US20140134189A1 - Anti-prokineticin receptor (prokr) antibodies and uses thereof - Google Patents

Anti-prokineticin receptor (prokr) antibodies and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20140134189A1
US20140134189A1 US14/078,024 US201314078024A US2014134189A1 US 20140134189 A1 US20140134189 A1 US 20140134189A1 US 201314078024 A US201314078024 A US 201314078024A US 2014134189 A1 US2014134189 A1 US 2014134189A1
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antibody
antigen
binding fragment
prokr1
prokr
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Lynn MacDonald
Michael L. LaCroix-Fralish
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Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Publication of US20140134189A1 publication Critical patent/US20140134189A1/en
Priority to US14/678,347 priority patent/US9951132B2/en
Assigned to REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LACROIX-FRALISH, MICHAEL L., MACDONALD, LYNN
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/06—Antigout agents, e.g. antihyperuricemic or uricosuric agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, which bind to and/or block a prokineticin receptor (PROKR1 and/or PROKR2), and methods of use thereof.
  • PROKR1 and/or PROKR2 prokineticin receptor
  • Prokineticins are secreted, multifunctional chemokine-like peptides. Prokineticins exert their biological functions through the interaction with two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) referred to as prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1 or PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2 or PKR2).
  • GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors
  • PROKR1 and PROKR2 share approximately 87% overall amino acid sequence identity with one another.
  • PK1 and PK2 each interact with PROKR1 and PROKR2.
  • activation of prokineticin receptors leads to calcium mobilization, stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover and activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway.
  • prokineticins exhibit angiogenic activity and induce cell proliferation and migration.
  • Prokineticins and their receptors are associated with the development of several human cancers and have also been shown to participate in nociception and the transmission of pain. (See, e.g., Monnier and Samson, 2010 , Cancer Letters 296:144-149; and Negri et al., 2009 , Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 85:145-157).
  • the prokineticin signaling system represents a potential target for the treatment and/or prevention of a variety of diseases and disorders. Accordingly, a need exists in the art for novel therapeutic agents which target and modulate one or more components of the prokineticin signaling pathway, such as the prokineticin receptors (PROKR1 and PROKR2).
  • PROKR1 and PROKR2 the prokineticin receptors
  • the present invention provides antibodies that bind prokineticin receptors (PROKRs).
  • the antibodies of the invention are useful, inter alia, for inhibiting PROKR-mediated signal transduction and for treating diseases and disorders caused by or related to PROKR activity or prokineticin signaling.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention may be used to treat or attenuate pain in a subject in need thereof.
  • the antibodies of the invention can be full-length (for example, an IgG1 or IgG4 antibody) or may comprise only an antigen-binding portion (for example, a Fab, F(ab′) 2 or scFv fragment), and may be modified to affect functionality, e.g., to eliminate residual effector functions (Reddy et al., 2000, J. Immunol. 164:1925-1933).
  • the present invention provides anti-PROKR antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 18, 34, 50, 66, 82, 98, 114, 130, 146, and 162, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCVR heavy chain variable region
  • the present invention also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a light chain variable region (LCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10, 26, 42, 58, 74, 90, 106, 122, 138, 154, and 170, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCVR light chain variable region
  • the present invention also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a HCVR and LCVR (HCVR/LCVR) sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/26, 34/42, 50/58, 66/74, 82/90, 98/106, 114/122, 130/138, 146/154, and 162/170.
  • HCVR/LCVR HCVR/LCVR sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/26, 34/42, 50/58, 66/74, 82/90, 98/106, 114/122, 130/138, 146/154, and 162/170.
  • the present invention also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, 24, 40, 56, 72, 88, 104, 120, 136, 152, and 168, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, and 176, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR3 heavy chain CDR3
  • LCDR3 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, and 176, or a substantially similar sequence thereof
  • the antibody or antigen-binding portion of an antibody comprises a HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8/16, 24/32, 40/48, 56/64, 72/80, 88/96, 104/112, 120/128, 136/144, 152/160, and 168/176.
  • the present invention also provides an antibody or fragment thereof further comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 20, 36, 52, 68, 84, 100, 116, 132, 148, and 164, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, 22, 38, 54, 70, 86, 102, 118, 134, 150, and 166, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12, 28, 44, 60, 76, 92, 108, 124, 140, 156, and 172, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%
  • Certain non-limiting, exemplary antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of the invention comprise HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 domains, respectively, having the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 4-6-8-12-14-16 (e.g. H1M6386N); 20-22-24-28-30-32 (e.g. H2M6385N); 36-38-40-44-46-48 (e.g. H4H6663P); 52-54-56-60-62-64 (e.g. H4H6669P); 68-70-72-76-78-80 (e.g. H4H6671P); 84-86-88-92-94-96 (e.g.
  • H4H6680P 100-102-104-108-110-112 (e.g. H4H6690P); 116-118-120-124-126-128 (e.g. H4H6696P); 132-134-136-140-142-144 (e.g. H4H6698P); 148-150-152-156-158-160 (e.g., H4H6701P); and 164-166-168-172-174-176 (e.g. H4H6706P).
  • the invention includes an anti-PROKR antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises the heavy and light chain CDR domains derived from heavy and light chain variable region (HCVR/LCVR) sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2/10, 18/26, 34/42, 50/58, 66/74, 82/90, 98/106, 114/122, 130/138, 146/154, and 162/170.
  • HCVR/LCVR heavy and light chain variable region
  • Exemplary conventions that can be used to identify the boundaries of CDRs include, e.g., the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, and the AbM definition.
  • the Kabat definition is based on sequence variability
  • the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions
  • the AbM definition is a compromise between the Kabat and Chothia approaches. See, e.g., Kabat, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,” National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991); Al-Lazikani et al., J. Mol. Biol. 273:927-948 (1997); and Martin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • the invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-PROKR antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof.
  • Recombinant expression vectors carrying the nucleic acids of the invention, and host cells into which such vectors have been introduced, are also encompassed by the invention, as are methods of producing the antibodies by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies, and recovering the antibodies produced.
  • the invention provides an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCVR encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 17, 33, 49, 65, 81, 97, 113, 129, 145, and 161, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof.
  • the present invention also provides an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a LCVR encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, 25, 41, 57, 73, 89, 105, 121, 137, 153, and 169, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof.
  • the present invention also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising a HCDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7, 23, 39, 55, 71, 87, 103, 119, 135, 151, and 167, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; and a LCDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15, 31, 47, 63, 79, 95, 111, 127, 143, 159, and 175, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof.
  • the present invention also provides an antibody or fragment thereof which further comprises a HCDR1 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 19, 35, 51, 67, 83, 99, 115, 131, 147, and 163, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; a HCDR2 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, 21, 37, 53, 69, 85, 101, 117, 133, 149, and 165, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% homology thereof; a LCDR1 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11, 27, 43, 59, 75, 91, 107, 123, 139, 155, and 171, or a substantially identical sequence having at least 90%, at least
  • the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the heavy and light chain CDR sequences encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 9 (e.g. H1M6386N), 17 and 25 (e.g. H2M6385N), 33 and 41 (e.g. H4H6663P), 49 and 57 (e.g. H4H6669P), 65 and 73 (e.g. H4H6671P), 81 and 89 (e.g. H4H6680P), 97 and 105 (e.g. H4H6690P), 113 and 121 (e.g. H4H6696P), 129 and 137 (e.g. H4H6698P), 145 and 153 (e.g. H4H6701P), or 161 and 169 (e.g. H4H6706P).
  • SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 9 e.g. H1M6386N
  • 17 and 25 e.g. H2M6385N
  • the present invention includes anti-PROKR antibodies having a modified glycosylation pattern.
  • modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or an antibody lacking a fucose moiety present on the oligosaccharide chain.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-PROKR antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention features a composition comprising a combination of an anti-PROKR antibody and a second therapeutic agent.
  • the second therapeutic agent is any agent that is advantageously combined with an anti-PROKR antibody.
  • agents that may be advantageously combined with an anti-PROKR antibody include, without limitation, other agents that inhibit PROKR activity (including other antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, peptide inhibitors, small molecule antagonists, natural products, etc.) and/or agents which do not directly bind PROKR but nonetheless interfere with, block or attenuate PROKR-mediated activity or signal transduction.
