Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
  • C07D263/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D263/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D263/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D263/48—Nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• This invention relates to compounds that inhibit or modulate the activity of JAK kinases, in particular TYK2 kinase, and to the use of the compounds in the treatment or prophylaxis of disease states or conditions mediated by the kinases.
• Protein kinases constitute a large family of structurally related enzymes that are responsible for the control of a wide variety of signal transduction processes within the cell (Hardie and Hanks (1995) The Protein Kinase Facts Book. I and II , Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).
• the kinases may be categorized into families by the substrates they phosphorylate (e.g., protein-tyrosine, protein-serine/threonine, lipids, etc.). Sequence motifs have been identified that generally correspond to each of these kinase families (e.g., Hanks and Hunter, FASEB J., (1995) 9.
• Protein kinases may be characterized by their regulation mechanisms. These mechanisms include, for example, autophosphorylation, transphosphorylation by other kinases, protein-protein interactions, protein-lipid interactions, and protein-polynucleotide interactions. An individual protein kinase may be regulated by more than one mechanism.
• Kinases regulate many different cell processes including, but not limited to, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, motility, transcription, translation and other signalling processes, by adding phosphate groups to target proteins. These phosphorylation events act as molecular on/off switches that can modulate or regulate the target protein biological function. Phosphorylation of target proteins occurs in response to a variety of extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, growth and differentiation factors, etc.), cell cycle events, environmental or nutritional stresses, etc. The appropriate protein kinase functions in signalling pathways to activate or inactivate (either directly or indirectly), for example, a metabolic enzyme, regulatory protein, receptor, cytoskeletal protein, ion channel or pump, or transcription factor.
• Uncontrolled signalling due to defective control of protein phosphorylation has been implicated in a number of diseases, including, for example, inflammation, cancer, allergy/asthma, disease and conditions of the immune system, disease and conditions of the central nervous system, and angiogenesis.
• the Janus kinase (JAK) family is a family of intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases, ranging in size from 120-140 kDa, that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway.
• the JAK family plays a role in the cytokine-dependent regulation of proliferation and function of cells involved in immune response.
• JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 are ubiquitously expressed whereas JAK3 is expressed in the myeloid and lymphoid lineages.
• the JAK family members are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that associate with many hematopoietin cytokines, receptor tyrosine kinases and GPCR's.
• Each JAK kinase protein has a kinase domain and a catalytically inactive pseudo-kinase domain.
• the JAK proteins bind to cytokine receptors through their amino-terminal FERM (Band-4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domains. After the binding of cytokines to their receptors, JAKs are activated and phosphorylate the receptors, thereby creating docking sites for signalling molecules, especially for members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family (Yamaoka et al, 2004. The Janus kinases (Jaks). Genome Biology 5(12): 253).
• JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2 are ubiquitously expressed.
• the role of TYK2 in the biological response to cytokines has been characterized using a mutant human cell line that was resistant to the effects of Type I interferons (IFNs) and by demonstrating that IFNa responsiveness could be restored by genetic complementation of TYK2 (Velazquez et al, 1992. Cell 70, 313-322). Further in vitro studies have implicated TYK2 in the signalling pathways of multiple other cytokines involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, analysis of TYK2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice revealed less profound immunological defects than were anticipated (Karaghiosoff et al, 2000.
• TYK2 deficient mice display merely reduced responsiveness to IFN ⁇ / ⁇ and signal normally to interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), both of which activate TYK2 in vitro.
• IL-6 interleukin 6
• IL-10 interleukin 10
• TYK2 was shown to be essential for IL-12 signalling with the absence of TYK2 resulting in defective STAT4 activation and the failure of T cells from these mice to differentiate into IFN ⁇ -producing Th1 cells. Consistent with the involvement of TYK2 in mediating the biological effects of Type IFNs and IL-12, TYK2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice were more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections.
• HIES primary immunodeficiency hyper-IgE syndrome
• cytokine signalling defects could be responsible for many of the clinical manifestations described, for example atopic dermatitis and elevated IgE levels (enhanced Th2), increased incidence of viral infections (IFN defect), infection with intracellular bacteria (IL-12/Th1 defect) and extracellular bacteria (IL-6 and IL-23/Th17 defect).
