US20150142359A1 - Luminaire associate status transponder - Google Patents
Luminaire associate status transponder Download PDFInfo
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- US20150142359A1 US20150142359A1 US14/546,408 US201414546408A US2015142359A1 US 20150142359 A1 US20150142359 A1 US 20150142359A1 US 201414546408 A US201414546408 A US 201414546408A US 2015142359 A1 US2015142359 A1 US 2015142359A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/02—Services making use of location information
- H04W4/025—Services making use of location information using location based information parameters
- H04W4/026—Services making use of location information using location based information parameters using orientation information, e.g. compass
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S8/00—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
- F21S8/08—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard
- F21S8/085—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard of high-built type, e.g. street light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P15/00—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration
- G01P15/18—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration in two or more dimensions
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
- G01R22/06—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
- G01S11/02—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
- G01S11/06—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves using intensity measurements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S19/00—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems; Determining position, velocity or attitude using signals transmitted by such systems
- G01S19/01—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems transmitting time-stamped messages, e.g. GPS [Global Positioning System], GLONASS [Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System] or GALILEO
- G01S19/13—Receivers
- G01S19/14—Receivers specially adapted for specific applications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S19/00—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems; Determining position, velocity or attitude using signals transmitted by such systems
- G01S19/38—Determining a navigation solution using signals transmitted by a satellite radio beacon positioning system
- G01S19/39—Determining a navigation solution using signals transmitted by a satellite radio beacon positioning system the satellite radio beacon positioning system transmitting time-stamped messages, e.g. GPS [Global Positioning System], GLONASS [Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System] or GALILEO
- G01S19/42—Determining position
- G01S19/45—Determining position by combining measurements of signals from the satellite radio beacon positioning system with a supplementary measurement
- G01S19/47—Determining position by combining measurements of signals from the satellite radio beacon positioning system with a supplementary measurement the supplementary measurement being an inertial measurement, e.g. tightly coupled inertial
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
- G08B21/18—Status alarms
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
- G08G1/07—Controlling traffic signals
- G08G1/087—Override of traffic control, e.g. by signal transmitted by an emergency vehicle
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/30—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes
- H04W4/40—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for vehicles, e.g. vehicle-to-pedestrians [V2P]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/105—Controlling the light source in response to determined parameters
- H05B47/115—Controlling the light source in response to determined parameters by determining the presence or movement of objects or living beings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/175—Controlling the light source by remote control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/175—Controlling the light source by remote control
- H05B47/19—Controlling the light source by remote control via wireless transmission
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V33/00—Structural combinations of lighting devices with other articles, not otherwise provided for
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
- F21W2131/103—Outdoor lighting of streets or roads
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
- G01S11/02—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using radio waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S11/00—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation
- G01S11/12—Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
- H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
- Y02B20/40—Control techniques providing energy savings, e.g. smart controller or presence detection
Definitions
- the ability to quickly discover the location and health and operational status of individual street lamps is important to many infrastructure owners and operators. Many urban utilities have come to rely on databases for recording the locations of their lighting control system assets, in particular the individual luminaires and the controls and connections, the luminaire associates, which interface the luminaires with the powerline. These data bases help the infrastructure owners and operators manage their operations including street lighting augmentation, maintenance, asset relocation, and control. Other functions that depend on knowing the accurate location of individual street lamps include billing and inventory and maintenance recordation.
- An interrogation device is provided that is configured to send interrogation signals to one or more addressable transponders using a common powerline for transmissions.
- the distance between the interrogating device and the addressable transponder is determined by measuring the time to receive a response from the addressable transponder following its interrogation.
- the interrogation and response signaling are carried on the common powerline.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the segmentation of a lighting fixture according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a linear installation of lighting fixtures according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a more topographically complex installation of lighting fixtures according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 4 illustrates adding an additional interrogator unit according to one embodiment.
- the location and health and operational status of individual street lamps is important to many infrastructure owners and operators. Many urban utilities rely on databases maintained by their lighting control system operations center for recording the locations of their lighting control system assets. These assets may include individual luminaires and their luminaire associates. Luminaire associates comprise controls and connections that interface with the luminaires with the powerline. These databases help the infrastructure owners and operators manage their operations. These operations include planning for street lighting augmentation, maintenance, asset relocation, and controls. Other functions that depend on knowing the accurate location of individual street lamps include billing, inventory auditing, and maintenance recordation. This application teaches a method, system, and devices for aiding the lighting control system operations center in keeping its databases current and correct.
