US20150329725A1 - Materials and Methods - Google Patents

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US20150329725A1
US20150329725A1 US14/655,091 US201214655091A US2015329725A1 US 20150329725 A1 US20150329725 A1 US 20150329725A1 US 201214655091 A US201214655091 A US 201214655091A US 2015329725 A1 US2015329725 A1 US 2015329725A1
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cellulose
substrate
polysaccharide
starch
coating
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Zhe Liu
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University of Melbourne
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Assigned to THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE reassignment THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LIU, Zhe
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    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
    • C09D5/1606—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints characterised by the anti-fouling agent
    • C09D5/1637—Macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/001—General methods for coating; Devices therefor
    • C03C17/002—General methods for coating; Devices therefor for flat glass, e.g. float glass
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    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
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    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/001—General methods for coating; Devices therefor
    • C03C17/003—General methods for coating; Devices therefor for hollow ware, e.g. containers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/28—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with organic material
    • C03C17/32—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with organic material with synthetic or natural resins
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/08—Cellulose derivatives
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/08—Cellulose derivatives
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/08—Cellulose derivatives
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    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/08—Cellulose derivatives
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    • C09D103/00—Coating compositions based on starch, amylose or amylopectin or on their derivatives or degradation products
    • C09D103/02—Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
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    • C09D103/00—Coating compositions based on starch, amylose or amylopectin or on their derivatives or degradation products
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    • C09D105/00—Coating compositions based on polysaccharides or on their derivatives, not provided for in groups C09D101/00 or C09D103/00
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    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
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    • C03C2218/30—Aspects of methods for coating glass not covered above
    • C03C2218/365—Coating different sides of a glass substrate
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to anti-fouling coatings and to substrates and apparatus comprising such coatings.
  • the invention also relates to methods of coating substrates that serve to reduce or prevent the fouling on such coated substrates in comparison to equivalent uncoated substrates.
  • fouling is common in marine and aquatic environments, on substrates such as domestic appliances, glass or other surfaces. Heat exchangers and other machinery that come into contact with water (particularly hard water) will be subject to fouling or scaling over time and many components of food and beverage processing equipment and other industrial machinery or appliances will often experience unwanted plaque build-up or fouling.
  • fouling of substrates can be unsightly, can give rise to hygiene or health and safety issues, can necessitate costly down time of equipment and maintenance/cleaning costs as well as reducing the efficiency of equipment operation.
  • fouling agents such as food and beverages, industrial chemicals, water, milk and other dairy products, marine or aquatic environments, sewage and the like.
  • the dairy industry is one that is particularly affected by the fouling of equipment, requiring frequent and expensive cleaning steps to restore equipment performance following fouling. Not only are the cost of cleaning and the down time of equipment significant problems, but the necessary cleaning steps require the use of water, energy and chemical cleaning agents such as strong acids and/or alkali that are not environmentally friendly.
  • Milk fouling in the dairy industry is particularly severe due to the thermal instability of the milk system (Changani and Belmar-Beiny 1997).
  • the literature suggests that protein and minerals may be all involved in the occurrence of milk fouling, which starts with surface adsorption and involves different mechanisms under different conditions (temperature and flow pattern) (Burton 1968; Delsing and Hiddink 1983). Heat induced reactions then take place to build up fouling layers to eventually form milk stones (de Jong and Bouman 1992; Delplace, Leuliet et al. 1997; Chen and Bala 1998; Chen and Chen 2001; Bansal and Chen 2006).
  • Type A deposits are found at temperatures below 110° C., and consists of 50-60 wt % proteins and 30-35 wt % minerals, which are much higher proportions than those found in raw milk.
  • the Type A deposit is creamy and white and is known as protein fouling. However, if it is overcooked it can become brown in colour and very much harder.
  • Type B deposits are found at heating temperatures above 110° C., and consist of 15-20 wt % protein and up to 70 wt % minerals (Laisme, Tissier et al. 1984). The major mineral compound is understood to be calcium phosphate. This type of deposit is harder than the Type A deposits, is grey in colour and is known as mineral fouling (Burton 1968).
  • the unwanted deposition on the surfaces of heat exchanger apparatus (in both the dairy industry and in other contexts) represents an additional thermal resistance to heat transfer, which reduces the thermal-hydraulic performance for the heat transfer equipment.