• IFN defect increased incidence of viral infections
• IL-12/Th1 defect infection with intracellular bacteria
• IL-6 and IL-23/Th17 defect extracellular bacteria
• TYK2 variants are associated with protection against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (TYK2 rs2304256 and rsl2720270, NASAdsson et al, 2005. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76, 528-537; Graham et al, 2007. Rheumatology 46, 927-930; Hellquist et al, 2009. J. Rheumatol. 36, 1631-1638; Jarvinen et al, 2010. Exp. Dermatol. 19, 123-131) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (rs34536443, Ban et al, 2009. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17, 1309-1313; Mero et al, 2009.
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• mice resistance was accompanied by a lack of CD4 T cells infiltrating the spinal cord, a failure to signal through IL-12R and IL-23R and hence the inability to upregulate encephalitogenic levels of IFN ⁇ and IL-17.
• TYK2 plays essential roles in both innate and adaptive immunity.
• a lack of TYK2 expression manifests in the attenuated signalling of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and a profound imbalance in T helper cell differentiation.
• evidence from genetic association studies supports that TYK2 is a shared autoimmune disease susceptibility gene. Taken together, these reasons suggest TYK2 as a target for the treatment of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
• TYK2 kinase Overexpression of TYK2 kinase has been implicated in the development of some disease states. For example, elevated levels of TYK2 were found in patients suffering from progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis (Schischmanoff et al., Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse., 2006, 23(2), 101-7).
• JAK family inhibitors have been reported in the literature which may be useful in the medical field (Ghoreschi et al, 2009. Immunol Rev, 228:273-287). It is expected that a selective TYK2 inhibitor that inhibits TYK2 with greater potency than JAK2 may have advantageous therapeutic properties, because inhibition of JAK2 can cause anemia (Ghoreschi et al, 2009. Nature Immunol. 4, 356-360).
• an object of the present invention is to provide a new class of compounds as TYK2 inhibitors which preferably show selectivity over JAK2 and may be effective in the treatment or prophylaxis of disorders associated with TYK2.
• WO2012/000970 discloses a series of triazolopyridines as TYK2 kinase inhibitors.
• WO2011/113802 discloses a series of imidazopyridines as TYK2 kinase inhibitors.
• the properties of JAK kinases and their relevance as therapeutic targets are also disclosed in WO2008/156726, WO2009/155156, WO2010/005841 and WO2010/011375, all in the name of Merck.
• WO2010/055304 discloses a family of substituted oxazole carboxamides for use in the prophylaxis or treatment of autoimmune diseases and in particular multiple sclerosis.
• the compounds disclosed in WO2010/055304 are described as being FLT3 kinase inhibitors.
• the kinase inhibiting effect of oxazole carboxamides is also disclosed in International patent application WO2008/139161 (Sareum).
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting a TYK2 kinase, which method comprises bringing into contact with the TYK2 kinase an effective TYK2 kinase-inhibiting amount of a compound having the formula (0):
• n 0, 1 or 2
• Ar 1 is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, thienyl and furanyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, hydroxyl-C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-4 alkoxy, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkenyloxy, C 2-4 alkynyl, C 2-4 alkynyloxy, cyano, C 1-4 alkanoyl, hydroxy and C 1-4 alkanoyloxy, wherein the C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy moieties are each optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms; Q 1 is selected from C( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) and SO 2 ; A is absent or is NR 2 ; R
• n may be selected from 0 and 1 (Embodiment 1.0A), or n may be 0 (Embodiment 1.0B) or n may be 1 (Embodiment 1.0C).
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting a TYK2 kinase, which method comprises bringing into contact with the TYK2 kinase an effective TYK2 kinase-inhibiting amount of a compound having the formula (1):
• Ar 1 is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, thienyl and furanyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, hydroxyl-C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-4 alkoxy, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkenyloxy, C 2-4 alkynyl, C 2-4 alkynyloxy, cyano, C 1-4 alkanoyl, hydroxy and C 1-4 alkanoyloxy, wherein the C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy moieties are each optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms; Q 1 is selected from C( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) and SO 2 ; A is absent or is NR 2 ; R 1 is selected from:
• Embodiments 1.2 to 2.26 and 3.1 to 3.3 Particular and preferred aspects and embodiments of the invention are set out below in Embodiments 1.2 to 2.26 and 3.1 to 3.3.