- the lighting fixture 100 comprises a lamp or luminaire 110 , supported by a luminaire associate 120 .
- the luminaire associate 120 comprises electronic components, electrical circuitry, and mechanical couplings associated with the mounting and control of the luminaire 110 .
- the luminaire associate 120 may be mounted atop a pole 130 that also provides a conduit for the powerline 140 serving the luminaire associate 120 and the luminaire 110 .
- one or more interrogation devices are coupled to the powerline 140 that is common to a plurality of individual lighting fixture 100 .
- An interrogation signal is placed on the powerline 140 by an interrogator device and travels to an addressed transponder.
- the lighting fixtures 100 may contain addressable transponders.
- the transponder that is addressed transponds by placing a response signal on the powerline 140 .
- the interrogator device measures the time to receive the response signal and estimates the distance from the interrogator to the transponder.
- the speed of signal propagation on the powerline 140 is a significant fraction of the speed of light in free space, the speed of signal propagation on the powerline is dependent on many parameters. It may be therefore advisable to occasionally measure the speed of signal propagation on the powerline 140 in order to validate or improve the estimation of distance. This may be done in several ways. By way of example, this may be done by measuring the time it takes after an interrogator unit sends the interrogation signal until and a response is received by a fixed reference transponder, a transponder whose position is known and invariant. Then that time is divided by two because of the round trip time of signal propagation.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a linear installation of lighting fixtures 201 - 205 each configured similarly to lighting fixture 100 discussed in relation to FIG. 1 .
- Lighting fixtures 201 - 205 are connected to a common powerline 140 along with an interrogation unit 210 .
- the interrogation unit 210 contains computational hardware and software used in signal generation, transmission, reception and decoding.
- Also illustrated in connected to common powerline 140 is a fixed reference responder 211 .
- the interrogator unit 210 places an interrogation signal on the power line 140 that is uniquely addressed to a transponder contained in either the fixed reference responder 211 or one of the luminaire associates 120 .
- the addressed transponder responds to the interrogator unit 210 .
- the addressed transponder may be a particular one of the luminaire associates 120 within lighting fixtures 201 - 205 .
- the interrogator unit 210 measures the time duration between sending an interrogation signal to a particular luminaire associate and receiving the receiving the response signal from that particular luminaire associate.
- the interrogator may calculate the distance to the particular luminaire associate. In this manner, the interrogator unit 210 can discover the distances to the five lighting fixture 201 - 205 as displayed in Table 1.
- Table 1 The distances in Table 1 are all distinct and because the installation of lighting fixtures is linear and spacing of street lights substantially similar as depicted in FIG. 2 , the positions of the individual lighting fixtures in the linear installation is unambiguously determinable.
- FIG. 3 there is a power line branch 141 connected to power line 140 .
- the interrogation unit's distance to the seven lighting fixtures is discovered and displayed in Table 2.
- the various lighting fixture distances to the interrogator unit 210 are not distinct.
- the pair of lighting fixtures 204 and 206 , and the pair of lighting fixtures 205 and 207 exhibit identical distances to the interrogator unit 210 .
- lighting fixture 204 could have been swapped with lighting fixture 206 or lighting fixture 205 could have been swapped with lighting fixture 207 without provoking a difference in the values displayed in Table 2.
- the lighting fixture positions are therefore not uniquely discoverable on the lighting fixture layout illustrated in FIG. 3 solely by the information in Table 2.
- the individual lighting fixture positions may be made uniquely discoverable by using a plurality of interrogator units positioned at different points on the common powerline.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an additional interrogator unit 220 with connection to the power line branch 141 by the conductor 142 .
- the distances from two interrogator units 210 , 220 to the seven lighting fixtures is displayed in Table 3.
- the pairs of individual lighting fixture distances to the two position interrogator units 210 , 220 are all unique and, therefore, the individual lighting fixture positions on the lighting fixture layout illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 are uniquely discoverable.
- the individual lighting fixture positions may be made uniquely discoverable by using P interrogator units connected to the powerline at various points so that each P-tuple value of the lighting fixture distances from each position interrogator unit to each of the lighting fixtures on the common powerline are unique.
- the response of a transponder located in a luminaire associate 120 of a lighting fixture may also report on the status of the of the luminaire 110 and the luminaire associate 120 of that lighting fixture.
- One embodiment of this technique is to append the status information to the transponder response signal.
