US20120167461A1 - Method and system for cleaning of and heat recovery from hot gases - Google Patents

Method and system for cleaning of and heat recovery from hot gases Download PDF

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US20120167461A1
US20120167461A1 US13/379,806 US201013379806A US2012167461A1 US 20120167461 A1 US20120167461 A1 US 20120167461A1 US 201013379806 A US201013379806 A US 201013379806A US 2012167461 A1 US2012167461 A1 US 2012167461A1
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water
stream
air
gas
condensate
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Jens Dall Bentzen
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Dall Energy Holding ApS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/06—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of coolers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D47/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases, air or vapours by liquid as separating agent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/82—Gas withdrawal means
    • C10J3/84—Gas withdrawal means with means for removing dust or tar from the gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/86—Other features combined with waste-heat boilers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
    • C10K1/02—Dust removal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
    • C10K1/04—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by cooling to condense non-gaseous materials
    • C10K1/06—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by cooling to condense non-gaseous materials combined with spraying with water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
    • C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
    • C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
    • C10K1/101—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids with water only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/008—Adaptations for flue gas purification in steam generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F23J15/027—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow using cyclone separators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/04—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material using washing fluids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2247/00—Details relating to the separation of dispersed particles from gases, air or vapours by liquid as separating agent
    • B01D2247/04—Regenerating the washing fluid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973—Water
    • C10J2300/0976—Water as steam
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/169—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with water treatments
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
    • F23J2219/40—Sorption with wet devices, e.g. scrubbers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
    • F23J2219/70—Condensing contaminants with coolers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/30—Technologies for a more efficient combustion or heat usage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/10—Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working

Definitions

  • This invention relates inter alia to a method and a system for cleaning of and heat recovery from hot gases, e.g. flue gas, produced in a thermal reactor, or—more specific—using water to cool and clean gases, released by thermal conversion (gasification or combustion) of fuels e.g. biomass, waste, coal, oils, gases or mixtures of these, by having three process steps:
  • hot gases e.g. flue gas
  • thermal reactor or—more specific—using water to cool and clean gases, released by thermal conversion (gasification or combustion) of fuels e.g. biomass, waste, coal, oils, gases or mixtures of these, by having three process steps:
  • the invention relates to methods and systems for
  • the invention may be seen as relating to handle particles in water which particles originates from e.g. a flue gas and has due to condensation of water vapours in the gas which occur when the gas is cooled to below the water dew point of the gas.
  • a flue gas e.g. a flue gas
  • Such approach contains the particles in water but leads to considerations as to how to dispose the water.
  • the present invention seeks to at least mitigate these problems in particularly in relation to a desire that the water needs to be cleaned before being discharged.
  • the invention may be seen as relating to converting solid fuel into gas by moisturizing the air/oxygen used in then thermal reactor as by moisturing the air slagging of ash and formation of NOx is reduced.
  • the present invention relates in certain aspect to systems and methods to make a clean gas by use of simple and cheap scrubbers and cyclones, and further to recover energy from the hot gas in a very efficient way.
  • Moisturising of air is known from e.g. PCT/DK2006/050049 disclosing that heat can be recovered from hot gas produced in a thermal reactor by injecting water into the gas at one or more injection zones in such an amount and in such a way that the gas temperature due to water evaporation is reduced to below 400° C., preferably below 300° C., possibly below 150-200° C., and the gas dew point becomes at least 60° C., preferably at least 70° C., possibly 80 or 85° C.
  • the gas can then be led through a condensing heat exchanger unit, where at least some of the gas contents of water vapour are condensed, and the condensing heat can be utilized for heating of a stream of fluid, mainly water.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4036606 A discloses a method and apparatus for cleaning gases, especially those generated by the pressurized gasification of coal, to remove impurities therefrom, especially tar, dust and salts, in which the gases are washed with a liquid, preferably water, in a scrubbing unit and the wash liquid is cleaned to yield a major clean liquid stream which is recycled by a circulating means to the scrubbing unit and a minor impurities concentrate stream from which the impurities are removed, in a separator unit.
  • the wash liquid is cleaned using a plurality of hydrocyclones which may be arranged in series or in parallel.
  • the liquid recovered from the impurities concentrate stream is returned to the scrubbing unit, although if the quantity of this liquid is equal to the quantity of liquid required for the de-salting of the wash liquid, no recovered liquid is returned to the scrubbing unit.
