US20160194869A1 - Composite structural member - Google Patents

Composite structural member Download PDF

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Publication number
US20160194869A1
US20160194869A1 US14/916,617 US201414916617A US2016194869A1 US 20160194869 A1 US20160194869 A1 US 20160194869A1 US 201414916617 A US201414916617 A US 201414916617A US 2016194869 A1 US2016194869 A1 US 2016194869A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
timber
cooperating surface
present
round
structural member
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US14/916,617
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English (en)
Inventor
Patrick Thornton
Peter Blair
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Loggo IP Pty Ltd In Its Capacity As Trustee For Thornton Ip Trust
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Loggo IP Pty Ltd In Its Capacity As Trustee For Thornton Ip Trust
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Priority claimed from AU2013903420A external-priority patent/AU2013903420A0/en
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Assigned to LOGGO IP PTY LTD IN ITS CAPACITY AS TRUSTEE FOR THORNTON IP TRUST reassignment LOGGO IP PTY LTD IN ITS CAPACITY AS TRUSTEE FOR THORNTON IP TRUST ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BLAIR, PETER, THORNTON, PATRICK
Publication of US20160194869A1 publication Critical patent/US20160194869A1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
    • E04B2/70—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood
    • E04B2/701—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function
    • E04B2/702—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function with longitudinal horizontal elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
    • E04B1/10—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of wood
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
    • E04C3/122—Laminated
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
    • E04C3/18—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members with metal or other reinforcements or tensioning members
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/30—Columns; Pillars; Struts
    • E04C3/36—Columns; Pillars; Struts of materials not covered by groups E04C3/32 or E04C3/34; of a combination of two or more materials
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
    • E04B2/70—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood
    • E04B2/701—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function
    • E04B2/705—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function with longitudinal horizontal elements placed between columns

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to the field of construction, and in particular building construction. Included within the present invention are structural timber members capable of bearing loads required in applications such as bearers, floor joists, roof rafters, beams, columns and the like.
  • Timber is a renewable natural resource useful in the construction of buildings and other structures. When trees are harvested there is significant wastage of woody material. Typically this material is used in relatively low value applications such as fuel for heat generation, wood chips, landscaping products, the production of bio fuels and the like. While these are effective uses of waste products they do not add value to the product, and merely minimise economic loss on the cost of timber production.
  • peeler cores which are typically 60 to 80 mm diameter
  • Peeler cores are often used to fuel forest kilns, or chipped for use in landscape applications. Wood of diameter less than 80 mm diameter is often left on the forest floor.
  • a further problem in the art is the significant time taken for a tree to be ready for harvest.
  • the main trunk and branches of the tree must be of sufficient diameter to allow for the economical production of products such as sawn timber.
  • a shorter production cycle would allow for increases in production capacity for a given area of land as a function of time.
  • the present invention provides a structural member comprising: a first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a third timber round having a fourth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof wherein, the first cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the fourth cooperating surface, the first, second and third timber rounds are secured together to form a structurally integral unit in which the first cooperating surface is in contact with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is in contact with the fourth cooperating surface, and the first, second and third timber rounds are substantially parallel to each other, and wherein the first, second and third timber rounds are secured to each other by a plurality of fasteners spaced along the length of the member, the plurality of fasteners comprising fasteners provided at both acute and obtuse angles from a longitudinal axis of the
  • the present invention further provides a structural member comprising: a first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a third timber round having fourth and fifth cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and fourth timber round having a sixth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof wherein, the first cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the fourth cooperating surface, and the fifth cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the sixth cooperating surface, the first, second, third and fourth timber rounds are secured together to form a structurally integral unit in which the first cooperating surface is in contact with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is in contact with the fourth cooperating surface, and the fifth cooperating surface is in contact with the sixth cooperating surface, and the first, second, third and fourth timber rounds are substantially parallel to each other, and wherein the first, second, third and fourth
  • the present invention further provides a structural member comprising: a first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a third timber round having fourth and fifth cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a fourth timber round having sixth and seventh cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a fifth timber round having an eighth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof wherein, the first cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the fourth cooperating surface, and the fifth cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the sixth cooperating surface, and the seventh cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the eighth cooperating surface, the first, second, third, fourth and fifth timber rounds are secured together to form a structurally integral unit in which the first cooperating surface is in contact with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is in contact with the fourth cooperating surface, and the
  • the present invention further provides a structural member comprising: a first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a third timber round having fourth and fifth cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a fourth timber round having sixth and seventh cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a fifth timber round having eighth and ninth cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a sixth timber round having a tenth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof wherein, the first cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the fourth cooperating surface, and the fifth cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the sixth cooperating surface, and the seventh cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the eighth cooperating surface, and the ninth cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the tenth cooperating surface, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth timber
  • the present invention further provides a structural member comprising: a first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a third timber round having fourth and fifth cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a fourth timber round having sixth and seventh cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a fifth timber round having eighth and ninth cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a sixth timber round having tenth and eleventh cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a seventh timber round having a twelfth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof wherein, the first cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the fourth cooperating surface, and the fifth cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the sixth cooperating surface, and the seventh cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the eighth cooperating surface, and the ninth cooperating surface
  • one or more of the timber rounds, or all of the timber rounds has/have a diameter of less than about 125 mm, or about 100 mm, or about 75 mm, or about 70 mm, or about 65 mm, or about 60 mm, or about 55 mm, or about 50 mm, or about 45 mm, or about 40 mm. In another embodiment, one or more of the timber rounds, or all of the timber rounds, has/have a diameter of less than about 60 mm. In another embodiment, one or more of the timber rounds, or all of the timber rounds, is/are a peeler core.