- the status of a luminaire associate 120 may comprise data reporting on operationally important luminaire electrical parameters such as voltage, current, wattage, and real power, and other data including data characterizing the output of luminaire 110 .
- the status may also include a condition status placed in the luminaire associate 120 by a maintenance crew reporting on servicing details.
- the distance between an interrogating unit and a transponder is estimated by the interrogating unit's sending an interrogation signal though a communication medium to the transponder.
- the transponder responds upon reception of the interrogation signal.
- the interrogating unit receives the transponder signal and uses the round trip time from interrogation signal transmission to reception of transponder response and the speed of signal propagation through the communication medium to estimate the distance between them.
- the accuracy of the estimated distance is dependent on the time-bandwidth characteristic of the signaling waveforms used by the interrogator and the transponder.
- the distance of an interrogating unit to a transponder via a common powerline 140 may be estimated using signaling waveforms of sufficient time-bandwidth.
- a problem with using a short-time very high bandwidth signal is that the powerline may not be capable of supporting signaling that has a very high bandwidth. Pulse compression signaling may be used to obviate this limitation.
- Pulse compression is a technique well known in the art of signal design whereby a signal may be crafted to achieve a large time-bandwidth product by increasing the signaling time with concomitant maintenance of bandwidth.
- a basic signal s(t) of period T-time units that has a power spectrum whose maximum significant frequency is at or below the maximum frequency that the powerline will support for signaling purposes.
- a common technique is to build a signal s(t) by choosing a T-time units long segment of a sine wave having many periods.
- the signal s(t) is then multiplied by a sequence of plus and minus ones such that an autocorrelation is created characterized by a sharp spike around the zero-offset point of the autocorrelation and low magnitude sidelobes.
- the sequence of plus and minus ones and the segment of the sine wave of many periods may be aligned so that transition times of the sequence of plus and minus ones align with zero crossings of the segment of the sine wave of many periods.
- the interrogation signal formed for this example may be built by concatenating one or more periods of s(t) followed by one period of s(t) inverted, denoted as s (t), followed by N periods, each of length T-time units, and each period comprising either s(t) or s (t).
- Signaling in this manner allows an addressable transponder to: recognize, by the reception of one or more s(t) basic signals, that an interrogation message has begun; then note, by the first occurrence of s (t), that the address of the addressable transponder is to follow by the next N periods of s(t) and s (t); and then derive the address of the addressed transponder by decoding an occurrence of s(t) as a zero and an occurrence of s (t) as a one.
- the addressed transponder then responds with a signal built by concatenating one or more periods of s(t) followed by one period of s(t) inverted, denoted as s (t), followed by N periods, each of length T-time units, and each period consisting of s(t).
- This example signaling format may also appear as an interrogator unit addressing a transponder with an address of all zeros. Embodiments are envisioned that avoid this ambiguity by not allowing any transponder to be assigned an address of all zeros.
- the addressed transponder is located in a fixed reference responder 211 , the fixed reference transponder 211 ceases transponding after sending the above response as the fixed reference transponder 211 will not be reporting status. If the addressed transponder is located in a luminaire associate 120 , the addressed transponder continues the above transmission by concatenating M periods, each of length T-time units, and each period comprising either s(t) or s (t). These M bits inform the interrogator of one of 2 M conditions reportable by the luminaire associate where the addressed transponder is located.
- more than one interrogation units 210 are connected to the common powerline 140 .
- a signaling protocol may be instituted to prevent any interrogation signaling and the responses that are generated from overlapping.
- suitable candidate protocols including transmission sensing, collision avoidance, and non-overlapping time-based slots, with guard times as prudent, assigned to each interrogator unit.
- An exemplary technical effect of the methods and systems described herein includes: (a) generating a melt pool based on the build parameters of the component; (b) detecting an optical signal generated by the melt pool to measure the size or the temperature of the melt pool; and (c) modifying the build parameters in real-time based on the size or the temperature of the melt pool to achieve a desired physical property of the component.
- Such devices typically include a processor or controller, such as, without limitation, a general purpose central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic circuit (PLC), and/or any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described herein.
- a processor or controller such as, without limitation, a general purpose central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic circuit (PLC), and/or any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described herein.
- CPU central processing unit
- GPU graphics processing unit
- FPGA field programmable gate array
- RISC reduced instruction set computer
- ASIC application specific integrated circuit
- PLC programmable logic circuit
- the methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions embodied in a computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device, and/or a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein.
