US20150216979A1 - Stabilized Aqueous Compositions of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Google Patents

Stabilized Aqueous Compositions of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Download PDF

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US20150216979A1
US20150216979A1 US14/420,684 US201314420684A US2015216979A1 US 20150216979 A1 US20150216979 A1 US 20150216979A1 US 201314420684 A US201314420684 A US 201314420684A US 2015216979 A1 US2015216979 A1 US 2015216979A1
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aqueous composition
quaternary ammonium
neuromuscular blocking
excipient
blocking agent
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Juan Gil Béjar
Cristina Timoneda Ramia
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B Braun Melsungen AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/08—Solutions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/58—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/02—Muscle relaxants, e.g. for tetanus or cramps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
    • A61P23/02—Local anaesthetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising a quaternary ammonium blocking agent and a polyhydroxy acid based excipient, and a method for producing said composition. Furthermore, the invention relates to a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising said aqueous composition.
  • the compositions of the present invention can further be comprised in a container made of glass or an organic polymer. Additionally, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical kit comprising the compositions of the present invention.
  • Anesthesia is typically defined as the elimination of certain body functions of a patient so that diagnostic or surgical procedures can be tolerated.
  • anesthesia comprises the components of pain relief (analgesia), loss of consciousness (hypnosis), loss of vegetative functions and muscle relaxation (paralysis).
  • pain relief analgesia
  • hypoxia loss of consciousness
  • paralysis loss of vegetative functions
  • muscle relaxation paralysis
  • neuromuscular blocking agents are employed in order to obtain the relaxation of skeletal muscles. Their rapid onset and short-acting behavior are key features to the success of these drugs.
  • neuromuscular blocking agents can be used to paralyze the vocal cords permitting intubation of the trachea or to inhibit spontaneous ventilation.
  • neuromuscular blocking agents currently available have a quaternary ammonium structure. Such a structure allows for binding to the postsynaptical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor thereby inhibiting or interfering with the binding of acetylcholine to the receptor finally leading to muscle relaxation.
  • the neuromuscular blocking agents are applied by intravenous injection. This requires dissolving the mostly freeze-dried powders containing the active ingredient and excipients in a solvent containing water for injection and optional co-solvents. Recently, new dosage forms have been developed providing ready-to-use products which are already dissolved. These pre-diluted products comprising the pharmaceutical compounds are however highly unstable and require cool chain shipment and storage. This is highly inconvenient and costly.
  • EP-B-0707853 describes a pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of a neuromuscular blocking agent and from 0.01 to 30% of at least one zwitterionic substance as a stabilizer.
  • suitable zwitterionic substances include amino acids with an isoionic point not higher than 7, in particular, glycine, serine, methionine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine and cysteine.
  • EP-A-1874319 describes muscle relaxant formulations which include one or more quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents having a reduced tendency for hydrolytic degradation, and therefore longer shelf life stability, when combined with one or more organic anions having at least six carbon atoms and having a pKa of less than 4.0.
  • the organic anions can be selected from the group consisting of gentisic acid, saccharin, glycocholic, benzenesulfonic, toluenesulfonic acid, N-acetyltryptophan and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol.
  • WO2008/065142 describes a pharmaceutical composition in the form of an aqueous solution for parenteral administration comprising Rocuronium and a sulfoalkylether-beta-cyclodextrin derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which can be stored at ambient temperature and/or at higher pH while maintaining an adequate shelf-life.
  • CN 1864667 B discloses freezed dried pharmaceutical compositions comprising Rocuronium Bromide and mannitol. However, aqueous formulations formed therefrom still suffer from an insufficient long term stability at elevated temperatures.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the concentration of hydrolyzed Rocuronium formed in solutions containing different excipients over time.
  • concentrations in mg/mL are based on the total volume of the aqueous composition and concentrations in % correspond to wt. % based on the total weight of the respective composition.
  • Me refers to methyl
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent.
  • the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is selected from the class of steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents.
  • Steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents are derived from a rigid bulky steroidal structure (see formula below) having substituents mimicking the structure of acetylcholine, i.e. the steroidal structure is typically substituted with one or more quaternary ammonium groups and one or more carboxylates.
  • Y and Z are independently selected from CH 2 , O, NH or S, preferably Y and Z are both CH 2 , is a single or double bond, and wherein the steroidal structure is further substituted with at least one carboxylate, at least one quaternary ammonium group and, optionally, one or more groups selected from alkyls and tertiary amines, or combinations thereof.
  • R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium groups, preferably, R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from cyclic tertiary amines and cyclic quaternary ammonium groups wherein the cycle optionally further contains one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur (i.e. one or more CH 2 groups in the cycle are substituted by optionally substituted heteroatoms), more preferably R 1 and R 3 are substituents of the following formulas:
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 3 is selected from
  • R 2 and R 4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
  • R 6 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 4 alkyl, more preferably methyl or ethyl, with the proviso that at least one of R 2 or R 4 is
  • Exemplary quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents of the present are Pancuronium, Vecuronium, Rocuronium, Rapacuronium and Pipecuronium (Chart 1).
  • the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is a Rocuronium salt.
  • neuromuscular blocking agents described above may exist as ammonium salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable counter-anions include halides such as chlorides, bromides and iodides, sulfates, nitrates, tosylates, gluconates, acetates, formates, tartrates, etc. Most preferable are halides.
  • the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is Rocuronium bromide.
  • quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents can be protonated or de-protonated.
  • a pH of up to about 6 Rocuronium is mainly present in the protonated form and at a pH of above 12 Rocuronium can be de-protonated:
  • the concentration of the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is preferably in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferably in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 5 to about 15 mg/mL
  • the shelf life of aqueous solutions of quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents at room temperature (25° C.) is significantly decreased by the formation of hydrolysis products.
  • the carboxylate moieties are easily hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acids and alcohols (see exemplary hydrolysis of Rocuronium below).
  • the hydrolysis is reversible.
  • the equilibriums is almost completely on side of the hydrolysis products.
  • the hydrolysis is almost irreversible (saponification).
  • the solutions are typically cooled. However, such cooling is disadvantageous from an environmental and economical point of view.
  • the stabilization of the solutions does not only render the cooling of the formulations redundant but also allows for a thermal sterilization process (such as in an autoclave). Due to the thermal stability of the solution due to the presence of the excipients such thermal sterilization process does not negatively affect the product stability profile.
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH 2 —[CH(OH)] n —COOH wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone thereof or a mixture of both.
  • n is an integer from 2 to 6, more preferably, n is an integer from 3 to 5, most preferably n is 4.