  • the plurality of fasteners includes adjacent fasteners provided at alternating acute and obtuse angles to the longitudinal axis of the structural member.
  • the fasteners are applied at an acute angle of between about 10° to about 70° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member, and at an obtuse angle of between about 110° to 170° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member.
  • the fasteners are applied at an acute angle of between about 25° and about 45° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member, and at an obtuse angle of between about 135° and about 155° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member.
  • the timber structural member comprises one or more holes interposed between adjacent acute and obtuse angled holes.
  • the hole(s) interposed between adjacent acute and obtuse angled holes are at an angle which bisects the angle made by the adjacent acute and obtuse holes.
  • the hole(s) interposed between adjacent acute and obtuse angled holes are at an angle substantially orthogonal to a flat cooperating surface of the timber structural member.
  • the acute and obtuse angled holes and/or the interposed holes are disposed along the plane running along the central longitudinal axis of the timber structural member.
  • the first cooperating surface is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the first timber round
  • the second cooperating surface is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the second timber round
  • the third cooperating surface is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the second timber round
  • the fourth cooperating surface is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the third timber round
  • the fifth cooperating surface (where present) is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the third timber round
  • the sixth cooperating surface (where present) is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the fourth timber round
  • the seventh cooperating surface (where present) is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the fourth timber round
  • the eighth cooperating surface (where present) is a substantially flat surface provided by removing a minor segment along the length of the fifth timber round
  • the first, second, third, fourth, fifth (where present), sixth (where present), seventh (where present), eighth (where present), ninth (where present), tenth (where present), eleventh (where present), or twelfth (where present) substantially flat cooperating surface is parallel to any other substantially flat cooperating surface of the timber structural member.
  • the first, second, third, fourth, fifth (where present), sixth (where present), seventh (where present), eighth (where present), ninth (where present), tenth (where present), eleventh (where present), and twelfth (where present) substantially flat cooperating surfaces are parallel to each other.
  • the structural member is provided with a plurality of holes passing through the first, second, third, fourth (where present), fifth (where present), sixth (where present), and seventh (where present) rounds, each hole being shaped to receive one of the plurality of fasteners.
  • the plurality of holes includes holes formed at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the structural member and holes formed at an obtuse angle to the longitudinal axis of the structural member.
  • the fasteners are secured in the holes by an adhesive.
  • the holes are sized to allow sufficient clearance between their edges and the fasteners to allow each fastener to be encapsulated by the adhesive within the relevant hole.
  • the encapsulation of the fasteners by the adhesive prevents the fasteners from contacting the sides of the holes in which they are located.
  • the ends of the fasteners are provided with caps, the caps preventing exposure of the ends of the fasteners to the environment.
  • fasteners are reinforcement bars.
  • an end of the first timber round is provided with a first radial cut
  • an end of the second timber round is provided with a second radial cut
  • an end of the third timber round is provided with a third radial cut
  • an end of the fourth timber round (where present) is provided with a fourth radial cut
  • an end of the fifth timber round (where present) is provided with a fifth radial cut
  • an end of the sixth timber round (where present) is provided with a sixth radial cut
  • an end of the seventh timber round (where present) is provided with a seventh radial cut
  • the ends of the first, second third, fourth (where present), fifth (where present), sixth (where present), and seventh (where present) timber rounds being adjacent one another in the timber structural member, and the radial cuts shaped and positioned to allow the timber structural member to engage with a further member, the further member having a rounded cross-section.
  • the axes of the first, second, third, fourth (where present), fifth (where present), sixth (where present) and seventh (where present) radial cuts are aligned. In another embodiment, the axes of the first, second, third, fourth (where present), fifth (where present), sixth (where present), and seventh (where present) radial cuts are parallel. In another embodiment, the axes of the first and/or second and/or third and/or fourth (where present), and or fifth (where present) and/or seventh (where present) radial cuts are angled to allow the timber structural member to form an angled connection with the further timber round.
  • an end of the first timber round is provided with a first axial bore sized to receive a first connecting dowel
  • an end of the second timber round is provided with a second axial bore sized to receive a second connecting dowel
  • an end of the third timber round is provided with a third axial bore sized to receive a third connecting dowel
  • an end of the fourth timber round (where present) is provided with a fourth axial bore sized to receive a fourth connecting dowel
  • an end of the fifth timber round (where present) is provided with a fifth axial bore sized to receive a fifth connecting dowel
  • an end of the sixth timber round (where present) is provided with a sixth axial bore sized to receive a sixth connecting dowel
  • an end of the seventh timber round (where present) is provided with a seventh axial bore sized to receive a seventh connecting dowel the ends of the first, second, third, fourth (where present), fifth (where present), sixth (where present), and seventh (where present) timber rounds being adjacent one another in the timber structural
  • the first connecting dowel is centrally positioned within the first bore to be coaxial with the first timber round
  • the second connecting dowel is centrally positioned within the second bore to be coaxial with the second timber round
  • the third connecting dowel is centrally positioned within the third bore to be coaxial with the third timber round
  • the fourth connecting dowel (where present) is centrally positioned within the fourth bore to be coaxial with the fourth timber round
  • the fifth connecting dowel (where present) is centrally positioned within the fifth bore to be coaxial with the fifth timber round
  • the sixth connecting dowel (where present) is centrally positioned within the sixth bore to be coaxial with the sixth timber round
  • the seventh connecting dowel (where present) is centrally positioned within the seventh bore to be coaxial with the seventh timber round.