• Embodiment 1.6 A method according to Embodiment 1.6 wherein the optional substituents for Ar 1 are independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, hydroxy-C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-3 alkoxy, cyano, C 1-3 alkanoyl and C 1-3 alkanoyloxy, wherein the C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 alkoxy moieties are each optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• the optional substituents for Ar 1 are independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, hydroxy-C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-2 alkoxy-C 1-3 alkoxy, cyano, C 1-3 alkanoyl and C 1-3 alkanoyloxy, wherein the C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 alkoxy
• Embodiment 1.8 A method according to Embodiment 1.8 wherein the optional substituents for Ar 1 are independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, methoxyethoxy, cyano, acetyl, acetoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethyl and difluoromethoxy.
• the optional substituents for Ar 1 are independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, methoxyethoxy, cyano, acetyl, acetoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethyl and difluoromethoxy.
• Ar 1 is selected from unsubstituted phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 2-chloro-6-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-6-methoxyphenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl, and 5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl.
• the invention provides a novel group of compounds within formula (0) of Embodiment 1.0.
• the novel compounds per se of the invention are as defined in Embodiments 1.38 to 1.96
• R 7 is selected from chlorine and fluorine
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine
• n is 0, 1 or 2
• Q 1 is selected from C( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) and SO 2
• A is absent or is NR 2
• R 1 is selected from:
• non-aromatic hydrocarbon group refers to a structural group consisting of carbon and hydrogen and which does not have aromatic character.
• the non-aromatic hydrocarbon group can be acyclic or cyclic and can be saturated or unsaturated.
• the term covers alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups and combinations thereof.
• non-aromatic hydrocarbon groups can be substituted; i.e. a hydrogen atom may be replaced by another atom or functional group.
• non-aromatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings refer to both saturated and unsaturated ring systems provided that any such unsaturated ring systems do not have aromatic character
• bridged bicyclic heterocyclic rings refers to non-aromatic heterocyclic ring systems in which two rings share more than two atoms, see for example Advanced Organic Chemistry, by Jerry March, 4th Edition, Wiley Interscience, pages 131-133, 1992.
• the bridged bicyclic ring systems can be, for example, [3.2.1] bicyclic ring systems such as an 8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3-yl group, or [2.2.2] biyclic ring systems such as a quinuclidin-3-yl group.
• the compounds of formulae (0), (1) and (2) may be presented in the form of salts.
• the salts (as defined in Embodiments 1.97 to 1.99) are typically acid addition salts.
• the salts can be synthesized from the parent compound by conventional chemical methods such as methods described in Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, P. Heinrich Stahl (Editor), Camille G. Wermuth (Editor), ISBN: 3-90639-026-8, Hardcover, 388 pages, August 2002.
• such salts can be prepared by reacting the free base form of the compound with the acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media such as ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are used.
• nonaqueous media such as ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are used.
• Acid addition salts may be formed with a wide variety of acids, both inorganic and organic.
• acid addition salts include salts formed with an acid selected from the group consisting of acetic, 2,2-dichloroacetic, adipic, alginic, ascorbic (e.g.
• the salt forms of the compounds of the invention are typically pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, “Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 66, pp. 1-19. However, salts that are not pharmaceutically acceptable may also be prepared as intermediate forms which may then be converted into pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Such non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts forms, which may be useful, for example, in the purification or separation of the compounds of the invention, also form part of the invention.
• the compounds of the invention as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.100 may contain one or more isotopic substitutions, and a reference to a particular element includes within its scope all isotopes of the element.
• a reference to hydrogen includes within its scope 1 H, 2 H (D), and 3 H (T).
• references to carbon and oxygen include within their scope respectively 12 C, 13 C and 14 C and 16 O and 18 O.
• a reference to an alkyl group such as an ethyl group also covers variations in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the group is in the form of a deuterium or tritium isotope, e.g. as in an ethyl group in which all five hydrogen atoms are in the deuterium isotopic form (a perdeuteroethyl group).
• the isotopes may be radioactive or non-radioactive.
• the compound of any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.100 contains no radioactive isotopes. Such compounds are preferred for therapeutic use.
