US20140165996A1 - Solar Heat Collector - Google Patents

Solar Heat Collector Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140165996A1
US20140165996A1 US14/123,586 US201114123586A US2014165996A1 US 20140165996 A1 US20140165996 A1 US 20140165996A1 US 201114123586 A US201114123586 A US 201114123586A US 2014165996 A1 US2014165996 A1 US 2014165996A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
solar heat
frame
heat collector
collector according
orifices
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US14/123,586
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Carlos Alonso Sastre
Alberto Zamarron Pinilla
Juan Carlos Merino Senovilla
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fundacion Cidaut
Original Assignee
Fundacion Cidaut
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fundacion Cidaut filed Critical Fundacion Cidaut
Assigned to FUNDACION CIDAUT reassignment FUNDACION CIDAUT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PINILLA, ALBERTO ZAMARRON, SASTRE, CARLOS ALONSO, SENOVILLA, JUAN CARLOS MERINO
Publication of US20140165996A1 publication Critical patent/US20140165996A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F24J2/26—
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/70—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits
    • F24S10/75—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits with enlarged surfaces, e.g. with protrusions or corrugations
    • F24J2/50—
    • F24J2/51—
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/40—Casings
    • F24S80/45—Casings characterised by the material
    • F24S80/453—Casings characterised by the material made of metallic material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/40—Casings
    • F24S80/45—Casings characterised by the material
    • F24S80/457—Casings characterised by the material made of plastics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
    • F24S25/60—Fixation means, e.g. fasteners, specially adapted for supporting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S2025/601—Fixation means, e.g. fasteners, specially adapted for supporting solar heat collector modules by bonding, e.g. by using adhesives
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
    • F24S25/60—Fixation means, e.g. fasteners, specially adapted for supporting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S2025/6012—Joining different materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S2080/09—Arrangements for reinforcement of solar collector elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S40/00—Safety or protection arrangements of solar heat collectors; Preventing malfunction of solar heat collectors
    • F24S40/40—Preventing corrosion; Protecting against dirt or contamination
    • F24S40/42—Preventing condensation inside solar modules
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S40/00—Safety or protection arrangements of solar heat collectors; Preventing malfunction of solar heat collectors
    • F24S40/80—Accommodating differential expansion of solar collector elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/40—Casings
    • F24S80/45—Casings characterised by the material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F24S80/58—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings characterised by their mountings or fixing means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/60—Thermal insulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/70—Sealing means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the field of harnessing solar heat, such as solar heat collectors, and specifically their component parts.
  • the invention relates to a solar heat collector comprising a pipe in which flows an energetic fluid, and a structure formed by a frame of plastic material with metal profiles encapsulated during injection thereof, and which enables the inclusion of different functions such as thermal insulation, mechanical resistance, a light weight, and integration, thereby defining a robust and lightweight collector that has few components and is dimensionally stable.
  • Solar heat collectors comprising a pipe in which flows an energetic fluid and which have a structure that includes a plastic material.
  • collectors can be found in patents DE2713628 with foam and locally positioned reinforcement fibers, CN101070999 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,098,265 with foam, WO2011009754 with foam in which the collector pipe and the insulator are embedded.
  • the state of the art therefore includes structures made of foam plastic, mainly some type of polyurethane, normally inside a metal box or the like.
  • the solar collector described below which comprises a pipe in which flows an energetic fluid, and a structure made of a frame of plastic material with metallic profiles encapsulated therein during injection, allowing to include orifices and obtain a robust, lightweight collector that has few components and is dimensionally stable.
  • the present invention relates to a solar heat collector that comprises a pipe in which flows an energetic fluid, an absorbent plate in contact with said pipe, an insulation arranged in parallel to said absorbent plate and located on the side of the pipe opposite to said plate such that it exerts a constant force on it, a structure made of a plastic material with a parallelepiped shape which houses the aforementioned components of the collector, and a transparent cover placed on one of the greater faces of said structure on the side of the absorbent plate, wherein the structure consists of a frame formed by the four lateral faces of the parallelepiped that leaves the greater faces of the same open and is formed by injection of plastic material; said frame is reinforced by metallic profiles encapsulated in the aforementioned injection process, such that said profiles have a shorter length than the corresponding plastic sides of the frame, thereby leaving the corners of the frame with only plastic material and allowing the establishment therein of orifices formed in the frame injection process.
