US20150030945A1 - Fuel cell system and its use - Google Patents

Fuel cell system and its use Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150030945A1
US20150030945A1 US14/511,880 US201414511880A US2015030945A1 US 20150030945 A1 US20150030945 A1 US 20150030945A1 US 201414511880 A US201414511880 A US 201414511880A US 2015030945 A1 US2015030945 A1 US 2015030945A1
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Prior art keywords
fuel cell
anode
active material
cell system
catalytically active
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US14/511,880
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Inventor
Thomas Kiefer
Marco Hoffmann
André Weber
Claus-Peter Kluge
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Ceramtec GmbH
ElringKlinger AG
Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie KIT
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Ceramtec GmbH
ElringKlinger AG
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Assigned to ELRINGKLINGER AG reassignment ELRINGKLINGER AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOFFMANN, MARCO, KIEFER, THOMAS
Assigned to CERAMTEC GMBH reassignment CERAMTEC GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KLUGE, Claus-Peter
Assigned to KARLSRUHER INSTITUT FUER TECHNOLOGIE reassignment KARLSRUHER INSTITUT FUER TECHNOLOGIE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WEBER, ANDRE
Assigned to ELRINGKLINGER AG, CERAMTEC GMBH reassignment ELRINGKLINGER AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KARLSRUHER INSTITUT FUER TECHNOLOGIE
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
    • H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
    • H01M4/905—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
    • H01M4/9066—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC of metal-ceramic composites or mixtures, e.g. cermets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • H01M8/0668—Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
    • H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/8684—Negative electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
    • H01M2300/0071—Oxides
    • H01M2300/0074—Ion conductive at high temperature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a fuel cell system, comprising a fuel cell stack with a plurality of cathodes and anodes, wherein an oxidizing gas containing oxygen is feedable to the stack on the cathode side and a fuel gas is feedable to the stack on the anode side, and a reformer for generating the fuel gas from a fuel.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a fuel cell system of this type for generating electrical energy in a motor vehicle which comprises an internal combustion engine powered by the fuel.
  • a fuel gas with electrochemically convertible components must first be produced from the fuel.
  • a gas mixture also designated synthesis gas is produced which contains, inter alia, hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
  • Further components of a fuel cell system of this type are typically a residual gas burner in which the fuel gas not converted in the fuel cell stack is combusted. The heat thereby generated is utilized to pre-heat the oxidizing gas (typically ambient air) by means of a layered structure heat-exchanger, before the gas is fed to the fuel cell stack on the cathode side.
  • the fuel cell stacks that are used in such systems are usually high temperature fuel cells, in particular, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC).
  • SOFC solid oxide fuel cells
  • YSZ yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide
  • the fuel cell stack comprises a catalytically active material which is arranged in the anode-side regions such that the fuel gas flows through the material upstream of the anode, said catalytically active material catalyzing the reaction of carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
  • the solution proposed according to the invention makes use of this finding in that with the additional catalytically active material in the anode-side regions of the fuel cell stack, the conversion to hydrogen of carbon monoxide, from which, in the presence of sulfur poisoning, the production of electrical energy can no longer be effectively carried out, is catalyzed:
  • reaction 1 This conversion is known as a shift reaction. It is, in principle, reversible, and the formation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is favored by a continuous supply of water. This water is formed in the anode regions of the fuel cell stack according to the anode reaction of hydrogen (reaction 1 ). However, without the catalytically active material provided according to the invention, the reaction rate is too low.
  • reaction 4 like reaction 2, is itself also catalyzed by the anode material which in high temperature fuel cells typically contains nickel oxide as the catalyst. However, particularly in the case of nickel catalysts, a marked activity loss due to sulfur also occurs in respect of the shift reaction, whereas with the catalytically active material according to the present invention, this is not the case or only to a slight degree. According to the overall reaction from reactions 1 and 4, the fuel cell system according to the invention therefore indirectly enables the production of electrical energy from the carbon monoxide contained in the fuel gas, even in the case of sulfur poisoning of the catalytic activity of the anode material.
  • the invention also provides that the catalytically active material is arranged such that the fuel gas flows through it upstream of the anode.
  • the catalytically active material is therefore not directly introduced into the anode, which is advantageous in that a possible unforeseeable influence of the catalytic activity of the anode itself is thereby prevented. Since the additional catalytically active material is provided independently of the anode (but in the immediate vicinity thereof), no changes to the established manufacturing processes for the anode are necessary, particularly since the anode is typically manufactured as an integral part of a cathode-electrolyte-anode unit.
  • the catalytically active material is arranged between the anode and an anode-side contact element.
  • the anode-side contact element serves for electrical contacting of the anode and enables an even current flow over the anode surface.
  • the arrangement of the catalytically active material between the anode and the anode-side contact element represents a very simple design solution which does not require a change to the anode nor to the contact element.
  • the anode-side contact element preferably comprises a mesh, braid or woven fabric of nickel or a nickel-containing alloy.
  • Nickel mesh materials are typically used as contact elements in solid oxide fuel cells.
