US20150000881A1 - Heat-Transfer Device - Google Patents
Heat-Transfer Device Download PDFInfo
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- US20150000881A1 US20150000881A1 US14/308,888 US201414308888A US2015000881A1 US 20150000881 A1 US20150000881 A1 US 20150000881A1 US 201414308888 A US201414308888 A US 201414308888A US 2015000881 A1 US2015000881 A1 US 2015000881A1
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- Prior art keywords
- heat
- transfer
- enhancing structures
- porous layer
- flow
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with the heat-exchange conduits forming part of, or being attached to, the tank containing the body of fluid
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
- F28F13/12—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
- F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
- F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
- F28F13/187—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings especially adapted for evaporator surfaces or condenser surfaces, e.g. with nucleation sites
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a heat-transfer device.
- Heat exchangers which allow two fluids at different temperatures to perform heat exchange
- heaters and coolers of fluids often use convective heat transfer, which is a form of heat transfer that uses heat transportation by flow.
- convective heat transfer thermal energy is transferred from a heating or cooling surface through a heat conduction layer, a transition layer, and a convection layer to a fluid.
- the heat conduction layer is a fluid layer formed in a very thin region on the heating or cooling surface. In this layer, heat conduction due to fluid molecular diffusion is dominant rather than the heat transportation by flow.
- the heat conduction layer has a thickness determined by the Reynolds number Re, which is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a flow, and the Prandtl number Pr, which is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of viscosity diffusion to thermal diffusion.
- Re a dimensionless number representing the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a flow
- Prandtl number Pr which is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of viscosity diffusion to thermal diffusion.
- Prandtl number is defined by an expression below.
- JP 2005-69520 A A conventional technique to improve heat-transfer performance for a heat-transfer device, such as a heat exchanger, is described in JP 2005-69520 A.
- a plate-like copper is used as a heat transfer surface. This surface is chemically etched with an acid or alkaline mixed with carbon nanotubes, copper oxide nanoparticles, or aluminum oxide nanoparticles to form a nano-particle porous layer thereon.
- the heat transfer enhancement technique described in JP 2005-69520 A uses the activation of molecular motion in a heat conduction layer on the nano-particle porous layer, and thus, the thickness of the heat conduction layer needs to be not more than a value several tens of times of the thickness of the nano-particle porous layer in order to obtain effect of the heat transfer enhancement up to a certain point.
- This technique thus, suffers difficulty in obtaining the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the nano-particle porous layer sufficiently due to an increased thickness of the heat conduction layer in a field where the Reynolds number is small, in other words, in a low-velocity flow field (for example, in a range of 0 to 10 m/s).
- An object of the invention is to obtain heat-transfer enhancement effect of a micro porous layer sufficiently even at low flow velocities.
- the invention includes a micro porous layer and a plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures on a surface of the heat transfer tube, the surface being in contact with the cold fluid.
- the invention allows the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer to be obtained sufficiently even at low flow velocities.
- FIG. 1 is a structure diagram of a shell and tube heat exchanger according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a heat transfer tube outer surface in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4 is a structure diagram of a shell and tube heat exchanger according to a second embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 6 is a graph of test data demonstrating the relationship of H/D to a heat-transfer enhancement ratio
- FIG. 7 is a graph of test data demonstrating the relationship of L/H to the heat-transfer enhancement ratio.
- FIG. 8 is a graph of a component test result for a heat-transfer performance improvement ratio.
- the invention relates to a heat-transfer device usable as a heat exchanger, which allows two fluids at different temperatures to perform heat exchange, and as a heater or a cooler of a fluid.
- a first embodiment of the invention is a shell and tube heat exchanger with the heat-transfer device applied. This embodiment is capable of improving heat-transfer performance even under conditions of low flow velocities of a fluid used for heat exchange, in comparison with a conventional shell and tube heat exchanger.
- FIG. 1 is a structure diagram of the shell and tube heat exchanger according to the embodiment.
- a shell 100 which is circular or polygonal, is provided on both sides with tube plates 102 for supporting heat transfer tubes 101 .