  • the polyhydroxy acid of the present invention is preferably an aldonic acid, i.e., a polyhydroxy acid obtained from the oxidation of an aldose (wherein the aldehyde function of the aldose is oxidized to the carboxylic acid).
  • the aldonic acid can be present in the respective D- or L-form. From an economical point of view the naturally occurring D-form is preferred.
  • the polyhydroxy acid of the present invention is the corresponding aldonic acid of an aldohexose, most preferably the polyhydroxy acid is D-gluconic acid.
  • the polyhydroxy acid can be present in the respective anionic form (carboxylate and/or alkoxide). Accordingly, throughout the present description when referring to polyhydroxy acids any protonated or de-protonated form is included. Preferred counter-cations are sodium, calcium, and potassium. For example, in water at a pH value of about 4 D-gluconic acid is present as mixture of D-gluconic acid to D-gluconate in a ratio of about 2:3.
  • the ratio of the polyhydroxy acid and corresponding carboxylate is preferably in the range of about 100:1 to about 1:100, more preferably in the range of about 50:1 to about 1:50, even more preferable in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20, most preferably in the range of about 5:1 to about 1:5.
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises a lactone of the above described polyhydroxy acids.
  • a lactone is a cyclic ester which can be seen as the condensation product of an alcohol group —OH and a carboxylic acid group —COOH in the same molecule.
  • the most stable structure for lactones are the 5-membered gamma-lactones and 6-membered delta-lactones because, as in all organic cycles, 5 and 6 membered rings minimize the strain of bond angles.
  • the aqueous composition comprises both the polyhydroxy acid and an intramolecular lactone thereof.
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises a mixture of D-gluconic acid and D-glucono-delta-lactone.
  • the ratio of the polyhydroxy acid to the corresponding lactone is preferably in a range of about 100:1 to about 1:100, more preferably in the range of about 50:1 to about 1:50, even more preferable in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20, most preferably in the range of about 5:1 to about 1:5.
  • the concentration of the excipient is preferably in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferably in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 15 to about 30 mg/mL.
  • the present invention relates to an aqueous composition
  • an aqueous composition comprising:
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 5 methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, vinyl, allyl or butenyl
  • R 2 and R 4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
  • R 6 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R 2 or R 4 is
  • the present invention relates to an aqueous composition
  • an aqueous composition comprising:
  • R 6 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R 2 or R 4 is
  • the present invention relates to an aqueous composition
  • an aqueous composition comprising:
  • the main solvent of the aqueous composition of the present invention is water. Further co-solvents can be present in addition to water.
  • Suitable co-solvents for parenteral administration are benzyl benzoate, ethanol, glycerol, glycols such as propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (especially PEG 300 and PEG 3350).
  • the amount of water in the solvent is at least 50 wt. %, more preferably at least 80 wt. %, especially at least 95 wt. %, based on the total amount of solvent. Most preferably, water is the only solvent present in the aqueous composition of the present invention.
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises an optional buffering agent.
  • a buffering agent typically comprises a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
  • the buffering agent of the present invention is a buffer based on citrate, acetate, phosphate or a combination thereof. More preferably, the buffering agent of the present invention is a buffer based on citrate and acetate.
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention can be even further stabilized when the pH value is adjusted from neutral to acidic, preferably acidic such as below a pH value below 7 or below 6.
  • the pH value of the aqueous composition of the present invention is in the range of about 2.0 or more to about 7.0 or less, more preferably from about 3.0 or more to about 5.0 or less, most preferably from about 3.8 or more to about 4.0 or less.
  • the pH value of the composition can be adjusted by the addition of suitable acids and bases such as, for example, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide.
  • excipients which are usual in the art can be comprised in the compositions of the present invention including oil, preservatives, solubilizing, suspending, emulsifying or thickening agents, chelating agents, antioxidants and reducing agents, antimicrobial preservatives, bulking agents, protectants, tonicity adjustors, and special excipients etc.
  • said excipients are suitable for parenteral administration.
  • Suitable oils are for example peanut (groundnut) oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil and sesame oil.
  • Suitable solubilizing, suspending, emulsifying or thickening agents are for example gum arabic (acacia gum), aluminum stearate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium deoxycholate, lecithin, hydrolyzed collagen, polyoxyethylated fatty acids, polyoxyethylated castor oil, polysorbate 80 and 20, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sorbitol.
  • Suitable chelating agents are for example various EDTA salts.
  • Suitable antioxidants and reducing agents are for example ascorbate, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, thioglycerol, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and cysteine.
  • Suitable preservatives are for example benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, chorobutanol, parabens, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol and thiomersal (thimerosal).
  • Suitable bulking agents, protectants or tonicity adjustors are for example salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate and calcium chloride, amino acids such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine and histidine and albumin, hydrolysed collagen, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, lactose, citric acid, imidazol, PEG 3350, PVP and polysorbate 80.
  • salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate and calcium chloride
  • amino acids such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine and histidine and albumin
  • hydrolysed collagen glucose, sucrose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, lactose, citric acid
  • Special excipients are for example gamma-cyclodextrins, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), silica, zinc, protamine and sodium saccharine.
  • the amount of further excipients is generally less than 10 wt. % based on the total composition, more preferable less than 5 wt. %, especially less than 1 wt. %.
  • composition of the present invention can easily be prepared.
  • the method for preparing the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises:
  • Freeze-drying is particularly useful for the preservation of very sensitive (in particular temperature sensitive) quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents and excipients.
  • the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is preferably added at a concentration from about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferably from about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 5 to about 15 mg/mL
  • the Excipient is preferably added at a concentration from about 1 to about 100 mg/mL, more preferably from about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 15 to about 30 mg/mL
  • the weight ratio of quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent to excipient is preferably in the range of about 0.5:1 to about 1:5, more preferably in the range of about 1:1 to about 1:4, most preferably in the range of about 1:2 to about 1:3.
  • a buffer agent such as a mixture of sodium citrate and sodium acetate
  • concentration of the buffer is preferably in the range from about 0.5 to about 50 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferable from about 1 to about 25 mg/mL, most preferably from about 5 to about 10 mg/mL
  • the composition is preferably adjusted to a pH value of in the range of about 2.0 or more to about 7.0 or less, more preferably from about 3.0 or more to about 5.0 or less, most preferably from about 3.8 or more to about 4.0 or less.
  • the pH value of the composition can be adjusted by the addition of suitable acids and bases such as acetic acid and sodium hydroxide.
  • the osmolality of the composition can optionally be adjusted.
  • the adjustment can be carried out by adjusting the concentration of the excipient and/or by the addition of further tonicity agents such as NaCl.