• the compound of any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.100 may contain one or more radioisotopes. Compounds containing such radioisotopes may be useful in a diagnostic context.
• Preferred solvates are solvates formed by the incorporation into the solid state structure (e.g. crystal structure) of the compounds of the invention of molecules of a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable solvent (referred to below as the solvating solvent).
• a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable solvent referred to below as the solvating solvent.
• solvents include water, alcohols (such as ethanol, isopropanol and butanol) and dimethylsulphoxide.
• Solvates can be prepared by recrystallising the compounds of the invention with a solvent or mixture of solvents containing the solvating solvent. Whether or not a solvate has been formed in any given instance can be determined by subjecting crystals of the compound to analysis using well known and standard techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGE), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray crystallography.
• TGE thermogravimetric analysis
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• X-ray crystallography X-ray crystallography
• the solvates can be stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric solvates.
• Particularly preferred solvates are hydrates, and examples of hydrates include hemihydrates, monohydrates and dihydrates.
• the invention provides:
• 1.103 A method or compound according to any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.102 wherein the compound of formula (0), (1) or (2) is in the form of a solvate.
• 1.104 A method or compound according to Embodiment 1.103 wherein the solvate is a hydrate.
• the compound of the invention may be anhydrous. Therefore, in another embodiment (Embodiment 1.105), the compound of formula (1) as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.102 is in an anhydrous form.
• Embodiments 1.0 to 1.37 there is provided a method of inhibiting a TYK2 kinase, which method comprises bringing into contact with the TYK2 kinase an effective TYK2 kinase-inhibiting amount of a compound having the formula (0) or formula (1).
• the inhibition of the TYK2 kinase may take place either in vitro or in vivo.
• the invention provides:
• the novel compounds of Embodiments 1.38 to 1.105 can also be used for inhibiting TYK2 kinase. Accordingly, the invention further provides:
• a method of inhibiting a TYK2 kinase which method comprises bringing into contact with the TYK2 kinase an effective TYK2 kinase-inhibiting amount of a compound having the formula (2) or a salt or stereoisomer thereof as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.38 to 1.105.
• 2.4 A method according to Embodiment 2.3 wherein the inhibition of the TYK2 kinase takes place in vitro.
• 2.5 A method according to Embodiment 2.4 wherein the inhibition of the TYK2 kinase takes place in vivo.
• the inhibition of TYK2 kinase preferably takes place in vivo as part of a therapeutic treatment of a disease or condition in which TYK2 kinase is implicated.
• the method of the invention is particularly applicable in the context of treating a disease or condition selected from an inflammatory disease or condition, an immunological disease or condition, an allergic disease or disorder, a transplant rejection and Graft-versus host disease.
• a disease or condition selected from an inflammatory disease or condition, an immunological disease or condition, an allergic disease or disorder, a transplant rejection and Graft-versus host disease.
• the method is also applicable in the context of treating sepsis and septic shock.
• the invention provides:
• the TYK2 inhibitory activity of the compounds of formulae (0), (1) and (2) can be made use of in treating autoimmune diseases.
• the invention provides:
• a method of treating an autoimmune disease in a subject in need thereof comprises administering to the subject an effective TYK2 inhibiting amount of a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2), as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.105, so as to inhibit TYK2 kinase in the subject and thereby block or reduce the extent of an inflammatory process associated with the autoimmune disease.
• EAE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
• TMEV-IDD Theiler's murine encephalitis virus-induced demyelinating disease
• MS multiple sclerosis
• treating and “treatment” as used herein in the context of multiple sclerosis include any one or more of:
• Symptoms of multiple sclerosis that may be eliminated or reduced in severity in accordance with the invention include any one or more symptoms, in any combination, selected from:
• the compound may be used in a prophylactic sense during periods of remission in order to prevent or reduce the likelihood or severity of relapses or it may be used to treat patients who are suffering from a relapse. Preferably it is used in a prophylactic sense.
• the compound of the formulae (0), (1) or (2) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be used as the sole therapeutic agent or it may be used in conjunction with other therapeutic agents such as steroids or interferons.
• the compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used as the sole therapeutic agent.
• the invention Whilst the TYK2 inhibitory activity of the compounds of formula (1) can be made use of in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, it can also be put to good use in the treatment of a range of other inflammatory diseases, as well as immunological and allergic diseases. Accordingly, the invention also provides:
• a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease is other than multiple sclerosis and is selected from an inflammatory disease or condition, an immunological disease or condition, an allergic disease or disorder, a transplant rejection and Graft-versus host disease wherein the disease or condition is susceptible to TYK2 inhibition which method comprises administering to the subject an effective TYK2 inhibiting amount of a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) or a salt thereof as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.105.
• diseases or conditions selected from: (a) skin inflammation due to radiation exposure; (b) asthma; (c) allergic inflammation; (d) chronic inflammation; (e) an inflammatory ophthalmic disease; (f) dry eye syndrome (DES, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca or dysfunctional tear syndrome); (g) uveitis (e.g.
• an autoimmune disease is a disease which is at least partially provoked by an immune reaction of the body against its own components, for example proteins, lipids or DNA.
• organ-specific autoimmune disorders are insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I) which affects the pancreas, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease which affect the thyroid gland, pernicious anemia which affects the stomach, Cushing's disease and Addison's disease which affect the adrenal glands, chronic active hepatitis which affects the liver; polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), celiac disease, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ankylosing spondylitis.
• PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome
• celiac disease celiac disease
• psoriasis inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• ankylosing spondylitis ankylosing spondylitis.
• Type I diabetes ensues from the selective aggression of autoreactive T-cells against insulin secreting beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans.
• RA Rheumatoid arthritis
• RA is a chronic progressive, debilitating inflammatory disease that affects approximately 1% of the world's population.
• RA is a symmetric polyarticular arthritis that primarily affects the small joints of the hands and feet.
• pannus In addition to inflammation in the synovium, the joint lining, the aggressive front of tissue called pannus invades and destroys local articular structures (Firestein 2003, Nature 423:356-361).
• IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
• Crohn's disease involves most frequently the terminal ileum and colon, is transmural and discontinuous.
• ulcerative colitis the inflammation is continuous and limited to rectal and colonic mucosal layers.
• definitive classification of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis cannot be made and are designated ‘indeterminate colitis’.
• Both diseases include extraintestinal inflammation of the skin, eyes, or joints. Neutrophil-induced injuries may be prevented by the use of neutrophil migration inhibitors (Asakura et al., 2007, World J. Gastroenterol. 13(15):2145-9).
• Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects approximately 2% of the population. It is characterized by red, scaly skin patches that are usually found on the scalp, elbows, and knees, and may be associated with severe arthritis. The lesions are caused by abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis and epidermis (Schon et al, 2005, New Engl. J. Med. 352: 1899-1912).
• Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
• Human SLE is characterized at early stages by the expansion of long-lasting autoreactive CD4+ memory cells (D'Cruz et al, 2007, Lancet 369(9561):587-596).
• Transplant rejection includes, without limitation, acute and chronic allograft rejection following for example transplantation of kidney, heart, liver, lung, bone marrow, skin and cornea. It is known that T cells play a central role in the specific immune response of allograft rejection. Hyperacute, acute and chronic organ transplant rejection may be treated. Hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes of transplantation. Acute rejection generally occurs within six to twelve months of the transplant. Hyperacute and acute rejections are typically reversible where treated with immunosuppressant agents. Chronic rejection, characterized by gradual loss of organ function, is an ongoing concern for transplant recipients because it can occur any time after transplantation.
• GVDH graft-versus-host disease
• Compounds of the formulae (0), (1) and (2) can also be used in the treatment of diseases or conditions characterized or caused (at least in part) by or associated with overexpression (elevated expression) of TYK2 kinase.
• overexpression elevated expression
• TYK2 kinase a disease which has been shown to be associated with elevated levels of TYK2 is pulmonary sarcoidosis.
• Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a relatively rare inflammatory disorder of unknown cause which typically develops in adults of 20 to 50 years of age. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterised by small lumps, or granulomas in the lungs, which generally heal and disappear on their own. However, for those granulomas that do not heal, the tissue can remain inflamed and become scarred, or fibrotic. Pulmonary sarcoidosis can develop into pulmonary fibrosis, which distorts the structure of the lungs and can interfere with breathing.