  • a substrate intended in use to contact a fouling agent, said substrate including a coating comprising polysaccharide, which coating serves to reduce or prevent fouling of the substrate caused by contact from the fouling agent, in comparison to an equivalent uncoated substrate.
  • an anti-fouling coating for a substrate that is intended in use to contact a fouling agent, wherein said coating comprises polysaccharide and wherein the coating serves to reduce or prevent fouling of the substrate caused by contact from the fouling agent, in comparison to an equivalent uncoated substrate.
  • an apparatus comprising a substrate intended in use to contact a fouling agent, said substrate including a coating comprising polysaccharide, which coating serves to reduce or prevent fouling of the substrate caused by contact from the fouling agent, in comparison to an equivalent uncoated substrate.
  • a method of reducing or preventing fouling of a substrate intended in use to contact a fouling agent, in comparison to an equivalent untreated substrate which comprises treating the substrate with aqueous polysaccharide to produce a polysaccharide comprising coating on the substrate.
  • the polysaccharide comprises starch or modified starch, although it can also comprise a mixture of starches and/or modified starches.
  • the polysaccharide can comprise one or more of rice starch, maize starch, potato starch, dextrin starch, hydrolysed starch, octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch, alkaline-modified starch, bleached starch, oxidised starch, enzyme-treated starch, monostarch sulphate, distarch phosphate, acetylated starch, hydroxypropylated starch, hydroxyethyl starch, cationic starch and carboxymethylated starch.
  • SAA octenyl succinic anhydride
  • the polysaccharide comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, hydrolysed cellulose or a cellulose derivative and the polysaccharide can comprise a mixture of celluloses, hemicelluloses, hydrolysed celluloses and/or cellulose derivatives.
  • the polysaccharide can comprise one or more of cellulose I ⁇ cellulose I ⁇ , cellulose II, cellulose III, cellulose IV, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose sulphate, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, ethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and acid hydrolysed cellulose.
  • the coating further comprises protein or polypeptide bound to the polysaccharide.
  • the protein or polypeptide can comprise one or more of whey protein or casein.
  • the polysaccharide comprises dextrin starch and octenyl succinic anhydride starch and the protein comprises casein.
  • the substrate can comprise one or more of metal, metal alloy, ceramic, glass, graphite, composite material, concrete or polymer and a specific example is stainless steel.
  • the apparatus can either be, or can be an element of, food, dairy or beverage processing equipment; a pump, pipe, conduit, connector or plumbing fitting; a heat exchanger, radiator, heating element, hot water service, kettle or jug; a commercial or domestic appliance, washing machine, dish washer, clothes washing machine, air conditioner; a marine or aquatic vehicle, structure or fixture; a window, windscreen, lens, bottle or storage vessel; a building component or vehicle panel.
  • the method comprises treating the substrate with aqueous polysaccharide using an aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of polysaccharide of from about 0.5% to about 20% w/w, from about 1.0% to about 15% w/w, from about 2% to about 10% w/w or from about 4% to about 8% w/w.
  • treating the substrate with aqueous polysaccharide can be conducted using an aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of polysaccharide with pH of from about 3 to about 10 or from about 6 to about 8.
  • the substrate can be treated with the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of polysaccharide at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 150° C., from about 65° C.
  • the substrate can be treated with the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of polysaccharide for a period of from about 1 hour to about 48 hours or from about 4 hours to about 12 hours.
  • the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of polysaccharide is flowing at a rate of from about 5 L/min to about 100 L/min, such as from about 15 L/min to about 70 L/min.
  • the method further comprises treating the polysaccharide coated substrate with an aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide, such as for example, one or more of whey protein and casein, such as ⁇ -, ⁇ - and k-casein.
  • the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide can comprise from about 2% to about 16%, such as from about 8% to about 14% w/w of protein and/or polypeptide and the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein and/or polypeptide can comprise milk or a casein comprising milk fraction.
  • the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide can, for example, have pH of from about 4 to about 10, such as from about 6 to about 8 and the hydrophilic polysaccharide coated substrate can for example be treated with the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide at a temperature of from about 65° C. to about 98° C., such as from about 75° C. to about 95° C.
  • the treatment with the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide can be for a period of from about 15 mins to about 6 hours, such as from about 1 hour to about 2 hours and the said aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide can be flowing at a rate of from about 20 L/min to about 100 L/min, such as from about 30 L/min to about 70 L/min.