  • the osmolality of the aqueous composition is preferably in the range of about 270 to about 340 mOsm/kg, more preferably in the range of about 285 to about 315 mOsm/kg
  • the temperature during the preparation of the composition is preferably in the range of from about 5 to about 50° C., more preferably in the range of about 15 to about 50° C. and more preferably in the range of about 18 to about 30° C.
  • R 6 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R 2 or R 4 is
  • R 6 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R 2 or R 4 is
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention is suitable to be used as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, a further embodiment of the present invention relates to a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising or consisting of the aqueous composition of the present invention.
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention is preferably a solution and injectible, and especially the pharmaceutical composition can be parenterally administered.
  • the osmolality of the aqueous composition is preferably in the range of about 270 to about 340 mOsm/kg, more preferably the osmolality of the aqueous composition is in the range of about 285 to about 315 mOsm/kg.
  • compositions can be used in anesthesia, in particular for the relaxation of skeletal muscles which is for example required during surgery or mechanical ventilation or for the facilitation of endotracheal intubation.
  • anesthesia in particular for the relaxation of skeletal muscles which is for example required during surgery or mechanical ventilation or for the facilitation of endotracheal intubation.
  • a general anesthetic and/or analgesic should be given to the patient to prevent anesthesia awareness.
  • Rocuronium bromide 5-20 mg/mL Rocuronium bromide, 15-35 mg/mL of a mixture comprising D-gluconic acid and the respective lactones thereof, and 1-10 mg/mL buffering agent comprising acetate and citrate based on the total volume of the liquid pharmaceutical composition, in water, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of 3.8 to 4.0 and the osmolality is in the range of 285 to 315 mOsm/kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be administered for example by injection or infusion.
  • kits typically comprise two or more compartments containing supplies and, optionally, equipment for direct clinical use.
  • kits of the present invention can, for example, comprise additional relevant medication such as additional paralytics, general anesthetics, local anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, and/or analgesics.
  • the aqueous composition of the present invention can be contained in a container made of glass or organic polymers such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene which may be permeable for oxygen.
  • Containers, such as vials or ampoules made of organic polymers are advantageous since they do not break and the handling is easier.
  • the organic polymer is semipermeable for oxygen.
  • the container is free of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), DEHP (Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) and latex (natural rubber).
  • PVC polyvinyl chloride
  • DEHP Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
  • latex natural rubber
  • Suitable containers are for example available under the trade name Mini-Plasco® (BBraun Mels Institute, Germany).
  • Rocuronium bromide Farmahispania S.A., Spain, injectable grade
  • Acetic acid (glacial): (Reag. Ph. Eur.) PA-ACS-ISO, PANREAC QUIMICA S.L.U., Spain,
  • D-Glucose monohydrate Cargill S.L.U., Spain,
  • D-(+)-Glucono-delta-lactone Sigma-Aldrich Quimica SA, Spain,
  • L-Serine 99% PS, PANREAC QUIMICA S.L.U., Spain,
  • Glycine (RFE, USP, BP, Ph. Eur.) PRS-CODEX, PANREAC QUIMICA S.L.U., Spain,
  • HES Hydroxyethyl starch
  • Solutol® HS15 and Kollidon® 12PF have been obtained from BASF (Germany).
  • the solubilizer Solutol® HS 15 (polyethylene glycol 660-12-hydroxystearate) is a non-ionic surfactant produced from 12-hydroxystearic acid and ethylene oxide.
  • Kollidon® 12PF comprises soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • WFI Water for injection
  • the shelf life period (10% potency loss) of the samples at 25° C. has been estimated by generating an Arrhenius model on basis of the data from the 48-days-hydrolysis study of Rocuronium bromide (see Table 2).
  • the rate constant at each temperature is determined using a scatter plot of time versus Rocuronium concentration by a kinetic zero order reaction and versus the natural logarithm of the Rocuronium concentration by a kinetic first order reaction and their integrated rate law.
  • the shelf life is estimated through the respective kinetic reaction order.
  • the concentration of hydrolyzed Rocuronium (Des-17-acetyl-Rocuronium) in the individual samples as determined by HPLC are shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Rocuronium solutions containing D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone are significantly more stable against hydrolysis than solutions containing other excipients.
  • Mannitol a commonly used excipient is compared with D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone at the same comcentration level:
  • the concentration of hydrolyzed Rocuronium (Des-17-acetyl-Rocuronium) in the individual samples as determined by HPLC are shown in FIG. 2 .
  • Rocuronium solutions containing D-glucono- ⁇ -lactone are significantly more stable against hydrolysis than the solution containing mannitol.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising: (i) a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent; and (ii) an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof. Furthermore the present invention relates to a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising or consisting of said aqueous composition and a method for producing said aqueous composition comprising the steps of: a) providing a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent wherein said quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is optionally freeze-dried, b) providing an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof, wherein said excipient is optionally freeze-dried, c) mixing the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent of step a) and the excipient of step b) in water to give an aqueous composition. In addition, the present invention relates to the use of a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof for stabilizing an aqueous composition comprising a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent. The present invention also refers to a container containing the aqueous composition or the liquid pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. It furthermore relates to a kit comprising said compositions. Preferred embodiments are apparent from the dependent claims.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising a quaternary ammonium blocking agent and a polyhydroxy acid based excipient, and a method for producing said composition. Furthermore, the invention relates to a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising said aqueous composition. The compositions of the present invention can further be comprised in a container made of glass or an organic polymer. Additionally, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical kit comprising the compositions of the present invention.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Anesthesia is typically defined as the elimination of certain body functions of a patient so that diagnostic or surgical procedures can be tolerated. Traditionally, anesthesia comprises the components of pain relief (analgesia), loss of consciousness (hypnosis), loss of vegetative functions and muscle relaxation (paralysis). These effects can be obtained from a single drug which alone provides the correct combination of effects, or a combination of drugs (such as hypnotics, sedatives, paralytics and analgesics) to achieve very specific combinations of results.
  • Typically, in order to obtain the relaxation of skeletal muscles neuromuscular blocking agents are employed. Their rapid onset and short-acting behavior are key features to the success of these drugs. For example, in addition to the general relaxation of skeletal muscles to exclude uncontrolled movements of the patient during surgery neuromuscular blocking agents can be used to paralyze the vocal cords permitting intubation of the trachea or to inhibit spontaneous ventilation.
  • A review article on the structure, conformation and action of the state of the art neuromuscular blocking drugs is available from C. Lee, Br. J. Anaesth. 2001, 87 (5), 755-769.
  • Most neuromuscular blocking agents currently available have a quaternary ammonium structure. Such a structure allows for binding to the postsynaptical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor thereby inhibiting or interfering with the binding of acetylcholine to the receptor finally leading to muscle relaxation.