• the invention provides:
• 2.20 A method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease is one which is characterized or caused (at least in part) by or associated with overexpression (elevated expression) of TYK2 kinase, which method comprises administering to the subject an effective TYK2 inhibiting amount of a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) or a salt thereof as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.105.
• 2.21 A method according to Embodiment 2.20 wherein the disease or condition is pulmonary sarcoidosis.
• 2.22 A compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) or a salt thereof as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.105 for use in a method as defined in Embodiment 2.20 or 2.21.
• 2.23 The use of compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) or a salt thereof as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.105 for the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method as defined in Embodiment 2.20
• the activity of the compounds of formulae (0), (1) and (2) as TYK2 inhibitors can be measured using the assay set forth in the examples below and the level of activity exhibited by a given compound can be defined in terms of the IC 50 value.
• Preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds having an IC 50 value of less than 0.03 ⁇ M.
• An advantage of compounds of the formulae (0), (1) and (2) as defined herein is that they exhibit selectivity for TYK2 kinase compared to other kinases of the JAK family.
• the majority of the compounds of formulae (0), (1) and (2) exemplified herein have at least a tenfold selectivity for TYK2 compared to JAK2 and JAK3 and at least a fivefold selectivity for TYK2 versus JAK1.
• compounds of the formula (0), (1) or (2) as defined herein may have IC 50 values against TYK2 of less than 200 nanomolar (e.g. less than 50 nanomolar) and IC 50 values against JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 of less than 500 nanomolar (e.g. less than 200 nanomolar), but wherein the activity against TYK2 is greater than the activity against any of JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3.
• the compounds of formula (0), (1) and (2) can be prepared by the methods described in International patent application WO2008/139161 (Sareum): for example using the methods described in Examples Q-3, Q-14, Q-20, Q-21, Q-22, Q-25, Q-26, Q-27, Q-28, Q-29, Q-50, Q-51, Q-52 Q-53, Q-54, Q-55, Q-57, U-2, U-3, U-4, U-6, U-7, U-8, U-9, U-12, U-13, U-14, U-15, U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, U-24, U-25, U-26 and U-27 and methods analogous thereto. Methods for the preparation of compounds of the formula (2) are also set out below in the Examples section.
• the active compound While it is possible for the active compound to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical composition (e.g. formulation) comprising at least one active compound of the invention together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as carriers, adjuvants, diluents, fillers, buffers, stabilisers, preservatives, lubricants, or other materials well known to those skilled in the art, and optionally other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
• a pharmaceutical composition e.g. formulation
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as carriers, adjuvants, diluents, fillers, buffers, stabilisers, preservatives, lubricants, or other materials well known to those skilled in the art, and optionally other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject (e.g. human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• a subject e.g. human
• Each excipient must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.
• compositions can be in any form suitable for oral, parenteral, topical, intranasal, ophthalmic, otic, rectal, intra-vaginal, or transdermal administration.
• compositions are intended for parenteral administration, they can be formulated for intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous administration or for direct delivery into a target organ or tissue by injection, infusion or other means of delivery.
• Pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for oral administration include tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, lozenges, syrups, solutions, powders, granules, elixirs and suspensions, sublingual tablets, wafers or patches and buccal patches.
• compositions containing compounds of the formulae (0), (1) and (2) can be formulated in accordance with known techniques, see for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA.
• tablet compositions can contain a unit dosage of active compound together with an inert diluent or carrier such as a sugar or sugar alcohol, eg; lactose, sucrose, sorbitol or mannitol; and/or a non-sugar derived diluent such as sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, or a cellulose or derivative thereof such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and starches such as corn starch. Tablets may also contain such standard ingredients as binding and granulating agents such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, disintegrants (e.g.
• swellable crosslinked polymers such as crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose
• lubricating agents e.g. stearates
• preservatives e.g. parabens
• antioxidants e.g. BHT
• buffering agents for example phosphate or citrate buffers
• effervescent agents such as citrate/bicarbonate mixtures.
• Capsule formulations may be of the hard gelatin or soft gelatin variety and can contain the active component in solid, semi-solid, or liquid form.
• Gelatin capsules can be formed from animal gelatin or synthetic or plant derived equivalents thereof.
• the solid dosage forms can be coated or un-coated, but typically have a coating, for example a protective film coating (e.g. a wax or varnish) or a release controlling coating.