  • the method further comprises a step of rinsing with water or dilute alkali (such as NaOH), which can, for example, be conducted at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 80° C. for a period of between about 5 mins and about 1 hour.
  • water or dilute alkali such as NaOH
  • a substrate intended in use to contact a fouling agent that has been treated to reduce or prevent fouling in comparison to an equivalent untreated substrate, according to the method outlined above.
  • apparatus comprising the substrates so produced.
  • FIG. 1 shows a graph of U* evaluation over time during milk fouling where ( ⁇ ) is the control (running water), ( ⁇ ) is the coated heat exchanger (milk processing) and ( ⁇ ) is the uncoated heat exchanger (milk processing);
  • FIG. 2 shows images of milk fouling before and after coating treatment following 8 h of thermal processing, wherein A show the heat exchanger inlet (left) and outlet (right) before coating treatment, B show the heat exchanger inlet (left) and outlet (right) after coating treatment, C is the heat exchanger plate before coating treatment and D is the heat exchanger plate after coating treatment;
  • FIG. 3 shows images of water scaling after one month of continuous thermal processing wherein the upper images, A are the cooling water tubes before coating treatment and the lower images, B, are the cooling water tubes after coating treatment;
  • FIG. 4 shows SEM Images of coated stainless steel 304, wherein A and B are partly etched coated surfaces; C is the bottom layer structure and D is the top layer structure;
  • the present inventor has conceived a novel coating technology that has application to reduce fouling in a variety of different contexts.
  • Potential advantages of the inventive approach may include that it utilises safe and readily available materials, is suitable for use in food/beverage production and in a range of other industrial or domestic settings, does not appear to give rise to any damage or degradation of treated materials and can impart a long term anti-fouling effect upon treated substrates.
  • the present invention is directed to a polysaccharide comprising coating and to substrates and apparatus comprising such a coating, which serves to reduce or prevent fouling of the substrate caused by contact from a fouling agent, in comparison to an equivalent uncoated substrate.
  • substrate is intended to be interpreted broadly to encompass any material or surface that is subject to the build up of fouling or deposition, upon contact to a fouling agent.
  • Such substrates can constitute single components, materials or elements or may constitute elements of a more complex apparatus.
  • the substrates to which coating technologies according to the invention can be applied can comprise one or more of metal, metal alloy, ceramic, glass, graphite, composite material, concrete or polymer.
  • metals and metal alloys include iron, steel, stainless steel, copper, gold, silver, platinum, brass, aluminium, nickel and tin.
  • Ceramic and glass substrates include crystalline and non-crystalline ceramics, silicate glass, glass-ceramic, amorphous metal glass, silicon dioxide and graphene oxide.
  • polymer as it is used herein is intended to encompass homo-polymers, co-polymers, polymer containing materials, polymer mixtures or blends, such as with other polymers and/or natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as polymer matrix composites, on their own, or alternatively as an integral and surface located component of a multi-layer laminated sandwich comprising other materials e.g. polymers, metals or ceramics (including glass), or a coating (including a partial coating) on any type of substrate material.
  • polymer encompasses thermoset and/or thermoplastic materials as well as polymers generated by plasma deposition processes.
  • polystyrene resin such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), blends of polyolefins with other polymers or rubbers; polyethers, such as polyoxymethylene (Acetal); polyamides, such as poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (Nylon 66); polyimides; polycarbonates; halogenated polymers, such as polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE) (TeflonTM), fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC); aromatic polymers, such as polystyrene (PS); ketone polymers such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK); methacrylate polymers, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA); polyesterstyrene (PS); ketone polymers such as polyetheretherketone
  • the substrates of the invention may include more than one of the types of materials outlined above, which may be in the form of bulk materials, processed, shaped, joined, moulded or otherwise formed materials that either are, or are components of, other apparatus.
  • apparatus including substrates that can be coated according to the invention include apparatus that is or are an element of food, dairy or beverage processing equipment; a pump, pipe, conduit, connector or plumbing fitting; a heat exchanger, radiator, heating element, hot water service, kettle or jug; a commercial or domestic appliance, washing machine, dish washer, clothes washing machine, air conditioner; a marine or aquatic vehicle, structure or fixture; a window, windscreen, lens, bottle or storage vessel; a building component or vehicle panel.