  • the first, second, third, fourth (where present), fifth (where present), sixth (where present), and seventh (where present) connecting dowels are centred respectively in the first, second, third, fourth (where present), fifth (where present), sixth (where present), and seventh (where present) bores by centring rings.
  • the timber structural member has a length being a standard length used in building construction. In another embodiment, the timber structural member has a length of about 1200 mm, or about 2400 mm, or about 3600 mm.
  • the connecting dowels are selected from a group comprising a mild steel rod and a high strength steel rod. In another embodiment, the connecting dowels are secured in the respective bores by an adhesive.
  • the bores are sized to allow sufficient clearance between their edges and the relevant connecting dowel to allow the connecting dowel to be encapsulated by the adhesive within the relevant bore.
  • the first timber round is secured to the second timber round, and the second timber round is connected to the third timber round, and the third timber round is connected to the fourth timber round (where present), and the fourth timber round is connected to the fifth timber round (where present), and the fifth timber round is connected to the sixth timber round (where present), and the sixth timber round is connected to the seventh timber round (where present), by use of an adhesive applied to the first and/or second and/or third and/or fourth and/or fifth (where present) and/or sixth (where present) and/or seventh (where present) and/or eighth (where present) and/or ninth (where present) and/or tenth (where present) and/or eleventh (where present) and/or twelfth (where present) cooperating surfaces.
  • the present invention provides an extended span timber structural member comprising two or more timber structural members as described herein, the timber structural members being connected to each other by the end faces.
  • the timber structural member has a length of greater than 3 about metres.
  • a method for fabricating a timber structural member comprising the steps of providing a first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, providing a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, providing a third timber round having a fourth cooperating surface, and optionally a fifth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, optionally providing a fourth timber round having a sixth cooperating surface, and optionally a seventh cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, optionally providing a fifth timber round having an eighth cooperating surface, and optionally a ninth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, optionally providing a tenth timber round having a sixth cooperating surface, and optionally a eleventh cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and optionally providing a seventh timber round having a twelfth cooperating surface, and extending longitudinally along the length thereof, wherein, the first cooperating surface is
  • the method comprises the step of applying one or more fasteners interposed between adjacent acute and obtuse angled fasteners.
  • one or more of the timber rounds, or all of the timber rounds has/have a diameter of less than about 125 mm, or about 100 mm, or about 75 mm, or about 70 mm, or about 65 mm, or about 60 mm, or about 55 mm, or about 50 mm, or about 45 mm, or about 40 mm.
  • one or more of the timber rounds, or all of the timber rounds has/have a diameter of less than about 60 mm.
  • one or more of the timber rounds, or all of the timber rounds is/are a peeler core.
  • the plurality of fasteners comprise adjacent fasteners provided at alternating acute and obtuse angles to the longitudinal axis of the structural member.
  • the fasteners are applied at an acute angle of between about 10° to about 70° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member, and at an obtuse angle of between about 110° to 170° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member. In another embodiment the fasteners are applied at an acute angle of between about 25° and about 45° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member, and at an obtuse of about 135° to about 155° to the longitudinal axis of the structural member.
  • the present invention provides a timber structural member produced by the method as described herein.
  • FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a structural member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic view (not to scale) of a structural member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the member is composed of three sub-members which are joined by alternating obtuse and acute fasteners.
  • FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatic view (not to scale) of a structural member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the member is composed of three sub-members which are joined by alternating obtuse and acute fasteners, and also interposed fasteners.
  • FIG. 4 shows a diagrammatic end-on view of a structural member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the member is composed of four sub-members, the sub-members derived from peeler cores.
  • the present invention provides a structural member comprising:
  • first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a third timber round having a fourth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof
  • first cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the second cooperating surface
  • the third cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the fourth cooperating surface
  • the first, second and third timber rounds are secured together to form a structurally integral unit in which the first cooperating surface is in contact with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is in contact with the fourth cooperating surface
  • the first, second and third timber rounds are substantially parallel to each other, and wherein the first, second and third timber rounds are secured to each other by a plurality of fasteners spaced along the length of the member, the plurality of fasteners comprising fasteners provided at both acute and obtuse angles from a longitudinal axis of the structural member, the fasteners extending through the first, second and third
  • beams having significant load bearing capacity may be formed by the use of three of more timber rounds fastened together, each timber round being of relatively small diameter.
  • the use of small diameter rounds for producing a load bearing member is a significant departure from the prior art.
  • timber rounds of small diameter were thought to be of no use (or at least limited use) in building construction given the lack of load bearing capability of members having a limited cross sectional area, in some embodiments, 4, 5, 6, or 7 timber rounds are used.
  • the present Applicant has discovered that beams having three or more timber rounds, with the rounds fastened together in a specified manner, provide a beam having an unexpected load bearing capacity which is greater than the additive capacity of the individual rounds.
  • Another advantage of some embodiments includes a lower weight per unit length of member.
  • the avoidance of members having a large cross-sectional area may, in some embodiments, provide for a lighter product. This assists in lowering freight costs and easing handling.