  • the invention provides methods for inhibiting PROKR activity using an anti-PROKR antibody or antigen-binding portion of an antibody of the invention, wherein the therapeutic methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention.
  • the disorder treated is any disease or condition which is improved, ameliorated, inhibited or prevented by removal, inhibition or reduction of PROKR activity.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies or antibody fragments of the invention may function to block the interaction of a PROKR with one or more prokineticin.
  • the present invention also includes the use of an anti-PROKR antibody or antigen binding portion of an antibody of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder related to or caused by PROKR activity in a patient.
  • FIG. 1 is a summary of the open field behaviors of mice subjected to a DSS-induced colitis model. Mice were treated with either: water alone, DSS alone, DSS+isotype control antibody, or DSS+antibody H4H6385N, as indicated.
  • FIG. 1A depicts the extent of immobility time in seconds;
  • FIG. 1B depicts the total distance traveled in cm;
  • FIG. 1C depicts the rearing counts; and
  • FIG. 1D depicts the rearing time in seconds. All parameters were measured over a 60 minute test period.
  • PROKR1 prokineticin receptor
  • PROKR2 polypeptide kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase, kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase
  • Mouse ( Mus musculus ) PROKR1 has the amino acid sequence as set forth in NCBI reference sequence number NP — 067356.2; mouse PROKR2 has the amino acid sequence as set forth in NCBI reference sequence number NP — 659193.3; rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) PROKR1 has the amino acid sequence as set forth in NCBI reference sequence number NP — 620433.1; rat PROKR2 has the amino acid sequence as set forth in NCBI reference sequence number NP — 620434.1; cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ) PROKR1 has the amino acid sequence as set forth in GenBank accession number EHH55625.1; and cynomolgus monkey PROKR2 has the amino acid sequence as set forth in GenBank accession number EHH65528.1.
  • an “anti-PROKR antibody” means an antibody that specifically binds either PROKR1 or PROKR2, or both PROKR1 and PROKR2.
  • an antibody that binds PROKR” or an “anti-PROKR antibody” includes antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, that bind a soluble fragment of PROKR protein (e.g., a polypeptide comprising the N-terminal extracellular portion of PROKR1 or PROKR2 [see, e.g., Example 4 herein], or one or more extracellular loops thereof).
  • the expressions “an antibody that binds PROKR” or an “anti-PROKR antibody” also include antibodies that bind cell surface-expressed PROKR1 and/or PROKR2.
  • cell surface-expressed PROKR means one or more PROKR protein(s) that is/are expressed on the surface of a cell in vitro or in vivo, such that at least a portion of the PROKR protein (e.g., the N-terminal extracellular portion and/or one or more extracellular loops) is/are exposed to the extracellular side of the cell membrane and accessible to an antigen-binding portion of an antibody.
  • Cell surface-expressed PROKRs include PROKRs that are naturally expressed on the surface of a cell as well as PROKRs that are artificially engineered to be expressed on the surface of a cell.
  • an antibody that “specifically binds cell surface-expressed PROKR1” means an antibody that detectably binds cells that express PROKR1 on the cell surface but does not detectably bind equivalent cells that do not express PROKR1 on the cell surface.
  • an antibody that “specifically binds cell surface-expressed PROKR2” means an antibody that detectably binds cells that express PROKR2 on the cell surface but does not detectably bind equivalent cells that do not express PROKR2 on the cell surface.
  • An exemplary method for assessing whether an antibody binds cell surface-expressed PROKR1 and/or PROKR2 is flow cytometry (FACS), as illustrated in Example 3 herein.
  • antibody means any antigen-binding molecule or molecular complex comprising at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) that specifically binds to or interacts with a particular antigen (e.g., a PROKR).
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • the term “antibody” includes immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, as well as multimers thereof (e.g., IgM).
  • Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or V H ) and a heavy chain constant region.
  • the heavy chain constant region comprises three domains, C H 1, C H 2 and C H 3.
  • Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or V L ) and a light chain constant region.
  • the light chain constant region comprises one domain (CO).
  • the V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FR framework regions
  • Each V H and V L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the FRs of the anti-PROKR antibody may be identical to the human germline sequences, or may be naturally or artificially modified.
  • An amino acid consensus sequence may be defined based on a side-by-side analysis of two or more CDRs.
  • DNA is known and/or is readily available from, e.g., commercial sources, DNA libraries (including, e.g., phage-antibody libraries), or can be synthesized.
  • the DNA may be sequenced and manipulated chemically or by using molecular biology techniques, for example, to arrange one or more variable and/or constant domains into a suitable configuration, or to introduce codons, create cysteine residues, modify, add or delete amino acids, etc.
  • Non-limiting examples of antigen-binding fragments include: (i) Fab fragments; (ii) F(ab′)2 fragments; (iii) Fd fragments; (iv) Fv fragments; (v) single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules; (vi) dAb fragments; and (vii) minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acid residues that mimic the hypervariable region of an antibody (e.g., an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) such as a CDR3 peptide), or a constrained FR3-CDR3-FR4 peptide.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • engineered molecules such as domain-specific antibodies, single domain antibodies, domain-deleted antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, nanobodies (e.g. monovalent nanobodies, bivalent nanobodies, etc.), small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIPs), and shark variable IgNAR domains, are also encompassed within the expression “antigen-binding fragment,” as used herein.
  • SMIPs small modular immunopharmaceuticals
  • an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least one variable domain.
  • the variable domain may be of any size or amino acid composition and will generally comprise at least one CDR which is adjacent to or in frame with one or more framework sequences.
  • the V H and V L domains may be situated relative to one another in any suitable arrangement.
  • the variable region may be dimeric and contain V H -V H , V H -V L or V L -V L dimers.
  • the antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain a monomeric V H or V L domain.
  • an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain at least one variable domain covalently linked to at least one constant domain.
  • variable and constant domains that may be found within an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention include: (i) V H -C H 1; (ii) V H -C H 2; (iii) V H -C H 3; (iv) V H -C H 1-C H 2; (V) V H -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; (Vi) V H -C H 2-C H 3; (vii) V H -C L ; (viii) V L -C H 1; (ix) V L -C H 2; (x) V L -C H 3; (xi) V L -C H 1-C H 2; (xii) V L -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; (xiii) V L -C H 2-C H 3; and (xiv) V L
  • variable and constant domains may be either directly linked to one another or may be linked by a full or partial hinge or linker region.
  • a hinge region may consist of at least 2 (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 or more) amino acids which result in a flexible or semi-flexible linkage between adjacent variable and/or constant domains in a single polypeptide molecule.
  • an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention may comprise a homo-dimer or hetero-dimer (or other multimer) of any of the variable and constant domain configurations listed above in non-covalent association with one another and/or with one or more monomeric V H or V L domain (e.g., by disulfide bond(s)).
  • antigen-binding fragments may be monospecific or multispecific (e.g., bispecific).
  • a multispecific antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least two different variable domains, wherein each variable domain is capable of specifically binding to a separate antigen or to a different epitope on the same antigen.
  • Any multispecific antibody format, including the exemplary bispecific antibody formats disclosed herein, may be adapted for use in the context of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention using routine techniques available in the art.
  • human antibody is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
  • the human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3.
  • the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
  • recombinant human antibody is intended to include all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell (described further below), antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library (described further below), antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295) or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
  • Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
  • such recombinant human antibodies are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V H and V L regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V H and V L sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.
  • an immunoglobulin molecule comprises a stable four chain construct of approximately 150-160 kDa in which the dimers are held together by an interchain heavy chain disulfide bond.
  • the dimers are not linked via inter-chain disulfide bonds and a molecule of about 75-80 kDa is formed composed of a covalently coupled light and heavy chain (half-antibody).
  • the frequency of appearance of the second form in various intact IgG isotypes is due to, but not limited to, structural differences associated with the hinge region isotype of the antibody.
  • a single amino acid substitution in the hinge region of the human IgG4 hinge can significantly reduce the appearance of the second form (Angal et al. (1993) Molecular Immunology 30:105) to levels typically observed using a human IgG1 hinge.