  • fouling agent is intended to encompass agents that, after a substrate has been exposed to them, result in the formation of build up, deposition or the like on the substrate surface. While the chemical and mechanical processes giving rise to fouling are likely to vary significantly depending upon the nature of the fouling agent, the substrate in question and the conditions to which they are exposed (such as temperature, pressure, pH, salt concentration) it is nonetheless understood, without wishing to be bound by theory, that coatings according to the invention can be effective to prevent or reduce fouling or deposition due to inhibition of initial adhesion of fouling agent derived species onto the substrate.
  • Fouling agents for example include water, particularly hard water, salt water, marine or aquatic environment (that may include water or salt water in combination with other agents such as bacteria, algae and other organisms), food and beverage, milk and other dairy derived substances such as milk fractions, yoghurt, cheese, cream, butter, ice-cream; raw or treated sewerage; industrial chemicals, petrochemicals, lubricants; fermentation broth and the like.
  • Fouling agents according to the invention will generally take the form of a fluid, but may also include some solid or semi-solid materials. The period of exposure of a fouling agent to a substrate required to cause fouling will depend upon the nature of the fouling agent in question, the substrate and the conditions to which they are exposed.
  • the coating according to the present invention has been shown to reduce or prevent fouling of the substrate caused by contact from the fouling agent.
  • the reduction or prevention of fouling is relative to the fouling that would be experienced by an equivalent substrate exposed to the same fouling agent under equivalent conditions. It is a simple matter for a skilled person to conduct such a comparative study to a substrate both with and without the coating of the invention.
  • the substrates treated according to the invention with polysaccharide will in many cases, although not necessarily, give rise to increased surface hydrophilicity.
  • the hydrophilic nature of the treated surface can readily be determined by conducting water drop contact angle analysis of both coated and uncoated surfaces.
  • a water droplet contact angle of less than about 90°, such as less than about 80°, less than about 50° or less than about 30° is indicative of a hydrophilic surface.
  • the coating according to the invention need not necessarily decrease the contact angle of the substrate relative to the uncoated form, although this is likely to happen in many cases.
  • the coatings according to the invention comprise polysaccharide and may additionally include other agents. Generally, however, polysaccharide will comprise a predominant component of a layer of the coating that is closely adjacent to the substrate. Other elements that may be included within the polysaccharide comprising layer or layers of the coating include, but are not limited to, oligosaccharide, ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, hydroxide, and the like as well as protein and peptide. Particularly preferred polysaccharides that are incorporated into the coatings according to the invention include one or more of starch, modified starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, hydrolysed cellulose and cellulose derivatives.
  • the starch or modified starch can comprise one or more of rice starch, maize starch, potato starch, dextrin starch, hydrolysed starch, octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch, alkaline-modified starch, bleached starch, oxidised starch, enzyme-treated starch, monostarch sulphate, distarch phosphate, acetylated starch, hydroxypropylated starch, hydroxyethyl starch, cationic starch and carboxymethylated starch.
  • SAA octenyl succinic anhydride
  • the cellulose, hydrolysed cellulose or cellulose derivative can comprise one or more of cellulose I ⁇ cellulose I ⁇ , cellulose II, cellulose III, cellulose IV, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose sulphate, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, ethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and acid hydrolysed cellulose.
  • the coating can include an additional layer or layers comprising protein and/or polypeptide that is bound to the base polysaccharide comprising layer.
  • Proteins or polypeptides that may be included within the coatings include one or more of whey protein and casein. Specific caseins that can be adopted include ⁇ -, ⁇ - and k-casein.
  • the protein comprises casein.
  • the polysaccharide comprises dextrin starch and/or octenyl succinic anhydride starch and in a further embodiment the coating comprises dextrin starch and/or octenyl succinic anhydride starch in combination with casein.
  • the invention in another broad aspect relates to a method of reducing or preventing fouling of a substrate intended in use to contact a fouling agent, in comparison to an equivalent untreated substrate, which comprises treating the substrate with aqueous polysaccharide to produce a polysaccharide comprising coating on the substrate.
  • aqueous polysaccharide By reference to treating the substrate with “aqueous polysaccharide” it is intended to outline that polysaccharide, as outlined above, can be included in aqueous solution or as a mixture or dispersion in water, depending upon the form that the polysaccharide takes. Generally, the aqueous polysaccharide will include from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of the polysaccharide to weight of the water, for example 1.0% to about 15%, 2% to about 10% or about 4% to about 8%.