- the tube plates 102 each have a large number of holes arranged therein in a zigzag manner to allow the passage of the heat transfer tubes 101 .
- the heat transfer tubes 101 pass through these tube holes to be fixed to the tube plates 102 at both sides.
- the heat transfer tubes 101 are made with a metal having high thermal conductivity, such as aluminum and copper.
- the heat transfer tubes 101 may be made with SUS.
- a vapor 108 which is a hot fluid, flows through a nozzle 104 , located at an upper portion of the heat exchanger, into the heat exchanger.
- the vapor 108 flows through a liquid chamber 103 , located at an upper portion of the heat exchanger, into the heat transfer tubes 101 to flow downward therethrough.
- the vapor 108 condenses into a compressed liquid by heat exchange with a cold fluid 109 through the walls of the heat transfer tubes.
- the compressed liquid flows through a liquid chamber, located at a lower portion of the heat exchanger, and through a nozzle, located at a lower portion of the heat exchanger, to the outside of the heat exchanger.
- Air 109 which is the cold fluid, flows through a nozzle 105 , provided at a side of a lower portion of the heat exchanger, into the heat exchanger.
- the heat exchange is performed with the vapor 108 , which is the hot fluid, through the walls of the heat transfer tubes.
- the air, having finished with the heat exchange flows through a nozzle, provided at a side of an upper portion of the heat exchanger, to the outside of the heat exchanger.
- a micro porous layer 110 is formed on an outer surface 106 of each of the heat transfer tubes 101 to enhance the convective heat transfer outside the heat transfer tubes in the embodiment.
- the micro porous layer 110 is formed on the heat transfer tube outer surface 106 through a method described in JP 2005-69520 A before the heat transfer tubes 101 are welded onto the tube plates 102 .
- the heat transfer tube outer surface 106 is chemically etched with an acid or alkali mixed with carbon nanotubes, copper oxide nanoparticles, or aluminum oxide nanoparticles to form a nano-particle porous layer on the heat transfer tube outer surface 106 .
- a porous layer formed through an anodic oxidation method may be used as the micro porous layer 110 in place of the nano-particle porous layer.
- the heat transfer surface is machined for smoothing. Then, dc or ac voltage is applied to the heat transfer tubes 101 serving as the anode with a 3 to 8% oxalate solution serving as an electrolytic solution for electrochemical reaction on the outer surfaces 106 of the heat transfer tubes 101 .
- the micro porous layer 110 of each of the heat transfer tube outer surfaces 106 needs to have asperities thereon with a height h not more than several tens of times of the mean free path (the average distance travelled by a molecule before collision with another molecule) of molecules in order to activate air molecular motion for enhanced heat conduction.
- gas pressure represented by P [Pa] temperature by T [K]
- molecule diameter by d [m] the mean free path A is calculated with an expression below.
- the mean free path in the air at atmospheric pressure and 20° C. is approximately 0.06 ⁇ m.
- the height h of the asperities on the micro porous layer 110 on each of the heat transfer tube outer surfaces 106 is desirably not more than 10 ⁇ m in order to activate the air molecular motion.
- the micro porous layer 110 may be formed in any other method in place of the method described above as long as the height of the asperities is not more than 10 ⁇ m.
- a plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 is installed on each of the heat transfer tube outer surfaces 106 to further improve the heat transfer enhancement by the micro porous layer 110 .
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 are formed with a metal material, such as aluminum, copper, and SUS. Other materials, such as a heat resistant rubber and a heat resistant resin, may be used to improve manufacturability.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 may each have a section of any form, such as triangular, rectangular, and circular sections, as long as its height can be defined.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 1 .
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 according to the embodiment are ring-shaped protrusions around each of the heat transfer tubes 101 .
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of one of the heat transfer tube outer surfaces for describing the relationship between the heat transfer tube outer surface 106 , corresponding one of the micro porous layers 110 , and the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 of the shell and tube heat exchanger according to the embodiment.
- a nano-particle porous layer per the method described in JP 2005-69520 A, a porous layer per the anodic oxidation method, or the micro porous layer 110 per any other method is formed on the heat transfer tube outer surface 106 .