• a protective film coating e.g. a wax or varnish
• the coating e.g. a EudragitTM type polymer
• the coating can be designed to release the active component at a desired location within the gastro-intestinal tract.
• the coating can be selected so as to degrade under certain pH conditions within the gastrointestinal tract, thereby selectively releasing the compound in the stomach or in the ileum or duodenum.
• the drug can be presented in a solid matrix comprising a release controlling agent, for example a release delaying agent which may be adapted to selectively release the compound under conditions of varying acidity or alkalinity in the gastrointestinal tract.
• a release controlling agent for example a release delaying agent which may be adapted to selectively release the compound under conditions of varying acidity or alkalinity in the gastrointestinal tract.
• the matrix material or release retarding coating can take the form of an erodible polymer (e.g. a maleic anhydride polymer) which is substantially continuously eroded as the dosage form passes through the gastrointestinal tract.
• the active compound can be formulated in a delivery system that provides osmotic control of the release of the compound. Osmotic release and other delayed release or sustained release formulations may be prepared in accordance with methods well known to those skilled in the art.
• compositions for topical use include ointments, creams, sprays, patches, gels, liquid drops and inserts (for example intraocular inserts). Such compositions can be formulated in accordance with known methods.
• compositions for parenteral administration are typically presented as sterile aqueous or oily solutions or fine suspensions, or may be provided in finely divided sterile powder form for making up extemporaneously with sterile water for injection.
• compositions for parenteral administration may be formulated for administration as discrete dosage units or may be formulated for administration by infusion.
• formulations for rectal or intra-vaginal administration include pessaries and suppositories which may be, for example, formed from a shaped moldable or waxy material containing the active compound.
• compositions for administration by inhalation may take the form of inhalable powder compositions or liquid or powder sprays, and can be administrated in standard form using powder inhaler devices or aerosol dispensing devices. Such devices are well known.
• the powdered formulations typically comprise the active compound together with an inert solid powdered diluent such as lactose.
• a formulation intended for oral administration may contain from 0.1 milligrams to 2 grams of active ingredient, more usually from 10 milligrams to 1 gram, for example, 50 milligrams to 500 milligrams.
• the active compound will be administered to a patient in need thereof (for example a human or animal patient) in an amount sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
• the compounds of the formulae (0), (1) and (2) as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.105 will be useful in the prophylaxis or treatment of inflammatory diseases or conditions, immunological diseases or conditions, allergic diseases or disorders, transplant rejections and Graft-versus host disease. Examples of such disease states and conditions are set out above.
• the compounds will typically be administered in amounts that are therapeutically or prophylactically useful and which generally are non-toxic.
• the benefits of administering a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) may outweigh the disadvantages of any toxic effects or side effects, in which case it may be considered desirable to administer compounds in amounts that are associated with a degree of toxicity.
• the compounds may be administered over a prolonged term to maintain beneficial therapeutic effects or may be administered for a short period only. Alternatively they may be administered in a pulsatile or continuous manner.
• the compound of formula (0), (1) or (2) will generally be administered to a subject in need of such administration, for example a human patient.
• a typical daily dose of the compound can be up to 1000 mg per day, for example in the range from 0.01 milligrams to 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, more usually from 0.025 milligrams to 5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, for example up to 3 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight, and more typically 0.15 milligrams to 5 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight although higher or lower doses may be administered where required.
• an initial starting dose of 12.5 mg may be administered 2 to 3 times a day.
• the dosage can be increased by 12.5 mg a day every 3 to 5 days until the maximal tolerated and effective dose is reached for the individual as determined by the physician.
• the quantity of compound administered will be commensurate with the nature of the disease or physiological condition being treated and the therapeutic benefits and the presence or absence of side effects produced by a given dosage regimen, and will be at the discretion of the physician.
• the compounds of the formulae (0), (1) and (2) can be administered as the sole therapeutic agent or they can be administered in combination therapy with one of more other compounds such as steroids or interferons.
• a patient Prior to administration of a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) a patient may be screened to determine whether a disease or condition from which the patient is or may be suffering is one which would be susceptible to treatment with a compound having activity against TYK2.