  • the aqueous polysaccharide may be provided within a receptacle or bath into which the substrate is immersed, the aqueous polysaccharide can be sprayed or otherwise projected onto the substrate or the aqueous polysaccharide can be pumped through apparatus comprising internal surfaces as substrate to be exposed to the coating treatment of the invention.
  • the aqueous polysaccharide can include other components such as buffering or pH adjusting agents such as lactic acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide and can, in one embodiment be adjusted to pH of from about 3 to about 10, such as from about 5 to about 8.
  • the aqueous polysaccharide is temperature controlled during the treatment such that the treatment is conducted for example at a temperature from about 50° C. to about 150° C., such as from about 65° C. to about 140° C. or about 85° C. to about 120° C.
  • the treatment may be conducted, for example, for a period of from about 1 hour to about 48 hours, such as from about 4 hours to about 12 hours or from about 4 hours to about 6 hours.
  • the aqueous polysaccharide may be pumped through the apparatus for example at a rate of from about 5 L/min to about 100 L/min, such as from about 15 L/min to about 70 L/min or from about 20 L/min to about 40 L/min.
  • a rate of from about 5 L/min to about 100 L/min such as from about 15 L/min to about 70 L/min or from about 20 L/min to about 40 L/min.
  • dairy processing equipment including heat exchangers it is convenient to run the aqueous polysaccharide through the heat exchanger apparatus with the heat exchanger in operation to control temperature, for example within the ranges outlined above.
  • the treatment with aqueous polysaccharide is followed by a separate treatment with an aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide, as outlined above.
  • Rinsing of the substrate with water can be conducted following the initial aqueous polysaccharide treatment and prior to treatment with aqueous protein or polypeptide.
  • the treatment with aqueous protein or polypeptide can be conducted in much the same way as the treatment with aqueous polysaccharide, for example by immersing the substrate to be treated in a receptacle comprising the aqueous protein or polypeptide, by spraying or flowing the aqueous protein or polypeptide through an apparatus comprising the substrate to be treated on its internal surfaces.
  • the aqueous mixture, dispersion or solution of protein or polypeptide for example whey protein or casein
  • milk fraction it is intended to refer to a casein comprising component derived from milk that may have had elements of normal milk partially or completely removed, such as fats, sugars, proteins or water. It is also possible to conduct the treatment with milk that has been diluted with other agents such as water or aqueous salt solution.
  • the pH of the aqueous protein or peptide is from about 4 to about 10, such as from about 6 to about 8 and the substrate can suitably be exposed to the aqueous protein or polypeptide at a temperature from about 65° C. to about 98° C. or from about 75° C. to about 95° C., such as from about 90° C. to about 95° C.
  • the aqueous protein or polypeptide will be maintained below 100° C.
  • the treatment can, for example, be conducted for a period of from about 15 minutes to about 6 hours, such as from about 30 minutes to about 4 hours or from about 1 hour to about 2 hours.
  • the flow rate can conveniently be from about 20 L/min to about 100 L/min, such as from about 30 L/min to about 70 L/min or from about 40 L/min to about 50 L/min.
  • rinsing with water is conducted following the treatment with aqueous protein or polypeptide and this rinsing can conveniently be conducted at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 80° C., such as from about 25° C. to about 50° C. or about 30° C. to about 40° C., for a period of between about 5 mins and about 2 hours, such as from about 10 mins to about 1 hour. In another aspect rinsing can be conducted at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 80° C., such as from about 25° C.
  • dilute alkali such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or the like, for example at a concentration of from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, such as from about 0.5 wt % to about 2 wt %.
  • the invention relates not only to the coatings of the invention as discussed above and to substrates and apparatus comprising them and to the methods for producing such coatings, but also to the coatings and substrates and apparatus when produced by the methods outlined above.
  • Polysaccharide in this case, 35% dextrin starch was mixed with 65% OSA starch and the final concentration of the mixture in water was 8.5% (w/w) with the pH around 3.5) was dissolved in water at 55° C. and heated up to 85° C. Solution was pumped into the heat exchanger and circulated for 4 hours and temperature was kept at 95° C. with the flow rate of 17 L/min for the plate heat exchanger and 35-40 L/min for the UHT heat exchanger. The polysaccharide solution was drained after 4 hours. Protein solution (80% casein (containing calcium) was mixed with 20% whey proteins with the final concentration of 12% (w/w) in water, pH at 6.7) was dissolved below 50° C.