- the height h of the asperities on the micro porous layer 110 is not more than 10 ⁇ m.
- the plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 is installed on the micro porous layer 110 in such a manner that can cause turbulence of the air flow.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 are provided substantially perpendicular to the direction of the air flow. Without the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 , the thickness of the heat conduction layer increases at low air flow velocities, preventing the micro porous layer 110 from producing the heat-transfer enhancement effect sufficiently as described above.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 are installed on the micro porous layer 110 to reduce the thickness of the heat conduction layer at low flow velocities, thereby producing the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer 110 sufficiently.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 cause separation of the flow, increasing the turbulence 111 of the air flow downstream of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 .
- the air flow turbulence causes flow disturbance near the heat transfer surface, reducing the thickness of the heat conduction layer.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 need to have a height sufficiently greater than the thickness of the heat conduction layer of the flow.
- FIG. 6 is a graph of a test result with parameters of a characteristic length D [m] of the flow and the height H [m] of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 .
- a heat-transfer enhancement ratio is a ratio to a value with H/D ⁇ 0.05.
- the characteristic length D of the flow is a hydraulic equivalent diameter for the flow along the tubes in the embodiment.
- the characteristic length D will be a tube inner diameter for a flow inside the tube.
- the air flow turbulence caused by one of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 is dampened toward the downstream due to viscosity of the fluid. As the turbulence is dampened, the thickness of the heat conduction layer increases, preventing the micro porous layer 110 from producing the heat-transfer enhancement effect.
- FIG. 7 is a graph of a test result with parameters of a clearance L between the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 in the flow direction and the height H of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 .
- the clearance L in the flow direction refers to an installation clearance between the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 on the heat transfer tube outer surface 106 .
- the clearance L in the flow direction is the clearance between the vertexes of triangular sections of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 .
- the height H of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 refers to a height from the bottom to the vertex of one of the triangular sections of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 .
- the heat-transfer enhancement ratio is a ratio to a value with L/H ⁇ 100. This test result demonstrates that a high heat-transfer enhancement ratio is obtained under a condition of L/H ⁇ 300, and thus the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 desirably satisfy the relationship of L/H ⁇ 300.
- FIG. 8 is a graph of heat-transfer performance improvement ratios obtained during the component test.
- the heat-transfer performance improvement ratio is a ratio to a value with the turbulent flow enhancement ribs. It has been demonstrated that the combined use of the surface treatment and the turbulent flow enhancement ribs yields an improvement in heat-transfer performance over the sum simply calculated of the surface treatment and the turbulent flow enhancement ribs used alone, thus generating synergistic effect.
- the arrangement according to the embodiment with the use of the heat-transfer enhancing structures further reduces the thickness of the heat conduction layer, thereby further increasing the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer.
- the embodiment described above can produce the heat-transfer enhancement effect even under low air flow velocity conditions.
- the embodiment can further increase the heat-transfer enhancement effect under an identical flow velocity condition.
- the embodiment can achieve an improvement in heat-transfer performance, thereby reducing the number of heat transfer tubes and reducing costs of the heat exchanger.
- a second embodiment is a shell and tube heat exchanger with the heat-transfer device applied.
- This embodiment is capable of improving the heat-transfer performance even under conditions of low flow velocities of a fluid used for heat exchange, in comparison with a conventional shell and tube heat exchanger.
- the embodiment can also curb vibration of heat transfer tubes that accompanies the condensation of vapor.
- FIG. 4 is a structure diagram of the shell and tube heat exchanger according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 4 .
- the shell and tube heat exchanger in FIG. 4 will now be described, with an omission of parts indicated with the same reference numerals and having similar functions with those in the arrangement described in FIG. 1 .
- a micro porous layer 110 described in the first embodiment is formed on the outer surface of each heat transfer tube 101 to enhance heat transfer.