- a computer readable medium including, without limitation, a storage device, and/or a memory device.
- Such instructions when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein.
- the above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term processor.
- Exemplary embodiments for enhancing the build parameters for making additive manufactured components are described above in detail.
- the apparatus, systems, and methods are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, operations of the methods and components of the systems may be utilized independently and separately from other operations or components described herein.
- the systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may have other industrial or consumer applications and are not limited to practice with electronic components as described herein. Rather, one or more embodiments may be implemented and utilized in connection with other industries.
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Abstract
Description
- This application is a non-provisional of and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Ser. Nos. 61/907,069, 61/907,078, 61/907,090, 61/907,114, 61/907,133, 61/907,150, 61/907,168, 61/907,188 and 61/907,210 filed on Nov. 21, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- The ability to quickly discover the location and health and operational status of individual street lamps is important to many infrastructure owners and operators. Many urban utilities have come to rely on databases for recording the locations of their lighting control system assets, in particular the individual luminaires and the controls and connections, the luminaire associates, which interface the luminaires with the powerline. These data bases help the infrastructure owners and operators manage their operations including street lighting augmentation, maintenance, asset relocation, and control. Other functions that depend on knowing the accurate location of individual street lamps include billing and inventory and maintenance recordation.
- Occasionally a street lighting asset, in particular a luminaire associate, will be relocated without appropriately noting the asset's relocation in the infrastructure's database. This omission may lead to a variety of problems including costly maintenance crew searches for the relocated asset. There is therefore a need for detecting that a luminaire associate has been relocated and to determine its new location in the lighting system.
- Issues that may affect the infrastructure of lighting systems include the timely notification of existing, or developing, health or operational problems with individual luminaires and their respective luminaire associates. In some cases, maintenance crews need to drive to or near luminaires to check on their status. The dispatch of maintenance crews for this purpose is costly and time consuming and becomes ever more so as the lighting system is expanded. There is therefore a need to instantiate a technique whereby the infrastructure owner and operator can more quickly determine existing or developing health or operational problems with individual luminaire associates with less involvement of maintenance crews.
- An interrogation device is provided that is configured to send interrogation signals to one or more addressable transponders using a common powerline for transmissions. The distance between the interrogating device and the addressable transponder is determined by measuring the time to receive a response from the addressable transponder following its interrogation. The interrogation and response signaling are carried on the common powerline.
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FIG. 1 illustrates the segmentation of a lighting fixture according to one embodiment. -
FIG. 2 illustrates a linear installation of lighting fixtures according to one embodiment. -
FIG. 3 illustrates a more topographically complex installation of lighting fixtures according to one embodiment. -
FIG. 4 illustrates adding an additional interrogator unit according to one embodiment. - The location and health and operational status of individual street lamps is important to many infrastructure owners and operators. Many urban utilities rely on databases maintained by their lighting control system operations center for recording the locations of their lighting control system assets. These assets may include individual luminaires and their luminaire associates. Luminaire associates comprise controls and connections that interface with the luminaires with the powerline. These databases help the infrastructure owners and operators manage their operations. These operations include planning for street lighting augmentation, maintenance, asset relocation, and controls. Other functions that depend on knowing the accurate location of individual street lamps include billing, inventory auditing, and maintenance recordation. This application teaches a method, system, and devices for aiding the lighting control system operations center in keeping its databases current and correct.