  • An advantage of said collector is the thermal insulation due to the encapsulation of metallic profiles, which as it is complete, avoids thermal bridges while ensuring the water-tightness of the frame, compared to structures in which the profiles are not encapsulated or are only partially encapsulated.
  • a further advantage is the robustness also provided by the encapsulation of metallic profiles in a closed plastic frame, which forms a structure with great resistance to the mechanical loads required of solar heat collectors.
  • a further advantage of said collector is its light weight, both absolute and specific for the aforementioned robustness, which makes it substantially superior to collectors in which different components of the structure and attachments are mounted separately.
  • Yet another advantage of said collector is its low number of components, resulting from the integration provided by the plastic injection process, which greatly reduces the number of components compared to collectors in which the components are assembled.
  • collectors are their dimensional stability, which is of great importance in this field of the art so that energy efficiency is maintained throughout the working temperature range, achieved by the aforementioned structure of a metallic profile encapsulated in plastic and having few components joined by integration thereof, which minimizes the serial concatenation of expansions and contractions, resulting in greater dimensional stability with respect to known collectors.
  • FIG. 1 shows an exploded perspective view of components of the collector.
  • FIG. 2 shows a plan view of the frame, indicating the reinforcement profiles.
  • FIG. 3 shows an enlarged perspective view of one of the corners of the frame, showing the pipes.
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross section of a profile view of a detail of one of the corners of the frame showing the pipes.
  • FIG. 5 shows a cross section of a profile view of a detail of the collector with a rear closing plate.
  • FIG. 6 shows a cross section of a profile view of a detail of the collector with a rear closing plate that includes a sheet on its lower greater face.
  • FIG. 7 shows a cross section of a profile view of a detail of the collector with a rear closing plate that includes a sheet in each of the greater faces.
  • FIG. 8 shows a cross section of a profile view of a detail of the collector with a rear closing plate of a foam plastic material.
  • FIG. 9 shows a cross section of a profile view of a detail of the collector with a rear closing plate of a foam plastic material that includes a sheet in its lower greater face.
  • FIG. 10 shows a cross section of a profile view of a detail of the collector with a rear closing plate of a foam plastic material that includes a sheet on each of the greater faces.
  • FIG. 11 shows an enlarged perspective view of orifices in the area near the edges of a rear closing plate.
  • FIG. 12 shows a cross section of the orifices of FIG. 11 with the rear closing plate encapsulated in the frame.
  • FIG. 13 shows an enlarged perspective view of one of the support legs of the frame.
  • the present invention relates to a solar heat collector provided with a pipe ( 1 ) inside which flows an energetic fluid.
  • a pipe ( 1 ) is cited that extends in the collector and is the common situation; however, several pipes ( 1 ) can be included that join at the same inlet and outlet as in the case where there is only one pipe ( 1 ) or at several inlets and outlets.
  • the collector comprises an absorbent plate ( 2 ) in contact with said pipe ( 1 ), normally made of copper or aluminum, with a treatment on its exposed face that enhances solar radiation absorption and reduces emission.
  • This treatment can range from black paint to selective treatments using physical vapor deposition (PVD).
  • It also comprises an insulation ( 3 ) to prevent heat loss arranged in parallel to said absorbent plate ( 2 ) and on the side of the pipe ( 1 ) opposite to said plate ( 2 ), so that it exerts a constant force on said pipe ( 1 ).
  • the structure ( 4 ) of the collector is made of a plastic material, such as polyurethane (PU), with a parallelepiped shape which houses the aforementioned elements of the collector, and a transparent cover ( 5 ) made of tempered glass, for example, arranged on one of the greater faces of said structure ( 4 ) on the side of the absorbent plate ( 2 ).
  • PU polyurethane
  • the structure is a frame ( 4 ) formed by the four side faces ( 4 . 1 , 4 . 2 , 4 . 3 , 4 . 4 ) of the parallelepiped leaving the greater faces open, formed by injection of plastic material such as by RIM (Reaction Injection Molding), said frame ( 4 ) being reinforced by metallic profiles ( 6 ) encapsulated in said injection process, so that said profiles ( 6 ) have a shorter length than the corresponding plastic sides of the frame ( 4 . 1 , 4 . 2 , 4 . 3 , 4 . 4 ), leaving the corners of the frame with only plastic material and thereby allowing the establishment therein of orifices ( 7 ) formed during the injection process of the frame ( 4 ).
  • plastic material such as by RIM (Reaction Injection Molding
  • the parallelepiped of the structure ( 4 ) is a right parallelepiped, such that the side faces ( 4 . 1 , 4 . 2 , 4 . 3 , 4 . 4 ) of the frame form a right angle to the greater faces.
