Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/4035—Isoindoles, e.g. phthalimide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
  • A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
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  • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
  • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/2813—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/282—Organic compounds, e.g. fats
  • A61K9/2826—Sugars or sugar alcohols, e.g. sucrose; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/2853—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers, poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
  • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
  • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
  • A61K9/2866—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/06—Antigout agents, e.g. antihyperuricemic or uricosuric agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]

Definitions

• Drug substances are usually administered as part of a formulation in combination with one or more other agents that serve varied and specialized pharmaceutical functions. Dosage forms of various types may be made through selective use of pharmaceutical excipients. As pharmaceutical excipients have various functions and contribute to the pharmaceutical formulations in many different ways, e.g., solubilization, dilution, thickening, stabilization, preservation, coloring, flavoring, etc. The properties that are commonly considered when formulating an active drug substance include bioavailability, ease of manufacture, ease of administration, and stability of the dosage form. Due to the varying properties of the active drug substance to be formulated, dosage forms typically require pharmaceutical excipients that are uniquely tailored to the active drug substance in order to achieve advantageous physical and pharmaceutical properties.
• Compound A is a compound with anti-inflammatory activity in clinical development for the treatment of a variety of chronic inflammatory conditions. Pharmacologically, Compound A blocks the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) via inhibition of the phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) enzyme, resulting in an increase in cAMP in PDE4-expressing cells including monocytes, T cells, and neutrophils.
• cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
• PDE4 phosphodiesterase type IV
• Enzyme assay data using purified PDE4 enzyme from U937 human monocytic cells indicate that Compound A has a PDE4 IC 50 of about 74 nM.
• Compound A and methods for its synthesis are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,940, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• Compound A Due to its diversified pharmacological properties, Compound A is useful in treating, preventing, and/or managing various diseases or disorders. Thus, a need exists as to dosage forms of Compound A having advantageous physical and pharmaceutical properties.
• compositions of (+)-2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl]-4-acetylaminoisoindoline-1,3-dione (“Compound A”), or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof.
• diseases and conditions such as, but not limited to, cancer, pain, Macular Degeneration, a skin disease, a pulmonary disorder, an asbestos-related disorder, a parasitic disease, an immunode
• Compound A refers to enantiomerically pure 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl]-4-acetylaminoisoindoline-1,3-dione. Without being limited by theory, Compound A is believed to be (+)-2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl]-4-acetylaminoisoindoline-1,3-dione, which has the following structure:
• composition that is “substantially free” of a compound means that the composition contains less than about 20 percent by weight, more preferably less than about 10 percent by weight, even more preferably less than about 5 percent by weight, and most preferably less than about 3 percent by weight of the compound.
• stereomerically pure means a composition that comprises one stereoisomer of a compound and is substantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound.
• a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having one chiral center will be substantially free of the opposite enantiomer of the compound.
• a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having two chiral centers will be substantially free of other diastereomers of the compound.
• a typical stereomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80 percent by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20 percent by weight of other stereoisomers of the compound, more preferably greater than about 90 percent by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 10 percent by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, even more preferably greater than about 95 percent by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 5 percent by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, and most preferably greater than about 97 percent by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3 percent by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound.
• enantiomerically pure means a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having one chiral center.
• the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)” includes, but is not limited to, salts of acidic or basic moieties of a compound provided herein.
• Basic moieties are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
• the acids that can be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions.
• Suitable organic acids include, but are not limited to, maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succinic, acetic, formic, oxalic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, mandelic, cinnamic, oleic, tannic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, glycolic, glutamic, gluconic, glucaronic, saccharic, isonicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic acids, or pamoic (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate) acids.
• pamoic i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate
• Suitable inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, phosphoric, or nitric acids.
• Compounds that include an amine moiety can form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids, in addition to the acids mentioned above.
• Chemical moieties that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations. Examples of such salts are alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and, particularly, calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, zinc, potassium, or iron salts.
• solvate means a compound provided herein or a salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate.
• prodrug means a derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide the compound.
• prodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives of thalidomide that include biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues.
• Other examples of prodrugs include derivatives of thalidomide that include —NO, —NO 2 , —ONO, or —ONO 2 moieties.
• biohydrolyzable carbamate As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms “biohydrolyzable carbamate,” “biohydrolyzable carbonate,” “biohydrolyzable ureide,” “biohydrolyzable phosphate” mean a carbamate, carbonate, ureide, or phosphate, respectively, of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable carbamates include, but are not limited to, lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.
• biohydrolyzable ester means an ester of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters.
• biohydrolyzable amide means an amide of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl amides, ⁇ -amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides.
• the terms “treat,” “treating” and “treatment” contemplate an action that occurs while a patient is suffering from the specified disease or disorder, which reduces the severity of the disease or disorder, or retards or slows the progression of the disease or disorder.
• the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” refer to the prevention of the onset, recurrence or spread of a disease or disorder, or of one or more symptoms thereof.
• the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” contemplate an action that occurs before a patient begins to suffer from the specified disease or disorder, which inhibits or reduces the severity of the disease or disorder.
• the terms “manage,” “managing” and “management” encompass preventing the recurrence of the specified disease or disorder in a patient who has already suffered from the disease or disorder, and/or lengthening the time that a patient who has suffered from the disease or disorder remains in remission.
• the terms encompass modulating the threshold, development and/or duration of the disease or disorder, or changing the way that a patient responds to the disease or disorder.
• the term “about,” when used in connection with doses, amounts, or weight percent of ingredients of a composition or a dosage form, means dose, amount, or weight percent that is recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art to provide a pharmacological effect equivalent to that obtained from the specified dose, amount, or weight percent is encompassed. Specifically, the term “about” contemplates a dose, amount, or weight percent within 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.25% of the specified dose, amount, or weight percent is encompassed.
• stable when used in connection with a formulation or a dosage form, means that the active ingredient of the formulation or dosage form remains solubilized for a specified amount of time and does not significantly degrade or aggregate or become otherwise modified (e.g., as determined, for example, by physical methods such as visual inspection or analytical methods such as HPLC).
• compositions and dosage forms of (+)-2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl]-4-acetylaminoisoindoline-1,3-dione (Compound A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof.
• the dosage forms are suitable for oral administration to a patient.
• the formulations and dosage forms provided herein exhibit advantageous physical and/or pharmacological properties.
• kits comprising pharmaceutical formulations and dosage forms provided herein.
• methods of treating, managing, and/or preventing a disease or condition which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation or a dosage form provided herein.
• the formulations and dosage forms provided herein are suitable for oral administration, in particular, in the form of a tablet.
• the formulations and dosage forms comprise a core containing the active ingredient and non-functional film coating.
• a core formulation comprising Compound A.
• the core formulation comprises Compound A in an amount of about 0.5% to about 30%, about 1% to about 25%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 10% to about 15%, or about 5% to 15% by the weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprises Compound A in an amount of about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or 25% by the weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprises Compound A in an amount of about 10% by the weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprising Compound A further comprises one or more fillers, disintegrants and/or lubricants.
• the filler is lactose. In a specific embodiment, the filler is lactose monohydrate (e.g., Fast-Flo®). In one embodiment, the core formulation comprises lactose in an amount of about 20% to about 85%, about 30% to about 75%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 65% by weight of the total core composition. In one embodiment, the core formulation comprises lactose in an amount of about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 85% by weight of the total core composition. In a specific embodiment, the core formulation comprises lactose in an amount of about 60% by weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprises lactose in an amount of about 60% by weight of the total core composition.
• the filler is cellulose.
• the filler is microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., Avicel®).
• the core formulation comprises cellulose in an amount of about 5% to about 60%, about 10% to about 50%, about 15% to about 40%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprises cellulose in an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% by weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprises cellulose in an amount of about 26.25% by weight of the total core composition.
• formulations or dosage forms provided herein may contain two or more fillers.
• the disintegrant is croscarmellose. In a specific embodiment, the disintegrant is croscarmellose sodium (e.g., Ac-di-sol®). In one embodiment, the core formulation comprises croscarmellose in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, about 1% to about 5%, or about 2% to about 8% by weight of the total core composition. In one embodiment, the core formulation comprises croscarmellose in an amount of about 0.1%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% or 8% by weight of the total core composition. In a specific embodiment, the core formulation comprises croscarmellose in an amount of about 3% by weight of the total core composition.
• the lubricant is magnesium stearate.
• the core formulation comprises magnesium stearate in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.25% to about 5%, about 0.3% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 1%, or about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprises magnesium stearate in an amount of about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9% 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5% by weight of the total core composition.
• the core formulation comprises magnesium stearate in an amount of about % by weight of the total core composition.
• a core formulation comprising: Compound A at an amount of about 10% by weight of the total core composition; lactose at an amount of about 60% by weight of the total core composition; microcrystalline cellulose at an amount of about 26.25% by weight of the total core composition; croscarmellose at an amount of about 3% by weight of the total core composition; and magnesium stearate at an amount of about 0.75% by weight of the total core composition.
• color change e.g., fading
• This phenomenon is caused when lower molecular weight material used in the formulation diffuses to the surface under higher temperature and humidity conditions.
• excipients such as medium chain triglycerides, which are commonly used as plasticizers in film coatings can migrate or diffuse to the tablet surface causing the color change.
• the phenomenon is not always observed when lower molecular weight materials are used in formulations, i.e., presence of lower molecular weight materials may or may not cause blooming effect. It was discovered that interaction of a particular lower molecular weight material with other ingredients of the formulation, as well as the actual amount of the lower molecular weight material and other ingredients, are critical in assessing whether a particular formulation would exhibit instability in terms of change of color or appearance.
• the formulations or dosage forms provided herein do not comprise a lower molecular weight excipient that may diffuse to the surface of the composition.
• the oral formulations or dosage forms provided herein comprise a lower molecular weight excipient, but at an amount that does not trigger blooming effect.
• the oral formulations or dosage forms provided herein comprise a lower molecular weight excipient in the presence of other excipients in a way that blooming effect is not observed in connection with the resulting formulations or dosage forms. Consequently, formulations and dosage forms provided herein exhibit improved stability, particularly in terms of change of color or appearance.
• formulations for coating of tablets do not comprise medium chain triglycerides.
• the formulations may contain other various excipients such as, but not limited to, coating agents, binders, lubricants, stabilizing agents, plasticizers, adhesives, glidants, and/or diluents.
• the coating formulations provided herein optionally contain coloring agents. These excipients are well-known in the art.
• coating formulations that do not comprise medium chain triglycerides.
• the excipient is polydextrose.
• polydesctrose is polydextrose FCC.
• polydexrose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 26% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is hypromellose.
• the excipient is hypromellose 15cP.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 25% to about 40%, or about 30% to about 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is talc.
• talc is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 20%, about 3% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is maltodextrin.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 20%, about 3% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipients are one or more coloring agents, which can be useful in distinguishing dosage forms containing different amounts of active ingredient.
• coloring agents include, but are not limited to, iron oxides (e.g., red, yellow and black) and titanium dioxide. Appropriate coloring agents may be mixed to obtain a desired color of the coating formulation.
• two or more coloring agents can be used in coating formulations.
• the coloring agents comprise titanium dioxide and red iron oxide.
• the coloring agents comprise titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, and yellow iron oxide.
• the coloring agents comprise titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, and black iron oxide.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 35% by weight of the total coating formulation. In another embodiment, the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 35% by weight of the total coating formulation. In a specific embodiment, the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• a coating formulation comprising: polydextrose at an amount of about 26% by weight of the total coating formulation; hypromellose at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation; talc at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation; maltodextrin at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation; and a mixture of coloring agents at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is polydextrose.
• polydesctrose is polydextrose FCC.
• polydexrose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 26% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is hypromellose.
• the excipient is hypromellose 15cP.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 25% to about 40%, or about 30% to about 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is talc.
• talc is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 20%, about 3% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is maltodextrin.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 25%, about 1% to about 20%, about 3% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is triacetin.
• triacetin is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 25%, about 1% to about 10%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• triacetin is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• triacetin is present at an amount of about 4% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation. In another embodiment, the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation. In a specific embodiment, the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 27% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• a coating formulation comprising: polydextrose at an amount of about 26% by weight of the total coating formulation; hypromellose at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation; talc at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation; maltodextrin at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation; triacetin at an amount of about 4% by weight of the total coating formulation; and a mixture of coloring agents at an amount of about 27% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is polyvinyl alcohol.
• polyvinyl alcohol is present at an amount of about 20% to about 75%, about 25% to about 65%, about 30% to about 55%, or about 35% to about 45% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polyvinyl alcohol is present at an amount of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or 60% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polyvinyl alcohol is present at an amount of about 40% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is polyethylene glycol. In one specific embodiment, the excipient is polyethylene glycol 3350. In one embodiment, polyethylene glycol is present at an amount of about 5% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 15% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 25% by weight of the total coating formulation. In another embodiment, polyethylene glycol is present at an amount of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% by weight of the total coating formulation. In a specific embodiment, polyethylene glycol is present at an amount of about 20% (e.g., 20.2%) by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is talc.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1% to about 30%, about 3% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, or about 10% to about 15% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 15% (e.g., 14.8%) by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipients are one or more coloring agents.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 25% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• a coating formulation comprising: polyvinyl alcohol at an amount of about 40% by weight of the total coating formulation; polyethylene glycol at an amount of about 20% by weight of the total coating formulation; talc at an amount of about 15% by weight of the total coating formulation; and a mixture of coloring agents at an amount of about 25% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is lactose.
• lactose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 25% to about 40%, or about 30% to about 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• lactose is present at an amount of about 5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55% or 65% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polyvinyl alcohol is present at an amount of about 33% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is hypromellose.
• the excipient is hypromellose 6cP.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 25% to about 40%, or about 30% to about 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is polyethylene glycol.
• the excipient is polyethylene glycol 3350.
• polyethylene glycol is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.3% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 15%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polyethylene glycol is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polyethylene glycol is present at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is triacetin.
• triacetin is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 25%, about 1% to about 10%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• triacetin is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• triacetin is present at an amount of about 4% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipients are one or more coloring agents.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 27% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• a coating formulation comprising: lactose at an amount of about 33% by weight of the total coating formulation; hypromellose at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation; polyethylene glycol at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation; triacetin at an amount of about 4% by weight of the total coating formulation; and a mixture of coloring agents at an amount of about 27% of the total weight of the coating formulation.
• coating formulations that contain medium chain triglycerides and other excipients, yet do not cause blooming effect, e.g., changes in color or appearance under storage.
• medium chain triglycerides are present at an amount of about 0.1 to about 15%, about 0.5 to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, or about 1% to 3% by weight of the total coating formulation. In another embodiment, medium chain triglycerides are present at an amount of about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% by weight of the total coating formulation. In a specific embodiment, medium chain triglycerides are present at an amount of about 2% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is polydextrose.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 26% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is hypromellose.
• hypromellose is hypromellose 15cP.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 25% to about 40%, or about 30% to about 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 35% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is talc.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1% to about 20%, about 3% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is maltodextrin.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 25%, about 1% to about 10%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipients are one or more coloring agents.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 29% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• a coating formulation comprising: polydextrose at an amount of about 26% by weight of the total coating formulation; hypromellose at an amount of about 31% by weight of the total coating formulation; talc at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation; maltodextrin at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation; medium chain triglycerides at an amount of about 2% by weight of the total coating formulation; and a mixture of coloring agents at an amount of about 29% of the total weight of the coating formulation.
• medium chain triglycerides are present at an amount of about 0.1 to about 15%, about 0.5 to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, or about 1% to 3% by weight of the total coating formulation. In another embodiment, medium chain triglycerides are present at an amount of about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% by weight of the total coating formulation. In a specific embodiment, medium chain triglycerides are present at an amount of about 4% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is polydextrose.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 1% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 10% to about 15% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• polydextrose is present at an amount of about 13% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is hypromellose.
• hypromellose is hypromellose 15cP.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 10% to about 65%, about 20% to about 60%, about 25% to about 50%, or about 35% to about 45% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% or 60% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• hypromellose is present at an amount of about 44% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is talc.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1% to about 20%, about 3% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, or about 5% to about 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• talc is present at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• another excipient is maltodextrin.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 25%, about 1% to about 10%, or about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• maltodextrin is present at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipients are one or more coloring agents.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 10% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coloring agents are present at an amount of about 27% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• a coating formulation comprising: polydextrose at an amount of about 13% by weight of the total coating formulation; hypromellose at an amount of about 44% by weight of the total coating formulation; talc at an amount of about 7% by weight of the total coating formulation; maltodextrin at an amount of about 5% by weight of the total coating formulation; medium chain triglycerides at an amount of about 4% by weight of the total coating formulation; and a mixture of coloring agents at an amount of about 27% of the total weight of the coating formulation.
• a formulation comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; a filler; a disintegrant; and a lubricant, wherein compound A is present at an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight of the total composition.
• the filler is lactose and is present at an amount of about 20% to 85% by weight of the total composition.
• the composition further comprises cellulose as a filler and is present at an amount of about 10% to about 50% by weight of the total composition.
• the disintegrant is croscarmellose and is present at an amount of about 2% to about 8% by weight of the total composition.
• the lubricant is magnesium stearate and is present at an amount of about 0.25% to about 5% of the total composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition is coated with a coating formulation, wherein the coating formulation comprises one or more excipients, wherein the excipient is polyvinyl alcohol and present at an amount of about 35% to about 45% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is polyethylene glycol is present at an amount of about 20% to about 25% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipient is talc and is present at an amount of about 10% to about 15% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the excipients are one or more coloring agents present at an amount of about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• a formulation comprising (1) Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; at an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight of the total composition; (2) lactose at an amount of about 20% to 85% by weight of the total composition; (3) cellulose at an amount of about 10% to about 50% by weight of the total composition; (4) croscarmellose at an amount of about 2% to about 8% by weight of the total composition; and (5) magnesium stearate at an amount of about 0.25% to about 5% of the total composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition is coated with a coating formulation, wherein the coating formulation comprises: (1) polyvinyl alcohol at an amount of about 35% to about 45% by weight of the total coating formulation; and/or (2) polyethylene glycol at an amount of about 20% to about 25% by weight of the total coating formulation; and/or (3) talc at an amount of about 10% to about 15% by weight of the total coating formulation; and/or (4) one or more coloring agents at an amount of about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• the coating formulation comprises: (1) polyvinyl alcohol at an amount of about 35% to about 45% by weight of the total coating formulation; and/or (2) polyethylene glycol at an amount of about 20% to about 25% by weight of the total coating formulation; and/or (3) talc at an amount of about 10% to about 15% by weight of the total coating formulation; and/or (4) one or more coloring agents at an amount of about 25% to about 30% by weight of the total coating formulation.
• composition comprising the following:
• compositions and formulations provided herein can be presented as discrete dosage forms. Although a preferred oral dosage unit form is in the form of a tablet, other forms of dosage forms can also be employed. For example, it is possible to use the core formulation in connection with other forms of dosage forms such as a capsule or a caplet. In some embodiments, the formulation is in the form of a tablet.
• the formulations and dosage forms provided herein may be defined as compositions, formulations, or dosage forms that comprise Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, or clathrate thereof, at an amount that provides the potency of a specified amount of 100% pure Compound A.
• anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms including an active ingredient since water can facilitate the degradation of some compounds.
• water e.g., 5 percent
• shelf-life i.e., long-term storage in order to determine characteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations over time.
• shelf-life i.e., long-term storage in order to determine characteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations over time.
• pp. 379-80 In effect, water and heat accelerate decomposition.
• the effect of water on a formulation can be of great significance since moisture and/or humidity are commonly encountered during manufacture, handling, packaging, storage, shipment, and use of formulations.
• anhydrous pharmaceutical composition should be prepared and stored such that the anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anhydrous compositions are packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastic or the like, unit dose containers, blister packs, and strip packs.
• a method of preparing a solid pharmaceutical formulation including an active ingredient through admixing the active ingredient and an excipient under anhydrous or low moisture/humidity conditions, wherein the ingredients are substantially free of water.
• the method can further include packaging the anhydrous or non-hygroscopic solid formulation under low moisture conditions.
• compositions and dosage forms of Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, or clathrate thereof which may further comprise one or more secondary active ingredients. Certain combinations may work synergistically in the treatment of particular types of diseases or disorders, and conditions and symptoms associated with such diseases or disorders. Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, or clathrate thereof, can also work to alleviate adverse effects associated with certain second active agents, and vice versa.
• Specific second active compounds that can be contained in the formulations and dosage forms provided herein vary depending on the specific indication to be treated, prevented or managed.
• second active agents include, but are not limited to: semaxanib; cyclosporin; etanercept; doxycycline; bortezomib; acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa; azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa; bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin; bleomycin sulfate; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan; cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer;
• second agents include, but are not limited to: 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; argin
• second active agents include, but are not limited to, 2-methoxyestradiol, telomestatin, inducers of apoptosis in mutiple myeloma cells (such as, for example, TRAIL), statins, semaxanib, cyclosporin, etanercept, doxycycline, bortezomib, oblimersen (Genasense®), remicade, docetaxel, celecoxib, melphalan, dexamethasone (Decadron®), steroids, gemcitabine, cisplatinum, temozolomide, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, temodar, carboplatin, procarbazine, gliadel, tamoxifen, topotecan, methotrexate, Arisa®, taxol, taxotere, fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, xeloda
• examples of specific second agents according to the indications to be treated, prevented, or managed can be found in the following references, all of which are incorporated herein in their entireties: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,281,230 and 5,635,517; U.S. publication nos. 2004/0220144, 2004/0190609, 2004/0087546, 2005/0203142, 2004/0091455, 2005/0100529, 2005/0143344, 2005/0214328, 2005/0239842, 2006/0122228, 2006/0154880 and 2006/0188475.
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of pain
• second active agents include, but are not limited to, conventional therapeutics used to treat or prevent pain such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antihypertensives, anxiolytics, calcium channel blockers, muscle relaxants, non-narcotic analgesics, opioid analgesics, anti-inflammatories, cox-2 inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists or antagonists, immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids, hyperbaric oxygen, ketamine, other anesthetic agents, NMDA antagonists, and other therapeutics found, for example, in the Physician's Desk Reference 2003.
• conventional therapeutics used to treat or prevent pain such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antihypertensives, anxiolytics, calcium channel blockers, muscle relaxants, non-narcotic analgesics, opioid analgesics, anti-inflammatories, cox
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, salicylic acid acetate (Aspirin®), celecoxib (Celebrex®), Enbrel®, ketamine, gabapentin (Neurontin®), phenyloin (Dilantin®), carbamazepine (Tegretol®), oxcarbazepine (Trileptal®), valproic acid (Depakene®), morphine sulfate, hydromorphone, prednisone, griseofulvin, penthonium, alendronate, dyphenhydramide, guanethidine, ketorolac (Acular®), thyrocalcitonin, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), clonidine (Catapress®), bretylium, ketanserin, reserpine, droperidol, atropine, phentolamine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, acetaminophen, nortrip
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of macular degeneration and related syndromes include, but are not limited to, a steroid, a light sensitizer, an integrin, an antioxidant, an interferon, a xanthine derivative, a growth hormone, a neutrotrophic factor, a regulator of neovascularization, an anti-VEGF antibody, a prostaglandin, an antibiotic, a phytoestrogen, an anti-inflammatory compound or an antiangiogenesis compound, or a combination thereof.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, verteporfin, purlytin, an angiostatic steroid, rhuFab, interferon-2 ⁇ , pentoxifylline, tin etiopurpurin, motexafin, lucentis, lutetium, 9-fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16,17-1-methylethylidinebis(oxy)pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, latanoprost (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,348), tetracycline and its derivatives, rifamycin and its derivatives, macrolides, metronidazole (U.S. Pat. Nos.
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of skin diseases include, but are not limited to, keratolytics, retinoids, ⁇ -hydroxy acids, antibiotics, collagen, botulinum toxin, interferon, steroids, and immunomodulatory agents.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, 5-fluorouracil, masoprocol, trichloroacetic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, ammonium lactate, urea, tretinoin, isotretinoin, antibiotics, collagen, botulinum toxin, interferon, corticosteroid, transretinoic acid and collagens such as human placental collagen, animal placental collagen, Dermalogen, AlloDerm, Fascia, Cymetra, Autologen, Zyderm, Zyplast, Resoplast, and Isolagen.
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of pulmonary hepertension and related disorders include, but are not limited to, anticoagulants, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, prostacyclin analogues, endothelin antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g., PDE V inhibitors), endopeptidase inhibitors, lipid lowering agents, thromboxane inhibitors, and other therapeutics known to reduce pulmonary artery pressure.
• anticoagulants e.g., diuretics, cardiac glycosides, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, prostacyclin analogues, endothelin antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g., PDE V inhibitors), endopeptidase inhibitors, lipid lowering agents, thromboxane inhibitors, and other therapeutics known to reduce pulmonary artery pressure.
• warfarin (Coumadin®), a diuretic, a cardiac glycoside, digoxin-oxygen, diltiazem, nifedipine, a vasodilator such as prostacyclin (e.g., prostaglandin 12 (PG12), epoprostenol (EPO, Florae), treprostinil (Remodulin®), nitric oxide (NO), bosentan (Tracleer®), amlodipine, epoprostenol (Florae), treprostinil (Remodulin®), prostacyclin, tadalafil (Clalis®), simvastatin (Zocor®), omapatrilat (Vanlev®), irbesartan (Avapro®), pravastatin (Pravachol®), digoxin, L-arginine, iloprost, betaprost, and sildena
• prostacyclin e.
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of asbestos-related disorders include, but are not limited to, anthracycline, platinum, alkylating agent, oblimersen (Genasense®), cisplatinum, cyclophosphamide, temodar, carboplatin, procarbazine, gliadel, tamoxifen, topotecan, methotrexate, taxotere, irinotecan, capecitabine, cisplatin, thiotepa, fludarabine, carboplatin, liposomal daunorubicin, cytarabine, doxetaxol, pacilitaxel, vinblastine, IL-2, GM-CSF, dacarbazine, vinorelbine, zoledronic acid, palmitronate, biaxin, busulphan, prednisone, bisphosphonate, arsenic trioxide, vincristine,
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of parasitic diseases include, but are not limited to, chloroquine, quinine, quinidine, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, doxycycline, clindamycin, mefloquine, halofantrine, primaquine, hydroxychloroquine, proguanil, atovaquone, azithromycin, suramin, pentamidine, melarsoprol, nifurtimox, benznidazole, amphotericin B, pentavalent antimony compounds (e.g., sodium stiboglucuronate), interfereon gamma, itraconazole, a combination of dead promastigotes and BCG, leucovorin, corticosteroids, sulfonamide, spiramycin, IgG (serology), trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole.
• chloroquine qui
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of immunodeficiency disorders include, but are not limited to: antibiotics (therapeutic or prophylactic) such as, but not limited to, ampicillin, tetracycline, penicillin, cephalosporins, streptomycin, kanamycin, and erythromycin; antivirals such as, but not limited to, amantadine, rimantadine, acyclovir, and ribavirin; immunoglobulin; plasma; immunologic enhancing drugs such as, but not limited to, levami sole and isoprinosine; biologics such as, but not limited to, gammaglobulin, transfer factor, interleukins, and interferons; hormones such as, but not limited to, thymic; and other immunologic agents such as, but not limited to, B cell stimulators (e.g., BAFF/BlyS), cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5),
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of CNS disorders include, but are not limited to: opioids; a dopamine agonist or antagonist, such as, but not limited to, Levodopa, L-DOPA, cocaine, ⁇ -methyl-tyrosine, reserpine, tetrabenazine, benzotropine, pargyline, fenodolpam mesylate, cabergoline, pramipexole dihydrochloride, ropinorole, amantadine hydrochloride, selegiline hydrochloride, carbidopa, pergolide mesylate, Sinemet CR, and Symmetrel; a MAO inhibitor, such as, but not limited to, iproniazid, clorgyline, phenelzine and isocarboxazid; a COMT inhibitor, such as, but not limited to, tolcapone and entacapone; a
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of CNS injuries and related syndromes include, but are not limited to, immunomodulatory agents, immunosuppressive agents, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants, fibrinolytic agents, antiplatelet agents, antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, buspirone, amantadine, and other known or conventional agents used in patients with CNS injury/damage and related syndromes.
• steroids e.g., glucocorticoids, such as, but not limited to, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone and betamethasone
• an anti-inflammatory agent including, but not limited to, naproxen sodium, diclofenac sodium, diclofenac potassium, celecoxib, sulindac, oxaprozin, diflunisal, etodolac, meloxicam, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, nabumetone, refecoxib, methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine, gold salts, RHo-D Immune Globulin, mycophenylate mofetil, cyclosporine, azathioprine, tacrolimus, basiliximab, daclizumab, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, methyl salicylate, diflunisal, salsalate, ols
• an anti-inflammatory agent including,
• second active agent examples include, but are not limited to, a tricyclic antidepressant agent, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, an antiepileptic agent (gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, levitiracetam, topiramate), an antiaryhthmic agent, a sodium channel blocking agent, a selective inflammatory mediator inhibitor, an opioid agent, a second immunomodulatory compound, a combination agent, and other known or conventional agents used in sleep therapy.
• a tricyclic antidepressant agent a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• an antiepileptic agent gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, levitiracetam, topiramate
• an antiaryhthmic agent a sodium channel blocking agent
• a selective inflammatory mediator inhibitor an opioid agent
• a second immunomodulatory compound a combination agent
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, Neurontin, oxycontin, morphine, topiramate, amitryptiline, nortryptiline, carbamazepine, Levodopa, L-DOPA, cocaine, ⁇ -methyl-tyrosine, reserpine, tetrabenazine, benzotropine, pargyline, fenodolpam mesylate, cabergoline, pramipexole dihydrochloride, ropinorole, amantadine hydrochloride, selegiline hydrochloride, carbidopa, pergolide mesylate, Sinemet CR, Symmetrel, iproniazid, clorgyline, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, tolcapone, entacapone, physostigmine saliclate, physostigmine sulfate, physostig
• second active agents that may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or management of hemoglobinopathy and related disorders include, but are not limited to: interleukins, such as IL-2 (including recombinant IL-II (“rIL2”) and canarypox IL-2), IL-10, IL-12, and IL-18; interferons, such as interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-n1, interferon alfa-n3, interferon beta-I a, and interferon gamma-I b; and G-CSF; hydroxyurea; butyrates or butyrate derivatives; nitrous oxide; hydroxy urea; HEMOXINTM (NIPRISANTM; see U.S.
• interleukins such as IL-2 (including recombinant IL-II (“rIL2”) and canarypox IL-2), IL-10, IL-12, and IL-18
• interferons such
• Gardos channel antagonists such as clotrimazole and triaryl methane derivatives
• Deferoxamine protein C
• transfusions of blood, or of a blood substitute such as HemospanTM or HemospanTM PS (Sangart).
• Dosage forms provided herein can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy, but all methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with the excipient, which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
• the compositions are prepared by uniformly admixing (e.g., direct blend) the active ingredient with liquid excipients or finely divided solid excipients or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired presentation (e.g., compaction such as roller-compaction).
• compaction such as roller-compaction
• tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or non-aqueous techniques.
• a dosage form provided herein can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient as above and/or a surface active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• Encapsulation of the dosage forms provided herein can be done using capsules of methylcellulose, calcium alginate, or gelatin.
• the active ingredients and excipients are directly blended and loaded into, for example, a capsule, or compressed directly into tablets.
• a direct-blended dosage form may be more advantageous than a compacted (e.g., roller-compacted) dosage form in certain instances, since direct-blending can reduce or eliminate the harmful health effects that may be caused by airborne particles of ingredients during the manufacture using compaction process.
• Direct blend formulations may be advantageous in certain instances because they require only one blending step, that of the active and excipients, before being processed into the final dosage form, e.g., tablet or capsule. This can reduce the production of airborne particle or dust to a minimum, while roller-compaction processes may be prone to produce dust.
• roller-compaction process the compacted material is often milled into smaller particles for further processing. The milling operation can produce significant amounts of airborne particles, since the purpose for this step in manufacturing is to reduce the materials particle size. The milled material is then blended with other ingredients prior to manufacturing the final dosage form.
• the active ingredient's particle size is reduced to a fine powder in order to help increase the active ingredient's rate of solubilization.
• the increase in the rate of solubilization is often necessary for the active ingredient to be effectively absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
• the excipients should preferably provide certain characteristics which render the ingredients suitable for the direct-blend process. Examples of such characteristics include, but are not limited to, acceptable flow characteristics.
• a dry blend tablet formulation is the preferred way of making the tablets provided herein.
• the process for making the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention preferably includes the screening of the active ingredient and the excipient(s).
• the active ingredient is passed through a screen having openings of about 200 microns to about 750 microns.
• the active ingredient is passed through a screen with openings of about 200 microns to about 400 microns.
• the active ingredient is passed through a screen having openings of about 300 to about 400 microns.
• the screen openings vary. For example, disintegrants and binders are passed through openings of about 430 microns to about 750 microns, from about 600 microns to about 720 microns, or about 710 microns.
• Lubricants are typically passed through smaller openings, e.g., about 150 microns to about 250 microns screen. In one embodiment, the lubricant is passed through a screen opening of about 210 microns.
• the excipient and active ingredient are mixed in a diffusion mixer.
• the mixing time is from about 1 minute to about 50 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes, or from about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes. In another embodiment, the mixing time is about 15 minutes.
• the excipients may be admixed in a tumble blender for about 1 minute to about 20 minutes, or for about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, prior to mixing with the active ingredient.
• the pre-blend may optionally be passed through a roller compactor with a hammer mill attached at the discharge of the compactor.
• the lubricant is mixed with the pre-blend at the end of the process to complete the pharmaceutical composition. This additional mixing is from about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, or from about 3 minutes to about 5 minutes.
• the formulation mixture can be tableted (e.g., via compaction, compression, or molding) into the desired size and shape tablet using, for example, a tablet press or other conventional tableting equipment and standard techniques.
• the formulation mixture can also be optionally encapsulated into the desired size capsule shell using, for example, a capsule filling machine or a rotary tablet press.
• kits which comprise pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms provided herein are also provided.
• An example of a kit comprises notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
• diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, those disorders related to PDE4, TNF ⁇ , cAMP and/or angiogenesis and include diseases or disorders such as various inflammatory diseases, pulmonary diseases, autoimmune diseases and immunological diseases.
• diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, inflammation and various forms thereof, cancer, disorders associated with angiogenesis, pain including, but not limited to, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (“CRPS”), Macular Degeneration (“MD”) and related syndromes, skin diseases, pulmonary disorders, asbestos-related disorders, parasitic diseases, immunodeficiency disorders, CNS disorders, CNS injury, atherosclerosis and related disorders, dysfunctional sleep and related disorders, hemoglobinopathy and related disorders (e.g., anemia), tuberculosis and related disorders, PDE4/TNF ⁇ related disorders, infectious diseases, and other various diseases and disorders.
• CRPS Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
• MD Macular Degeneration
• diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, inflammation and various forms thereof, cancer, disorders associated with angiogenesis, pain including, but not limited
• exemplary diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, inflammatory, viral, genetic, allergic, skin, and autoimmune diseases.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, arthritis, HIV, hepatitis, acne, adult respiratory distress syndrome, bone resorption diseases, chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases, dermatitis, dematomyositis, cystic fibrosis, Lichen Planus, septic shock, sepsis, endotoxic shock, hemodynamic shock, sepsis syndrome, post ischemic reperfusion injury, meningitis, psoriasis, fibrotic disease, cachexia, graft versus host disease, graft rejection, auto-immune disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, Behcet disease, dermatitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory-bowel disease, rosacea, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythrematosus, ENL in leprosy, sarcoidosis, radiation
• the disease is psoriasis. In another embodiment, psoriasis is plaque psoriasis.
• the disease is arthritis.
• arthritis is psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis or acute gouty arthritis.
• the disease is a skin disease.
• skin disease is acne, dermatitis or dermatomyositis.
• dermatitis is atopic dermatitis or contact dermatitis.
• the disease is ulcerative colitis.
• the disease is Behcet's disease.
• the disease is Crohn's disease.
• the disease is sarcoidosis.
• sarcoidosis is chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis.
• the disease is uveitis.
• the disease is rosacea.
• the disease is Lichen Planus.
• provided herein are methods of treating, preventing and/or managing various other diseases or disorders using the compositions and formulations procided herein.
• diseases or disorders are provided in the following.
• cancer and precancerous conditions include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,281,230 and 5,635,517 to Muller et al., in various U.S. patent publications to Zeldis, including publication nos. 2004/0220144A1, published Nov. 4, 2004 (Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome); 2004/0029832A1, published Feb.
• cancers include, but are not limited to, cancers of the skin, such as melanoma; lymph node; breast; cervix; uterus; gastrointestinal tract; lung; ovary; prostate; colon; rectum; mouth; brain; head and neck; throat; testes; kidney; pancreas; bone; spleen; liver; bladder; larynx; nasal passages; and AIDS-related cancers.
• the compounds are also useful for treating cancers of the blood and bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma and acute and chronic leukemias, for example, lymphoblastic, myelogenous, lymphocytic, and myelocytic leukemias.
• the compounds provided herein can be used for treating, preventing or managing either primary or metastatic tumors.
• cancers include, but are not limited to, advanced malignancy, amyloidosis, neuroblastoma, meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, multiple brain metastase, glioblastoma multiforms, glioblastoma, brain stem glioma, poor prognosis malignant brain tumor, malignant glioma, recurrent malignant glioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, neuroendocrine tumor, rectal adenocarcinoma, Dukes C & D colorectal cancer, unresectable colorectal carcinoma, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, karotype acute myeloblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, cutaneous B-
• the diseases or disorders are various forms of leukemias such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia and acute myeloblastic leukemia, including leukemias that are relapsed, refractory or resistant, as disclosed in U.S. publication no. 2006/0030594, published Feb. 9, 2006, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference.
• leukemias such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia and acute myeloblastic leukemia, including leukemias that are relapsed, refractory or resistant, as disclosed in U.S. publication no. 2006/0030594, published Feb. 9, 2006, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference.
• leukemia refers malignant neoplasms of the blood-forming tissues.
• the leukemia includes, but is not limited to, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia and acute myeloblastic leukemia.
• the leukemia can be relapsed, refractory or resistant to conventional therapy.
• relapsed refers to a situation where patients who have had a remission of leukemia after therapy have a return of leukemia cells in the marrow and a decrease in normal blood cells.
• refractory or resistant refers to a circumstance where patients, even after intensive treatment, have residual leukemia cells in their marrow.
• the diseases or disorders are various types of lymphomas, including Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
• NHL Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• the term “lymphoma” refers a heterogenous group of neoplasms arising in the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems.
• “NHL” refers to malignant monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells in sites of the immune system, including lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver and gastrointestinal tract.
• NHL examples include, but are not limited to, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation, intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (ILL), diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDL), centrocytic lymphoma, diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (DSCCL), follicular lymphoma, and any type of the mantle cell lymphomas that can be seen under the microscope (nodular, diffuse, blastic and mentle zone lymphoma).
• MCL mantle cell lymphoma
• ILL intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma
• PDL diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma
• DSL diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma
• follicular lymphoma any type of the mantle cell lymphomas that can be seen under the microscope (nodular, diffuse, blastic and mentle zone lymphoma).
• diseases and disorders associated with, or characterized by, undesired angiogenesis include, but are not limited to, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, viral diseases, genetic diseases, allergic diseases, bacterial diseases, ocular neovascular diseases, choroidal neovascular diseases, retina neovascular diseases, and rubeosis (neovascularization of the angle).
• diseases and disorders associated with, or characterized by, undesired angiogenesis include, but are not limited to, arthritis, endometriosis, Crohn's disease, heart failure, advanced heart failure, renal impairment, endotoxemia, toxic shock syndrome, osteoarthritis, retrovirus replication, wasting, meningitis, silica-induced fibrosis, asbestos-induced fibrosis, veterinary disorder, malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, stroke, circulatory shock, periodontitis, gingivitis, macrocytic anemia, refractory anemia, and 5q-deletion syndrome.
• pain examples include, but are not limited to those described in U.S. patent publication no. 2005/0203142, published Sep. 15, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Specific types of pain include, but are not limited to, nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, mixed pain of nociceptive and neuropathic pain, visceral pain, migraine, headache and post-operative pain.
• nociceptive pain examples include, but are not limited to, pain associated with chemical or thermal burns, cuts of the skin, contusions of the skin, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tendonitis, and myofascial pain.
• neuropathic pain examples include, but are not limited to, CRPS type I, CRPS type II, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), reflex neurovascular dystrophy, reflex dystrophy, sympathetically maintained pain syndrome, causalgia, Sudeck atrophy of bone, algoneurodystrophy, shoulder hand syndrome, post-traumatic dystrophy, trigeminal neuralgia, post herpetic neuralgia, cancer related pain, phantom limb pain, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, spinal cord injury pain, central post-stroke pain, radiculopathy, diabetic neuropathy, post-stroke pain, luetic neuropathy, and other painful neuropathic conditions such as those induced by drugs such as vincristine and velcade.
• RSD reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• reflex neurovascular dystrophy reflex dystrophy
• reflex dystrophy sympathetically maintained pain syndrome
• causalgia Sudeck atrophy of bone
• algoneurodystrophy shoulder hand syndrome
• post-traumatic dystrophy trigeminal neural
• CRPS complex regional pain syndrome
• CRPS and related syndromes mean a chronic pain disorder characterized by one or more of the following: pain, whether spontaneous or evoked, including allodynia (painful response to a stimulus that is not usually painful) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated response to a stimulus that is usually only mildly painful); pain that is disproportionate to the inciting event (e.g., years of severe pain after an ankle sprain); regional pain that is not limited to a single peripheral nerve distribution; and autonomic dysregulation (e.g., edema, alteration in blood flow and hyperhidrosis) associated with trophic skin changes (hair and nail growth abnormalities and cutaneous ulceration).
• allodynia painful response to a stimulus that is not usually painful
• hyperalgesia exaggerated response to a stimulus that is usually only mildly painful
• pain that is disproportionate to the inciting event e.g., years of severe pain after an ankle sprain
• regional pain that is not limited
• MD and related syndromes include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. patent publication no. 2004/0091455, published May 13, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, atrophic (dry) MD, exudative (wet) MD, age-related maculopathy (ARM), choroidal neovascularisation (CNVM), retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED), and atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
• Examples of skin diseases include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2005/0214328A1, published Sep. 29, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, keratoses and related symptoms, skin diseases or disorders characterized with overgrowths of the epidermis, acne, and wrinkles.
• keratosis refers to any lesion on the epidermis marked by the presence of circumscribed overgrowths of the horny layer, including but not limited to actinic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, keratosis follicularis (Darier disease), inverted follicular keratosis, palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK, keratosis palmaris et plantaris), keratosis pilaris, and stucco keratosis.
• actinic keratosis also refers to senile keratosis, keratosis senilis, verruca senilis, plana senilis, solar keratosis, keratoderma or keratoma.
• borrheic keratosis also refers to seborrheic wart, senile wart, or basal cell papilloma.
• Keratosis is characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: rough appearing, scaly, erythematous papules, plaques, spicules or nodules on exposed surfaces (e.g., face, hands, ears, neck, legs and thorax), excrescences of keratin referred to as cutaneous horns, hyperkeratosis, telangiectasias, elastosis, pigmented lentigines, acanthosis, parakeratosis, dyskeratoses, papillomatosis, hyperpigmentation of the basal cells, cellular atypia, mitotic figures, abnormal cell-cell adhesion, dense inflammatory infiltrates and small prevalence of squamous cell carcinomas.
• Examples of skin diseases or disorders characterized with overgrowths of the epidermis include, but are not limited to, any conditions, diseases or disorders marked by the presence of overgrowths of the epidermis, including but not limited to, infections associated with papilloma virus, arsenical keratoses, sign of Leser-Trélat, warty dyskeratoma (WD), trichostasis spinulosa (TS), erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV), ichthyosis fetalis (harlequin ichthyosis), knuckle pads, cutaneous melanoacanthoma, porokeratosis, psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma, confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CRP), acrochordons, cutaneous horn, cowden disease (multiple hamartoma syndrome), dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN), epiderma
• pulmonary disorders include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2005/0239842A1, published Oct. 27, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include pulmonary hypertension and related disorders. Examples of pulmonary hypertension and related disorders include, but are not limited to: primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH); secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH); familial PPH; sporadic PPH; precapillary pulmonary hypertension; pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); pulmonary artery hypertension; idiopathic pulmonary hypertension; thrombotic pulmonary arteriopathy (TPA); plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy; functional classes I to IV pulmonary hypertension; and pulmonary hypertension associated with, related to, or secondary to, left ventricular dysfunction, mitral valvular disease, constrictive pericarditis, aortic stenosis, cardiomyopathy, mediastinal fibrosis, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, pulmonary venoocclusive disease, collagen vas
• asbestos-related disorders include, but not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2005/0100529, published May 12, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, mesothelioma, asbestosis, malignant pleural effusion, benign exudative effusion, pleural plaques, pleural calcification, diffuse pleural thickening, rounded atelectasis, fibrotic masses, and lung cancer.
• parasitic diseases include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2006/0154880, published Jul. 13, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Parasitic diseases include diseases and disorders caused by human intracellular parasites such as, but not limited to, P. falcifarium, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae, L. donovari, L. infantum, L. aethiopica, L. major, L. tropica, L. mexicana, L. braziliensis, T. Gondii, B. microti, B. divergens, B. coli, C. parvum, C. cayetanensis, E.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, meningoencephalitis, keratitis, amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, cyclosporiasis, microsporidiosis, ascariasis, trichuriasis, ancylostomiasis, strongyloidiasis, toxocariasis, trichinosis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, and dermatitis caused by animal schistosomes.
• immunodeficiency disorders include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2006/0188475, published Aug. 24, 2006. Specific examples include, but not limited to, adenosine deaminase deficiency, antibody deficiency with normal or elevated Igs, ataxia-tenlangiectasia, bare lymphocyte syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency, Ig deficiency with hyper-IgM, Ig heavy chain deletions, IgA deficiency, immunodeficiency with thymoma, reticular dysgenesis, Nezelof syndrome, selective IgG subclass deficiency, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, Wistcott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.
• CNS disorders include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2005/0143344, published Jun. 30, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, include, but are not limited to, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson Disease, Huntington's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis other neuroimmunological disorders such as Tourette Syndrome, delerium, or disturbances in consciousness that occur over a short period of time, and amnestic disorder, or discreet memory impairments that occur in the absence of other central nervous system impairments.
• CNS injury/damage and related syndromes include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2006/0122228, published Jun. 8, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• CNS injury/damage and related syndromes include, but are not limited to, primary brain injury, secondary brain injury, traumatic brain injury, focal brain injury, diffuse axonal injury, head injury, concussion, post-concussion syndrome, cerebral contusion and laceration, subdural hematoma, epidermal hematoma, post-traumatic epilepsy, chronic vegetative state, complete SCI, incomplete SCI, acute SCI, subacute SCI, chronic SCI, central cord syndrome, Brown-Sequard syndrome, anterior cord syndrome, conus medullaris syndrome, cauda equina syndrome, neurogenic shock, spinal shock, altered level of consciousness, headache, nausea, emesis, memory loss, dizziness, diplopia, blurred vision, emotional lability, sleep disturbances
• Atherosclerosis and related conditions include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. publication no. 2002/0054899, published May 9, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, all forms of conditions involving atherosclerosis, including restenosis after vascular intervention such as angioplasty, stenting, atherectomy and grafting.
• vascular intervention includes diseases of the cardiovascular and renal system, such as, but not limited to, renal angioplasty, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), carotid percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), coronary by-pass grafting, angioplasty with stent implantation, peripheral percutaneous transluminal intervention of the iliac, femoral or popliteal arteries, and surgical intervention using impregnated artificial grafts.
• PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
• PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
• PTA carotid percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
• coronary by-pass grafting angioplasty with stent implantation
• peripheral percutaneous transluminal intervention of the iliac, femoral or popliteal arteries and surgical intervention using impregnated artificial grafts.
• the following chart provides a listing of the major systemic arteries that may be in need of treatment, all of which are
• dysfunctional sleep and related syndromes include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. publication no. 2005/0222209A1, published Oct. 6, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, snoring, sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, sleep terrors, sleep walking sleep eating, and dysfunctional sleep associated with chronic neurological or inflammatory conditions.
• Chronic neurological or inflammatory conditions include, but are not limited to, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, chronic low back pain, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, radiculopathy, pain associated with cancer, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, visceral pain, bladder pain, chronic pancreatitis, neuropathies (diabetic, post-herpetic, traumatic or inflammatory), and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, bradykinesia; muscle rigidity; parkinsonian tremor; parkinsonian gait; motion freezing; depression; defective long-term memory, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS); dementia; postural instability; hypokinetic disorders; synuclein disorders; multiple system atrophies; striatonigral degeneration; olivopontocerebellar atrophy; Shy-Drager syndrome; motor neuron disease with parkinsonian features; Lewy body dementia; Tau pathology disorders
• hemoglobinopathy and related disorders include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. publication no. 2005/0143420A1, published Jun. 30, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, hemoglobinopathy, sickle cell anemia, and any other disorders related to the differentiation of CD34+ cells.
• tuberculosis and related disorders include, but are not limited to, those described in PCT publication no. WO 2010/093588, published Feb. 9, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to, pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB (remote TB lesions) such as, but not limited to, genitourinary TB (e.g., kidney TB), tubeculous meningitis, military TB, tuberculous peritonitis, tuberculous pericarditis, tuberculous lymphadentitis, TB of bones and joints, gastrointestinal TB, and TB of the liver.
• genitourinary TB e.g., kidney TB
• tubeculous meningitis e.g., military TB
• tuberculous peritonitis e.g., tuberculous peritonitis
• tuberculous lymphadentitis TB of bones and joints
• gastrointestinal TB gastrointestinal TB
• provided herein are methods of treating, preventing, and/or managing the symptoms associated with TB.
• Examples include, but are not limited to, cough, dyspnea, hilar lymphadenopathy, segmental atelectasis, swelling of the nodes, lobar atelectasis, pulmonary caviation, fever, unremitting headache, nausea, drowsiness, stupor, coma, stiff neck, weakness, and malaise.
• disorders related to TB often include other mycobacterial infections, symptom of which resemble those of TB.
• disorders include, but are not limited to, disorders caused by M. avium complex (MAC; M. avium and M. intracellulare ), M. kansasii, M. xenopy, M. marinum, M. ulcerans, M. leprae , and M. fortuitum complex ( M. fortuitum and M. chelonei ).
• disorders caused by these mycobacteria include, but are not limited to, pulmonary diseases, lymphadenitis, cutaneous diseases, wounds, and foreign body infections.
• treatment, prevention and/or management of other granulomatous diseases are also encompassed herein.
• diseases include, but are not limited to: infectious agents caused diseases such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcus, schitosomiasis, and leishmaniasis; allergic reactions caused diseases such as berylliosis; non-infectious agents caused diseases such as aspiration pneumonia and foreign body reaction; genetically caused diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease; and diseases of unknown causes such as sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease and cat-scratch fever.
• infectious agents caused diseases such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcus, schitosomiasis, and leishmaniasis
• allergic reactions caused diseases such as berylliosis
• non-infectious agents caused diseases such as aspiration pneumonia and foreign body reaction
• genetically caused diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease
• diseases of unknown causes such as sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease and cat-scratch fever
• TNF ⁇ related disorders include, but are not limited to, those described in WO 98/03502 and WO 98/54170, both of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to: endotoxemia or toxic shock syndrome; cachexia; adult respiratory distress syndrome; bone resorption diseases such as arthritis; hypercalcemia; Graft versus Host Reaction; cerebral malaria; inflammation; tumor growth; chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases; reperfusion injury; myocardial infarction; stroke; circulatory shock; rheumatoid arthritis; Crohn's disease; HIV infection and AIDS; other disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis and other arthritic conditions, septic shock, septis, endotoxic shock, graft versus host disease, wasting, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythr
• formulations, compositions or dosage forms provided herein in various immunological applications in particular, as vaccine adjuvants, particularly anticancer vaccine adjuvants, as disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2007/0048327, published Mar. 1, 2007, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference, is also encompassed.
• These embodiments also relate to the uses of the compositions, formulations, or dosage forms provided herein in combination with vaccines to treat or prevent cancer or infectious diseases, and other various uses such as reduction or desensitization of allergic reactions.
• Table 1 illustrates a batch formulation and oral dosage formulation for a core portion containing Compound A.
• the core formulation was prepared according to the weight percentage provided above.
• the value of Compound A assumes the potency of 100% w/w.
• the actual input weight was adjusted depending on the assigned purity and water content. Lactose was adjusted to maintain the batch weight.
• Tablets were coated with different color formulations based on the poly vinyl alcohol. (See Section 5.3, above). Color coating was applied to achieve 4% weight gain of core formulations. For some of the tablets, coating was continued with clear coating suspension to achieve a target of 1% weight gain (i.e., a total of 5% weight gain). Tablets were placed in open dish stability chambers under accelerated temperature and humidity conditions (40° C./75% RH) to assess color changes.

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