  • Typically, the neuromuscular blocking agents are applied by intravenous injection. This requires dissolving the mostly freeze-dried powders containing the active ingredient and excipients in a solvent containing water for injection and optional co-solvents. Recently, new dosage forms have been developed providing ready-to-use products which are already dissolved. These pre-diluted products comprising the pharmaceutical compounds are however highly unstable and require cool chain shipment and storage. This is highly inconvenient and costly.
  • The stability of neuromuscular blocking agents in solution has been addressed in the past. For example, EP-B-0707853 describes a pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of a neuromuscular blocking agent and from 0.01 to 30% of at least one zwitterionic substance as a stabilizer. Examples of such suitable zwitterionic substances include amino acids with an isoionic point not higher than 7, in particular, glycine, serine, methionine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine and cysteine.
  • EP-A-1874319 describes muscle relaxant formulations which include one or more quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents having a reduced tendency for hydrolytic degradation, and therefore longer shelf life stability, when combined with one or more organic anions having at least six carbon atoms and having a pKa of less than 4.0. The organic anions can be selected from the group consisting of gentisic acid, saccharin, glycocholic, benzenesulfonic, toluenesulfonic acid, N-acetyltryptophan and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol.
  • WO2008/065142 describes a pharmaceutical composition in the form of an aqueous solution for parenteral administration comprising Rocuronium and a sulfoalkylether-beta-cyclodextrin derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which can be stored at ambient temperature and/or at higher pH while maintaining an adequate shelf-life.
  • CN 1864667 B discloses freezed dried pharmaceutical compositions comprising Rocuronium Bromide and mannitol. However, aqueous formulations formed therefrom still suffer from an insufficient long term stability at elevated temperatures.
  • However, there is a constant need for formulations comprising neuromuscular blocking agents which are stable at room temperature and provide acceptable shelf life (about 18 to 24 months) required for shipment and storage leading to increased environmental sustainability, facilitated handling and reduced marketing and purchasing costs.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the concentration of hydrolyzed Rocuronium formed in solutions containing different excipients over time.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • Unless otherwise noted, concentrations in mg/mL are based on the total volume of the aqueous composition and concentrations in % correspond to wt. % based on the total weight of the respective composition.
  • Throughout the formulas in the present description “Me” refers to methyl.
    • Quaternary Ammonium Neuromuscular Blocking Agent
  • The aqueous composition of the present invention comprises a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent.
  • Preferably, the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is selected from the class of steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents.
  • Steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents are derived from a rigid bulky steroidal structure (see formula below) having substituents mimicking the structure of acetylcholine, i.e. the steroidal structure is typically substituted with one or more quaternary ammonium groups and one or more carboxylates.
  • Basic structure of steroidal compounds:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00001
      • wherein p=1 or 2, Y and Z are independently selected from CH2, O, NH or S, and
        Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-P00001
        is a single or double bond
      • Acetylcholine:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00002
  • In one embodiment the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is derived from the following steroidal structure:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00003
  • wherein p=1 or 2, Y and Z are independently selected from CH2, O, NH or S, preferably Y and Z are both CH2,
    Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-P00001
    is a single or double bond, and wherein the steroidal structure is further substituted with at least one carboxylate, at least one quaternary ammonium group and, optionally, one or more groups selected from alkyls and tertiary amines, or combinations thereof.
  • In a preferred embodiment the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is a compound of the following formula:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00004
  • wherein R1 and R3 are independently selected from tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium groups, preferably, R1 and R3 are independently selected from cyclic tertiary amines and cyclic quaternary ammonium groups wherein the cycle optionally further contains one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur (i.e. one or more CH2 groups in the cycle are substituted by optionally substituted heteroatoms), more preferably R1 and R3 are substituents of the following formulas:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00005
  • wherein m is an integer from 1 to 5, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8, O or S (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl, preferably H or Me) and R5═C1-C10-alkyl or C2-C10-alkenyl; preferably m=1 or 2, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8 or O (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl, preferably H or Me) and R5=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, vinyl, allyl or butenyl.
  • In a preferred embodiment R1 is selected from
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00006
  • and R3 is selected from
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00007
  • R2 and R4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00008
  • wherein R6 is a C1-C10 alkyl, preferably C1-C4 alkyl, more preferably methyl or ethyl, with the proviso that at least one of R2 or R4 is
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00009
  • Exemplary quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents of the present are Pancuronium, Vecuronium, Rocuronium, Rapacuronium and Pipecuronium (Chart 1).
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00010
    Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00011
  • In the most preferable embodiment the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is a Rocuronium salt.
  • As apparent from the structure neuromuscular blocking agents described above may exist as ammonium salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable counter-anions include halides such as chlorides, bromides and iodides, sulfates, nitrates, tosylates, gluconates, acetates, formates, tartrates, etc. Most preferable are halides.
  • In a preferred embodiment of the invention the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is Rocuronium bromide.
  • Depending on the pH-value of the aqueous composition quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents can be protonated or de-protonated. For example, at a pH of up to about 6 Rocuronium is mainly present in the protonated form and at a pH of above 12 Rocuronium can be de-protonated:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00012
  • Accordingly, throughout the present description when referring to quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents any protonated or de-protonated form is included.
  • The concentration of the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is preferably in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferably in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 5 to about 15 mg/mL
  • The shelf life of aqueous solutions of quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents at room temperature (25° C.) is significantly decreased by the formation of hydrolysis products. In particular, the carboxylate moieties are easily hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acids and alcohols (see exemplary hydrolysis of Rocuronium below). Under acidic conditions the hydrolysis is reversible. However, with an excess of water (such as in an aqueous solution) the equilibriums is almost completely on side of the hydrolysis products. Under basic conditions the hydrolysis is almost irreversible (saponification). In order to inhibit the hydrolysis of the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents, the solutions are typically cooled. However, such cooling is disadvantageous from an environmental and economical point of view.
  • Exemplary Hydrolysis of Rocuronium:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00013
    • Polyhydroxy Acid and the Corresponding Lactones
  • It has surprisingly been found that the addition of an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid, the corresponding lactone thereof or a combination of both significantly stabilize aqueous solutions of quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents in that the hydrolytic degradation is inhibited.
  • The stabilization of the solutions does not only render the cooling of the formulations redundant but also allows for a thermal sterilization process (such as in an autoclave). Due to the thermal stability of the solution due to the presence of the excipients such thermal sterilization process does not negatively affect the product stability profile.
  • Accordingly, the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone thereof or a mixture of both.
  • Preferably, n is an integer from 2 to 6, more preferably, n is an integer from 3 to 5, most preferably n is 4.