- a plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is installed to obtain the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer 110 under low air flow velocity conditions.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 according to the embodiment are formed with rods.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 are made with a metal material, such as aluminum, copper, and SUS. Other materials, such as a heat resistant rubber and a heat resistant resin, may be used to improve manufacturability.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 may each have a section of any form, such as triangular, rectangular, and circular sections, as long as its height H [m] can be defined.
- Each of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is secured at both ends to an inner surface of a shell 100 through welding or bonding.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 are arranged so that the heat transfer tubes 101 are interposed therebetween, thereby securing the heat transfer tubes 101 . This can curb the vibration of the heat transfer tubes 101 due to reasons including vapor condensation within the tubes.
- the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 cause turbulence to obtain the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer 110 even under low air flow velocity conditions.
- the height H of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 desirably satisfies its relationship to the characteristic length D [m] of the flow of H/D ⁇ 0.01.
- the characteristic length D of the flow is a hydraulic equivalent diameter for the flow along the tubes in the embodiment.
- the characteristic length D will be a tube inner diameter for a flow inside the tube.
- the air flow turbulence caused by one of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is dampened toward the downstream due to viscosity of the fluid.
- the plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is installed in the flow direction.
- a clearance L between the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 in the flow direction desirably satisfies L/H ⁇ 300 in consideration of the dampening effect of the fluid viscosity on the turbulence.
- the arrangement according to the embodiment with the use of the heat-transfer enhancing structures further reduces the thickness of the heat conduction layer, thereby further increasing the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer.
- the embodiment described above can produce the heat-transfer enhancement effect even under low air flow velocity conditions.
- the embodiment can further increase the heat-transfer enhancement effect under an identical flow velocity condition.
- the embodiment can achieve an improvement in heat-transfer performance, thereby reducing the number of heat transfer tubes and reducing costs of the heat exchanger. Additionally, the embodiment can curb the vibration of the heat transfer tubes that accompanies the condensation of vapor.
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Abstract
The invention includes a micro porous layer and a plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures on a surface of the heat transfer tube in contact with the cold fluid. The heat-transfer enhancing structures have a height H that satisfies a relationship to a flow characteristic length D of 0.05>H/D≧0.01, and a relationship to an installation clearance L between the heat-transfer enhancing structures in a flow direction of 40<L/H≦300.
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to a heat-transfer device.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Heat exchangers, which allow two fluids at different temperatures to perform heat exchange, and heaters and coolers of fluids often use convective heat transfer, which is a form of heat transfer that uses heat transportation by flow. In the convective heat transfer, thermal energy is transferred from a heating or cooling surface through a heat conduction layer, a transition layer, and a convection layer to a fluid. The heat conduction layer is a fluid layer formed in a very thin region on the heating or cooling surface. In this layer, heat conduction due to fluid molecular diffusion is dominant rather than the heat transportation by flow. The heat conduction layer has a thickness determined by the Reynolds number Re, which is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a flow, and the Prandtl number Pr, which is a dimensionless number representing the ratio of viscosity diffusion to thermal diffusion. As the Reynolds number and the Prandtl number increase, the thickness of the heat conduction layer decreases. With flow velocity represented by U [m/s], a flow characteristic length by D [m], and a fluid coefficient of kinematic viscosity by ν [m2/s], the Reynolds number is defined by an expression below.
-
Re=(UD)/ν (1) - With fluid thermal diffusivity represented by α [m2/s], the Prandtl number is defined by an expression below.
-
Pr=v/α (2) - A conventional technique to improve heat-transfer performance for a heat-transfer device, such as a heat exchanger, is described in JP 2005-69520 A. In this conventional technique, a plate-like copper is used as a heat transfer surface. This surface is chemically etched with an acid or alkaline mixed with carbon nanotubes, copper oxide nanoparticles, or aluminum oxide nanoparticles to form a nano-particle porous layer thereon.
- However, the heat transfer enhancement technique described in JP 2005-69520 A uses the activation of molecular motion in a heat conduction layer on the nano-particle porous layer, and thus, the thickness of the heat conduction layer needs to be not more than a value several tens of times of the thickness of the nano-particle porous layer in order to obtain effect of the heat transfer enhancement up to a certain point. This technique, thus, suffers difficulty in obtaining the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the nano-particle porous layer sufficiently due to an increased thickness of the heat conduction layer in a field where the Reynolds number is small, in other words, in a low-velocity flow field (for example, in a range of 0 to 10 m/s).