  • Protein solution 80% casein (containing calcium) was mixed with 20% whey proteins with the final concentration of 12% (w/w) in water, pH at 6.7
  • the plates were not taken apart from the processing line. Instead the coating solutions were pumped into the plate heat exchanger in both the product and the hot media side. In this way, the heat exchanger plates were exposed to full contact with the coating solutions to form anti-fouling film.
  • LMTD Logarithmic mean temperature difference
  • a UHT heat exchanger (Primo D, Tetra Pak, productivity 4 t/h) in Jinan Jiabo Milk Co., Ltd. was used to carry out cooling water anti-fouling tests. Direct energy saving on the cooling water side results were provided by Jinan Jiabo Milk Co., Ltd. During the test, tap water was used directly as the cooling media without any further treatment. The cooling water tubes were removed from the heat exchanger and tested each month.
  • a microscope slide sized stainless steel 304 chip surface coated according to the invention was imaged by a Philips XL30 field-emission scanning electron microscope in the School of Botany, University of Melbourne.
  • the composition of stainless steel was analysed based on the following Chinese National standard and NACIS standard: C, S: Infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace (Standard: GB/T 20123-2006), Si: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (Standard: NACIS/C H 116: 2005), Mn, Ni: ICP-AES (Standard: NACIS/C H 008: 2005), P: ICP-AES (Standard: NACIS/C H 011: 2005), Cr: Ammonium Peroxydisulfate Titration (Standard: NACIS/C H 116: 2005), N: Thermal conductimetric method after fusion in a current of inert gas (Standard: GB/T 20124-2006/ISO 15351: 1999).
  • C C
  • S Infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace
  • Si Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
  • Mn
  • Test results were provided by the NACIS based on the method for analysis of hygienic standard of stainless steel of China (standard: GB/T 5009.81-2003), stainless steel slides with and without coatings were submerged in 4% (v/v) acetic acid and boiled for 90 min then kept in the acid at room temperature for 24 h. Dissolved elements in the acid were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
  • ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  • Cooling water fouling tests were carried out in Jinan Jiabao Milk Co., Ltd and a Tetra Pak UHT heat exchanger was used.
  • the anti water scaling data was provided by Jiabao Milk before and after the coating treatment. As shown in FIG. 3 , after the coating treatment the amount of water scaling on the cooling tubes decreased dramatically and cleaning frequency was able to be reduced from monthly to three monthly. At least 65 Kg 0.9 MPa saturated steam was saved for each cleaning process. The acid concentration dropped 30% compared to the untreated surface.
  • SEM images were taken from partly etched stainless steel slides coated according to the invention to look at the different layers of the coating film (shown in FIG. 4 ).
  • the bottom layer is relatively amorphous and includes complex structures, while the top layer is smooth.
  • the coating was tested as an anti-fouling technology in both in the contexts of milk fouling and water scaling. During thermal processing, the coated heat exchanger was shown to efficiently maintain heat transfer coefficient in comparison to the uncoated reference steel. Cleaning efficiency of the coated substrates was also significantly improved and there was no harm or alteration to the heat exchanger surfaces. The coating was also shown to provide some protection for the stainless steel substrates from acid induced degradation.
  • Polysaccharide in this case, 35% dextrin starch was mixed with 65% OSA starch and the final concentration of the mixture in water was 9% (w/w) with the pH around 3.5) was dissolved in water at 85° C. Solution was pumped into the heat exchanger and circulated for 5 hours and temperature was kept at 95° C. with the flow rate of 10 L/min for the Amotec-THE heat exchanger and 80 r/min stirring speed for the pot heat exchanger. The polysaccharide solution was drained after 5 hours. Protein solution (80% casein (containing calcium) was mixed with 20% whey proteins with the final concentration of 12% (w/w) in water, pH at 6.7) was dissolved below 50° C.
  • Protein solution 80% casein (containing calcium) was mixed with 20% whey proteins with the final concentration of 12% (w/w) in water, pH at 6.7

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US20180134903A1 (en) 2018-05-17
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