  • the instant invention encompasses antibodies having one or more mutations in the hinge, C H 2 or C H 3 region which may be desirable, for example, in production, to improve the yield of the desired antibody form.
  • an “isolated antibody,” as used herein, means an antibody that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from at least one component of its natural environment.
  • an antibody that has been separated or removed from at least one component of an organism, or from a tissue or cell in which the antibody naturally exists or is naturally produced is an “isolated antibody” for purposes of the present invention.
  • An isolated antibody also includes an antibody in situ within a recombinant cell. Isolated antibodies are antibodies that have been subjected to at least one purification or isolation step. According to certain embodiments, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
  • a “neutralizing” or “blocking” antibody is intended to refer to an antibody whose binding to a PROKR: (i) inhibits the interaction between a prokineticin (e.g., PK1 or PK2) and the PROKR; (ii) inhibits or attenuates prokineticin-mediated activation of the PROKR; and/or (iii) results in inhibition of at least one biological function of the PROKR.
  • a prokineticin e.g., PK1 or PK2
  • PK1 or PK2 e.g., PK1 or PK2
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies disclosed herein may comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions and/or deletions in the framework and/or CDR regions of the heavy and light chain variable domains as compared to the corresponding germline sequences from which the antibodies were derived. Such mutations can be readily ascertained by comparing the amino acid sequences disclosed herein to germline sequences available from, for example, public antibody sequence databases.
  • the present invention includes antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, which are derived from any of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, wherein one or more amino acids within one or more framework and/or CDR regions are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of the germline sequence from which the antibody was derived, or to the corresponding residue(s) of another human germline sequence, or to a conservative amino acid substitution of the corresponding germline residue(s) (such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”).
  • germline mutations such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”.
  • all of the framework and/or CDR residues within the V H and/or V L domains are mutated back to the residues found in the original germline sequence from which the antibody was derived.
  • only certain residues are mutated back to the original germline sequence, e.g., only the mutated residues found within the first 8 amino acids of FR1 or within the last 8 amino acids of FR4, or only the mutated residues found within CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3.
  • one or more of the framework and/or CDR residue(s) are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of a different germline sequence (i.e., a germline sequence that is different from the germline sequence from which the antibody was originally derived).
  • the antibodies of the present invention may contain any combination of two or more germline mutations within the framework and/or CDR regions, e.g., wherein certain individual residues are mutated to the corresponding residue of a particular germline sequence while certain other residues that differ from the original germline sequence are maintained or are mutated to the corresponding residue of a different germline sequence.
  • antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that contain one or more germline mutations can be easily tested for one or more desired property such as, improved binding specificity, increased binding affinity, improved or enhanced antagonistic or agonistic biological properties (as the case may be), reduced immunogenicity, etc.
  • Antibodies and antigen-binding fragments obtained in this general manner are encompassed within the present invention.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies comprising variants of any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein having one or more conservative substitutions.
  • the present invention includes anti-PROKR antibodies having HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences with, e.g., 10 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 4 or fewer, etc. conservative amino acid substitutions relative to any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein.
  • epitope refers to an antigenic determinant that interacts with a specific antigen binding site in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope.
  • a single antigen may have more than one epitope. Thus, different antibodies may bind to different areas on an antigen and may have different biological effects.
  • Epitopes may be either conformational or linear.
  • a conformational epitope is produced by spatially juxtaposed amino acids from different segments of the linear polypeptide chain.
  • a linear epitope is one produced by adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain.
  • an epitope may include moieties of saccharides, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups on the antigen.
  • nucleic acid or fragment thereof indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 95%, and more preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or Gap, as discussed below.
  • a nucleic acid molecule having substantial identity to a reference nucleic acid molecule may, in certain instances, encode a polypeptide having the same or substantially similar amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleic acid molecule.
  • the term “substantial similarity” or “substantially similar” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 95% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 98% or 99% sequence identity.
  • residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein.
  • the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods Mol. Biol. 24: 307-331, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include (1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; (2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; (3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; (4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; (5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; (6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and (7) sulfur-containing side chains are cysteine and methionine.
  • Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine.
  • a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al. (1992) Science 256: 1443-1445, herein incorporated by reference.
  • a “moderately conservative” replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.
  • Sequence similarity for polypeptides is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • GCG software contains programs such as Gap and Bestfit which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA using default or recommended parameters, a program in GCG Version 6.1.
  • FASTA e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3
  • FASTA2 and FASTA3 provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson (2000) supra).
  • Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the invention to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially BLASTP or TBLASTN, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-402, each herein incorporated by reference.
  • the present invention includes anti-PROKR antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind cell surface-expressed PROKR1 and/or cell surface-expressed PROKR2.
  • the present invention provides anti-PROKR antibodies that: (a) specifically bind cell surface-expressed PROKR1 but not cell surface-expressed PROKR2; (b) specifically bind cell surface-expressed PROKR2 but not cell surface-expressed PROKR1; or (c) specifically bind cell surface-expressed PROKR1 and cell surface-expressed PROKR2.
  • Anti-PROKR antibodies can be tested and evaluated for the ability to specifically bind a cell surface-expressed PROKR using any assay format that allows for the detection of antibody binding to cells that express a PROKR.
  • Example 3 An exemplary assay format that can be used to determine whether an antibody specifically binds a cell surface-expressed PROKR is illustrated in Example 3 herein.
  • cells that normally do not express PROKRs e.g., HEK293 cells
  • antibody binding to the PROKR-expressing cells is determined by flow cytometry with detectably labeled secondary antibodies.
  • Specific antibody binding to a cell surface-expressed PROKR means that the percentage of cells that exhibit detectable binding by flow cytometry is greater than 1%.
  • an antibody that exhibits a binding percentage of between 1% and 10% in this assay format is generally regarded as having “weak” binding, but is nonetheless considered an antibody that “specifically binds a cell surface-expressed PROKR” for purposes of the present disclosure. According to certain embodiments, however, specific antibody binding to a cell surface-expressed PROKR means that the percentage of cells that exhibit detectable binding by flow cytometry is greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, or more.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies that bind one or more soluble fragments of PROKR1 and/or PROKR2.
  • antibodies are provided herein which specifically bind a soluble fragment of PROKR1 or PROKR2 comprising all or part of the N-terminal extracellular portion of the PROKR protein.
  • Exemplary soluble PROKR1 and PROKR2 constructs of this type are illustrated in Example 4 herein. As shown in Example 4, fusion proteins comprising amino acids 1-62 of PROKR1 (SEQ ID NO:177) or amino acids 1-53 or PROKR2 (SEQ ID NO:178), fused to a human Fc component, were tested for binding to anti-PROKR antibodies by surface plasmon resonance (at 25° C. and pH 7.4).
  • the binding of anti-PROKR antibodies to soluble PROKR molecules can be quantified, e.g., in terms of equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ) and/or dissociation half-life (t1 ⁇ 2).
  • the present invention provides anti-PROKR antibodies that bind soluble human PROKR1 (e.g., N-terminal portion) with a K D of less than about 5 nM, less than about 3 nM, less than about 2 nM, less than about 1.5 nM, less than about 600 pM, less than about 550 pM, less than about 500 pM, less than about 450 pM, less than about 400 pM, less than about 350 pM, less than about 300 pM, less than about 250 pM, less than about 200 pM, less than about 150 pM, or less than about 100 pM as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 4 herein or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind soluble human PROKR1 (e.g., N-terminal portion) with a dissociation half-life (t1 ⁇ 2) of greater than about 5 minutes, greater than about 10 minutes, greater than about 15 minutes, greater than about 20 minutes, greater than about 25 minutes, greater than about 30 minutes, greater than about 35 minutes, greater than about 40 minutes, greater than about 45 minutes, greater than about 50 minutes, greater than about 55 minutes, greater than about 60 minutes, greater than about 75 minutes, greater than about 100 minutes, greater than about 150 minutes, greater than about 200 minutes, or greater than about 250 minutes, or more, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 4 herein or a substantially similar assay.