  • The polyhydroxy acid of the present invention is preferably an aldonic acid, i.e., a polyhydroxy acid obtained from the oxidation of an aldose (wherein the aldehyde function of the aldose is oxidized to the carboxylic acid). The aldonic acid can be present in the respective D- or L-form. From an economical point of view the naturally occurring D-form is preferred.
  • Preferably the polyhydroxy acid of the present invention is the corresponding aldonic acid of an aldotetrose (n=2) such as erythrose, threose; an aldopentose (n=3) such as arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose; an aldohexose (n=4) such as allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose; or an aldoheptose (n=5). More preferably, the polyhydroxy acid of the present invention is the corresponding aldonic acid of an aldohexose, most preferably the polyhydroxy acid is D-gluconic acid.
  • Depending on the pH value of the aqueous composition, the polyhydroxy acid can be present in the respective anionic form (carboxylate and/or alkoxide). Accordingly, throughout the present description when referring to polyhydroxy acids any protonated or de-protonated form is included. Preferred counter-cations are sodium, calcium, and potassium. For example, in water at a pH value of about 4 D-gluconic acid is present as mixture of D-gluconic acid to D-gluconate in a ratio of about 2:3.
  • The ratio of the polyhydroxy acid and corresponding carboxylate is preferably in the range of about 100:1 to about 1:100, more preferably in the range of about 50:1 to about 1:50, even more preferable in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20, most preferably in the range of about 5:1 to about 1:5.
  • Alternatively, the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises a lactone of the above described polyhydroxy acids. A lactone is a cyclic ester which can be seen as the condensation product of an alcohol group —OH and a carboxylic acid group —COOH in the same molecule. The most stable structure for lactones are the 5-membered gamma-lactones and 6-membered delta-lactones because, as in all organic cycles, 5 and 6 membered rings minimize the strain of bond angles.
  • Preferably, the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises a delta-lactone of the aldonic acid of an aldohexose (n=4), preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone.
  • In aqueous solution, lactones can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding hydroxyl acids forming a mixture in constant equilibrium. This process can be affected by the concentration as well as the temperature of the solution. Accordingly, in a further embodiment of the invention, the aqueous composition comprises both the polyhydroxy acid and an intramolecular lactone thereof. Preferably, the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises a mixture of D-gluconic acid and D-glucono-delta-lactone.
  • The ratio of the polyhydroxy acid to the corresponding lactone is preferably in a range of about 100:1 to about 1:100, more preferably in the range of about 50:1 to about 1:50, even more preferable in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20, most preferably in the range of about 5:1 to about 1:5.
  • The concentration of the excipient is preferably in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferably in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 15 to about 30 mg/mL.
    • Particularly Preferred Embodiments
  • In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising:
  • (i) a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent of the following formula:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00014
      • wherein R1 and R3 are independently selected from either
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00015
  • wherein m=1 or 2, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8 or O (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl) and R5=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, vinyl, allyl or butenyl, R2 and R4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00016
  • wherein R6 is a C1-C10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R2 or R4 is
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00017
  • and
    • (ii) an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula:
      • HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 5, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof.
  • In a further embodiment the present invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising:
    • (i) a Rocuronium salt; and
    • (ii) an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula:
      • HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 5, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof.
  • In another embodiment, the present invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising:
    • (i) a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent of the following formula:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00018
      • wherein R1 and R3 are independently selected from either
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00019
      • wherein m=1 or 2, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8 or O (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl) and R5=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tent-butyl, vinyl, allyl or butenyl, R2 and R4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00020
  • wherein R6 is a C1-C10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R2 or R4 is
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00021
  • and
    • (ii) an excipient selected from D-gluconic acid, an intramolecular lactone of D-gluconic acid, preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone, or a mixture thereof.
  • In another embodiment, the present invention relates to an aqueous composition comprising:
    • (i) a Rocuronium salt; and
    • (ii) an excipient selected from D-gluconic acid, an intramolecular lactone of D-gluconic acid, preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone, or a mixture thereof.
    Solvent
  • The main solvent of the aqueous composition of the present invention is water. Further co-solvents can be present in addition to water.
  • Suitable co-solvents for parenteral administration are benzyl benzoate, ethanol, glycerol, glycols such as propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (especially PEG 300 and PEG 3350).
  • In a preferred embodiment the amount of water in the solvent is at least 50 wt. %, more preferably at least 80 wt. %, especially at least 95 wt. %, based on the total amount of solvent. Most preferably, water is the only solvent present in the aqueous composition of the present invention.
    • Buffer Agent
  • Furthermore, the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises an optional buffering agent. A buffering agent typically comprises a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Preferably, the buffering agent of the present invention is a buffer based on citrate, acetate, phosphate or a combination thereof. More preferably, the buffering agent of the present invention is a buffer based on citrate and acetate.
  • It has been found that the aqueous composition of the present invention can be even further stabilized when the pH value is adjusted from neutral to acidic, preferably acidic such as below a pH value below 7 or below 6. Preferably, the pH value of the aqueous composition of the present invention is in the range of about 2.0 or more to about 7.0 or less, more preferably from about 3.0 or more to about 5.0 or less, most preferably from about 3.8 or more to about 4.0 or less.
  • As known to the skilled person the pH value of the composition can be adjusted by the addition of suitable acids and bases such as, for example, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide.
    • Further Excipients
  • Further pharmaceutically suitable excipients which are usual in the art can be comprised in the compositions of the present invention including oil, preservatives, solubilizing, suspending, emulsifying or thickening agents, chelating agents, antioxidants and reducing agents, antimicrobial preservatives, bulking agents, protectants, tonicity adjustors, and special excipients etc. Preferably, said excipients are suitable for parenteral administration.
  • Suitable oils are for example peanut (groundnut) oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil and sesame oil.
  • Suitable solubilizing, suspending, emulsifying or thickening agents are for example gum arabic (acacia gum), aluminum stearate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium deoxycholate, lecithin, hydrolyzed collagen, polyoxyethylated fatty acids, polyoxyethylated castor oil, polysorbate 80 and 20, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sorbitol.
  • Suitable chelating agents are for example various EDTA salts.
  • Suitable antioxidants and reducing agents are for example ascorbate, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, thioglycerol, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and cysteine.
  • Suitable preservatives are for example benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, chorobutanol, parabens, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol and thiomersal (thimerosal).
  • Suitable bulking agents, protectants or tonicity adjustors are for example salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate and calcium chloride, amino acids such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine and histidine and albumin, hydrolysed collagen, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, lactose, citric acid, imidazol, PEG 3350, PVP and polysorbate 80.