- An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
FIG. 1 . Thelighting fixture 100 comprises a lamp orluminaire 110, supported by aluminaire associate 120. Theluminaire associate 120 comprises electronic components, electrical circuitry, and mechanical couplings associated with the mounting and control of theluminaire 110. Theluminaire associate 120 may be mounted atop apole 130 that also provides a conduit for thepowerline 140 serving theluminaire associate 120 and theluminaire 110. - In one embodiment, one or more interrogation devices are coupled to the
powerline 140 that is common to a plurality ofindividual lighting fixture 100. An interrogation signal is placed on thepowerline 140 by an interrogator device and travels to an addressed transponder. Thelighting fixtures 100 may contain addressable transponders. The transponder that is addressed transponds by placing a response signal on thepowerline 140. The interrogator device measures the time to receive the response signal and estimates the distance from the interrogator to the transponder. - Although the speed of signal propagation on the
powerline 140 is a significant fraction of the speed of light in free space, the speed of signal propagation on the powerline is dependent on many parameters. It may be therefore advisable to occasionally measure the speed of signal propagation on thepowerline 140 in order to validate or improve the estimation of distance. This may be done in several ways. By way of example, this may be done by measuring the time it takes after an interrogator unit sends the interrogation signal until and a response is received by a fixed reference transponder, a transponder whose position is known and invariant. Then that time is divided by two because of the round trip time of signal propagation. -
FIG. 2 illustrates a linear installation of lighting fixtures 201-205 each configured similarly tolighting fixture 100 discussed in relation toFIG. 1 . Lighting fixtures 201-205 are connected to acommon powerline 140 along with aninterrogation unit 210. Theinterrogation unit 210 contains computational hardware and software used in signal generation, transmission, reception and decoding. Also illustrated in connected tocommon powerline 140 is afixed reference responder 211. Theinterrogator unit 210 places an interrogation signal on thepower line 140 that is uniquely addressed to a transponder contained in either thefixed reference responder 211 or one of theluminaire associates 120. The addressed transponder responds to theinterrogator unit 210. The addressed transponder may be a particular one of theluminaire associates 120 within lighting fixtures 201-205. Theinterrogator unit 210 measures the time duration between sending an interrogation signal to a particular luminaire associate and receiving the receiving the response signal from that particular luminaire associate. The interrogator may calculate the distance to the particular luminaire associate. In this manner, theinterrogator unit 210 can discover the distances to the five lighting fixture 201-205 as displayed in Table 1. -
TABLE 1 Lighting fixture distances to interrogator unit 210Distance to Lighting interrogator unit Fixture 210 201 1 202 2 203 3 204 4 205 5 - The distances in Table 1 are all distinct and because the installation of lighting fixtures is linear and spacing of street lights substantially similar as depicted in
FIG. 2 , the positions of the individual lighting fixtures in the linear installation is unambiguously determinable. - More complex scenarios are expected in practice, such as that illustrated in
FIG. 3 . InFIG. 3 there is apower line branch 141 connected topower line 140. There are two lighting fixtures, 206 and 207, onpower line branch 141. In the example illustrated inFIG. 3 the interrogation unit's distance to the seven lighting fixtures is discovered and displayed in Table 2. -
TABLE 2 Lighting fixture distances to interrogator unit 210Distance to Lighting interrogator unit Fixture 210 201 1 202 2 203 3 204 4 205 5 206 4 207 5 - As seen in Table 2, the various lighting fixture distances to the
interrogator unit 210 are not distinct. The pair oflighting fixtures lighting fixtures interrogator unit 210. Thuslighting fixture 204 could have been swapped withlighting fixture 206 orlighting fixture 205 could have been swapped withlighting fixture 207 without provoking a difference in the values displayed in Table 2. The lighting fixture positions are therefore not uniquely discoverable on the lighting fixture layout illustrated inFIG. 3 solely by the information in Table 2. - The individual lighting fixture positions may be made uniquely discoverable by using a plurality of interrogator units positioned at different points on the common powerline.
FIG. 4 illustrates anadditional interrogator unit 220 with connection to thepower line branch 141 by theconductor 142. For the lighting fixture layout example illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4 , the distances from twointerrogator units -
TABLE 3 Lighting fixture distances to interrogator units Distance to Distance to Lighting interrogator unit interrogator Fixture 210 unit 220201 1 5 202 2 4 203 3 5 204 4 6 205 5 7 206 4 2 207 5 1 - The pairs of individual lighting fixture distances to the two
position interrogator units FIGS. 3 and 4 are uniquely discoverable. - In general, the individual lighting fixture positions may be made uniquely discoverable by using P interrogator units connected to the powerline at various points so that each P-tuple value of the lighting fixture distances from each position interrogator unit to each of the lighting fixtures on the common powerline are unique.
- In addition to estimating distances on the
powerline 140, the response of a transponder located in aluminaire associate 120 of a lighting fixture may also report on the status of the of theluminaire 110 and theluminaire associate 120 of that lighting fixture. One embodiment of this technique is to append the status information to the transponder response signal. The status of aluminaire associate 120 may comprise data reporting on operationally important luminaire electrical parameters such as voltage, current, wattage, and real power, and other data including data characterizing the output ofluminaire 110. The status may also include a condition status placed in theluminaire associate 120 by a maintenance crew reporting on servicing details. - As presented, the distance between an interrogating unit and a transponder is estimated by the interrogating unit's sending an interrogation signal though a communication medium to the transponder. The transponder responds upon reception of the interrogation signal. The interrogating unit receives the transponder signal and uses the round trip time from interrogation signal transmission to reception of transponder response and the speed of signal propagation through the communication medium to estimate the distance between them. The accuracy of the estimated distance is dependent on the time-bandwidth characteristic of the signaling waveforms used by the interrogator and the transponder.