  • a further advantage of some embodiments is a lower cost per unit length. As discussed in the Background section, many parts of a tree are wasted in the felling and milling processes. The present members may be formed from such waste, and indeed in some instances from branches that are ordinarily left on the forest floor to decompose.
  • Another advantage for some embodiments is that the relatively small rounds dry faster and/or to a greater extent and/or completely. Smaller rounds have a greater surface area to volume ratio, and so moisture is more quickly and/or more completely extracted from the wood. Kiln drying can be an important step in the lumber production process, ensuring that gross dimensional changes through shrinkage are confined to the drying process. Ideally, wood is dried to that equilibrium moisture content as will later (in service) be attained by the wood. Thus, further dimensional change will be kept to a minimum.
  • Dried timber is lighter, and stronger than green timber in most strength properties, and may be easier to impregnate. Dry wood also generally works, machines, finishes and glues better than green timber. Paints and finishes also last longer
  • a further advantage of using 4, 5, 6, or 7 small diameter (40 mm to 60 mm) rounds to form composite structural members is that such small rounds may be used in manufacture even with relatively high moisture content.
  • shrinking stresses in smaller rounds is far less than large rounds, and so composite members formed from smaller rounds may be dried after manufacture. This provides a time advantage in manufacture, given that is possible to manufacture the members without pre-drying the rounds. Alternatively, the manufacturer is not forced to keep a stock of pre-dried rounds.
  • any imperfection in a region of a round (that may cause a structural weakness) is at least partially compensated for by the wood in rounds directly above and/or below the imperfection. While each round in a composite member may have an area of weakness, the likelihood of two rounds having a weakness at the same point is very unlikely.
  • the timber rounds used in the context of the present invention have diameters of less than those disclosed in Applicant's prior international patent application PCT/AU2009/001453.
  • one, two or three round(s) has/have a diameter of less than about 125 mm.
  • two or three round(s) has/have a diameter of less than or less than about 100 mm.
  • two or three round(s) has/have a diameter of less than or about 75 mm.
  • joists can be further strengthened (where necessary) by placing a two or more members side-by-side (such that each similar element abuts lengthwise) and cross laminating with dowel and adhesive and/or gusset plates and the like to provide a stronger multi-joist with two or more members.
  • the diameters of the rounds are substantially equal.
  • the timbers used for the first and/or second and/or third timber rounds may be so-called “true round sections”, “true rounds”.
  • Timber rounds are described in Section 6 of Australian Standard 1720, and are typically produced from softwood trees grown commercially as renewable forest plantation timber. These timbers are typically fast growing, easily harvested, and have a low natural defect rate.
  • True rounds are particularly strong since the natural strength of the timber fibres is not disrupted by sawing or other treatment. The integrity of the round is maintained, and the trimming process required to circularise the round does not greatly affect the overall strength of the round.
  • the natural characteristics of timber are that the central core or pith of the round is relatively soft and has low structural strength.
  • the periphery of the timber is much harder and the timber fibres are able to carry a high tensile load. Also, this hard outer layer is more resistant to water absorption and attack by insects, and thus by keeping the outer circumference of the timber largely intact in the process of preparing a true round, the structural integrity of the timber is maintained
  • the rounds in some forms of the invention do not strictly conform to Australian Standard 1720, and may be of a smaller diameter such that the Standard is not satisfied. However, by the fastening of at least three rounds together a required load bearing capacity may be nevertheless attained.
  • the rounds are “peeler cores”.
  • a peeler core is a round pressure treated post.
  • a peeler core has been turned in a milling machine to the point that substantially all the soft wood has been removed (for plywood manufacturing), leaving the hardwood core which is typically dense and inflexible. The milling process peels off the bark, cambium layer, sapwood, and even some of the heartwood to make veneer panels. This leaves no sapwood on the post.
  • the hardwood core of a peeler core does not absorb the pressure treatment and preservatives as well as the softwood resulting in an inferior post that will typically not last as long as a post with treated softwood on the exterior.
  • Applicant has discovered an economically and technically viable use for peeler cores in that the cores may be used in a composite timber product such as that disclosed herein.
  • the use of multiple peeler cores (and even those with a diameter down to about 70, 60, 50 or 40 mm) can produce a member which is useful in construction and yet is highly cost-effective.
  • peeler cores are essentially a waste product of forestry, having little value in the market.
  • the present invention is directed to timber structural members that are comprised of peeler cores only.
  • peeler cores Given the low diameters of peeler cores, it will be appreciated that a greater number of rounds may be required to achieve any desired structural property. For example, while a structural member composed only of larger diameter rounds may only require 2 or 3 rounds, the use of peeler cores may require 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 rounds to achieve a useful result.
  • the present invention provides a structural member comprising: a first timber round having a first cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof, a second timber round having a second and a third cooperating surfaces extending longitudinally along the length thereof, and a third timber round having fourth and fifth cooperating surfaces, and fourth timber round having a sixth cooperating surface extending longitudinally along the length thereof wherein, the first cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is shaped to cooperate with the fourth cooperating surface, the first, second and third timber rounds are secured together to form a structurally integral unit in which the first cooperating surface is in contact with the second cooperating surface, and the third cooperating surface is in contact with the fourth cooperating surface, and the first, second and third timber rounds are substantially parallel to each other, and wherein the first, second and third timber rounds are secured to each other by a plurality of fasteners spaced along the length of the member, the plurality of fasteners comprising fasteners provided at both acute and
  • the first, second, third and fourth timber rounds are all peeler cores, and optionally peeler cores having a diameter of between about 40 mm and about 60 mm
  • each added round provides a further shear face, with each added shear face provided an incremental advantage.
