophila)
    miR-92 TAF15 TAF15 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding
    protein (TBP)-associated factor, 68 kDa
    miR-26a, miR-221, miR-138 TCF12 transcription factor 12 (HTF4, helix-loop-helix
    transcription factors 4)
    miR-21, miR-20 TGFBR2 transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70-80 kD)
    miR-24, miR-26a, miR-92 TOP1 topoisomerase (DNA) I
    miR-138 TPM4 tropomyosin 4
    miR-20 TRIP11 thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11
    miR-92 TSC1 Tuberous sclerosis 1
    miR-20 TSG101 Tumor susceptibility gene 101
    miR-20 TUSC2 Tumor suppressor candidate 2
    miR-24 VAV1 vav 1 oncogene
    miR-125b VAV2 vav 2 oncogene
    miR-107 WHSC1 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1(MMSET)
    miR-138 WHSC1L1 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1-like 1
    (NSD3)
    miR-26a WNT5A wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
    member 5A
    miR-26a, miR-20, miR-125b YES1 v-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral oncogene
    homolog
    1
    miR-107, miR-221 ZNF198 zinc finger protein 198
    miR-218 ZNFN1A1 zinc finger protein, subfamily 1A, 1 (Ikaros)
    *Known cancer genes (e.g., tumor suppressors, oncogenes) comprise those identified in the Cancer Gene Census or reported by OMIM.
  • The relevant teachings of all publications cited herein that have not explicitly been incorporated by reference, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

Claims (5)

What is claimed is:
1. A method of inhibiting tumorigenesis in a subject who has prostate cancer, comprising:
a. determining the amount of at least one miR gene product in cancer cells from the subject, relative to control; and
b. altering the amount of miR gene product in the cancer cells by:
(i) administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one isolated or synthetic miRNA gene product, or an isolated variant or biologically-active fragment thereof, wherein the miRNA gene product is selected from the group consisting of: miR-128a prec; let-7a-2 prec; miR-218-2; miR-29a prec; miR-149; and miR-24-1; or
(ii) administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one compound for inhibiting expression of the at least one anti-miR gene product, wherein the anti-miRNA gene product is selected from the group consisting of: let-7d; miR-195; miR-203; miR-34a; miR-20a; miR-29a; miR-25; miR-95; miR-197; miR-135-2; miR-187; miR-196-1; miR-148; miR-191; miR-21; let-7i; miR-198; miR-199a-2; miR-30c; miR-17-5p; miR-92-2; miR-146; miR-181b-1; miR-196-1; miR-93-1; miR-223; miR-16-1; miR-101-1 prec; miR-124a-1; miR-26a-1; miR-214; miR-27a; miR-106a; and miR-199a-1;
c. such that tumorigenesis is inhibited in the subject.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising communicating the diagnosis to at least one person.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising communicating the diagnosis to at least one person.
4. A pharmaceutical composition for treating a prostate cancer, comprising at least one isolated miR gene product, or an isolated variant or biologically-active fragment thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier; wherein the miRNA gene product is selected from the group consisting of : miR-128a prec; let-7a-2 prec; miR-218-2; miR-29a prec; miR-149; and miR-24-1.
5. A pharmaceutical composition for treating a solid cancer, comprising at least one miR expression-inhibition compound and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier; wherein the anti-miRNA gene product is selected from the group consisting of: let-7d; miR-195; miR-203; miR-34a; miR-20a; miR-29a; miR-25; miR-95; miR-197; miR-135-2; miR-187; miR-196-1; miR-148; miR-191; miR-21; let-7i; miR-198; miR-199a-2; miR-30c; miR-17-5p; miR-92-2; miR-146; miR-181b-1; miR-196-1; miR-93-1; miR-223; miR-16-1; miR-101-1 prec; miR-124a-1; miR-26a-1; miR-214; miR-27a; miR-106a; and miR-199a-1.
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