  • t1 ⁇ 2 dissociation half-life
  • the present invention also provides anti-PROKR antibodies that bind soluble human PROKR2 (e.g., N-terminal portion) with a K D of less than about 150 nM, less than about 130 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 90 nM, less than about 80 nM, less than about 75 nM, less than about 70 nM, less than about 65 nM, less than about 60 nM, less than about 55 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 45 nM, less than about 40 nM, less than about 35 nM, less than about 30 nM, less than about 25 nM, less than about 20 nM, less than about 15 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, less than about 3 nM, or less, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 4 herein or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind soluble human PROKR2 (e.g., N-terminal portion) with a dissociation half-life (t1 ⁇ 2) of greater than about 1 minute, greater than about 2 minutes, greater than about 3 minutes, greater than about 4 minutes, greater than about 5 minutes, greater than about 10 minutes, greater than about 20 minutes, greater than about 30 minutes, greater than about 40 minutes, or more, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using the assay format as defined in Example 4 herein or a substantially similar assay.
  • t1 ⁇ 2 dissociation half-life
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that block prokineticin-mediated activation of PROKR1 and/or PROKR2.
  • the ability of anti-PROKR antibodies to block prokineticin-mediated activation of PROKR1 and/or PROKR2 can be measured, e.g., using the assay format illustrated in Example 5 herein.
  • cells that do not normally express human PROKRs i.e., HEK293 cells
  • the extent of PROKR activation is indicated by calcium mobilization following treatment with prokineticin-1 (PK1) or prokineticin-2 (PK2) (e.g.
  • the present invention includes anti-PROKR antibodies that block: (a) PK1-mediated activation of PROKR1; (b) PK2-mediated activation of PROKR1; (c) PK1-mediated activation of PROKR2; and/or (d) PK2-mediated activation of PROKR2.
  • the present invention includes anti-PROKR antibodies that block PK1-mediated activation of PROKR1 with an IC 50 of less than about 20 nM, less than about 18 nM, less than about 16 nM, less than about 14 nM, less than about 12 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 9 nM, less than about 8 nM, less than about 7 nM, or less than about 6 nM, or less, as measured using the assay format of Example 5 (e.g., using about 1 nM to about 20 nM of PK1), or a substantially similar assay.
  • an IC 50 of less than about 20 nM, less than about 18 nM, less than about 16 nM, less than about 14 nM, less than about 12 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 9 nM, less than about 8 nM, less than about 7 nM, or less than about 6 nM, or less, as measured using the assay format of
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies that block PK2-mediated activation of PROKR1 with an IC 50 of less than about 60 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 20 nM, or less than about 20 nM, as measured using the assay format of Example 5 (e.g., using about 1 nM to about 20 nM of PK2), or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies that inhibit or reduce pain response(s) in various animal pain models.
  • the present invention includes anti-PROKR antibodies which interact with one or more amino acids located within one or more regions or segments of the PROKR1 molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) the N-terminal extracellular region (amino acids 1 to 62 of SEQ ID NO:177); (b) extracellular loop 1 (amino acids 120 to 146 of SEQ ID NO:177); (c) extracellular loop 2 (amino acids 201 to 232 of SEQ ID NO:177); and/or extracellular loop 3 (amino acids 304 to 322 of SEQ ID NO:177).
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies which interact with one or more amino acids located within one or more regions or segments of the PROKR2 molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) the N-terminal extracellular region (amino acids 1 to 54 of SEQ ID NO:178); (b) extracellular loop 1 (amino acids 110 to 137 of SEQ ID NO:178); (c) extracellular loop 2 (amino acids 193 to 221 of SEQ ID NO:178); and/or extracellular loop 3 (amino acids 297 to 310 of SEQ ID NO:178).
  • the epitope to which the antibodies bind may consist of a single contiguous sequence of 3 or more (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids located within any of the aforementioned regions or segments of PROKR1 and/or PROKR2.
  • the epitope may consist of a plurality of non-contiguous amino acids (or amino acid sequences) located within one or more of the aforementioned regions or segments of a PROKR molecule.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may interact with one or more amino acids located within the N-terminal extracellular region of PROKR1 as well as one or more amino acids located within one or more extracellular loops of PROKR1.
  • Various techniques known to persons of ordinary skill in the art can be used to determine whether an antibody “interacts with one or more amino acids” within a polypeptide or protein.
  • Exemplary techniques include, e.g., routine cross-blocking assay such as that described Antibodies , Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harb., NY), alanine scanning mutational analysis, peptide blots analysis (Reineke, 2004, Methods Mol Biol 248:443-463), and peptide cleavage analysis.
  • methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed (Tomer, 2000, Protein Science 9:487-496).
  • the hydrogen/deuterium exchange method involves deuterium-labeling the protein of interest, followed by binding the antibody to the deuterium-labeled protein. Next, the protein/antibody complex is transferred to water to allow hydrogen-deuterium exchange to occur at all residues except for the residues protected by the antibody (which remain deuterium-labeled). After dissociation of the antibody, the target protein is subjected to protease cleavage and mass spectrometry analysis, thereby revealing the deuterium-labeled residues which correspond to the specific amino acids with which the antibody interacts.
  • the present invention further includes anti-PROKR antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g. H1M6386N, H2M6385N, H4H6663P, H4H6669P, H4H6671P, H4H6680P, H4H6690P, H4H6696P, H4H6698P, H4H6701P, H4H6706P, etc.).
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies that compete for binding to PROKR1 and/or PROKR2 with any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g.
  • test antibody may bind to the same epitope as the epitope bound by the reference anti-PROKR antibody of the invention.
  • Additional routine experimentation e.g., peptide mutation and binding analyses
  • steric blocking or another phenomenon
  • this sort can be performed using ELISA, RIA, Biacore, flow cytometry or any other quantitative or qualitative antibody-binding assay available in the art.
  • two antibodies bind to the same (or overlapping) epitope if, e.g., a 1-, 5-, 10-, 20- or 100-fold excess of one antibody inhibits binding of the other by at least 50% but preferably 75%, 90% or even 99% as measured in a competitive binding assay (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 1990:50:1495-1502).
  • two antibodies are deemed to bind to the same epitope if essentially all amino acid mutations in the antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
  • Two antibodies are deemed to have “overlapping epitopes” if only a subset of the amino acid mutations that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
  • the above-described binding methodology is performed in two orientations: In a first orientation, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to a PROKR protein under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the test antibody to the PROKR molecule. In a second orientation, the test antibody is allowed to bind to a PROKR molecule under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the reference antibody to the PROKR molecule. If, in both orientations, only the first (saturating) antibody is capable of binding to the PROKR molecule, then it is concluded that the test antibody and the reference antibody compete for binding to the PROKR.
  • an antibody that competes for binding with a reference antibody may not necessarily bind to the same epitope as the reference antibody, but may sterically block binding of the reference antibody by binding an overlapping or adjacent epitope.
  • high affinity chimeric antibodies to PROKR are initially isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region.
  • the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc.
  • the mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate the fully human antibody of the invention, for example wild-type or modified IgG1 or IgG4. While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies and antibody fragments of the present invention encompass proteins having amino acid sequences that vary from those of the described antibodies but that retain the ability to bind a human PROKR. Such variant antibodies and antibody fragments comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids when compared to parent sequence, but exhibit biological activity that is essentially equivalent to that of the described antibodies.
  • the anti-PROKR antibody-encoding DNA sequences of the present invention encompass sequences that comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides when compared to the disclosed sequence, but that encode an anti-PROKR antibody or antibody fragment that is essentially bioequivalent to an anti-PROKR antibody or antibody fragment of the invention. Examples of such variant amino acid and DNA sequences are discussed above.
  • Two antigen-binding proteins, or antibodies are considered bioequivalent if, for example, they are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions, either single does or multiple dose.
  • Some antibodies will be considered equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives if they are equivalent in the extent of their absorption but not in their rate of absorption and yet may be considered bioequivalent because such differences in the rate of absorption are intentional and are reflected in the labeling, are not essential to the attainment of effective body drug concentrations on, e.g., chronic use, and are considered medically insignificant for the particular drug product studied.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if there are no clinically meaningful differences in their safety, purity, and potency.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if a patient can be switched one or more times between the reference product and the biological product without an expected increase in the risk of adverse effects, including a clinically significant change in immunogenicity, or diminished effectiveness, as compared to continued therapy without such switching.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if they both act by a common mechanism or mechanisms of action for the condition or conditions of use, to the extent that such mechanisms are known.
  • Bioequivalence may be demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro methods.
  • Bioequivalence measures include, e.g., (a) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals, in which the concentration of the antibody or its metabolites is measured in blood, plasma, serum, or other biological fluid as a function of time; (b) an in vitro test that has been correlated with and is reasonably predictive of human in vivo bioavailability data; (c) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals in which the appropriate acute pharmacological effect of the antibody (or its target) is measured as a function of time; and (d) in a well-controlled clinical trial that establishes safety, efficacy, or bioavailability or bioequivalence of an antibody.
  • Bioequivalent variants of anti-PROKR antibodies of the invention may be constructed by, for example, making various substitutions of residues or sequences or deleting terminal or internal residues or sequences not needed for biological activity.
  • cysteine residues not essential for biological activity can be deleted or replaced with other amino acids to prevent formation of unnecessary or incorrect intramolecular disulfide bridges upon renaturation.
  • bioequivalent antibodies may include anti-PROKR antibody variants comprising amino acid changes which modify the glycosylation characteristics of the antibodies, e.g., mutations which eliminate or remove glycosylation.
  • the present invention includes anti-PROKR antibodies that bind to a human PROKR (e.g., cell surface-expressed human PROKR1 and/or cell surface expressed human PROKR2) but not to PROKRs from other species.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies that bind to a human PROKR (e.g., cell surface-expressed human PROKR1 and/or cell surface expressed human PROKR2) and also bind to one or more PROKR proteins from one or more non-human species.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies that block prokineticin-mediated activation of human PROKR1 and/or human PROKR2 but do not block prokineticin-mediated activation of one or more non-human PROKRs.
  • the present invention also includes anti-PROKR antibodies that block prokineticin-mediated activation of human PROKR1 and/or human PROKR2 and also block prokineticin-mediated activation of one or more non-human PROKRs.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies of the invention may bind to and/or block human PROKR1 and/or human PROKR2, and may bind and/or block (or not bind or not block as the case may be) one or more of mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, pig, cat, dog, rabbit, goat, sheep, cow, horse, camel, cynomologous, marmoset, rhesus or chimpanzee PROKR1 or PROKR2.
  • certain exemplary antibodies of the present invention block PK1-mediated activation of human PROKR1 as well as PK1-mediated activation of monkey PROKR1 (e.g., H4H6696, H4H6698, H4H6701 and H4H6385).
  • PK1-mediated activation of human PROKR1 e.g., H4H6696, H4H6698, H4H6701 and H4H6385
  • antibody H1M6386 exhibited potent blocking of PK1-mediated activation of human PROKR1 but did not exhibit any detectable blocking of PK1-mediated activation of monkey PROKR1.
  • Other cross-reactivity/cross-blocking patterns of the exemplary anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the working examples provided herein.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may be monospecific, bi-specific, or multispecific. Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for more than one target polypeptide. See, e.g., Tutt et al., 1991, J. Immunol. 147:60-69; Kufer et al., 2004, Trends Biotechnol. 22:238-244.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention can be linked to or co-expressed with another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody or antibody fragment to produce a bi-specific or a multispecific antibody with a second binding specificity.
  • the present invention includes bi-specific antibodies wherein one arm of an immunoglobulin is specific for a human PROKR or a fragment thereof, and the other arm of the immunoglobulin is specific for a second therapeutic target or is conjugated to a therapeutic moiety.
  • the present invention includes bispecific antibodies comprising a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds PROKR1 and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds PROKR2.
  • An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) C H 3 domain and a second Ig C H 3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig C H 3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference.
  • the first Ig C H 3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig C H 3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering).
  • the second C H 3 may further comprise a Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU). Further modifications that may be found within the second C H 3 include: D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V821 (by IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V4221 by EU) in the case of IgG1 antibodies; N44S, K52N, and V821 (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V4221 by EU) in the case of IgG2 antibodies; and Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, and V821 (by IMGT; Q355R, N384S, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, and V4221 by EU) in the case of IgG4 antibodies. Variations on the bi-specific antibody format described above are contemplate
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the anti-PROKR antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are formulated with suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
  • suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
  • a multitude of appropriate formulations can be found in the formulary known to all pharmaceutical chemists: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
  • formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LIPOFECTINTM, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.), DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax. See also Powell et al. “Compendium of excipients for parenteral formulations” PDA (1998) J Pharm Sci Technol 52:238-311.
  • the dose of antibody administered to a patient may vary depending upon the age and the size of the patient, target disease, conditions, route of administration, and the like.
  • the preferred dose is typically calculated according to body weight or body surface area.
  • intravenously administer the antibody of the present invention normally at a single dose of about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.02 to about 7, about 0.03 to about 5, or about 0.05 to about 3 mg/kg body weight.
  • the frequency and the duration of the treatment can be adjusted.
  • Effective dosages and schedules for administering anti-PROKR antibodies may be determined empirically; for example, patient progress can be monitored by periodic assessment, and the dose adjusted accordingly. Moreover, interspecies scaling of dosages can be performed using well-known methods in the art (e.g., Mordenti et al., 1991 , Pharmaceut. Res. 8:1351).
  • Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the mutant viruses, receptor mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432).
  • Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes.
  • composition may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
  • epithelial or mucocutaneous linings e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.
  • Administration can be systemic or local.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be delivered subcutaneously or intravenously with a standard needle and syringe.
  • a pen delivery device readily has applications in delivering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Such a pen delivery device can be reusable or disposable.
  • a reusable pen delivery device generally utilizes a replaceable cartridge that contains a pharmaceutical composition. Once all of the pharmaceutical composition within the cartridge has been administered and the cartridge is empty, the empty cartridge can readily be discarded and replaced with a new cartridge that contains the pharmaceutical composition. The pen delivery device can then be reused.
  • a disposable pen delivery device there is no replaceable cartridge. Rather, the disposable pen delivery device comes prefilled with the pharmaceutical composition held in a reservoir within the device. Once the reservoir is emptied of the pharmaceutical composition, the entire device is discarded.
  • Numerous reusable pen and autoinjector delivery devices have applications in the subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to AUTOPENTM (Owen Mumford, Inc., Woodstock, UK), DISETRONICTM pen (Disetronic Medical Systems, Bergdorf, Switzerland), HUMALOG MIX 75/25TM pen, HUMALOGTM pen, HUMALIN 70/30TM pen (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Ind.), NOVOPENTM I, II and III (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), NOVOPEN JUNIORTM (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), BDTM pen (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.), OPTIPENTM, OPTIPEN PROTM, OPTIPEN STARLETTM, and OPTICLIKTM (sanofi-aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), to name only a few.
  • Examples of disposable pen delivery devices having applications in subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to the SOLOSTARTM pen (sanofi-aventis), the FLEXPENTM (Novo Nordisk), and the KWIKPENTM (Eli Lilly), the SURECLICKTM Autoinjector (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, Calif.), the PENLETTM (Haselmeier, Stuttgart, Germany), the EPIPEN (Dey, L.P.), and the HUMIRATM Pen (Abbott Labs, Abbott Park Ill.), to name only a few.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be delivered in a controlled release system.
  • a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201).
  • polymeric materials can be used; see, Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), 1974, CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla.
  • a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the composition's target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, 1984, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138). Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527-1533.
  • the injectable preparations may include dosage forms for intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous and intramuscular injections, drip infusions, etc. These injectable preparations may be prepared by methods publicly known. For example, the injectable preparations may be prepared, e.g., by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the antibody or its salt described above in a sterile aqueous medium or an oily medium conventionally used for injections.
  • aqueous medium for injections there are, for example, physiological saline, an isotonic solution containing glucose and other auxiliary agents, etc., which may be used in combination with an appropriate solubilizing agent such as an alcohol (e.g., ethanol), a polyalcohol (e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant [e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil)], etc.
  • an alcohol e.g., ethanol
  • a polyalcohol e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol
  • a nonionic surfactant e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil
  • oily medium there are employed, e.g., sesame oil, soybean oil, etc., which may be used in combination with a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc.
  • a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral use described above are prepared into dosage forms in a unit dose suited to fit a dose of the active ingredients.