  • the plurality of fasteners includes adjacent fasteners.
  • the use of smaller diameter rounds requires special consideration of the acute and obtuse angles at which the fasteners are provided in order to, in some circumstances, provide a required load bearing capacity.
  • the acute angle is equal to or greater than about 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, or 65°.
  • the acute angle may be less than about 70°, 65°, 60°, 55°, 50°, 45°, 40°, 35°, 30°, or 25°. In one embodiment the acute angle is about 45°.
  • the angles specified herein are not required to be precisely those cited numerically. Indeed, there is typically no requirement for great accuracy in the art with variations of 5% in these angles generally being tolerated. However, where required by engineering specifications to provide for a predetermined load bearing capacity, a lower tolerance may be provided for.
  • the obtuse angle is calculated by the addition of 90° to the acute angle.
  • the obtuse angle is equal to or greater than about 110°, 115°, 120°, 125°, 130°, 135°, 140°, 145°, 150°, or 155°.
  • the obtuse angle may be less than about 160°, 155°, 150°, 145°, 140°, 135°, 130°, 125°, 120°, or 115°. In one embodiment, the obtuse angle is about 135°.
  • the cooperating surfaces of the timber rounds may be of any configuration deemed suitable by the skilled artisan, however the surfaces are typically substantially flat.
  • the second (central) round may have two cooperating surfaces: a first cooperating surface configured to abut the first round and a second cooperating surface to abut the third round.
  • the rounds may be machined or otherwise treated to remove a minor segment along the length of the round in order to provide a flattened cooperating surface.
  • the proportion of the flattened cooperating surface to the diameter of the round is selected to provide the structural member being manufactured with a suitably sized cross section.
  • a suitable minor segment size for removal may be a segment with a depth of approximately 0.2 times the diameter of the round—i.e. for a 75 mm round a minor segment with a depth of approximately 15 mm is removed.
  • the proportions may be altered depending on the particular structural application that may be required.
  • the structural member has a lower width for the shear faces for the internal rounds (for example, rounds 2, 3, 4, and 5, of a 6 round member), this allowing a greater height.
  • a shear zone 20 mm width provides a height of 44 mm.
  • a shear zone of 40 mm provides a height of 30 mm.
  • account may be taken of the height to width ratio of the composite structural member. It is preferred for some applications that the height to width ratio does not exceed about 5:1. By way of example, a 40 mm wide member made from 40 mm diameter rounds should not exceed 200 mm in height.
  • the rounds Prior to joining the machined rounds to create the structural member, the rounds may be treated with a preservative to provide service life protection. Varying degrees of protection can be imparted dependent upon the intended application of the structural member.
  • a suitable preservative may be provided by employing the process known as Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary (ACQ) which is Chromium and Arsenic free.
  • the rounds are secured together.
  • the rounds are firstly brought together using a jig, and the structural member is laminated along the cooperating interfaces.
  • the first second and third rounds may abut in any configuration deemed suitable by the skilled artisan, including in a stacked configuration i.e. the first directly over the second, and the second directly over the third). In that configuration, the first and third rounds have a single cooperating surface each, and the second round has two cooperating surfaces, as described supra.
  • the rounds may be configured such that each round abuts two other rounds, such that each round has two cooperating surfaces.
  • cooperating surfaces are substantially flat, at least two or three of the surfaces are substantially parallel. Typically all substantially flat cooperating surfaces are parallel.
  • the present timber beams comprises fasteners, which may be inserted into holes drilled through the structural member, for example by drilling through the three rounds. Fasteners are then inserted into the holes and are fixed in place, optionally using an adhesive bonding material.
  • the fasteners are deformed reinforcement bars of the type typically used in the concrete construction industry.
  • the fasteners may be inserted by any method deemed appropriate by the skilled artisan, and may be manually rotated into the final position, or in rotated with the assistance of an electric drill or similar device.
  • Alternative fasteners include, for example, hot dipped galvanised deformed or Y-bar dowels, or any other dowel/rod/fastener with suitable strength properties for the requirements of the structural member and environmental conditions to which the structural member will be exposed.
  • fasteners of varying corrosion protection can be deployed.
  • the positions and angles of the holes may be selected to ensure that once fasteners have been secured in place sufficient bonding occurs to ensure true composite action of the structural member.
  • the diameters of the holes and the dimensions of the fasteners may be selected in accordance with the intended application of the structural member.
  • the holes may be sized to allow the fasteners to fit with sufficient clearance as dictated by the performance properties of the adhesive bonding material being used.
  • the diameter of the holes may be from about 0.5 mm to about 4 mm larger than the greatest diameter of the fastener to be inserted therein.
  • the holes and fasteners are of a relatively small diameter.
  • Fasteners equal to or less than about 12 mm or about 10 mm in diameter may be used.
  • an N10 deformed bar (Mesh and Bar Pty Ltd, Australia) may be used.
  • Relatively small diameter holes require lesser amounts of glue (where used), thereby increasing the cost-effectiveness of the present beams.