  • WO 2008/004070 A1 discloses a method of controlling an apparatus for generating electric power and apparatus for use in said method, the apparatus comprising a gasifier for biomass material, such as waste, wood chips, straw, etc., sais gasifier being of the shaft and updraft fized bed type, which from the top is charged with the raw material for gasification and into the bottom of which gasifying agent is introduced, and a gas engine driving an electrical generator for producing electrical power, sais gas engine being driven by the fuel gas from the gasifier.
  • a gasifier for biomass material such as waste, wood chips, straw, etc.
  • sais gasifier being of the shaft and updraft fized bed type, which from the top is charged with the raw material for gasification and into the bottom of which gasifying agent is introduced
  • a gas engine driving an electrical generator for producing electrical power
  • sais gas engine being driven by the fuel gas from the gasifier.
  • the present invention references and makes use of a number of units, methods, concepts and the like. Although these are believed to have been used in a manner being ordinary to a skilled person, some of those are elaborated below.
  • Stream of particles is preferably used to mean a flow of particles.
  • a stream of particles comprise typically but not exclusively a mix of a fluid (gas or liquid) and particles typically being solid particles and the fluid may in such cases be seen as a fluid carrying the particles along.
  • Examples of streams of particles are a water condensate containing particles and produced e.g. from exhaust gas in which cases the fluid is on liquid phase or an exhaust gas containing particles in which case the fluid is on gas phase.
  • Stream of water is typically used to mean a flow of liquid water.
  • the stream of water may contain other constituents than H2O and even contain particles.
  • Stream of moisturised air is typically used to mean a flow of air or oxygen in gas phase that has being moisturised.
  • the stream of moisturised air may contain other constituents than air, oxygen and water and even contain particles.
  • Condensate cooler is typically used to mean a device being adapted to extract energy from a condensate produced by a gas cooler.
  • Condensate coolers applicable in connection with the present invention are heat exchangers such as shell and tube or plate heat exchangers.
  • the gas cooler and the condensate cooler be integrated in one unit, where a warm dry gas enter the cooler and a cool gas and a condensate exit the cooler.
  • Particle separator may be referred to as a particle separation system and vice versa.
  • Particle separation system in its broadest scope is used to indicate that a particle separator may comprises a number of elements at different positions in a plant.
  • Particles such as solid particles and water-soluble particles are transferred from the gas to the water condensate while the gas is cooled below the water dew point.
  • two fraction of water condensate are produced: One water fraction with a high load of particles and one water fraction with a lower load.
  • the particle separation system can be integrated in one reactor such as the bottom of a scrubber with condensate, where the high load particle stream is collected by gravity in the bottom of the scrubber and the lower load particle stream leave the scrubber at a higher level.
  • the particle separation system can also consist of several reactors, such as a quench which have a high load of particles in the exit water, followed by a scrubber which have low load of particles in the exit water.
  • separation devises such as hydrocyclones, filters etc. can be used to separate the particle load into a dirty and a clean stream of water.
  • the dirty stream of water can be added to the fuel, or it can be used to moisturize the ash or can be cleaned somewhere.
  • the cleaner stream of water can be used for energy purpose such as cooled in a heat exchanger and/or used for moisturizing air for the thermal reactor.
  • Energy plants provide electricity, steam, hot water, cooling for domestic and industrial purposes.
  • the hot water can be used for heating purposes, e.g. in houses, apartment houses, offices, in industries etc. and for domestic water. Installations for such purposes are produced in very different sizes, approx. 1 kW-250 MW input effect.
  • the water is usually heated in a closed circuit and led to a point of consumption, after which the water is returned to the heat production unit after release of the thermal energy.
  • the water temperature usually is 60-90° C.
  • the temperature of the water returning to the heat-production unit after cooling at the consumer (return) is about 30-50° C.
  • the hot water can be produced close to the required locations or be sent to the consumer via a district heating network.
  • Thermal reactors for solid fuels Energy plants are often based on at thermal reactor (combustion or gasification) where fuel is decomposed by reacting with oxygen and thus releasing a hot gas containing N2, CO2 water vapours and in case of combustion O2.
  • Air for thermal reactors for solid fuels In a combustion reactor air is often supplied different places:
  • Some thermal reactors use moisturised air.
  • Moisturised air give certain advantages in the thermal reactor.
  • moisturised air results in better gasification properties: (Steam-Carbon reactions) and moisturised air lowers the temperature and hereby prevents ash sintering.
  • moisturised air result in lower NOx and slagging as temperature is reduced.
  • Gasifiers converts solid fuel into a gaseous fuel, which can be used for chemicals and/or used in a power machine such as internal combustion gas engine or turbines. In some cases i.e. internal combustion engines, a cold gas is desired. The colder the gas is the higher is the energy content pr. volume and thus the more power can a given engine produce. The restriction to cool the gas is normally:
  • Fuel flexibility The content and the composition of the ash can be very different for coal and biomass/wastes. It is a wish of many plant owners to be able to use various types of fuels. But thermal reactors have restrictions on the type of fuel to be used. These restrictions typically relate to:
  • Heating value of fuel The heating value of the fuel is strongly affected by the water content of the fuel, thus a specific thermal reactor seldom can use both dry and wet fuel.
  • Gas cooler is typically used to reduce the temperature of the gas.
  • a gas cooler can be a dry gas cooler when cooling the gas to a temperature above the water dew point, or the gas cooler can be a wet gas cooler, when the gas is cooled to a temperature below the dew point of water present in the gas.
  • gas coolers applicable in connection with the present invention are: Shell and tube coolers, radiation coolers, evaporative coolers, quench, scrubbers.
  • the hot gas produced in the thermal reactor is cooled in one or several gas coolers.
  • the gas contain water vapours and have a water dew point above the exit temperature of the gas cooler, then evaporative energy of the water vapours will heat up the gas cooler. This heat can be transferred to e.g. district heating water. In such cases the gas cooler will produce a condensate that needs to be disposed.
  • Impurities such as particles, salts, etc. in the condensate from a gas from a thermal production unit fired with solid fuel will normally need to be removed before disposal into the environment.
  • Gas cleaning Due to environmental concern impurities of the gas may or should be removed. Common cleaning technologies are:
  • bag filters and electrostatic filters are very effective towards particulate filtration, whereas cyclones and scrubbers typically are less effective, but also normally cheaper.
  • Scrubbers It is well known, that hot gases can be cooled from high temperatures (100° C.-1000° C.) to below 100° C. by injection of water into the gas. Such systems are normally called scrubbers.
  • the scrubber water circulating is normally not filtered or cleaned in any way.
  • the scrubber water can be neutralised e.g. with NaOH or lime. Normally, only the excess water, the produced condensate, is cleaned before it is disposed.
  • Energy recovery of scrubber water It is well known to recover energy of the circulating scrubber water i.e. to pre heat district heating water. When scrubber water is loaded with particles the scrubber-district heating heat exchanger may have a short lifetime as coarse particles erode the heat exchanger.
  • a quench is prior to the main scrubber. Such a quench can be installed in order to protect the following scrubber from too high temperatures.
  • the water from the quench is typically lead to the main scrubber and mixed with the water herein.
  • Ceramic membrane filters In a ceramic membrane filter a high flow of water with contaminants is flowing through the membrane. A small fraction of water is diffusing through the membrane and thus leaves the filter cleaned. The particulates and other impurities leave the filter with the main water flow. Such “filter principle” is not used in condensing scrubbers, as particles and other impurities are not separated from the system.
  • Hydro cyclones can be used to make a low stream (about 5-20%) of particle loaded water fraction and a high stream (80-95%) of cleaner water fraction. Hydro cyclones are not used in condensing scrubbers as the water fractions with the high particle load needs further filtration, and therefore are the hydrocylone not cost efficient.
  • Emissions Energy plants using solid fuels meet certain emission regulations, which are constantly being tightened. Typically particle emission, CO, NOx is regulated but also SO2, Chlorine, Dioxine, Heavy metals, furans can be regulated. There are different standards of measure emissions. In some particle emission standards salts are measured as particle emission. i.e. Danish standard MEL-02.
  • Air moisturisers can be used in connection with condensing scrubbers. Air moisturisers result in several advantages including higher energy out-put in condensing unit and better combustion/gasification properties in the thermal reactor:
  • the present invention provides inter alia an improved method and an improved system or installation for thermal conversion of solid fuels into energy, hereof at least part of the energy as hot water.
  • the present invention relates to a thermal plant comprising
  • the present invention further relates inter alia to a particle separation system of a a thermal plant according to the invention into which particle separator a stream of fluid (gas and/or liquid) which contain particles enters and where at least two streams of water are produced with different amount of water, where the stream with the smallest amount of water have the highest load of particles.
  • particle separator a stream of fluid (gas and/or liquid) which contain particles enters and where at least two streams of water are produced with different amount of water, where the stream with the smallest amount of water have the highest load of particles.
  • the present invention further relates inter alia to an air moisturizing system of a thermal plant according to the invention , the moisturising system being adapted to produce a first and a second stream of moisturised air, wherein moisturise the first stream of moisturised air has a higher absolute water content, measured in kg H2O per m3 dry air, than the water content of the second stream of moisturised air.
  • the present invention further relates inter alia to a gasification system for gasification of fuels of a thermal plant according to the invention, the gasification system comprising
  • air is preferably used in the sense of atmospheric air and in general an oxygen containing gas, and even a gas consisting mainly of oxygen such 99.9%.
  • the invention may in some aspect and preferred embodiments make use of number of device and some of such device and their use is further disclosed in the following. Further embodiments and aspects are presented in the claims as well.
  • one or several hydro cyclones may be placed upstream to the heat exchanger which cools the condensate from the quench and/or the gas scrubber.
  • the lifetime of the heat exchanger will be extended considerably and the cleaning efficiency of the scrubber will be increased.
  • the collected particles may be lead to the ash and or to the fuel and/or to somewhere else, e.g. a disposal site.
  • a double air moisturisers may be used, preferably in a configuration where:
  • a high flow membrane filter may be used to clean the excess condensate produced in the system before it is being disposed into the environment.
  • the particles may preferably be circulated to the ash and/or the fuel and/or disposed other places.
  • a Quench with a dirty water outlet, a condensing gas cooler with a clean warm water outlet and an air moisturiser may advantageously be used.
  • the quench may collect the most particles, salts and acids.
  • the quench water may be disposed of the scrubber system to the fuel/ash/other place.
  • the warm water of the condensing gas cooler may be cooled in a heat exchanger which produces heat that can be utilised.
  • the gas will be cooled by cold water from an air moisturiser.
  • the present invention may provide clean water for the gas cooler and air moisturiser and a clean cold gas of the gas cooler.
  • an air moisturizing system may be connected to a gasification system.
  • the produced gas will be cooled and thus have an increased heating value pr. volume. This may result in a high power output of a power machine.
  • a further advantage with such system may be that moisturised air is well suited for gasification process as steam-carbon reactions produce hydrogen.
  • a further advantage of such system may be that the overall system efficiency can be improved as more heat may be produced in connection with the condensing gas cooler, as the gasification air is moisturised.
  • various components of the invention such as the thermal reactor may be built of high-temperature materials such as bricks and insulation blocs inside, preferably comprising a steel vessel with insulation on its outside.
  • water treatment part and the gas coolers may be built of plastics, glasfiber, glass, stainless steel.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematically an embodiment of a system for cleaning of and heat recovery from hot gas.
  • FIG. 2 shows a similar embodiment to the one shown in FIG. 1 but where the gas cooler has been replaced with a particle separator such as a scrubber.
  • FIG. 3 a shows a more detailed overview over the embodiment of an air moisturiser means.
  • FIG. 3 b shows an embodiment wherein two moisturiser units are serial connected to each other.
  • FIG. 3 c shows a further embodiment wherein two moisturiser units are parallel connected to each other having a common or separate air or oxygen inlets.
  • FIG. 4 shows inter alia an embodiment of a preferable particle separator in more details.
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematically overview over one of the preferred embodiments where a thermal gasifier is used as a thermal reactor.
  • FIG. 6 shows a full schematic overview over an embodiment of the invention where the invented system for cleaning and heat recovery is used.
  • FIG. 7 shows schematically a preferred embodiment of a plant according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, including a venturi scrubber.
  • FIG. 9 shows a preferred embodiment according to the present invention in which solid fuel is converted into energy.
  • FIG. 10 together with tables I and II shows energy balances and gas compositions for embodiments of plants according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically an embodiment of a system for cleaning of and heat recovery from hot gas.
  • This embodiment comprises a thermal reactor ( 1 ) wherein fuel is burned or gasified.
  • the thermal reactor ( 1 ) has one fuel inlet ( 2 ) connected to a fuel feeder (not shown) and one or a plurality of air inlets ( 3 ) feeding air or pure oxygen into the thermal reactor ( 1 ). If needed, the air or oxygen could be moisturised by the air passing through an air moisturiser connected before the air inlets ( 3 ) of the thermal reactor ( 1 ).
  • the exhaust gas from the thermal reactor ( 1 ) is led through a channel from the thermal reactor ( 1 ) to a gas cooler ( 4 ).
  • An exhaust gas heat exchanger unit ( 5 ) could be, as an option, connected to the channel between the outlet of the thermal reactor and the inlet of the gas cooler ( 4 ).
  • the gas cooler ( 4 ) receives hot exhaust gas and delivers cooled exhaust gas to an optional heat extracting means ( 6 ), typically being a heat exchanger and condensate to a condensate cooler unit ( 7 ) which is adapted to extract energy.
  • the cooled condensate delivered from the condensate cooler ( 7 ) may either be fed to a sewer or be re-used in the process.
  • FIG. 2 shows a similar embodiment to the one shown in FIG. 1 but where the gas cooler ( 4 ) of FIG. 1 has been replaced with—or is constituted by—a particle separator ( 8 ) such as scrubbers and/or hydro cyclones.
  • Hot exhaust gas from the thermal reactor ( 1 ) is delivered to the inlet of the particle separator ( 8 ).
  • the particle separator ( 8 ) has at least two outlets (O 1 , O 2 ) for respectively a first stream ( 9 ) and a second stream ( 10 ) of water with particles as will be disclosed further below.
  • the system according to FIG. 2 comprises hydro cyclone and/or as scrubbers and no flue gas leaves the hydro cyclone and/or scrubbers.
  • One outlet (O 1 ) is used for the first stream ( 9 ) to feed a small amount of water with a high content of particles and salt back to the thermal reactor ( 1 ).
  • This first stream can be fed either directly to the thermal reactor ( 1 ) or via one or a plurality of air moisturiser(s) (not shown in FIG. 2 ).
  • This first stream ( 9 ) could also, if needed, be fed directly to a sewer.
  • the second stream ( 10 ) has a relatively larger water volume and contains relatively fewer particles and has a relatively lower salt concentration compared to the first stream ( 9 ).
  • a filtering ( 11 ) is connected to the second stream ( 10 ) as shown in FIG.
  • the second stream ( 10 ) will be cooled while passing through various elements to a phase and temperature suitable for the particle separator ( 8 ).
  • the condensate coolers are indicated by dotted lines and numeral 7 . It is indicated that a condensate cooler ( 7 ) may be left out or arranged upstream or downstream of the filter ( 11 ).
  • FIG. 3 b shows an embodiment wherein two moisturiser ( 12 ) are serially connected to each other.
  • Air or pure oxygen is delivered to the first moisturiser ( 15 ) wherein the delivered air or oxygen is moisturised using water or steam.
  • Moisturised air or oxygen is transferred from the first moisturiser means ( 15 ) into a channel from which moisturised air or oxygen is extracted from to be delivered as the 1st stream of moisturised air connected to a thermal reactor ( 1 ).
  • the remaining air or oxygen is delivered to a second moisturiser ( 16 ) in which air or oxygen is further moisturised using water or steam.
  • An outlet from the second moisturiser ( 16 ) delivers a 2nd stream of moisturised air or oxygen to an inlet of the thermal reactor ( 1 ).
  • FIG. 3 c shows a further embodiment wherein two moisturiser means ( 12 ) are parallelly connected to each other having a common air or oxygen intake point.
  • Each moisturiser ( 17 , 18 ) is moisturizing air using water or steam and delivers moisturised air or oxygen to separate air streams (1st and 2nd stream of moisturised air) fed to the inlets on the thermal reactor ( 1 ).
  • the particle separation is established by arranging the outlet (O 2 ) above the bottom of the scrubber ( 19 ) below the water surface in the scrubber ( 19 ) and by arranging the outlet (O 1 ) at the bottom of the scrubber ( 19 ).
  • the separation is due to a sedimentation of the particles in the water present in the scrubber ( 19 ) resulting in that the concentration of particles in the water increases towards the bottom of the scrubber ( 19 ).
  • the particle separator comprises the outlets (O 1 , O 2 ) arranged at two different levels relatively to the water surface in the scrubber ( 19 ).
  • the water will pass through a filtering system ( 11 ) such as a membrane filter that could, if needed, deliver very clean water into a third stream of water.
  • Clean filtered water will continue from the filtering means towards, in this embodiment, a heat exchanger ( 20 ) that cools the water and delivers energy before the water is re-used in the scrubber ( 19 ). Some water could occasionally be extracted into the first stream ( 9 ). It is noted that the filter ( 11 ) may left out (similarly for e.g. FIG. 2 ).
  • FIG. 5 shows schematically an overview over one of the preferred embodiments of the invention in which a thermal gasifier ( 21 ) is used as a thermal reactor ( 1 ).
  • the exhaust gas from the thermal gasifier ( 21 ) is fed to unit ( 22 ) being a cooler and/or filter and/or cyclone where the exhaust gas is cooled and some of the particles are separated out.
  • the unit ( 22 ) is downstream connected with a particle separator such as a gas scrubber ( 23 ).
  • the gas may be cooled and cleaned in one or in a plurality of stages using water, hence leading to cold clean gas leaving the system at position ( 24 ) in FIG. 5 .
  • the water used to cool and clean the gas is collected at the bottom of the scrubber ( 23 ) from where it is delivered to a unit ( 25 ), preferably in the form of a cyclone, to be separated into a first and second stream ? ( 9 , 10 ) of water in the same way as previously described.
  • the particle separator in the embodiment of FIG. 5 is the cyclone ( 25 ).
  • a condensate cooler ( 7 ) is arranged in the second stream of water.
  • the water of the second stream ( 10 ) will, after being cleaned in the unit 25 and cooled, be used in the scrubber ( 23 ).
  • the water of the second stream could optionally also be used to pre-cool the gas before the gas enters the scrubber for example by using a quench ( 29 ).
  • the water of the second stream ( 26 ) could optionally also be used in an air moisturiser ( 27 ) that could be connected to the thermal gasifier ( 21 ).
  • FIG. 6 shows a full schematic overview over a preferred embodiment of the invention where the invented system for cleaning and heat recovery is used.
  • a feed system comprising a fuel storage ( 30 ) and a fuel feeder ( 31 ) is feeding fuel to a thermal reactor ( 1 ) comprising a furnace ( 32 ).
  • a thermal reactor comprising a furnace ( 32 ).
  • To the furnace ( 32 ) are two inlets connected feeding moisturised air or oxygen to the furnace ( 32 ).
  • the moisturised air is distributed both at the bottom ( 33 ) of the furnace and above the point of fuel feeding ( 34 ).
  • an outlet ( 44 ) for taking out ash into for example a forest, fields or to deposits.
  • the moisturised air or oxygen comes from a moisturizing system comprising two air moisturisers ( 35 , 36 ), working using the same principles as a scrubber. These two air moisturisers ( 35 , 36 ) are serially connected.
  • the main moisturiser ( 35 ) distributes moisturised air both to the air inlet ( 34 ) above the feeding inlet at the furnace ( 32 ) and to an air moisturizing booster ( 36 ) which further moisturises the air before being injected at a position in the bottom ( 33 ) of the furnace ( 32 ).
  • the temperature of the fuel in the thermal reactor is reduced and hereby production of slagging and NOx is reduced and the temperature of the gas combustion is reduced hereby thermal NOx formation is reduced.
  • Air or oxygen is fed into the main moisturiser ( 35 ) at position ( 35 a ).
  • Hot exhaust gas created in the furnace ( 32 ) will go through a heat exchanger ( 37 ) that is connected to an energy extraction device ( 38 ) which could produce both or either of electric energy and energy for district heating.
  • the hot gas will then continue into the scrubber system where it first enters the quench ( 39 ) where water from the air moisturiser booster ( 36 ) is used to cool down the exhaust gas before entering the scrubber ( 40 ).
  • the remaining part of the scrubber water will be collected together with particles and salts at the bottom of the quench ( 39 ). These particles will be sent back to the fuel storage ( 30 ) to be feed back into the thermal reactor and leave the thermal reactor as bottom ash.
  • the cooled and cleaner exhaust gas will then continue into the scrubber ( 40 ) where water will added to the gas at two different positions thus cooling the gas.
  • the first position ( 41 ) it is with water from the air moisturiser booster ( 36 ) and condensate from the condensate cooler ( 46 ) and at the second position ( 42 ) it is with colder water from the main air moisturiser ( 35 ).
  • the clean and cooled gas will then be fed to a chimney ( 45 ).
  • the exit of the quench ( 39 ) is a dirty small stream (first stream of water) and the exit of the scrubber ( 40 ) is a cleaner and larger stream (second stream of water).
  • the second stream of water from the scrubber ( 40 ) is split into a smaller stream going to the booster moisturised ( 36 ) and a larger stream going into the heat exchanger ( 46 ) for extracting energy which can be used for district heater.
  • Water exiting the booster moisturizer 36 ) is mixed with water from the heat exchanger 46 in point ( 47 ).
  • This stream is downstream divided into a stream going to the main air moisturiser from after which it is filtered in ( 43 ) and fed back to the scrubber ( 40 ) at position 42 , and two streams: one feeding water into the quench ( 39 ) and one feeding water into the scrubber ( 40 ) at position ( 41 ).