  • dosage forms in a unit dose include, for example, tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), suppositories, etc.
  • the amount of the aforesaid antibody contained is generally about 5 to about 500 mg per dosage form in a unit dose; especially in the form of injection, it is preferred that the aforesaid antibody is contained in about 5 to about 100 mg and in about 10 to about 250 mg for the other dosage forms.
  • the present invention includes methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutic composition comprising an anti-PROKR antibody.
  • the therapeutic composition can comprise any of the anti-PROKR antibodies, or fragments thereof, as disclosed herein.
  • the expression “a subject in need thereof” means a human or non-human animal that exhibits one or more symptoms or indicia of a disease or disorder associated with or caused by PROKR activity, or who otherwise would benefit from an inhibition or reduction PROKR signaling.
  • Exemplary diseases and disorders that can be treated with the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention include pain conditions (e.g., acute, chronic, or breakthrough pain).
  • Exemplary types of pain conditions that are treatable with the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention include nociceptive pain, visceral pain (e.g., pain from inflammatory bowel disease/irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, pancreatitis, endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, etc.), as well as pain associated with inflammation (e.g., inflammatory muscle pain), post-operative incision (e.g., post-surgical pain), neuropathy (e.g., diabetic neuropathy), sciatica, post-herpetic neuralgia, myofascial pain syndromes, arthritis, sickle cell, enteric nerve ischemia, claudication pain, bone fracture, burn, osteoporotic fracture, gout, migraine headache, fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, acute herpetic pain, etc.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention are also useful for treating or preventing cancer-associated pain.
  • Cancer-associated pain includes, e.g., bone cancer pain, including pain from cancer that has metastasized to bone (e.g., breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, sarcoma, kidney cancer, multiple myeloma, etc.).
  • Cancer-associated pain also includes pain more generally associated with cancerous conditions such as, e.g., renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, malignant gliomas, osteosarcoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, malignant mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, synovial sarcoma, thyroid cancer, or melanoma.
  • cancerous conditions such as, e.g., renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, malignant gliomas, osteosarcoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, malignant mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, synovial sarcoma, thyroid cancer, or melanoma.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may also be useful in treating diseases and disorders associated with and/or caused by pathological angiogenesis (e.g., tumors, angiogenic eye disorders, etc.).
  • pathological angiogenesis e.g., tumors, angiogenic eye disorders, etc.
  • Other diseases and disorders that may be treated using the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention include, e.g., disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., involving smooth muscle contraction), Hirschsprung disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, Kallman syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention may also be used for fertility applications.
  • the present invention provides methods which comprise administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the exemplary anti-PROKR antibodies described herein in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • additional therapeutic agents that may be combined with or administered in combination with an anti-PROKR antibody of the present invention include, e.g., other pain-attenuating biologics such as anti-NGF antibodies, anti-PAR2 antibodies, anti-ASIC antibodies (e.g., anti-ASIC1, anti-ASIC2, anti-ASIC3, and anti-ASIC4 antibodies), anti-GFR ⁇ antibodies, as well as non-biologic therapeutic agents such as antivirals, antibiotics, analgesics, corticosteroids, opioids, and/or NSAIDs.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention may also be combined with or administered in combination with one or more cancer therapeutic agent(s) such as, e.g., an EGFR antagonist (e.g., an anti-EGFR antibody [e.g., cetuximab or panitumumab] or small molecule inhibitor of EGFR [e.g., gefitinib or erlotinib]), an antagonist of another EGFR family member such as Her2/ErbB2, ErbB3 or ErbB4 (e.g., anti-ErbB2, anti-ErbB3 or anti-ErbB4 antibody or small molecule inhibitor of ErbB2, ErbB3 or ErbB4 activity), an antagonist of EGFRvIII (e.g., an antibody that specifically binds EGFRvIII), a cMET anagonist (e.g., an anti-cMET antibody), an IGF1R antagonist (e.g., an anti-IGF1R antibody), a B-raf inhibitor (
  • Pat. No. 7,087,411 also referred to herein as a “VEGF-inhibiting fusion protein”
  • anti-VEGF antibody e.g., bevacizumab
  • small molecule kinase inhibitor of VEGF receptor e.g., sunitinib, sorafenib or pazopanib
  • a DLL4 antagonist e.g., an anti-DLL4 antibody disclosed in US 2009/0142354 such as REGN421
  • an Ang2 antagonist e.g., an anti-Ang2 antibody disclosed in US 2011/0027286 such as H1H685P
  • a FOLH1 antagonist e.g., an anti-FOLH1 antibody
  • PRLR antagonist e.g., an anti-PRLR antibody
  • STEAP1 or STEAP2 antagonist e.g., an anti-STEAP1 antibody or an anti-STEAP2 antibody
  • TMPRSS2 antagonist e.g., an anti-VE
  • agents that may be beneficially administered in combination with the anti-PROKR antibodies of the invention include cytokine inhibitors, including small-molecule cytokine inhibitors and antibodies that bind to cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, or antagonists of their respective receptors, as well as anti-IgE antibodies, anti-TNF antibodies, etc.
  • cytokine inhibitors including small-molecule cytokine inhibitors and antibodies that bind to cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, or antagonists of their respective receptors, as well as anti-IgE antibodies, anti-TNF antibodies, etc.
  • the additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered just prior to, concurrent with, or shortly after the administration of an anti-PROKR antibody of the present invention; (for purposes of the present disclosure, such administration regimens are considered the administration of an anti-PROKR antibody “in combination with” an additional therapeutically active component).
  • the present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions in which an anti-PROKR antibody of the present invention is co-formulated with one or more of the additional therapeutically active component(s) as described elsewhere herein.
  • multiple doses of an anti-PROKR antibody may be administered to a subject over a defined time course.
  • the methods according to this aspect of the invention comprise sequentially administering to a subject multiple doses of an anti-PROKR antibody of the invention.
  • sequentially administering means that each dose of anti-PROKR antibody is administered to the subject at a different point in time, e.g., on different days separated by a predetermined interval (e.g., hours, days, weeks or months).
  • the present invention includes methods which comprise sequentially administering to the patient a single initial dose of an anti-PROKR antibody, followed by one or more secondary doses of the anti-PROKR antibody, and optionally followed by one or more tertiary doses of the anti-PROKR antibody.
  • the terms “initial dose,” “secondary doses,” and “tertiary doses,” refer to the temporal sequence of administration of the anti-PROKR antibody of the invention.
  • the “initial dose” is the dose which is administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen (also referred to as the “baseline dose”);
  • the “secondary doses” are the doses which are administered after the initial dose;
  • the “tertiary doses” are the doses which are administered after the secondary doses.
  • the initial, secondary, and tertiary doses may all contain the same amount of anti-PROKR antibody, but generally may differ from one another in terms of frequency of administration.
  • the amount of anti-PROKR antibody contained in the initial, secondary and/or tertiary doses varies from one another (e.g., adjusted up or down as appropriate) during the course of treatment.
  • two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5) doses are administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen as “loading doses” followed by subsequent doses that are administered on a less frequent basis (e.g., “maintenance doses”).
  • each secondary and/or tertiary dose is administered 1 to 26 (e.g., 1, 11 ⁇ 2, 2, 21 ⁇ 2, 3, 31 ⁇ 2, 4, 41 ⁇ 2, 5, 51 ⁇ 2, 6, 61 ⁇ 2, 7, 71 ⁇ 2, 8, 81 ⁇ 2, 9, 91 ⁇ 2, 10, 101 ⁇ 2, 11, 111 ⁇ 2, 12, 121 ⁇ 2, 13, 131 ⁇ 2, 14, 141 ⁇ 2, 15, 151 ⁇ 2, 16, 161 ⁇ 2, 17, 171 ⁇ 2, 18, 181 ⁇ 2, 19, 191 ⁇ 2, 20, 201 ⁇ 2, 21, 211 ⁇ 2, 22, 221 ⁇ 2, 23, 231 ⁇ 2, 24, 241 ⁇ 2, 25, 251 ⁇ 2, 26, 261 ⁇ 2, or more) weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • the phrase “the immediately preceding dose,” as used herein, means, in a sequence of multiple administrations, the dose of anti-PROKR antibody which is administered to a patient prior to the administration of the very next dose in the sequence with no intervening doses.