  • a preformed annular centring ring may be used to ensure the fastener may be centrally located in the hole.
  • the centring ring (described below) allows the adhesive to flow through the ring into the hole to ensure full encapsulation of the fastener by the adhesive.
  • the adhesive is injected around the fastener from one end of the hole, the other end of the hole allowing air to escape during the injection process. This ensures uniform distribution of the adhesive around the dowel within the hole.
  • the adhesive may be injected using, for example, a trigger cartridge gun or pneumatic cartridge gun.
  • a washer (described below) may also be disposed inside the hole across the interface between two rounds to prevent glue from escaping at the interface.
  • the fasteners are inserted into holes and glue injection takes place.
  • the rounds and are held in place whilst the adhesive achieves initial curing. This typically occurs within 4 hours but is dependent upon a number of variables including temperature, moisture content of the timber and glue formulation. If a cambered structural member is required this can be achieved by applying the camber to the rounds and in the forming jig. Applying an initial set to the rounds while the adhesive cures will ensure that the pre-camber is maintained in the structural member.
  • the adhesive bonding material may, for example, comprise a two component epoxy material or in some applications a single phase epoxy may be used. Ideally the epoxy completely encases the fastener, thereby providing a barrier to corrosion of the fastener along its entire length.
  • a suitable adhesive is a structural epoxy resin such as waterproof thixotropic solvent free epoxy resin. The adhesive bonding material provides the additional benefit of providing corrosion protection to the embedded fasteners.
  • the fasteners may laced through the structural member to provide for a structural member which exhibits restraint to longitudinal cracking which is typical of high load failure.
  • the precise number, type and angle of insertion of the fasteners will depend on the intended application of the structural member.
  • the fasteners may be inserted in a repeating′V-pattern to provide a trussing effect (see FIG. 2 , for example), being the ability of the fasteners (in their diagonal configuration) to transfer imposed loads from the bearing surfaces to the outer connection nodes thus reducing the amount of stress borne by the wood fibres alone.
  • the timber structural member comprises more than one series of fasteners.
  • a first series of fasteners are aligned along the central axis of the member
  • a second series may be provided to the right, and a third series provided to the left (when considered in plan view).
  • the second and third series of fasteners may be inserted in a repeating V-pattern (and at angles described elsewhere herein for the central series of fasteners).
  • the arrangement of fasteners in the second and third series are similar, or substantially identical, with respect to spacing between fasteners, and/or the angle at which they are inserted, and/or their absolute positions within the timber structural member.
  • These parameters for the second and third series of fasteners may be different to those for the first, central series of fasteners.
  • at least two of the series of three are staggered with respect to each other.
  • the first, second and third series of fasteners are typically disposed along parallel lines.
  • the offset between the first series and the second series, and the first series and third series of fasteners is typically substantially equal.
  • the offset size may be affected by the size of the holes (larger holes generally dictating a larger offset), and also the width of the timber structural member (wider members allowing for greater spacing between the series of fasteners).
  • the offset may be greater than about 12 mm, 15 mm, 18 mm, 21 mm, 24 mm, 27 mm or 30 mm.
  • the use of multiple series of fasteners disposed longitudinally along the timber structural member is typically provided for with timber structural members of width of greater than about 40 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm, 125 mm, 150 mm, 175 mm or 200 mm.
  • Broader members may be suited to applications where it is necessary to spread load across a larger bearing surface, for example where the timber structural member is used as a bearing face for flooring (such as plywood). In such situations, a bearing surface of the beam may be substantially flat to allow close cooperation with a floor board or other subfloor structure.
  • Fasteners provided at 90° i.e. perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the structural member
  • the distance between the ends of adjacent fasteners on the same edge of the structural member may be about 1 ⁇ 3 of the cross section of the structural member.
  • either one or both ends of the rounds of the structural member may be provided with axial bores and/or radial cuts to facilitate connection of the structural member to another member or structure.
  • the axial bores allow for dowel type end grain connections to be made at each end of the structural member.
  • the axial bores are machined into the end (or ends) of the rounds to a predetermined depth.
  • Each bore is dimensioned to receive a steel dowel (or similar) as shown.
  • the axial bore will generally be of slightly larger diameter than the dowel to allow an adhesive bonding material to be injected and fully surround the dowel, thereby ensuring a high strength bonded connection between the dowel and the rounds.
  • the adhesive may be injected using, for example, a trigger cartridge gun or pneumatic cartridge gun.
  • an annular preformed centring ring may be used.
  • the centring ring (typically an “O” ring) may include a central aperture having a diameter substantially the same (or slightly larger) than the dowel to be used.
  • the circumference of the centring ring is provided with a number of lugs which are sized/positioned to engage with the edges of the bore.
  • the centring rings are placed and affixed along the dowel with at least one centring ring for each member that the dowel will need to pass through.
  • the dowel is then inserted into the bore through the central aperture of the centring ring.
  • the centring ring ensures the dowel is centrally located within the bore and allows adhesive to be injected into the bore between the edges of the bore and the lugs.
  • the centring ring may be made from plastic, metal, or a composite of materials.
  • a washer may be used across the interface(s) between the structural member 100 and any other members it is attached to, thereby limiting leakage of glue into the joints between members.
  • the washer may comprise an annulus that has a central aperture, the inner diameter of the annulus being substantially the same as the dowel, and the outer diameter of the annulus being substantially the same as a rebate that is bored axially aligned with the bore.