  • the profiles ( 6 ) have different shapes such that their cross section approximately replicates the shape of the plastic that encapsulates them, in order to compensate the tensions of the plastic during the injection and subsequent stabilization in time.
  • the shape of the metallic profiles ( 6 ) is meant to provide structural reinforcement or, in other words, minimize the moment of inertia in the axis perpendicular to the greater surface of the collector.
  • the profiles ( 6 ) have a rectilinear cross section, such as a constant inverted-Y cross section as shown in the figures, although they could be curved or have any other shape provided the aforementioned requirements are fulfilled.
  • Said metallic profiles ( 6 ) are preferably made of aluminum or galvanized steel, according to tests conducted on them.
  • the orifices ( 7 ) formed during the injection process of the frame ( 4 ) are of several types, one of which types is orifices ( 7 . 1 ) for the pipe, which have a greater diameter than said pipe and a circumference that includes a straight segment ( 7 . 1 . 1 ) at its upper end on which the pipe ( 1 ) rests at all times due to the force exerted on it by the insulation ( 3 ).
  • these orifices for the pipe ( 7 . 1 ) comprise a recess ( 7 . 1 . 2 ) facing out of the collector that is used to house the corresponding sealing gasket( 8 ) and bushing ( 9 ), located at the end of the pipe ( 1 ).
  • This configuration seals the collector to prevent entry of rainwater with the sealing gasket ( 8 ), which can be fitted to provide a complete seal interfering with the recess or to prevent entry of rainwater while leaving a small air pocket to prevent condensation.
  • This anti-condensation function is regulated and completed by some orifices ( 7 . 2 ) that connect directly to the injection and provide communication between the inside and the outside.
  • attachment orifices ( 7 . 3 ) used to attach some plates ( 10 ) on the outside of the orifices for the pipe ( 7 . 1 ) which withstand the pressure exerted on the connections of the pipe ( 1 ).
  • the transparent cover ( 5 ) is sealed by an adhesive onto the structure ( 4 ), instead of the sealing gasket commonly used. This requires considering that the materials are different and that an elastomeric adhesive is required with a thickness that guarantees its performance in the entire working temperature range.
  • the structure ( 4 ) includes walls ( 4 . 5 ) for housing the sealing cord ( 11 ) of the transparent cover ( 5 ) along the perimeter of said frame ( 4 ).
  • the housing walls ( 4 . 5 ) of the sealing cord ( 11 ) include separators ( 4 . 6 ) for the transparent cover ( 5 ) in the form of protrusions that guarantee the separation between the cover ( 5 ) and the frame ( 4 ) in the entire range of working temperatures of the collector, providing the dimensional stability needed to optimize the energy efficiency of the collector.
  • a frame ( 12 ) that protects the edge of the transparent cover ( 5 ) is placed on said transparent cover ( 5 ), preferably made of aluminum, and it is joined to the structure ( 4 ) by the same adhesion sealing process used for the cover ( 5 ).
  • the frame ( 4 ) includes some housing grooves ( 4 . 7 ) in which some tabs ( 12 . 1 ) of the cover edge protection frame ( 12 ) are inserted with adhesive, and a sealing cord ( 13 ) is applied between said frame ( 12 ) and the transparent cover ( 5 ).
  • One of the advantages of the injection is that it allows the plastic to encapsulate other parts or elements by enveloping them. This is also used in the rear closing plate ( 14 ), which is attached to the frame ( 4 ) by encapsulation along the perimeter with the plastic material of the injection, closing the face of the frame ( 4 ) opposite to the transparent cover ( 5 ).
  • Said rear closing plate ( 14 ) is meant to support the pressure exerted by wind, acting as a sail that transmits the loads to the perimeter of the frame ( 4 ).
  • the rear closing plate ( 14 ) is made of a plastic material, such as polystyrene (PS), with a smaller modulus of elasticity than the aluminum plate that is normally used.
  • PS polystyrene
  • said plate ( 14 ) is provided with orifices ( 17 ) in the area near its edges and along the same, so that the plastic material of the injection is inserted in said orifices ( 17 ) to establish attachments in the form of rivets that encapsulate the plate on the perimeter.
  • the rear closing plate is made of a foam plastic material ( 15 ), preferably polyurethane or poly-isocyanurate.
  • Both embodiments of the rear closing plate ( 14 , 15 ) can have their lower greater face or both of their greater face covered with sheets that do not absorb or emit in the infrared band, such that they do not absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the pipe and do not emit infrared to the outside, in this way reducing the losses of the collector.
  • Some spacers ( 18 ) for the cover ( 5 ) are placed between the absorbent plate ( 2 ) and the transparent cover ( 5 ) to guarantee a constant separation between the plate ( 2 ) and the cover ( 5 ) by opposing the force exerted by the insulation ( 3 ).
  • the frame ( 4 ) comprises on the face with the insulation ( 3 ), that opposite to the face of the cover ( 5 ), some support legs ( 19 ) in the form of extensions parallel to the side faces ( 4 . 1 , 4 . 2 , 4 . 3 , 4 . 4 ) of the frame ( 4 ).
US14/123,586 2011-06-03 2011-06-03 Solar Heat Collector Abandoned US20140165996A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/ES2011/070398 WO2012164111A1 (es) 2011-06-03 2011-06-03 Colector de calor solar