  • Special excipients are for example gamma-cyclodextrins, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), silica, zinc, protamine and sodium saccharine.
  • Preferably the amount of further excipients is generally less than 10 wt. % based on the total composition, more preferable less than 5 wt. %, especially less than 1 wt. %.
    • Preparation
  • The composition of the present invention can easily be prepared.
  • The method for preparing the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises:
      • Providing a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent, wherein the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent can optionally be freeze dried.
      • Providing an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof, wherein said excipient is optionally freeze-dried.
      • Mixing the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent and the excipient in water (preferably water for injection) to give a liquid aqueous composition (preferably a solution).
  • Preferred embodiments with respect to the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent and the excipient are described above in more detail.
  • Freeze-drying is particularly useful for the preservation of very sensitive (in particular temperature sensitive) quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents and excipients.
  • The quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is preferably added at a concentration from about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferably from about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 5 to about 15 mg/mL The Excipient is preferably added at a concentration from about 1 to about 100 mg/mL, more preferably from about 5 to about 50 mg/mL, most preferably from about 15 to about 30 mg/mL
  • The weight ratio of quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent to excipient is preferably in the range of about 0.5:1 to about 1:5, more preferably in the range of about 1:1 to about 1:4, most preferably in the range of about 1:2 to about 1:3.
  • Optionally a buffer agent such as a mixture of sodium citrate and sodium acetate, can be added. The concentration of the buffer is preferably in the range from about 0.5 to about 50 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition, more preferable from about 1 to about 25 mg/mL, most preferably from about 5 to about 10 mg/mL The composition is preferably adjusted to a pH value of in the range of about 2.0 or more to about 7.0 or less, more preferably from about 3.0 or more to about 5.0 or less, most preferably from about 3.8 or more to about 4.0 or less. The pH value of the composition can be adjusted by the addition of suitable acids and bases such as acetic acid and sodium hydroxide.
  • Furthermore, the osmolality of the composition can optionally be adjusted. For example, the adjustment can be carried out by adjusting the concentration of the excipient and/or by the addition of further tonicity agents such as NaCl. The osmolality of the aqueous composition is preferably in the range of about 270 to about 340 mOsm/kg, more preferably in the range of about 285 to about 315 mOsm/kg
  • The temperature during the preparation of the composition is preferably in the range of from about 5 to about 50° C., more preferably in the range of about 15 to about 50° C. and more preferably in the range of about 18 to about 30° C.
    • Particularly Preferred Embodiments
  • In a particularly preferred embodiment the method for preparing the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises:
      • Providing a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent of the following formula:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00022
      • wherein R1 and R3 are independently selected from either
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00023
      • wherein m=1 or 2, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8 or O (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl) and R5=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tent-butyl, vinyl, allyl or butenyl, R2 and R4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00024
  • wherein R6 is a C1-C10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R2 or R4 is
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00025
      • Providing an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 5, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof;
      • Mixing the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent and the excipient in water for injection to give a liquid aqueous composition (preferably a solution), wherein the concentration of the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL and the concentration of the excipient is in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total composition of the aqueous composition.
  • In a further embodiment the method for preparing the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises:
      • Providing a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent of the following formula:
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00026
      • wherein R1 and R3 are independently selected from either
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00027
      • wherein m=1 or 2, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8 or O (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl) and R5=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tent-butyl, vinyl, allyl or butenyl, R2 and R4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00028
  • wherein R6 is a C1-C10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R2 or R4 is
  • Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00029
      • Providing an excipient selected from D-gluconic acid, an intramolecular lactone of D-gluconic acid, preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone, or a mixture thereof;
      • Mixing the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent and the excipient in water for injection to give a liquid aqueous composition (preferably a solution), wherein the concentration of the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL and the concentration of the excipient is in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition.
  • In another embodiment the method for preparing the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises:
      • Providing a Rocuronium salt;
      • Providing an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 5, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof;
      • Mixing the Rocuronium salt and the excipient in water for injection to give a liquid aqueous composition (preferably a solution), wherein the concentration of the Rocuronium salt is in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL and the concentration of the excipient is in the range of about 1 to about 100 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition.
  • In a preferred embodiment the method for preparing the aqueous composition of the present invention comprises:
      • Providing a Rocuronium salt;
      • Providing an excipient selected from D-gluconic acid, an intramolecular lactone of D-gluconic acid, preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone, or a mixture thereof;
      • Mixing the Rocuronium salt and the excipient in water for injection to give a liquid aqueous composition (preferably a solution), wherein the concentration of the Rocuronium salt is in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL and the concentration of the excipient is in the range of about 5 to about 50 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition.
    Pharmaceutical Composition
  • The aqueous composition of the present invention is suitable to be used as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, a further embodiment of the present invention relates to a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising or consisting of the aqueous composition of the present invention. For pharmaceutical applications, the aqueous composition of the present invention is preferably a solution and injectible, and especially the pharmaceutical composition can be parenterally administered. Furthermore, the osmolality of the aqueous composition is preferably in the range of about 270 to about 340 mOsm/kg, more preferably the osmolality of the aqueous composition is in the range of about 285 to about 315 mOsm/kg.
  • The pharmaceutical compositions can be used in anesthesia, in particular for the relaxation of skeletal muscles which is for example required during surgery or mechanical ventilation or for the facilitation of endotracheal intubation. However, as patients are still aware of pain after full relaxation of the muscles, a general anesthetic and/or analgesic should be given to the patient to prevent anesthesia awareness.
  • In a particularly preferred embodiment the present invention relates to a liquid phatmaceutical composition for parenteral administration comprising:
  • 5-20 mg/mL Rocuronium bromide, 15-35 mg/mL of a mixture comprising D-gluconic acid and the respective lactones thereof, and 1-10 mg/mL buffering agent comprising acetate and citrate based on the total volume of the liquid pharmaceutical composition, in water, wherein the pH of the composition is in the range of 3.8 to 4.0 and the osmolality is in the range of 285 to 315 mOsm/kg.
  • The pharmaceutical composition can be administered for example by injection or infusion.
  • Furthermore, the aqueous composition of the present invention can be part of a medical kit which is ready for clinical use. Such kits typically comprise two or more compartments containing supplies and, optionally, equipment for direct clinical use. The kits of the present invention can, for example, comprise additional relevant medication such as additional paralytics, general anesthetics, local anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, and/or analgesics.
    • Container
  • The aqueous composition of the present invention can be contained in a container made of glass or organic polymers such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene which may be permeable for oxygen. Containers, such as vials or ampoules made of organic polymers are advantageous since they do not break and the handling is easier. Preferably, the organic polymer is semipermeable for oxygen.
  • Preferably the container is free of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), DEHP (Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) and latex (natural rubber). Suitable containers are for example available under the trade name Mini-Plasco® (BBraun Melsungen, Germany).
    • EXAMPLES
  • Materials:
  • The following materials have been received from commercial suppliers and have been used as received without any additional treatment:
  • Rocuronium bromide: Farmahispania S.A., Spain, injectable grade,
  • Sodium acetate.3H2O: Verdugt B.V., Germany,
  • NaOH: 1 mol/l (1N) SV, PANREAC QUIMICA S.L.U., Spain,
  • Acetic acid (glacial): (Reag. Ph. Eur.) PA-ACS-ISO, PANREAC QUIMICA S.L.U., Spain,
  • Sodium chloride: Esco France S.A.S., France,
  • D-Glucose monohydrate: Cargill S.L.U., Spain,
  • D-Mannitol: Roquette, S.A., France,
  • D-(+)-Glucono-delta-lactone: Sigma-Aldrich Quimica SA, Spain,
  • Sodium glycerophosphate.5H2O: Dr. Paul Lohmann GmbH KG, Germany,
  • L-Serine: 99% PS, PANREAC QUIMICA S.L.U., Spain,
  • Glycine: (RFE, USP, BP, Ph. Eur.) PRS-CODEX, PANREAC QUIMICA S.L.U., Spain,
  • Hydroxyethyl starch (HES): BBraun Crissier (Switzerland), molar substitution degree of 0.55, average molecular weight (Mn) of 70,000, C2/C6 ratio of 2 to 7.
  • Solutol® HS15 and Kollidon® 12PF have been obtained from BASF (Germany).
  • The solubilizer Solutol® HS 15 (polyethylene glycol 660-12-hydroxystearate) is a non-ionic surfactant produced from 12-hydroxystearic acid and ethylene oxide. Kollidon® 12PF comprises soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • Water for injection (WFI) has been received from BBraun Rubi (Spain).
    • Example 1
  • Hydrolysis of Rocuronium (48 days, 40° C./55° C.)
  • In 20 mL colorless glass vials Rocuronium bromide (10 mg/mL), the excipients (see Table 1) and sodium acetate.3H2O (2.0 mg/mL) have been dissolved in water. In case of HES, Solutol® and Kollidon® 0.33% NaCl has been added to the solution as tonicity agent. The pH value of the solution has been adjusted to 4.0 by the addition of acetic acid (50% v/v) or sodium hydroxide (1.0 M). Then the formulations were autoclaved using overkill sterilization cycle (121° C., 15 min). The samples were then stored at 40±2° C. and 55±3° C. in a stability chamber and the formulations were analyzed after 6, 17, 33 and 48 days. The assessment of the stability of the solutions has been made on basis of the appearance of the solutions, the pH-value, osmolality, content of Rocuronium and its respective hydrolyzed product (Des-17-Acetyl-Rocuronium) determined by HPLC (method adapted for Rocuronium Bromide, British Pharmacopoeia 2008).
  • The relative stability results of the 48-day-study are shown in Table 1.
  • TABLE 1
    48-days-stability-study
    Theoretical
    pH adjustment osmolality Stability
    Sample Excipient (mg/mL) to pH = 4 (mOsm/Kg) after 48 d
    1 NaCl 3.3 Acetic acid 242 0
    2 D-glucose 20.0 50% v/v 240 0
    3 D-mannitol 20.0 239 0
    4 D-glucono- 25.0 NaOH 1.0M 270 +
    δ-lactone
    5 glycero- 15.0 Acetic acid — −
    phosphate 50% v/v
    6 L-serine 15.0 — 0
    7 glycine 10.0 — 0
    8 HES 10.0 — 0
    9 Solutol ® 5.0 — 0
    10 Kollidon ® 5.0 — 0
    0 = normal;
    − = inferior stability;
    + = superior stability
  • Shelf life estimation (25° C.)
  • The shelf life period (10% potency loss) of the samples at 25° C. has been estimated by generating an Arrhenius model on basis of the data from the 48-days-hydrolysis study of Rocuronium bromide (see Table 2).
  • An approximated estimation of shelf life is made with the characteristic kinetics plots. Experimentally it is measured how the concentration of Rocuronium changes as the hydrolysis reaction progresses. This method is an approximation so experimental data suffers from random error and in a first screening of formulations are not studied at several temperatures.
  • The rate constant at each temperature is determined using a scatter plot of time versus Rocuronium concentration by a kinetic zero order reaction and versus the natural logarithm of the Rocuronium concentration by a kinetic first order reaction and their integrated rate law.
  • Reac-
    tion Integrated Kinetic Arrhenius Arrhenius
    Order rate law plot Slope Equation plot
    Zero [ROC] = [ROC] vs. t −K lnK = lnA − lnK vs. 1/T
    [ROC]0 − Kt (E/RT)
    First [ROC] = ln[ROC] vs. t −K
    [ROC]0 e−Kt
    [ROC] = Rocuronium concentration,
    [ROC]0 = initial Rocuronium concentration,
    K = rate constant,
    t = time,
    T = Temperature,
    A = pre-exponential factor,
    E = activation energy
  • From the Arrhenius plot it is possible to determine the values of A and E. With these parameters it is possible to use the Arrhenius equation to project the rate constant at any temperature.
  • Once the rate constant at the desired temperature (such as 25° C.) is obtained the shelf life is estimated through the respective kinetic reaction order.
  • TABLE 2
    Shelf life estimation
    Shelf life estimation (months)
    90% confidence level, 25° C.
    Zero Order
    1 st order
    No. Formulation (K degradation) (K degradation)
    1 0.33% NaCl 18.7 19.9
    2 2.0% D-glucose 32.2 34.7
    3 2.0% D-mannitol 36.4 39.6
    4 2.5% D-glucono-δ-lactone 119.4 130.8
    5 1.5% glycerophosphate 15.0 16.4
    6 1.5% L-serine 63.2 70.2
    7 1.0% glycine 35.6 40.2
    8 1.0% HES 20.5 22.3
    9 0.5% Solutol ® 36.9 41.1
    10 0.5% Kollidon ® 8.9 9.6
    • Example 2
  • Hydrolysis of Rocuronium (9 weeks, 55° C.)
  • In 5 mL Mini-Plasco® vials Rocuronium bromide (10 mg/mL), the excipients (see Table 3) and sodium acetate.3H2O (2.0 mg/mL) have been dissolved in water. The pH value of the solution has been adjusted by the addition of acetic acid (50% v/v) or sodium hydroxide (1.0 M). Then the formulations were autoclaved using cycles optimized for its formats and put into the stability chambers at a temperature of 55±3° C. The formulations were analyzed after 7, 18, 20, 32, 33, 46, 47 and 61 days. The assessment of the stability of the solutions has been made on basis of the appearance of the solutions, the pH-value, osmolality, content of Rocuronium and its respective hydrolyzed product (Des-17-acetyl Rocuronium) determined by HPLC (method adapted for Rocuronium Bromide, British Pharmacopoeia 2008).
  • TABLE 3
    Formulations of Example 2
    Sample Excipient (mg/mL) pH adjustment (pH)
    1 NaCl 3.3 Acetic acid 3.3
    2 NaCl 3.3 50% v/v 4.0
    3 D-Glucose 20 4.0
    4 D-Mannitol 20 4.0
    5 Glycine 10 4.0
    6 D-glucono-δ-lactone 25 NaOH 1.0M 3.3
    7 D-glucono-δ-lactone 25 4.0
  • The concentration of hydrolyzed Rocuronium (Des-17-acetyl-Rocuronium) in the individual samples as determined by HPLC are shown in FIG. 1. As apparent from FIG. 1, Rocuronium solutions containing D-glucono-δ-lactone are significantly more stable against hydrolysis than solutions containing other excipients.
    • Example 3
  • Mannitol a commonly used excipient is compared with D-glucono-δ-lactone at the same comcentration level:
  • In 10 mL Mini-Plasco® vials Rocuronium bromide (10 mg/mL), the excipients (see Table 4) and sodium acetate.3H2O (2.0 mg/mL) have been dissolved in water. Then the formulations were autoclaved using cycles optimized for its formats and put into the stability chambers at a temperature of 25±2° C./60±5% R.H, 40±2° C./75±5% R.H and 55±3° C. The formulations were analyzed after 0, 7, 19 and 33 days. The assessment of the stability of the solutions has been made on basis of the appearance of the solutions, the pH-value, osmolality, content of Rocuronium and its respective hydrolyzed product (Des-17-acetyl Rocuronium) determined by HPLC (method adapted for Rocuronium Bromide, British Pharmacopoeia 2008).
  • TABLE 4
    Formulations of Example 3
    Formulations
    Raw Material FA FB
    Active Rocuronium bromide (g) 1.00 1.00
    Ingredient
    Buffering Sodium Acetate•H2O (mg) 200.0 500.0
    Agent Sodium Citrate•H2O (mg) — 500.0
    pH Adjuster Acetic Acid 50% q.s.p. pH 3.8-4.2 Without
    adjustment
    Tonicity Gluconolactone (g) — 2.5
    Agent Mannitol (g) 2.5 —
    Solvent Water for injections (ml) 100.0 100.0
    Osmolality (mOsm/Kg) 321 298
    pH solution 3.8-4.2 3.8-4.2
  • The concentration of hydrolyzed Rocuronium (Des-17-acetyl-Rocuronium) in the individual samples as determined by HPLC are shown in FIG. 2. As apparent from FIG. 2, Rocuronium solutions containing D-glucono-δ-lactone are significantly more stable against hydrolysis than the solution containing mannitol.

Claims (15)

1. An aqueous composition comprising:
(i) a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent; and
(ii) an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof.
2. The aqueous composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is a compound of the following formula:
Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00030
wherein R1 and R3 are independently selected from tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium groups, preferably, R1 and R3 are independently selected from cyclic tertiary amines and cyclic quaternary ammonium groups wherein the cycle optionally further contains one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, more preferably R1 and R3 are substituents of one of the following formulas:
Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00031
wherein m is an integer from 1 to 5, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8, O or S (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl, preferably H or Me) and R5═C1-C10-alkyl or C2-C10-alkenyl; preferably m=1 or 2, X═CH2, NR7, N+R7R8 or O (wherein R7 and R8 are independently H or C1-C4 alkyl) and R5=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, vinyl, allyl or butenyl; R2 and R4 are independently selected from hydroxyl or
Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00032
wherein R6 is a C1-C10 alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R2 or R4 is
Figure US20150216979A1-20150806-C00033
3. The aqueous composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is a Rocuronium salt and the excipient is selected from D-gluconic acid, an intramolecular lactone of D-gluconic acid, preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone, or a mixture thereof.
4. The aqueous composition of claim 1, wherein the excipient is a mixture of D-gluconic acid and an intramolecular lactone thereof, preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone.
5. The aqueous composition of claim 1, further comprising a buffering agent, wherein the buffering agent is preferably selected from a buffer based on citrate, acetate, phosphate or a combination thereof, preferably a buffer based on citrate and acetate.
6. A liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising or consisting of the aqueous composition of claim 1.
7. The liquid pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 for use in anesthesia or for use as a muscle relaxant.
8. A method for producing an aqueous composition of claim 1 comprising the steps of:
a) providing a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent wherein said quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is optionally freeze-dried,
b) providing an excipient selected from a polyhydroxy acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof, wherein said excipient is optionally freeze-dried,
c) mixing the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent of step a) and the excipient of step b) in water to give an aqueous composition.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the concentration of the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is in the range of 1 to 100 mg/mL, preferably, 5 to 50 mg/mL, most preferably 5 to 15 mg/mL and the concentration of the excipient is in the range of 1 to 100 mg/mL, preferably 5 to 50 mg/mL, most preferably 15 to 30 mg/mL based on the total volume of the aqueous composition.
10. The method of claim 8 further comprising:
adding a buffer agent, preferably a buffer based on citrate and acetate,
adjusting the pH value of the aqueous composition, preferably to a range of 2.0 to 7.0, more preferably from 3.0 to 5.0, most preferably from 3.8 to 4.0, and
optionally, adjusting the osmolality of the aqueous composition, preferably to a range of 270 to 340 mOsm/kg, more preferably from 285 to 315 mOsm/kg.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent is a Rocuronium salt and the excipient is D-glucono-delta-lactone.
12. Use of a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid of the following formula: HO—CH2—[CH(OH)]n—COOH, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, an intramolecular lactone of said polyhydroxy acid or a mixture thereof for stabilizing an aqueous composition comprising a quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agent.
13. The use of claim 12, wherein D-gluconic acid, an intramolecular lactone of D-gluconic acid, preferably D-glucono-delta-lactone, or a mixture thereof is used for stabilizing the aqueous composition comprising a Rocuronium salt.
14. A container containing the composition according to claim 1, wherein the container is preferably made of an organic polymer or glass, more preferably made of a semipermeable plastic polyolefin, even more preferably made of polyethylene, polypropylene or a mixture thereof.
15. A kit comprising the composition of claim 1, wherein the kit, optionally, further comprises an additional paralytic, a general anesthetic, a local anesthetic, a sedative, a hypnotic, and/or an analgesic.
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