  • the catalytically active material arranged between the anode and the contact element is present in the form of a ceramic paste.
  • a paste of this type can level out unevenness in the surface structures of the anode and of the contact element and thus favors a contact between these two elements which maximizes its area and closeness.
  • the catalytically active material itself forms the anode-side contact element or a coating on the anode-side contact element.
  • the contact element fulfils two functions simultaneously, specifically, the electrical contacting of the anode and catalysis of the conversion of carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the fuel gas.
  • the catalytically active material forms a porous ceramic solid body as the anode-side contact element.
  • a contact element of this type made of the catalytically active material can be connected by suitable manufacturing methods, for example by a substance-to-substance bond to the anode, i.e., applied as a further layer onto the cathode-electrolyte-anode unit.
  • the catalytically active material forms a coating on the anode-side contact element
  • this coating can be applied by means of a wet chemical process (e.g. dipping, printing or wet powder spraying), CVD, PVD or by electroplating, onto the anode-side contact element.
  • the contact element itself can also be made of nickel or a nickel-containing alloy as described above, or from another suitable material.
  • the catalytically active material according to the present invention can comprise as the actual catalyst, in principle, any element or any compound which catalyzes the shift reaction, even in the presence of sulfur in the fuel gas.
  • the catalytically active material comprises, in particular, one or more metals from groups 8 to 12, the lanthanides and/or their compounds, in particular their oxides, the catalytic activity of which for the reaction of carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen is not decreased by the presence of sulfur in the fuel gas, or is only decreased to a smaller extent than is the catalytic activity of the anode for this reaction.
  • the anode material of high temperature fuel cells usually contains nickel oxide as the catalyst, the catalytic activity of which for the shift reaction (as well as for the electrochemical conversion of carbon monoxide) is severely impaired by sulfur.
  • the catalytically active material comprises cerium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iron, cobalt, copper, silver, gold and/or tin, and/or their oxides.
  • a particularly preferred catalyst comprises the catalytically active material cerium and/or cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ), which can be doped, particularly with gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium and/or calcium. It has been found that these metals or oxides also retain a significant activity for the catalysis of the shift reaction, even in the presence of sulfur in the fuel gas.
  • the catalytically active material can either be single-phase (e.g. metallic cerium, a cerium alloy or doped cerium dioxide) or can be present as a multi-phase system in which at least one phase contains cerium (e.g. a cermet in which metallic cerium and cerium dioxide are present together).
  • the catalytically active material according to the present invention can be made exclusively of the aforementioned metals and/or compounds, particularly if the material is used as a coating on the anodic contact element.
  • the material also comprises one or more carrier materials.
  • carrier materials enable the necessary properties of the material, apart from the catalytic activity, to be preserved and optimized, i.e., in particular, mechanical strength, porosity, consistency (in the case of a paste) and electrical conductivity.
  • the carrier material results in an even distribution of the catalyst over as large an area as possible and prevents agglomeration.
  • Carrier materials that are preferred within the context of the present invention include zirconium dioxide, yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide, nickel oxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zeolites, hexaaluminates and perovskites, which can be doped.
  • Particularly favorable is the use of yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide and nickel oxide as carrier materials since this essentially also corresponds to the typical composition of the anode material and, consequently, considerable material homogeneity can be achieved between the anode and the catalytically active material arranged on the inflow side.
  • the nickel oxide ensures, beyond a particular proportion, the electrical conductivity of the carrier material.
  • the proportion of the actual catalyst in the catalytically active material can be varied over a wide range, although the optimum proportion depends both on the form of the catalytically active material (solid body, paste or coating) as well as on the intended operating conditions of the fuel cell system.
  • the catalytically active material can be made entirely of the actual catalyst whilst, in other cases, just very small quantities in the region of approximately 0.1% by weight are sufficient.
  • the metal or metals of groups 8 to 12 and the lanthanides and/or compounds thereof are contained in the catalytically active material in a proportion from 1% to 15% by weight, in particular from 4% to 10% by weight.
  • a catalytically active material in the form of a ceramic paste can contain 4% to 10% by weight of cerium dioxide and, as the carrier material, 90% to 96% by weight of yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide and nickel oxide in the ratio of approximately 3:5.
  • cerium dioxide e.g. doped with gadolinium
  • nickel oxide preferably in the ratio of approximately 1:1. It has been found that, compared with pure doped cerium oxide, such a material has a higher catalytic activity with regard to the shift reaction and leads to an approximately 25% improvement in the efficiency of the fuel cell. This is surprising in that nickel oxide itself, when used as an anode material, typically undergoes a loss of activity due to sulfur (see above).
  • the catalytically active material can contain, particularly when present in the form of a paste or a coating, further ingredients for setting the required properties, particularly organic binding agents and/or solvents.
  • a steam reforming process preferably a steam reforming process, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation takes place, wherein a fuel gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide is generated from the fuel. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide are typically present in the fuel gas in approximately equal proportions (typically each in the region of approximately 15%).