- For an example relevant to this application, the distance of an interrogating unit to a transponder via a
common powerline 140 may be estimated using signaling waveforms of sufficient time-bandwidth. A problem with using a short-time very high bandwidth signal is that the powerline may not be capable of supporting signaling that has a very high bandwidth. Pulse compression signaling may be used to obviate this limitation. - Pulse compression is a technique well known in the art of signal design whereby a signal may be crafted to achieve a large time-bandwidth product by increasing the signaling time with concomitant maintenance of bandwidth. For an example, a basic signal s(t) of period T-time units that has a power spectrum whose maximum significant frequency is at or below the maximum frequency that the powerline will support for signaling purposes. A common technique is to build a signal s(t) by choosing a T-time units long segment of a sine wave having many periods. The signal s(t) is then multiplied by a sequence of plus and minus ones such that an autocorrelation is created characterized by a sharp spike around the zero-offset point of the autocorrelation and low magnitude sidelobes. The sequence of plus and minus ones and the segment of the sine wave of many periods may be aligned so that transition times of the sequence of plus and minus ones align with zero crossings of the segment of the sine wave of many periods.
- The interrogation signal formed for this example may be built by concatenating one or more periods of s(t) followed by one period of s(t) inverted, denoted as
s (t), followed by N periods, each of length T-time units, and each period comprising either s(t) ors (t). Signaling in this manner allows an addressable transponder to: recognize, by the reception of one or more s(t) basic signals, that an interrogation message has begun; then note, by the first occurrence ofs (t), that the address of the addressable transponder is to follow by the next N periods of s(t) ands (t); and then derive the address of the addressed transponder by decoding an occurrence of s(t) as a zero and an occurrence ofs (t) as a one. - The addressed transponder then responds with a signal built by concatenating one or more periods of s(t) followed by one period of s(t) inverted, denoted as
s (t), followed by N periods, each of length T-time units, and each period consisting of s(t). This example signaling format may also appear as an interrogator unit addressing a transponder with an address of all zeros. Embodiments are envisioned that avoid this ambiguity by not allowing any transponder to be assigned an address of all zeros. - If the addressed transponder is located in a fixed
reference responder 211, the fixedreference transponder 211 ceases transponding after sending the above response as the fixedreference transponder 211 will not be reporting status. If the addressed transponder is located in aluminaire associate 120, the addressed transponder continues the above transmission by concatenating M periods, each of length T-time units, and each period comprising either s(t) ors (t). These M bits inform the interrogator of one of 2M conditions reportable by the luminaire associate where the addressed transponder is located. - In an embodiment, more than one
interrogation units 210 are connected to thecommon powerline 140. A signaling protocol may be instituted to prevent any interrogation signaling and the responses that are generated from overlapping. There are many suitable candidate protocols known in the art including transmission sensing, collision avoidance, and non-overlapping time-based slots, with guard times as prudent, assigned to each interrogator unit. - Data respecting the distances for the lighting fixture to interrogator units that are discovered and status information reported by transponders located in luminaire associates are forwarded to the lighting control system operations center.
- An exemplary technical effect of the methods and systems described herein includes: (a) generating a melt pool based on the build parameters of the component; (b) detecting an optical signal generated by the melt pool to measure the size or the temperature of the melt pool; and (c) modifying the build parameters in real-time based on the size or the temperature of the melt pool to achieve a desired physical property of the component.
- Some embodiments involve the use of one or more electronic or computing devices. Such devices typically include a processor or controller, such as, without limitation, a general purpose central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic circuit (PLC), and/or any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described herein.
- The methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions embodied in a computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device, and/or a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein. The above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term processor.
- Exemplary embodiments for enhancing the build parameters for making additive manufactured components are described above in detail. The apparatus, systems, and methods are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, operations of the methods and components of the systems may be utilized independently and separately from other operations or components described herein. For example, the systems, methods, and apparatus described herein may have other industrial or consumer applications and are not limited to practice with electronic components as described herein. Rather, one or more embodiments may be implemented and utilized in connection with other industries.
- Although specific features of various embodiments of the invention may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. In accordance with the principles of the invention, any feature of a drawing may be referenced or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing.
- This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
Claims (20)
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