  • the methods according to this aspect of the invention may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an anti-PROKR antibody.
  • any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an anti-PROKR antibody may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an anti-PROKR antibody.
  • only a single secondary dose is administered to the patient.
  • two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) secondary doses are administered to the patient.
  • only a single tertiary dose is administered to the patient.
  • two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) tertiary doses are administered to the patient.
  • each secondary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other secondary doses. For example, each secondary dose may be administered to the patient 1 to 2 weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • each tertiary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other tertiary doses. For example, each tertiary dose may be administered to the patient 2 to 4 weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • the frequency at which the secondary and/or tertiary doses are administered to a patient can vary over the course of the treatment regimen. The frequency of administration may also be adjusted during the course of treatment by a physician depending on the needs of the individual patient following clinical examination.
  • the anti-PROKR antibodies of the present invention may also be used to detect and/or measure one or more PROKR protein(s), or PROKR-expressing cells in a sample, e.g., for diagnostic purposes.
  • an anti-PROKR antibody, or fragment thereof may be used to diagnose a condition or disease characterized by aberrant expression (e.g., over-expression, under-expression, lack of expression, etc.) of PROKR1 or PROKR2.
  • Exemplary diagnostic assays for PROKR may comprise, e.g., contacting a sample, obtained from a patient, with an anti-PROKR antibody of the invention, wherein the anti-PROKR antibody is labeled with a detectable label or reporter molecule.
  • an unlabeled anti-PROKR antibody can be used in diagnostic applications in combination with a secondary antibody which is itself detectably labeled.
  • the detectable label or reporter molecule can be a radioisotope, such as 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 35 S, or 125 I; a fluorescent or chemiluminescent moiety such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, or rhodamine; or an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, horseradish peroxidase, or luciferase.
  • Specific exemplary assays that can be used to detect or measure PROKR in a sample include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • Samples that can be used in PROKR diagnostic assays according to the present invention include any tissue or fluid sample obtainable from a patient which contains detectable quantities of PROKR protein, or fragments thereof, under normal or pathological conditions.
  • levels of PROKR in a particular sample obtained from a healthy patient e.g., a patient not afflicted with a disease or condition associated with abnormal PROKR levels or activity
  • This baseline level of PROKR can then be compared against the levels of PROKR measured in samples obtained from individuals suspected of having a PROKR related disease or condition.
  • a VELOCIMMUNE® mouse comprising DNA encoding human Immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain variable regions, was immunized with a mouse fibroblast cell line (MG87) engineered to express either human PROKR1 or human PROKR2.
  • the antibody immune response was monitored by a cell binding assay using cells engineered to express human PROKRs.
  • splenocytes were harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability and form hybridoma cell lines.
  • the hybridoma cell lines were screened and selected to identify cell lines that produce PROKR-specific antibodies.
  • anti-PROKR chimeric antibodies i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and mouse constant domains
  • Anti-PROKR antibodies were also isolated directly from antigen-positive B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in US 2007/0280945A1. Using this method, several fully human anti-PROKR antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and human constant domains) were obtained; exemplary antibodies generated in this manner were designated as follows: H4H6663P, H4H6669P, H4H6671P, H4H6680P, H4H6690P, H4H6696P, H4H6698P, H4H6701P, and H4H6706P.
  • Table 1 sets forth the heavy and light chain variable region amino acid sequence pairs of selected anti-PROKR antibodies and their corresponding antibody identifiers.
  • Antibodies are typically referred to herein according to the following nomenclature: Fc prefix (e.g. “H1M,” “H4H”), followed by a numerical identifier (e.g. “6386,” “6385,” “6663,” etc. as shown in Table 1), followed by a “P” or “N” suffix.
  • Fc prefix e.g. “H1M,” “H4H”
  • a numerical identifier e.g. “6386,” “6385,” “6663,” etc. as shown in Table 1
  • P or “N” suffix.
  • an antibody may be referred to herein as, e.g., “H1M6386N,” “H2M6385N,” “H4H6663P,” etc.
  • the Fc prefixes on the antibody designations used herein indicate the particular Fc region of the antibody.
  • an “H1M” antibody has a mouse IgG1 Fc
  • an “H4H” antibody has a human IgG4 Fc.
  • an antibody with a particular IgG isotype e.g., “H4H”
  • an antibody with a different IgG isotype e.g., H1H, H1M, H2M, etc.
  • the variable domains including the CDRs—which are indicated by the numerical identifiers shown in Table 1—will remain the same, and the binding properties are expected to be identical or substantially similar regardless of the nature of the Fc domain.
  • Anti-PROKR antibodies generated in accordance with Example 1 were tested for the ability to bind to human, mouse, and monkey PROKR1 and PROKR2.
  • HEK293 cells were engineered to express: human PROKR1; human PROKR2; mouse PROKR1; mouse PROKR2; cynomolgus monkey PROKR1; or cynomolgus monkey PROKR2. Binding of anti-human PROKR antibodies to the PROKR-expressing cell lines was measured by flow cytometry. The experimental protocol is set forth below, and the results are summarized in Table 2.
  • Adherent cells were collected using 1 mM EDTA in PBS, then washed, and re-suspended in cold PBS containing 5% FBS.
  • each anti-PROKR antibody was added to 250,000 cells in 500 ⁇ l of PBS with 5% FBS (final antibody concentration of 13 nM). After incubation for 20 minutes at room temperature, the cells were washed with PBS containing 5% FBS.
  • a secondary antibody recognizing either human (Jackson Immuno Research, #115-135-205) or mouse Fc (BD Pharmigen, #550826) and conjugated to allophycyanin, was then added to the cell mixture at a final concentration of 13.3 nM.
  • the cells were washed and resuspended in PBS containing 5% FBS and then sorted and analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences) flow cytometer to determine relative binding by the candidate antibodies.
  • the cell samples containing secondary antibody alone were used as negative control for FACS gating. Histograms of cells stained with anti-human PROKR antibodies were compared with cells stained with secondary alone. The percentage of cells exhibiting a PROKR FACS binding signal greater than the signal observed with secondary antibody alone (“percentage binding”) was calculated by FlowJo software (Tree Star).
  • the samples stained with anti-PROKR antibodies were recorded as FACS positive (“Pos” in Table 1) when percentage binding was greater than 10%.
  • the samples stained with anti-human PROKR antibodies were recorded as FACS negative (“Neg” in Table 1) when percentage binding was lower than 1% or when signal was detected on parental cells (i.e., background signal).
  • Antibodies H4H6698P and H4H6701P which bound to cells expressing human PROKR1 and cell expressing human PROKR2, also exhibited positive binding to cells expressing mouse and monkey PROKR1 and PROKR2.
  • Antibody H2M6385N which bound only weakly to cells expressing human PROKR1, was negative for binding to mouse and monkey PROKR1 but was positive for binding to mouse and monkey PROKR2.
  • the present invention includes: (a) antibodies that specifically bind human PROKR1 and human PROKR2; (b) antibodies that specifically bind human PROKR1 and human PROKR2, as well as PROKR1 and PROKR2 from non-human species (e.g., mouse and monkey); and (c) antibodies that specifically bind human PROKR1 but not human PROKR2.
  • Anti-PROKR antibodies with binding specificity patterns are also contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
  • K D values Equilibrium dissociation constants were determined for antigen binding to selected purified anti-PROKR antibodies generated in accordance with Example 1 by surface kinetics using a real-time surface plasmon resonance biosensor (Biacore 4000) assay at 25° C.
  • antibody was captured on either a goat anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody (GE Healthcare, #BR-1008-38) or a mouse anti-human IgG (Fc) monoclonal antibody (GE Healthcare, #BR-1008-39) surface created through direct amine coupling to a Biacore CM5 sensor chip.
  • HBS-EP 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% Surfactant P20, pH 7.4
  • Antigen-antibody association rates were measured by injecting 2 concentrations (25 and 100 nM) of both human PROKR1(1-62)-hFc (SEQ ID NO:179) and human PROKR2(1-53)-hFc (SEQ ID NO:180) over the captured antibody surface.
  • Antibody-antigen association was monitored for 90 seconds while dissociation was monitored for 360 seconds.