  • the fuel gas also contains carbon dioxide, water and residual hydrocarbons.
  • the fuel in the context of the present invention comprises a mixture of aliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons, wherein the fuel is selected, in particular, from diesel fuel and petrol.
  • the fuel typically has a sulfur content of up to 15 ppm and particularly up to 10 ppm.
  • the invention also relates particularly to the use of the fuel cell system of the type described in the introduction for generating electrical energy in a motor vehicle which comprises an internal combustion engine powered by the fuel.
  • a motor vehicle which comprises an internal combustion engine powered by the fuel.
  • Particularly advantageous is the use of the fuel cell system as an APU (auxiliary power unit) in a commercial vehicle powered by diesel fuel.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of the fuel cell system according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross-section through a single fuel cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically a fuel cell system according to one embodiment of the invention which is identified overall as 10 .
  • the fuel cell system 10 comprises a fuel cell stack 12 with a plurality of cathodes and anodes, a reformer 14 , a residual gas burner 16 and a layered structure heat-exchanger 18 .
  • fuel e.g. diesel fuel
  • the reformer 14 e.g. a steam reformer
  • a fuel gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide is generated from the fuel.
  • the fuel gas is fed to the anode side 22 of the fuel cell stack 12 .
  • a catalytically active material which is arranged in the anode-side regions of the fuel cell stack 12 in each case upstream of the anode (not shown in FIG. 1 )
  • the hydrogen is electrochemically converted at the anodes of the fuel cell stack 12 .
  • Unconverted fuel gas which is contained in the anode output gas is subsequently combusted in the residual gas burner 16 .
  • Ambient air 28 is fed to the cathode side 26 of the fuel cell stack 12 as the oxidizing gas, wherein the ambient air 28 is previously pre-heated by means of the waste heat from the residual gas burner 26 by means of the layered structure heat-exchanger 18 .
  • the fuel cell system 10 can also be operated with a fuel having a sulfur content of e.g. up to 10 ppm at a high level of efficiency, specifically at temperatures of below 800° C.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross-section through an individual electrochemical cell of the fuel cell stack according to one embodiment of the invention in which a cathode 30 , an electrolyte 32 and an anode 34 are arranged in layers and form a cathode-electrolyte-anode unit 36 .
  • a cathode-side contact element 38 and, on the side of the anode 34 , an anode-side contact element 40 are arranged, which serve for the electrical contacting of the respective electrodes.
  • a catalytically active material 42 Arranged between the anode 34 and the anode contact element 38 is a catalytically active material 42 , i.e., during operation of the fuel cell system, the fuel gas flows through the catalytically active material 42 upstream of the anode 34 .
  • the catalytically active material 42 promotes the reaction of carbon monoxide with water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
  • the catalytically active material 42 is present in the form of a ceramic paste, which enables direct and large-area contact both with the anode 34 and also with the anode-side contact element 38 .
  • the ceramic paste can comprise, for example, 4% to 10% by weight of cerium dioxide as the actual catalyst and 90% to 96% by weight of yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide and nickel oxide in a ratio of approximately 3:5 as the carrier material.
  • the paste can consist purely of the catalyst, i.e., for example, cerium dioxide.
  • the anode 34 can be made, for example, from a mixture of yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZ) and nickel oxide and the anodic contact element 38 is, for example, a nickel mesh.
  • YSZ yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide
  • the catalytically active material can also itself form the anode-side contact element or a coating on the anode-side contact element.
  • Fuel gas reformate from diesel fuel with approximately 9 ppm sulfur
  • a ceramic paste made of cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ) was applied as the catalytically active material according to the invention between the anode material and the anode-side contact element by means of roller coating, specifically in a quantity of between 0.012 g/cm 2 and 0.024 g/cm 2 .
  • a comparison system was operated under the same conditions but without this paste.
  • the nominal output fell after the same operating period (40 h) by only approximately 25% and then remained stable at this level.
  • Carbon monoxide continued to be converted until the end of the measurement (100 h), which demonstrates that despite the sulfur content in the fuel gas, the shift reaction continues to be catalyzed by the catalytically active material according to the invention.
  • a paste containing a mixture of doped cerium dioxide and nickel oxide was used as the catalytically active material.
  • a paste of this type comprises, for example, 33% by weight of nanoscale CeO 2 (doped with Gd), 33% by weight of nanoscale NiO, approximately 30% to 32% by weight of terpineol as a solvent and approximately 2% to 4% ethyl cellulose as a binding agent.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
US14/511,880 2012-04-13 2014-10-10 Fuel cell system and its use Abandoned US20150030945A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102012103189.4 2012-04-13
DE102012103189A DE102012103189A1 (de) 2012-04-13 2012-04-13 Brennstoffzellensystem und dessen Verwendung
PCT/EP2013/057686 WO2013153198A1 (de) 2012-04-13 2013-04-12 Schwefeltolerantes hochtemperatur-brennstoffzellensystem mit internem wassergas-shift-katalysator

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