- An object of the invention is to obtain heat-transfer enhancement effect of a micro porous layer sufficiently even at low flow velocities.
- The invention includes a micro porous layer and a plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures on a surface of the heat transfer tube, the surface being in contact with the cold fluid.
- The invention allows the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer to be obtained sufficiently even at low flow velocities.
-
FIG. 1 is a structure diagram of a shell and tube heat exchanger according to a first embodiment; -
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line A-A ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a heat transfer tube outer surface inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 4 is a structure diagram of a shell and tube heat exchanger according to a second embodiment; -
FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line A-A ofFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 6 is a graph of test data demonstrating the relationship of H/D to a heat-transfer enhancement ratio; -
FIG. 7 is a graph of test data demonstrating the relationship of L/H to the heat-transfer enhancement ratio; and -
FIG. 8 is a graph of a component test result for a heat-transfer performance improvement ratio. - The invention relates to a heat-transfer device usable as a heat exchanger, which allows two fluids at different temperatures to perform heat exchange, and as a heater or a cooler of a fluid. Some embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings.
- A first embodiment of the invention is a shell and tube heat exchanger with the heat-transfer device applied. This embodiment is capable of improving heat-transfer performance even under conditions of low flow velocities of a fluid used for heat exchange, in comparison with a conventional shell and tube heat exchanger.
-
FIG. 1 is a structure diagram of the shell and tube heat exchanger according to the embodiment. Ashell 100, which is circular or polygonal, is provided on both sides withtube plates 102 for supportingheat transfer tubes 101. Thetube plates 102 each have a large number of holes arranged therein in a zigzag manner to allow the passage of theheat transfer tubes 101. Theheat transfer tubes 101 pass through these tube holes to be fixed to thetube plates 102 at both sides. Theheat transfer tubes 101 are made with a metal having high thermal conductivity, such as aluminum and copper. Theheat transfer tubes 101 may be made with SUS. Avapor 108, which is a hot fluid, flows through anozzle 104, located at an upper portion of the heat exchanger, into the heat exchanger. Thevapor 108 flows through aliquid chamber 103, located at an upper portion of the heat exchanger, into theheat transfer tubes 101 to flow downward therethrough. Thevapor 108 condenses into a compressed liquid by heat exchange with acold fluid 109 through the walls of the heat transfer tubes. The compressed liquid flows through a liquid chamber, located at a lower portion of the heat exchanger, and through a nozzle, located at a lower portion of the heat exchanger, to the outside of the heat exchanger.Air 109, which is the cold fluid, flows through anozzle 105, provided at a side of a lower portion of the heat exchanger, into the heat exchanger. As theair 109 rises outside theheat transfer tubes 101, the heat exchange is performed with thevapor 108, which is the hot fluid, through the walls of the heat transfer tubes. The air, having finished with the heat exchange, flows through a nozzle, provided at a side of an upper portion of the heat exchanger, to the outside of the heat exchanger. - There is a demand for enhanced convective heat transfer outside the heat transfer tubes because the convective heat transfer coefficient by the air flow outside the
heat transfer tubes 101 is several hundredths of the condensation heat transfer coefficient by condensation heat transfer using the phase change of the vapor inside theheat transfer tubes 101. A microporous layer 110 is formed on anouter surface 106 of each of theheat transfer tubes 101 to enhance the convective heat transfer outside the heat transfer tubes in the embodiment. The microporous layer 110 is formed on the heat transfer tubeouter surface 106 through a method described in JP 2005-69520 A before theheat transfer tubes 101 are welded onto thetube plates 102. The heat transfer tubeouter surface 106 is chemically etched with an acid or alkali mixed with carbon nanotubes, copper oxide nanoparticles, or aluminum oxide nanoparticles to form a nano-particle porous layer on the heat transfer tubeouter surface 106. A porous layer formed through an anodic oxidation method may be used as the microporous layer 110 in place of the nano-particle porous layer. In a well-known anodic oxidation method, the heat transfer surface is machined for smoothing. Then, dc or ac voltage is applied to theheat transfer tubes 101 serving as the anode with a 3 to 8% oxalate solution serving as an electrolytic solution for electrochemical reaction on theouter surfaces 106 of theheat transfer tubes 101. The metal (for example, aluminum) of the outer surfaces of the heat transfer tubes dissolved by the electrochemical reaction bonds with oxygen in the electrolytic solution to form through metal oxidation a porous anodic oxide film, or a porous layer, on each of the heat transfer tubeouter surfaces 106. - The micro