  • Kinetic on-rate (k a ) and off-rate (k d ) constants were determined from the data using Scrubber software version 2.0c.
  • anti-PROKR antibodies to block activation of PROKR1 and PROKR2 by their ligands prokineticin 1 (PK1) and prokineticin 2 (PK2) in vitro was determined using a cell-based assay as described below.
  • HEK293 cells were modified to stably express either human PROKR1 (293/hPROKR1), human PROKR2 (293/hPROKR2), mouse PROKR1 (293/mPROKR1), rat PROKR1 (293/rPROKR1), cynomolgus monkey PROKR1 (293/mfPROKR1) or cynomolgus monkey PROKR2 (293/mfPROKR2).
  • the PROKR-expressing cell lines were maintained in complete growth medium [DME High Glucose (Irvine Scientific, #9033), 10% fetal bovine serum (Irvine Scientific, #3000A), 1% pencillin/streptomycin/glutamine (GIBCO, #10378), and 500 ⁇ g/ml G418 (GIBCO, #11811-098)].
  • Intracellular calcium levels were measured using a Fluo-4 NW Calcium Assay Kit (Invitrogen, #F36206).
  • a Fluo-4 NW Calcium Assay Kit Invitrogen, #F36206.
  • cells expressing PROKR1 or PROKR2 were seeded in 96 well assay plates at 20,000-50,000 cells per well in complete growth medium and allowed to grow overnight at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 . The next day the cell culture medium was replaced with Fluo-4 NW kit assay buffer plus calcium indicator dye as per manufacturer's specifications.
  • anti-human PROKR antibodies were added to the cells at final concentrations ranging from 17 pM to 1 pM and incubated for 1 hour (30 minute incubation at 37° C.
  • anti-PROKR antibodies were also tested for inhibition of hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/hPROKR1 cells as shown in Table 6.
  • One anti-PROKR antibody, H4HM6385N blocked >77% of the hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/hPROKR1 cells with an IC 50 value of 55.1 nM
  • 2 anti-PROKR antibodies (H1M6386N and H4H6701P) blocked approximately 67% to 57% of the calcium mobilization with IC 50 values of 16.2 nM and >300 nM.
  • Two anti-PROKR antibodies (H4H6696P and H4H6698P) blocked approximately 40% and 33% of the hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/hPROKR1 cells with IC 50 values >300 nM.
  • H4H6701P blocked hPK1- or hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization of 293/hPROKR2 cells under these assay conditions. This antibody blocked approximately 49% of the hPK1-mediated calcium mobilization and approximately 61% of the hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization with IC 50 values >300 nM for both. None of the other tested antibodies blocked hPK1- or hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization of 293/hPROKR2 cells.
  • anti-PROKR antibodies Five of the anti-PROKR antibodies were further tested for their ability to inhibit hPK1-mediated calcium flux in cells expressing cynomolgus monkey PROKR1 as shown in Table 7.
  • Four antibodies (H4H6385N, H4H6701P, H4H6696P, and H4H6698P) blocked >90% of the hPK1-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/MfPROKR1 cells with IC 50 values ranging from 6.4 nM to 32.9 nM.
  • One antibody, H1M6386N did not measurably block hPK1-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/MfPROKR1 cells.
  • anti-PROKR antibodies were also tested for their ability to inhibit hPK2-mediated calcium flux in cells expressing cynomolgus monkey PROKR1 as shown in Table 7.
  • One anti-PROKR antibody, H4H6385N blocked approximately 94% of hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/MfPROKR1 cells with an IC 50 value of 51.8 nM.
  • Another anti-PROKR antibody, H4H6698P blocked approximated 86% of the hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/MfPROKR1 cells with an IC 50 value of 63.9 nM.
  • the two other anti-PROKR antibodies tested (H4H6696P and H4H6701P) blocked approximately 68% and 51% of the hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization in 293/MfPROKR1 cells with an IC 50 values >300 nM.
  • These four antibodies were also tested for their ability to inhibit hPK1- or hPK2-mediated calcium flux in cells expressing monkey PROKR2 as shown in Table 7.
  • H4H6701P blocked approximately 21% of the hPK1-mediated calcium mobilization and blocked 61% of the hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization with IC 50 values >300 nM for both.
  • the other three tested antibodies did not block hPK1- or hPK2-mediated calcium mobilization of 293/MfPROKR2 cells under these assay conditions.
  • PROKR1 prokineticin receptor 1
  • PROKR2 prokineticin receptor 2
  • PK1 prokineticin 1
  • PK2 prokineticin 2
  • CHO cells were modified for inducible expression of either human PROKR1 (CHO/hPROKR1), human PROKR2 (CHO/hPROKR2), mouse PROKR1 (CHO/mPROKR1), or mouse PROKR2 (CHO/mPROKR2).
  • the PROKR-expressing cell lines were generated and maintained in complete growth medium [DME High Glucose (Irvine Scientific, #9033), 10% fetal bovine serum (Irvine Scientific, #3000A), 1% penicillin/streptomycin/glutamine (GIBCO, #10378), and 500 ⁇ g/mL G418 (GIBCO, #11811-098)].
  • CHO cell lines were grown in the presence of 0.5 mg/mL doxycycline for 16 to 24 hours. Non-induced cells were handled in an identical manner, but in the absence of doxycycline. As determined by FACS, PROKR surface staining was present on CHO cells even in the absence of the inducer, but at a lower level than in the presence of the inducer.
  • Intracellular calcium levels were measured using a Fluo-4 NW Calcium Assay Kit (Invitrogen, #F36206) as per the manufacturer's specifications.
  • CHO cell lines were grown in the presence or absence of doxycycline. Cells were then seeded in 96 well assay plates at 125,000 cells per well in Fluo-4 NM assay buffer, incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 , and an equivalent volume of Fluo-4 NW kit assay buffer plus calcium indicator dye was then added to each well.
  • anti-human PROKR antibodies were added to the cells at final concentrations ranging from 1.0 pM to 1.3 nM and incubated for 1 hour (30 minute incubation at 37° C. followed by 30 minute incubation at room temperature). Constant concentrations of hPK1 or hPK2 (as shown in the corresponding figures) were then added to cells that had been pre-incubated with antibody, and relative fluorescence units (RFU) were measured every second for at least 50 seconds using FLIPR Tetra (Molecular Devices).
  • REU relative fluorescence units
  • each ligand was added to cells without antibody at concentrations ranging from 10 pM to 300 nM, and RFU were measured as for the antibody inhibition curves.
  • the max-min RFU was calculated for each concentration and EC 50 /IC 50 values were determined from a four-parameter logistic equation over an 8 or 12-point response curve (Graph Pad Prism).
  • Ligand EC 50 values or mean EC 50 values ( ⁇ SEM) are shown in Table 9.
  • Ligand EC 50 (nM) Cell line hPK1 hPK2 CHO/hPROKR1 (non-induced) 48 ( ⁇ 14.3) 1.4 ( ⁇ 0.58) CHO/hPROKR1 (induced) 2.0 ( ⁇ 0.82) 1.6 ( ⁇ 0.96) CHO/hPROKR2 (induced) 40 ( ⁇ 34.95) 9.8 ( ⁇ 9.4) CHO/mPROKR1 (non-induced) 8.3 0.8 CHO/mPROKR1 (induced) 1.5 9.6 CHO/mPROKR2 (non-induced) 112 18 CHO/mPROKR2 (induced) 4.5 2.2
  • mice in which the coding sequence of the mouse Prokr1 gene was replaced with the corresponding human PROKR1 sequence, were used in this experiment (mixed male and female, 21-31 weeks of age). Separate cohorts of mice received 30 mg/kg (s.c.) of an isotype control antibody, 30 mg/kg (s.c.) of H4H6385N, or no injection. DSS administration was initiated 24 hours after antibody dosing. All mice were then tested in an automated open field apparatus (Kinder Scientific SmartFrame, Poway, Calif.).
  • mice treated with the exemplary anti-PROKR antibody H4H6385N prior to DSS administration exhibited improved open field behaviors (i.e., reduced immobility, increased total distance, and increased rearing) as compared to untreated and isotype control-treated mice subjected to equivalent DSS administration conditions.

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