• the invention provides:
• a method for the diagnosis and treatment of a disease state or condition mediated by TYK2 kinase comprises (i) screening a patient to determine whether a disease or condition from which the patient is or may be suffering is one which would be susceptible to treatment with a compound having activity against the kinase; and (ii) where it is indicated that the disease or condition from which the patient is thus susceptible, thereafter administering to the patient an effective TYK2 inhibiting amount of a compound as defined in any one of Embodiments 1.0 to 1.105 herein or any sub-groups or examples thereof as defined herein.
• a subject e.g. patient
• a diagnostic test to detect a marker indicative of the presence of a disease or condition in which TYK2 is implicated, or a marker indicative of susceptibility to the said disease or condition.
• subjects may be screened for genetic markers indicative of a susceptibility to develop an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
• the genetic marker can comprise a particular allele or single nucleotide polymorphism of the TYK2 gene which is indicative of susceptibility to an autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis (see for example Ban et al., European Journal of Human Genetics (2009), 17, 1309-1313) or an inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease (see Sato et al., J. Clin. Immunol. (2009), 29:815-825).
• the genetic marker can, for example, be a single nucleotide polymorphism in the TYK2 gene, or it can be a haplotype comprising a single nucleotide polymorphism in the TYK2 gene and a polymorphism in another gene.
• the diagnostic tests are typically conducted on a biological sample selected from blood samples, biopsy samples, stool biopsies, sputum, chromosome analysis, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, or urine.
• Example 1 (Example Q-3 in WO2008/139161) 13.5 90.2 234.7 404.8
• Example 2 (Example Q-25 in WO2008/139161) 14.6 78.2 146.6 418.8
• Example 3 (Example Q-26 in WO2008/139161) 5.3 47.6 95.0 359.0
• Example 4 (Example Q-27 in WO2008/139161) 13.8 65.6 109.0 387.2
• Example 5 (Example Q-20 in WO2008/139161) 9.2 88.6 112.1 218.9
• Example 6 (Example Q-51 in WO2008/139161) 25.0 192.4 297.1 471.6
• Example 7 (Example Q-54 in WO2008/139161) 9.8 201.5 261.0 419.3
• Example 8 (Example Q-53 in WO2008/139161) 12.9 201.0 267.5 408.5
• Example 9 Example 9
• the compounds of the formula (1) will be useful as therapeutic agents for treating a wide range of inflammatory, immunological and allergic diseases and conditions.
• Example 19 Example 20 Example 21 Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 Example 25 Example 26 Example 27 Example 28 Example 29 Example 30 Example 31 Example 32 Example 33
• the group R 1′ in formulae (11) and (12) is either a group R 1 as defined herein or a protected form of the group R 1 .
• Compound (14) is hydrolysed using lithium hydroxide to give the carboxylic acid Compound (15).
• Compound (15) can be prepared by the method of step a of Example U-1 of WO2008/139161 or methods analogous thereto.
• General Method B can be used to make compounds wherein NR x R y forms a cyclic amine such as a morpholino, piperazino or piperidino group or compounds wherein R x is hydrogen or a substituent and R y is hydrogen or a substituent.
• Novel compounds of formula (2) were tested in the TYK2 kinase inhibition assay and the other JAK kinase inhibition assays described above. The results are shown in Table 7 below.
• a tablet composition containing a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) is prepared by mixing 50 mg of the compound with 197 mg of lactose (BP) as diluent, and 3 mg magnesium stearate as a lubricant and compressing to form a tablet in a known manner.
• BP lactose
• a capsule formulation is prepared by mixing 100 mg of a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) with 100 mg lactose and filling the resulting mixture into standard opaque hard gelatin capsules.
• a parenteral composition for administration by injection can be prepared by dissolving a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) (e.g. in a salt form) in water containing 10% propylene glycol to give a concentration of active compound of 1.5% by weight. The solution is then sterilised by filtration, filled into an ampoule and sealed.
• a parenteral composition for injection is prepared by dissolving in water a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) (e.g. in salt form) (2 mg/mL) and mannitol (50 mg/mL), sterile filtering the solution and filling into sealable 1 mL vials or ampoules.
• a composition for sub-cutaneous administration is prepared by mixing a compound of the formula (0), (1) or (2) with pharmaceutical grade corn oil to give a concentration of 5 mg/mL.
• the composition is sterilised and filled into a suitable container.

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