porous layer 110 of each of the heat transfer tubeouter surfaces 106 needs to have asperities thereon with a height h not more than several tens of times of the mean free path (the average distance travelled by a molecule before collision with another molecule) of molecules in order to activate air molecular motion for enhanced heat conduction. With gas pressure represented by P [Pa], temperature by T [K], and molecule diameter by d [m], the mean free path A is calculated with an expression below. -
λ=3.11×10−24 T/(Pd 2) (3) - The mean free path in the air at atmospheric pressure and 20° C. is approximately 0.06 μm. The height h of the asperities on the micro
porous layer 110 on each of the heat transfer tubeouter surfaces 106 is desirably not more than 10 μm in order to activate the air molecular motion. The microporous layer 110 may be formed in any other method in place of the method described above as long as the height of the asperities is not more than 10 μm. - A plurality of heat-
transfer enhancing structures 107 is installed on each of the heat transfer tubeouter surfaces 106 to further improve the heat transfer enhancement by the microporous layer 110. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 are formed with a metal material, such as aluminum, copper, and SUS. Other materials, such as a heat resistant rubber and a heat resistant resin, may be used to improve manufacturability. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 may each have a section of any form, such as triangular, rectangular, and circular sections, as long as its height can be defined.FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line A-A ofFIG. 1 . The heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 according to the embodiment are ring-shaped protrusions around each of theheat transfer tubes 101. -
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of one of the heat transfer tube outer surfaces for describing the relationship between the heat transfer tubeouter surface 106, corresponding one of the microporous layers 110, and the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 of the shell and tube heat exchanger according to the embodiment. A nano-particle porous layer per the method described in JP 2005-69520 A, a porous layer per the anodic oxidation method, or the microporous layer 110 per any other method is formed on the heat transfer tubeouter surface 106. The height h of the asperities on the microporous layer 110 is not more than 10 μm. The plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 is installed on the microporous layer 110 in such a manner that can cause turbulence of the air flow. Specifically, the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 are provided substantially perpendicular to the direction of the air flow. Without the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107, the thickness of the heat conduction layer increases at low air flow velocities, preventing the microporous layer 110 from producing the heat-transfer enhancement effect sufficiently as described above. Hence, the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 are installed on the microporous layer 110 to reduce the thickness of the heat conduction layer at low flow velocities, thereby producing the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the microporous layer 110 sufficiently. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 cause separation of the flow, increasing theturbulence 111 of the air flow downstream of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107. The air flow turbulence causes flow disturbance near the heat transfer surface, reducing the thickness of the heat conduction layer. To allow the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 to produce sufficient turbulence, the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 need to have a height sufficiently greater than the thickness of the heat conduction layer of the flow.FIG. 6 is a graph of a test result with parameters of a characteristic length D [m] of the flow and the height H [m] of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107. A heat-transfer enhancement ratio is a ratio to a value with H/D≈0.05. This test result demonstrates that a high heat-transfer enhancement ratio is obtained under a condition of H/D≧0.01, and thus the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 desirably satisfy the relationship of H/D≧0.01. The characteristic length D of the flow is a hydraulic equivalent diameter for the flow along the tubes in the embodiment. The characteristic length D will be a tube inner diameter for a flow inside the tube. The air flow turbulence caused by one of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 is dampened toward the downstream due to viscosity of the fluid. As the turbulence is dampened, the thickness of the heat conduction layer increases, preventing the microporous layer 110 from producing the heat-transfer enhancement effect. Thus, the plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 is installed in the direction of the flow to maintain the turbulence.FIG. 7 is a graph of a test result with parameters of a clearance L between the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 in the flow direction and the height H of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107. The clearance L in the flow direction refers to an installation clearance between the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 on the heat transfer tubeouter surface 106. InFIG. 