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20140165996A1 true US20140165996A1 (en) 2014-06-19

Family

ID=47258407

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/123,586 Abandoned US20140165996A1 (en) 2011-06-03 2011-06-03 Solar Heat Collector

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20140165996A1 (es)
EP (1) EP2716994B1 (es)
ES (1) ES2752373T3 (es)
PT (1) PT2716994T (es)
WO (1) WO2012164111A1 (es)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180299167A1 (en) * 2017-04-18 2018-10-18 Mark W. Miles Monolithic macro-fluidic heat transfer components and methods for manufacturing same
US20190249904A1 (en) * 2018-02-14 2019-08-15 SIDCO Homes Inc. Eco smart panels for energy savings

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4098265A (en) 1976-05-10 1978-07-04 Gravely Ben T Solar energy collector
DE2713628A1 (de) 1977-03-28 1978-10-05 Bucher Georg Formteil, insbesondere traegerelement fuer solar-kollektoren sowie verfahren zur herstellung des formteils
DE19810208A1 (de) * 1998-03-10 1999-09-16 Horst Schwarz Thermischer Solarkollektor mit selbsttragendem, multifunktionalem Kunststoff-Gehäuse
WO2008009755A1 (es) * 2006-07-20 2008-01-24 Fundación Cidaut Colector solar térmico integrado y proceso de fabricación
CN101070999A (zh) 2007-06-15 2007-11-14 万建红 塑料平板集热器
US20090320908A1 (en) * 2008-06-27 2009-12-31 Sunpower Corp. Photovoltaic module with drainage frame
DE102008045510A1 (de) * 2008-09-03 2010-03-04 Sapa Gmbh Solarmodulrahmen mit Wasserablauf
EP2554923A1 (de) * 2009-04-24 2013-02-06 ZYRUS Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. Patente I KG Solarkollektor und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines derartigen Solarkollektors
DE102009034658A1 (de) 2009-07-24 2011-01-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Solarkollektor und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
AU2010100962A4 (en) * 2010-09-02 2010-10-07 Carpenter, Robert Frank Mr Integrated Solar Thermal Collector

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180299167A1 (en) * 2017-04-18 2018-10-18 Mark W. Miles Monolithic macro-fluidic heat transfer components and methods for manufacturing same
US11397028B2 (en) * 2017-04-18 2022-07-26 Mark W Miles Monolithic macro-fluidic heat transfer components and methods for manufacturing same
US20190249904A1 (en) * 2018-02-14 2019-08-15 SIDCO Homes Inc. Eco smart panels for energy savings
US10982882B2 (en) * 2018-02-14 2021-04-20 SIDCO Homes Inc. Eco smart panels for energy savings

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2716994A4 (en) 2015-02-25
ES2752373T3 (es) 2020-04-06
EP2716994A1 (en) 2014-04-09
WO2012164111A1 (es) 2012-12-06
EP2716994B1 (en) 2019-08-07
PT2716994T (pt) 2019-11-15

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AS Assignment

Owner name: FUNDACION CIDAUT, SPAIN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SASTRE, CARLOS ALONSO;PINILLA, ALBERTO ZAMARRON;SENOVILLA, JUAN CARLOS MERINO;REEL/FRAME:031705/0139

Effective date: 20131115

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION