US20130009090A1

US20130009090A1 - Aluminum Etchant

Info

Publication number: US20130009090A1
Application number: US13/611,594
Authority: US
Inventors: Chun-Han Wu; Tien-Huat Gan
Original assignee: Securitag Assembly Group Co Ltd
Current assignee: Securitag Assembly Group Co Ltd
Priority date: 2010-11-09
Filing date: 2012-09-12
Publication date: 2013-01-10

Abstract

An aluminum etchant includes 3-30 wt % of hydrochloric acid, 4-20 wt % of sulfuric acid, 1-5 wt % of oxidizing agent, 0.5-2 wt % of surfactant, and water for the rest. The etchant can produce circuits of 200-25 μm wide on an aluminum foil or aluminum plate. The circuit has good quality. Therefore, the invention is suitable for miniaturized products that require higher precision.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation-In-Part application of Ser. No. 12/942, 974 filed on Nov. 09, 2010 and entitled “Aluminum Etchant”, now pending

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to an aluminum etchant and, in particular, to an etchant for aluminum foils or plates to render thin wires with high precision.
2. Related Art
Generally speaking, there are many ways to make RFID antennas. One method is etching. The required circuit pattern is produced by etching a copper foil or aluminum foil attached on a substrate such as PET or PI.
Currently, RFID manufacturers include Novatron, Savcor, and Shanghai Inlay. Their respective products are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, FIGS. 4A and 4B, and FIGS. 5A and 5B. Both sides of the wire in their products apparently are irregular and even rough. According to the scale in the figures, the wire width is about a few hundred μm, which is not suitable for compact devices.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show the results of using hydrochloric acid as the etchant. The wires are obviously rough and wide. FIGS. 7A and 7B and FIGS. 8A and 8B show the results of using copper chloride and sulfuric acid as the etchants, respectively. In generally, even though using these etchants for etching can produce thinner wires, sometimes there are still some breaks, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 7A. Or there is the problem of huge variation in width or high roughness, which is more apparent in FIGS. 6B and 7B. When the wire is too narrow, it may break and affects the signal quality. If the wire is too wide, then it is likely to touch adjacent circuits, also affecting the signal quality. Therefore, even if it is possible to etch thin wires, the quality is not good enough to avoid breaking or open circuits. It is still difficult to apply the existing techniques to most products.
Besides, aluminum etching is usually done by printing. The printing techniques include screen printing, intaglio printing, and flexographic printing. An anti-etching layer formed by photoresist ink directly prints a pattern on the surface of an aluminum foil. The thickness of the printing layer can be 5-25 μm. However, various printing processes have different effects on the printed pattern profile due to different printing qualities. Therefore, there may be such problems as breaking, open circuit, wire width stability, and edge roughness. After the printing is finished, places not covered by the anti-etching layer are processed using chemical wet etching. The etching chemical agent then continuously diffuses and reacts with aluminum.
In addition to printing, one can also make use of the optical lithography to define the pattern. This technique covers the anti-etching layer on an aluminum foil by coating a wet film or attaching a dry film, followed by the image transfer through exposure. This image transfer can render better graphic resolution and quality than printing. After the exposure defines the pattern, unprotected parts are removed by development. The developer can be Na₂CO₃, NaOH or K₂CO₃0.2-5.0%. The chemical wet etching procedure follows the removal, and the stripping procedure goes afterwards. The production is finished after the anti-etching layer is removed.
Currently, there are many obstacles in aluminum etching. It is extremely difficult to achieve the same quality and specification as copper wires. Although good quality can be obtained using dry gas etching in semiconductor manufacturing processes, the procedure and equipment are very expensive. Moreover, line widths in the range of 200-25 μm cannot be achieved through other methods.
Since aluminum is an amphoteric element in group 3A, it reacts in both acidic and alkaline conditions. It can be easily oxidized because of a low oxidation potential. The produced aluminum oxide is chemically stable for protecting aluminum. Nonetheless, this causes a difficulty in etching aluminum. Under a strong acidic or alkaline condition, the nonuniform rate of oxidation on the aluminum surface and the produced oxides result in cavitation in aluminum while etching. Moreover, the etching process also produces a large amount of hydrogen bubbles. These are reasons why one often obtains saw-like edges in aluminum etching. The etching effect is usually bad when the line width is smaller than 200 μm, so that the aluminum line edge is often irregular, thus affecting the circuit quality. Adding an active agent, on the other hand, usually produce black edges or abnormal shapes. When using hydrochloric acid as the base to make various kinds of etchants, there is the problem of sticking photoresist ink as the pH value gets too low, reducing circuit quality. Using etchants based on NaOH, one often encounters over-etching or floating films. These are the problems commonly seen in aluminum etching.
In the trend of compactifying modern electronics, the above-mentioned etching method for manufacturing RFID antennas has encountered some problems. That is, for smaller and high precision antenna designs, the current etching techniques are insufficient. It is therefore highly desirable to improve the method in order to make even smaller RFID antennas.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An objective of the invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems by providing an aluminum etchant, in order to perform high precision (200-25 μm line width) etching on aluminum. The circuit thus obtained has better quality. Using the invention, the RFID antenna can have a smaller size that is suitable for compact devices.
To achieve the above-mentioned objective, the disclosed etchant is used on aluminum with a thickness between 5 and 40 μm, while maintaining a line width between 200 and 25 μm. It comprises 3-20 wt % of hydrochloric acid, 4-20 wt % of sulfuric acid, 1-5 wt % of oxidizing agent, 0.5-2 wt % of the surfactant, and water for the rest. The function of the surfactant is such that the hydrogen bubbles produced by the etchant due to chemical reactions do not adhere to the aluminum. The etching path is not blocked by hydrogen bubbles. The etching rate can reach 10-30 um per minute. The etched lines have a line width between 200 and 25 μm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the following description and accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the invention, and wherein:

FIG. 1A is a photo of using the disclosed etchant in one composition to etch aluminum;

FIG. 1B is a magnified view of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2A is a photo of using the disclosed etchant in another composition to etch aluminum;

FIG. 2B is a magnified view of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C is a schematic view of forming aluminum oxide on the aluminum surface by etching;

FIG. 2D is a schematic view of the etching path being blocked by a hydrogen bubble;

FIG. 3A is a view of a Novatron's RFID product under a microscope;

FIG. 3B is another view of a Novatron's RFID product under a microscope;

FIG. 4A is a view of a Savcor's RFID product under a microscope;

FIG. 4B is another view of a Savcor's RFID product under a microscope;

FIG. 5A is a view of a Shanghai Inlay's RFID product under a microscope;

FIG. 5B is another view of a Shanghai Inlay's RFID product under a microscope;

FIG. 6A is a photo of using hydrochloric acid to etch aluminum in the prior art;

FIG. 6B is another photo of using hydrochloric acid to etch aluminum in the prior art;

FIG. 7A is a photo of using copper chloride to etch aluminum in the prior art;

FIG. 7B is another photo of using copper chloride to etch aluminum in the prior art;

FIG. 8A is a photo of using sulfuric acid to etch aluminum in the prior art;

and

FIG. 8B is another photo of using sulfuric acid to etch aluminum in the prior art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein the same references relate to the same elements.
Please refer to FIGS. 1A to 2B for embodiments of the invention. The following describes the first composition of the disclosed aluminum etchant. The aluminum etched by the disclosed etchant may be an aluminum foil or plate, of a thickness between 5 and 40 μm. The line width of the etched lines is maintained between 200 and 25 μm. This produces the desired RFID antenna, i.e. the antenna with the RF technology. The etchant comprises 3-20 wt % hydrochloric acid (HCl), 4-20 wt % of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), 1-5 wt % of oxidizing agent, 0.5-2 wt% of surfactant, and water for the rest.
Besides, the invention adopts the printed circuit board (PCB) method (i.e., steps of photoresist coating, exposure, development, etching, and photoresist removal) to etch an RFID antenna circuit. In other words, a pattern for the RFID antenna is first defined on photoresist through exposure and development, followed by etching with the disclosed etchant. The following lists steps before and after etching according to the invention.
Photoresist coating:

1. Use positive or negative, UV sensitive liquid photoresist designed particularly for the horizontal type roller coater. It is suitable for PCB etching, and has superior resolution and adhesion for preparing high precision PCB's.
2. Chemical composition: photosensitive acrylic resins.
3. Diluting agent: Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA).
4. Coating viscosity: 2,000±300 cps (25° C., B-type viscosity meter, probe no. 3).
5. Solid content: 39±2%.
6. Manufacturing conditions: speed 3.5 m/min.
- (1) Upper pressure 1.2 kg/cm², lower pressure 1.0 kg/cm².
- (2) Upper pressure 1.2 kg/cm², lower pressure 1.5 kg/cm².

Exposure:

1. High-pressure mercury lamp 5 KW/7 KW.
2. Parallel light source or random light source. Different optical energies affect the exposure time and pattern resolution.

Development:

1. Developer: Na2CO3/NaOH/K2CO3 0.2˜5.0%.
2. Temperature: 26˜50° C.
3. Pressure: 0.6˜2.5 Kg/cm².
4. Developing time: 25˜60 sec.

Etching:
Use hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, oxidizing agent and surfactant for etching. One can control the characteristics and proportion of the oxidizing agent and surfactant so that lines with a line width between 200 and 25 μm can still have good quality and performance. The etching rate can reach 10-30 μm per minute.
Photoresist removal:

1. Remove photoresist ink after etching.
2. Stripping solution: NaOH 1˜6%.
3. Temperature 35˜50° C. .
4. Stripping time 20˜60 sec.

Furthermore, based on the above-mentioned process, experiments are done using three different sets of numbers, as given in Table 1.

	TABLE 1

		HCl/H₂SO₄/oxidizing agent/
	No.	surfactant (wt %)

	1	6/19.2/2/1
	2	12/12.5/3/1.5
	3	20/5.5/1.5/0.5

	Water for the rest to make up 100 wt %

The use of the oxidizing agent mainly enables aluminum A to rapidly form aluminum oxide O on the surface. When the portion P of the aluminum A uncoated with photoresist is etched, the etchant can remove layer by layer the aluminum oxide O formed during the etching process on aluminum A (as shown in FIG. 2C). This increases the etching rate. After etching is done, the oxidizing agent further enables the aluminum A to rapidly generate aluminum oxide O to protect the surface of the aluminum A. Besides, the portion P of the aluminum A uncoated with photoresist is etched, the etched part has hydrogen bubbles B adhered thereon due to the chemical reactions of the etchant (FIG. 2D). The original etching path R is blocked, so that the etchant etches into the sides of the original etching path R. Therefore, the line width cannot be maintained between 200 and 25 μm. Consequently, the surfactant is added into the composition of the etchant, so that the hydrogen bubbles B do not adhere onto the aluminum A. Thus, the etching path is not blocked by the hydrogen bubbles B. The etching rate can reach 10-30 um per minute, while maintaining the line width at 200-25 μm.
Using these proportions, one can generally obtain lines shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, where the line width is about a few tens of μm. It is observed that both sides of the lines are smoother. The variation in line width is not large. And there is no break in the lines.
A second composition of the disclosed etchant comprises 1-20 wt % hydrochloric acid (HCl), 10-50 wt % phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), 1-5 wt % of oxidizing agent, 0.5-2 wt % of surfactant, and water for the rest.
As shown in Table 2, four different sets of numbers are used in experiments.

	TABLE 2

		HCl/H₃PO₄/oxidizing agent/
	No.	surfactant (wt %)

	1	4/49/5/1
	2	11/40/2/1.5
	3	18.7/32/1/1
	4	15.1/45/3/1.5

	Water for the rest to make up 100 wt %

Likewise, the composition of the second etchant also contains the oxidizing agent and surfactant to achieve the same effects as the first etchant. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the second etchant can also produce good lines of width a few tens of μm from etching. Again, both sides of the lines are smoother. The variation in line width is not large. And there is no break in the lines.
In summary, the new etchant disclosed herein can produce smaller line widths (e.g., 200-25 μm) on aluminum foils or aluminum plates. Moreover, the line quality thus obtained is much better than the prior art. There is no break or over-roughness. The width of line is generally uniform. Therefore, the disclosed etchant can be used to manufacture smaller, high precision RFID antennas for compact electronic devices.
The above-mentioned method of making aluminum circuit patterns can be applied to coiling soft circuits, electrodes, or other aluminum conductors. Utilizing the metal properties of aluminum, the aluminum foil can be attached to various soft substrates, such as PET and PI. Taking the aluminum foil as an example, its thickness ranges from 5 μm to 40 μm. The substrate thickness can go from 18 μm to 125 μm. The manufacturing process includes the roll-to-roll process, and uses the lithography or printing technique to define the required pattern.
Although the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, this description is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiments, as well as alternative embodiments, will be apparent to people skilled in the art. Therefore, it is contemplated that the appended claims will cover all modifications that fall within the true scope of the invention.

Claims

1. An etchant for aluminum with a thickness between 5 and 40 μm, comprising 3-20 wt % of hydrochloric acid, 4-20 wt % of sulfuric acid, 1-5 wt % of oxidizing agent, 0.5-2 wt % of the surfactant, and water for the rest, wherein the oxidizing agent enables the aluminum to rapidly for an oxide layer, the etchant removes the oxide layer, the surfactant functions to disallow hydrogen bubbles generated due to the chemical reactions to adhere onto the aluminum so that the etching path is not blocked by hydrogen bubbles, and the etching rate reaches 10-30 μm per minute while the etched lines have a line width within 200-25 μm wide.

2. An etchant for aluminum with a thickness between 5 and 40 μm, comprising 1-20 wt % of hydrochloric acid, 10-50 wt % of phosphoric acid, 1-5 wt % of oxidizing agent, 0.5-2 wt % of the surfactant, and water for the rest, wherein the oxidizing agent enables the aluminum to rapidly for an oxide layer, the etchant removes the oxide layer, the surfactant functions to disallow hydrogen bubbles generated due to the chemical reactions to adhere onto the aluminum so that the etching path is not blocked by hydrogen bubbles, and the etching rate reaches 10-30 μm per minute while the etched lines have a line width within 200-25 μm wide.