  • the particle separation is performed by the quench with hydro cyclone and the scrubber in combination.
  • the hydrocyclone delivers the first stream of water (indicated by “High amounts of salts . . . Small amount of water . . . ” in FIG. 7 ).
  • the second stream of water is extracted upstream of the condensate cooler ( 7 ) (indicated by “Small amounts of Salts . . . High amounts of water” in FIG. 7 )
  • FIG. 7 shows schematically a thermal reactor that is supplied with fuel, air or oxygen and/or water and/or steam.
  • the hot gases are transported in a channel to the scrubber.
  • One or several components may advantageously be arranged between the thermal reactor and the scrubber, e.g. heat exchangers, filters, cyclones, inlet for moisturising agent, such as water, water collecting device etc.
  • One or several agents, such as lime, activated carbon etc. may advantageously be added to the dry gas before the scrubber.
  • the following measures may advantageously be invoked:
  • FIG. 8 shows a preferred embodiment according to the present invention including a venture scrubber.
  • FIG. 9 shows a preferred embodiment according to the present invention in which solid fuel is converted into energy in a clean and efficient system.
  • a condensate cooler is indicated by numeral ( 7 ).
  • the system comprising inter alia a feeder and thermal reactor, which components have been disclosed in further details herein and some, further, disclosures to some of the components that may be applicable to this and other aspects and embodiment of the present invention are presented below:
  • the solid fuel is converted into a burnable gas and fine ash.
  • the solid conversion is an updraft gasification process:
  • the fuel is dried and devolatized (pyrolysis).
  • moisturised air from the booster air moisturiser is reacting with the carbon in a gasification process.
  • Gas from gasification zone is combusted in the top section.
  • the gas combustion (flow, temperatures, emissions etc) is very stable. This is due to the operating concept of the oven.
  • the design is based on fuel with a low heating value resulting in an adiabatic temperature of 1000-1150° C., with an oxygen content in the flue gas of 4-7% (dry basis).
  • condensate preferably from a low temperature cooler, may be added to the fuel.
  • a high temperature cooler when present, may cool to 200° C.-600° C., preferably 300° C. -400° C. Thereby the cooler may become very compact and low temperature corrosion may be avoided. Due to the water addition to the fuel the steam content of the gas is high and therefore the gas has good radiation properties, which contribute to a compact design.
  • a high temperature cooler can produce hot water, steam or thermal oil.
  • Several products may possible be produced by the high temperature cooler including:
  • a quench In a quench the gas is cooled by water injection preferably to below 100° C. and particles, salts, acids etc. is collected in the bottom.
  • the amount of water to the quench is regulated by the temperature of the furnace as the water from the bottom of the quench is used to regulate the temperature of the furnace.
  • particles and salts of the quench and the rest of the scrubber system are collected here and send to the fuel, then there is no particle outlet of the scrubber system. All particles leave the system as bottom ash from the thermal reactor.
  • a system may comprise two packed bed scrubbers enclosed in a single vessel, where the flue gas is preliminary dehumidified and cooled in the lower section and finally further dehumidified and cooled in the upper section.
  • a nominal flue gas flow is slightly above 1 kg/s (dry gas flow rate) at 78° C. fully saturated.
  • the flue gas may be treated with counter flow cooler water entering at 50° C. in the packed bed having a diameter of 1200 mm and a height of 1400 mm and the water is distributed from a grid of nozzles located above the packing.
  • the packing used is 25 mm propylene PALL RINGS (HOSTALEN PPH material).
  • the cool water may be obtained from a air moisturiser booster and the water exit of a Low Temperature Flue Gas Scrubber located at the top of the assembly.
  • the hot water discharge is transferred to an air moisturiser booster.
  • a High Temperature Flue Gas scrubber is anticipated to operate essentially linearly for capacities down to about 10% nominal capacity and the gas side pressure drop closely approximate a square root law.
  • the preliminary cooled flue gas is further cooled and dehumidified in counter flow with water supplied from the Main Air Moisturiser discharge in a packed bed having a diameter of 1200 mm and a height of 1200 mm.
  • the water is distributed from a grid of 26 nozzles located above the packing.
  • the packing used is 25 mm propylene PALL RINGS (HOSTALEN PPH material).
  • a droplet separator 200 mm demister pad
  • the Low Temperature Flue Gas scrubber is anticipated to operate essentially linearly for capacities down to about 10% nominal capacity and the air side pressure drop closely approximate a square root law.