  • the length of the washer can be between 2 and 10 mm, and the length of the rebate therefore needs to be at least sufficient to accommodate the washer, with the washer crossing from one member, across the interface between them, into another member.
  • the inner surface of the annulus has a number of lugs which are sized and positioned to hold and centre the inserted dowel in the bore (or hole).
  • the process When connecting the structural member to another member or round (or when connecting the three rounds of the structural member together), the process generally entails drilling the required holes in the relevant members or rounds, inserting the dowel/fastener (either with or without using a centring ring), inserting, the washers across the joints, and then injecting the glue from an exposed end of a hole through the members or rounds.
  • a dowel/fastener-washer combination can be inserted simultaneously.
  • the glue may be injected with the use of a bleeder hole. Once the glue has been injected, the dowel/fastener will be encapsulated by glue.
  • the ends of the dowels/fasteners can be protected from coming into contact with the timber by using an end cap or dipping the ends of the dowel in a compound such as liquid rubber so as to create a cap with a diameter substantially that of the bore or slightly less.
  • the end cap may also serve to centre the fastener in the bore, in which case the centring devices as discussed above may not be required.
  • the end caps also prevent the ends of the fasteners from being exposed to the environment and serve to smooth out/cushion the ends of the fasteners, thereby dealing with a potential breaking point.
  • the fasteners may be disposed to ensure that no portion of a fastener extends outside the member.
  • Many building standards have provisions for fire proofing timber components, including a requirement that metal fasteners (as good thermal conductors) are appropriately insulated from the environment.
  • the fasteners may be disposed such that at least a certain minimum depth of wood (for example at least 20 mm) exists between the end of a fastener and the nearest edge of the member.
  • plugs or end caps may achieve the same level of insulation.
  • the axial bores may also remove the central (and usually weakest) part of the rounds. This, in turn, provides enhanced strength/structural integrity to the structural member as a whole.
  • the ends of the rounds may further be provided with radial cuts.
  • radial is used it will be appreciated that the cut need not be precisely circular and could have a more general scalloped or concave shape.
  • the radius of curvature, or the shape, of the cut is selected to mirror the diameter of a circular pole or generally concave shape of another member to which the structural member may be connected. This provides for a neat and structurally sound connection with the circular pole or other member.
  • the radial cuts may be machined into the rounds using, for example, a customised large bore hole saw machine. Further, the angle of the axes of the radial cuts may be selected to allow for connection with another member at any orientation.
  • the present invention provides methods for producing the timber structural members described herein.
  • the timber structural members described may be used in any application for which they are deemed suitable by the skilled artisan.
  • One particular application is as a composite joist formed from the structural member of this invention exhibit numerous benefits over traditional single member sections.
  • the structural member may provide the appropriate depth to width ratio required for use as a beam: the ratio is approximately 2 to 1, making it well suited as a bending member.
  • the members are economically manufactured by taking advantage of low cost raw materials, waste material from felling and milling and also less expensive softwood species.
  • the timber structural member may have a construction such that for maximum load bearing capacity the member must be disposed with one face directed toward a load vector, while the opposite face points away from the load vector.
  • the timber structural member should be installed such that the “V” is upright. The centre of a beam is its weakest point, and where a ‘V’ is disposed toward the centre of a beam the asymmetry becomes particularly evident.
  • some embodiments of the invention comprise indicia indicating the preferred or required orientation of the timber structural member.
  • the applications for the structural member of the present invention are the same as that of any other beam or beam/column material, including typical domestic construction.
  • the structural member is dimensionally suited to higher load applications and can effectively replace larger sawn sections in domestic construction and laminated veneer sections in commercial constructions.
  • the applications for the structural member include, by way of non-limiting example only, floor members such as bearers or joists, wall framing members such as lintels and heavy duty studs, roof framing members such as rafters or hanging/strutting beams, portal frame members such as columns, rafters or bottom chords, and beam/column members including piers and acoustic barrier posts.
  • floor members such as bearers or joists
  • wall framing members such as lintels and heavy duty studs
  • roof framing members such as rafters or hanging/strutting beams
  • portal frame members such as columns, rafters or bottom chords
  • beam/column members including piers and acoustic barrier posts.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention are well suited to shorter span applications, such as spans of around 3 metres or less. However, where longer spans are required, there exists the option of joining multiple members (in a lengthwise manner) to provide the required length.
  • the multiple members may be joined in any manner deemed suitable by the skilled artisan, and may be mitred, dovetailed, finger-jointed, butt-ended or dowel pinned. A preferred form of dowel pinning is described in PCT/AU2009/001453.
  • the present structural members may also be useful as studs, which are generally of shorter length than a joist and of decreased thickness. Studs (and indeed structural members for any other applications) may be formed by rounds of mixed sizes, for example 70/60/70 mm or 80/70/80 mm.
  • the present structural members may be useful as joists.
  • Such joists may be formed into modules of 2.4 m by 2.4 m to create a very strong modular flooring system when the outside or perimeter joists of a module co-operate with the adjacent and abutting edge of a joist in a similar module by cross pinning and laminating and through pinning and laminating.
  • modules of 2.4 m by 2.4 m can abut all the way around to another module in an additive manner except for the outside of the shape which can also benefit by laminating a further joist to it.