3 , the clearance L in the flow direction is the clearance between the vertexes of triangular sections of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107. The height H of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 refers to a height from the bottom to the vertex of one of the triangular sections of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107. The heat-transfer enhancement ratio is a ratio to a value with L/H≈100. This test result demonstrates that a high heat-transfer enhancement ratio is obtained under a condition of L/H≈300, and thus the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 desirably satisfy the relationship of L/H≦300. - A result of a component test will now be discussed, which has been conducted for a heat-transfer performance improvement ratio with the micro
porous layer 110 and the heat-transfer enhancing structures 107 used in combination. The component test has been conducted with a low-velocity flow field at the flow velocity of 10 m/s.FIG. 8 is a graph of heat-transfer performance improvement ratios obtained during the component test. The heat-transfer performance improvement ratio is a ratio to a value with the turbulent flow enhancement ribs. It has been demonstrated that the combined use of the surface treatment and the turbulent flow enhancement ribs yields an improvement in heat-transfer performance over the sum simply calculated of the surface treatment and the turbulent flow enhancement ribs used alone, thus generating synergistic effect. - Under high flow velocity conditions, in which the micro
porous layer 110 used alone can yield the heat-transfer enhancement effect, the arrangement according to the embodiment with the use of the heat-transfer enhancing structures further reduces the thickness of the heat conduction layer, thereby further increasing the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer. - The embodiment described above can produce the heat-transfer enhancement effect even under low air flow velocity conditions. In comparison with a heat exchanger with the micro porous layers alone applied to the heat transfer tube outer surfaces, the embodiment can further increase the heat-transfer enhancement effect under an identical flow velocity condition. In comparison with a heat exchanger without the embodiment, the embodiment can achieve an improvement in heat-transfer performance, thereby reducing the number of heat transfer tubes and reducing costs of the heat exchanger.
- A second embodiment is a shell and tube heat exchanger with the heat-transfer device applied. This embodiment is capable of improving the heat-transfer performance even under conditions of low flow velocities of a fluid used for heat exchange, in comparison with a conventional shell and tube heat exchanger. The embodiment can also curb vibration of heat transfer tubes that accompanies the condensation of vapor.
-
FIG. 4 is a structure diagram of the shell and tube heat exchanger according to the second embodiment.FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line A-A ofFIG. 4 . The shell and tube heat exchanger inFIG. 4 will now be described, with an omission of parts indicated with the same reference numerals and having similar functions with those in the arrangement described inFIG. 1 . - A micro
porous layer 110 described in the first embodiment is formed on the outer surface of eachheat transfer tube 101 to enhance heat transfer. A plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is installed to obtain the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the microporous layer 110 under low air flow velocity conditions. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 according to the embodiment are formed with rods. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 are made with a metal material, such as aluminum, copper, and SUS. Other materials, such as a heat resistant rubber and a heat resistant resin, may be used to improve manufacturability. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 may each have a section of any form, such as triangular, rectangular, and circular sections, as long as its height H [m] can be defined. Each of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is secured at both ends to an inner surface of ashell 100 through welding or bonding. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 are arranged so that theheat transfer tubes 101 are interposed therebetween, thereby securing theheat transfer tubes 101. This can curb the vibration of theheat transfer tubes 101 due to reasons including vapor condensation within the tubes. The heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 cause turbulence to obtain the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the microporous layer 110 even under low air flow velocity conditions. To allow the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 to generate sufficient turbulence, the height H of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 desirably satisfies its relationship to the characteristic length D [m] of the flow of H/D≧0.01. The characteristic length D of the flow is a hydraulic equivalent diameter for the flow along the tubes in the embodiment. The characteristic length D will be a tube inner diameter for a flow inside the tube. The air flow turbulence caused by one of the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is dampened toward the downstream due to viscosity of the fluid. To maintain the turbulence, the plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 is installed in the flow direction. A clearance L between the heat-transfer enhancing structures 112 in the flow direction desirably satisfies L/H≦300 in consideration of the dampening effect of the fluid viscosity on the turbulence. Under high flow velocity conditions, in which the microporous layer 110 used alone can yield the heat-transfer enhancement effect, the arrangement according to the embodiment with the use of the heat-transfer enhancing structures further reduces the thickness of the heat conduction layer, thereby further increasing the heat-transfer enhancement effect of the micro porous layer. - The embodiment described above can produce the heat-transfer enhancement effect even under low air flow velocity conditions. In comparison with a heat exchanger with the micro porous layers alone applied to the heat transfer tube outer surfaces, the embodiment can further increase the heat-transfer enhancement effect under an identical flow velocity condition. In comparison with a heat exchanger without the embodiment, the embodiment can achieve an improvement in heat-transfer performance, thereby reducing the number of heat transfer tubes and reducing costs of the heat exchanger. Additionally, the embodiment can curb the vibration of the heat transfer tubes that accompanies the condensation of vapor.
Claims (3)
1. A heat-transfer device including a heat transfer tube arranged inside a shell, the heat transfer tube being configured to allow a hot fluid to flow inside thereof and a cold fluid to flow outside thereof for heat exchange through convective heat transfer, the device comprising a micro porous layer and a plurality of heat-transfer enhancing structures on a surface of the heat transfer tube, the surface being in contact with the cold fluid, wherein the heat-transfer enhancing structures have a height H that satisfies a relationship to a flow characteristic length D of 0.05>H/D≧0.01, and a relationship to an installation clearance L between the heat-transfer enhancing structures in a flow direction of 40<L/H≦300.
2. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1 , wherein each of the heat-transfer enhancing structures is secured at both ends to an inner surface of the shell.
3. The heat-transfer device according to claim 1 , wherein the micro porous layer has asperities thereon with an average height not more than 10 μm.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2013-135740 | 2013-06-28 | ||
JP2013135740A JP2015010749A (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Heat transfer device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150000881A1 true US20150000881A1 (en) | 2015-01-01 |
Family
ID=50982812
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/308,888 Abandoned US20150000881A1 (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2014-06-19 | Heat-Transfer Device |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150000881A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2827089A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015010749A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2853410C (en) |
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US20170350662A1 (en) * | 2016-06-06 | 2017-12-07 | Aerco International, Inc. | Fibonacci optimized radial heat transfer |
US20180372417A1 (en) * | 2017-06-26 | 2018-12-27 | Solex Thermal Science Inc. | Heat exchanger for heating or cooling bulk solids |
US10627169B2 (en) * | 2013-04-11 | 2020-04-21 | Spx Flow Technology Danmark A/S | Hygienic heat exchanger |
US11209225B2 (en) * | 2016-09-29 | 2021-12-28 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Heat exchanger, radiant tube type heating device, and method of manufacturing heat exchanger |
US11253970B2 (en) * | 2018-01-08 | 2022-02-22 | Sk Siltron Co., Ltd. | Slurry cooling device and slurry supply system having the same |
US20220113093A1 (en) * | 2020-10-09 | 2022-04-14 | Miba Sinter Austria Gmbh | Heat transfer device |
CN116734631A (en) * | 2023-08-09 | 2023-09-12 | 杭州沈氏节能科技股份有限公司 | Multi-strand flow tube shell type heat exchanger |
US12098891B1 (en) * | 2023-08-14 | 2024-09-24 | Giftedness And Creativity Company | Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with semicylindrical tubes |
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CN106693419B (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2019-06-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Vertical tube falling evaporator |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2853410A1 (en) | 2014-12-28 |
EP2827089A1 (en) | 2015-01-21 |
CA2853410C (en) | 2016-08-02 |
JP2015010749A (en) | 2015-01-19 |
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