  • this new cross pinned and laminated double member joist is capable of acting as a bearer when supported at every 2.4 m and by adding an extra joist this system is reduced by that 2.4 m length of more expensive (but stronger) bearer.
  • a further advantage is that modules can be prefabricated and delivered to site with considerable cost and time savings.
  • Such Joists may comprise 5 ⁇ 50 mm rounds to provide a joist of 215 mm H, or 6 ⁇ 50 mm rounds to provide a joist or 210 mm H, or even a 7 ⁇ 40 mm rounds to provide a joist of 180 mm H.
  • the multiple members are not physically joined, and simply abut each other in situ.
  • Embodiments comprising multiple members provide further economic and/or environmental advantages given that wood that may have ordinarily been discarded due to insufficient diameter and insufficient length may be utilised to produce a high value beam.
  • the various elements can also be joined to form a range of connections such as truss nodes (knee and ridge connections).
  • FIG. 1 there is shown (in perspective view) a timber structural member 100 formed from three rounds 102 , 104 and 106 .
  • the rounds 102 , 104 and 106 are stacked, with round 102 having a first cooperating surface (not shown), round 104 having a second cooperating surface (not shown) and a third cooperating surface (not shown), round 106 having a fourth cooperating surface (not shown).
  • the interface between the cooperating surfaces of the rounds 102 and 104 is shown at 162 .
  • the interface between the cooperating surfaces of the rounds 104 and 106 is shown at 154 .
  • the rounds 102 , 104 and 106 are drilled with alternating holes at an acute angle 108 , and holes at an obtuse angle 110 .
  • fasteners 112 Inserted into each of the acute 108 and obtuse holes 110 are fasteners 112 which are dowels.
  • the rounds 102 , 104 and 106 of the structural member 100 are provided with axial bores 160 and radial cuts 162 to facilitate connection of the structural member 100 to another member or structure.
  • the axial bores 160 allow for dowel type end grain connections to be made at each end of the structural member 100 .
  • the axial bores 160 are machined into the ends of the rounds 102 , 104 and 106 to a predetermined depth.
  • Each bore 160 is dimensioned to receive a steel dowel 156 as shown, which in this embodiment is a deformed reinforcement bar, similar to the dowel 112 used for cross-doweling between the rounds 102 , 104 and 106 .
  • FIG. 2 there is shown in diagrammatic form (lateral view, with features numbered in general accordance with FIG. 1 ), a timber structural member 100 formed from three rounds 102 , 104 and 106 .
  • Panel A shows an end view
  • Panel B is a lateral view.
  • the rounds 102 , 104 and 106 are stacked, with round 102 having a first cooperating surface 102 A, round 104 having a second cooperating surface 104 A and a third cooperating surface 104 B, round 106 having a fourth cooperating surface 106 A. All cooperating surfaces 102 A, 104 A, 104 B, and 106 A are flat and formed by the removal of a longitudinal portion of each round, this being more clearly shown in the end view of Panel A.
  • the rounds 102 , 104 and 106 are drilled with alternating holes at an acute angle 108 , and holes at an obtuse angle 110 .
  • the acute angle in this embodiment is 45°, and the obtuse angle is 135°, as measured by reference to the longitudinal axis of the member 100 .
  • the acute 108 and obtuse 110 drilled holes form a mirror image, such that the obtuse holes 110 can be seen to form an angle of 45° 132 with the lower surface of round 106 , as does the acute drilled holes 110 .
  • the holes are disposed along the vertical plane running along the central longitudinal axis of the structural member.
  • fasteners 112 Inserted into each of the acute 108 and obtuse holes 110 are fasteners 112 which are dowels.
  • FIG. 2 The diagram of FIG. 2 is not drawn to scale, with the embodiment shown having the following exemplary measurements:
  • FIG. 3 The diagram of FIG. 3 is not drawn to scale, with the components being generally as indicated in FIG. 2 .
  • the embodiment of FIG. 3 includes interposed holes 200 disposed as shown.
  • the holes 200 are aligned with the acutely and obtusely angled holes, being disposed along the vertical plane running along the central longitudinal axis of the structural member, and are angled orthogonally with respect to the flat cooperating surfaces.
  • the interposed holes 200 have fasteners inserted therein (not shown).
  • the embodiment of FIG. 3 has the following exemplary measurements:
  • interposed holes with fasteners
  • the interposed holes and fasteners may be disposed at regular, semi-regular or irregular points along the beam. Generally the interposed holes and fasteners are inserted at an angle bisecting that made by adjacent obtuse and acute holes. Typically the interposed holes and fasteners are inserted at an angle orthogonal to flat cooperating surfaces of the beam.
  • the three member beam shows an acceptable 50% stress (F11 is 35 Mpa, and F34 is 100 Mpa).
  • This example demonstrates the usefulness of smaller timber rounds fabricated from wood which has previously been discarded or converted into low value products such as wood chips. Forming the smaller rounds into a three member beam using the fastening methods specified herein provides a higher value product having acceptable structural characteristics.
  • the slabbed cores had a first dimension of 40 mm (taken from the first planar face formed from slabbing to the second diametrically opposite planar face), and a second dimension of 184 mm.
  • the planar faces formed cooperating surfaces where two rounds contacted.
  • An end-on view of the assembled composite member is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the length of the composite member was 2200 mm.

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AU2014317815B2 (en) 2018-07-05
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CA2923307A1 (en) 2015-03-12
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