  • Air Moisturisers In order to provide the primary air with a high load of water vapors to the thermal reactor a double air moisturiser system is utilised.
  • the nominal total air requirement is 1 kg/s (dry air flow rate) at 20° C.
  • the air is treated with counter flow water entering at 50° C. in packed bed having a diameter of 1200 mm and a height of 1800 mm and the water is distributed from a grid of 21 nozzles located above the packing.
  • the packing used is 16 mm propylene PALL RINGS (HOSTALEN PPH material).
  • a droplet separator 100 mm demister pad is placed above the water distributor.
  • the hot water is obtained from the flue gas scrubber and the cool water discharge is transferred for final flue gas cooling in that scrubber with a part discharged to the drain.
  • the main air moisturiser is anticipated to operate essentially linearly for capacities down to about 10% nominal capacity and the air side pressure drop closely approximate a square root law.
  • the air is treated with counter flow water entering at 67° C. in packed bed having a diameter of 600 mm and a height of 1800 mm and the water is distributed from a grid of 9 nozzles located above the packing.
  • the packing used is 16 mm propylene PALL RINGS (HOSTALEN PPH material).
  • a droplet separator 100 mm demister pad
  • the hot water is obtained from the high temperature part of the flue gas scrubber and the cool water discharge at 50° C. is transferred for initial (high temperature) flue gas cooling in that scrubber and also in the main moisturiser.
  • the booster air moisturiser is anticipated to operate essentially linearly for capacities down to about 10% nominal capacity and the air side pressure drop closely approximate a square root law.
  • the water system for the moisturizing scrubbers is closely coupled to the flue gas cooling and dehumidification system.
  • both moisturisers are equipped with pumps (nominal 5,5 m 3 /h for the main scrubber pump and 3,3 m 3 /h for the booster scrubber pump).
  • the condensate that circulates between the flue gas scrubber and the air moisturisers is relatively clean, due to the pre-cleaning in the quench, but not necessarily being clean enough to be disposed.
  • a membrane filter is placed on the scrubber water circuit in which about 5-15% of the water is cleaned over the filter and disposed, while the rest of the water and the particles is circulated to flue gas scrubber, thereafter to the air moisturiser, thereafter to the quench and thereafter to the fuel and hereby are the particles removed from the system.
  • Such a system may preferably comprise means
  • FIG. 10 together with the below tables I and II shows energy balances and gas compositions for preferred embodiments of a plant according to the present invention.
  • Gas compositions pertaining to fuel moistures other than shown in table I and II may be estimated by interpolation/extrapolation. It is noted that FIG. 10 correspond to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 . Reference signs used in FIG. 10 refers to tables I and II.

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US20130228073A1 (en) * 2012-03-05 2013-09-05 Ronald G. Patterson Methods and apparatuses for cooling and scrubbing diesel exhaust gases on a ship
KR20170046158A (ko) * 2014-08-22 2017-04-28 심플 어프로치 시스템스 인코포레이티드 다양한 소스 산업 폐기물을 에너지로 전환시키기 위한 장치, 시스템, 및 방법
US10016722B2 (en) * 2014-11-12 2018-07-10 Demist Tech. Inc Thermal power plant exhaust purification device
US10518276B2 (en) * 2013-11-25 2019-12-31 Advanced Cyclone Systems, S.A. Agglomerating cyclone of the reverse-flow type
US11215360B2 (en) * 2015-08-18 2022-01-04 Glock Ökoenergie Gmbh Method and device for drying wood chips
US11492938B2 (en) * 2020-02-28 2022-11-08 Applied Resonance Technology Llc Carbon capture in an internal combustion engine
CN116817281A (zh) * 2023-06-09 2023-09-29 建滔（佛冈）积层纸板有限公司 Rto余热回收优化系统
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US20130160450A1 (en) * 2011-12-22 2013-06-27 Frederick J. Cogswell Hemetic motor cooling for high temperature organic rankine cycle system
US9689281B2 (en) * 2011-12-22 2017-06-27 Nanjing Tica Air-Conditioning Co., Ltd. Hermetic motor cooling for high temperature organic Rankine cycle system
US20130228073A1 (en) * 2012-03-05 2013-09-05 Ronald G. Patterson Methods and apparatuses for cooling and scrubbing diesel exhaust gases on a ship
US10518276B2 (en) * 2013-11-25 2019-12-31 Advanced Cyclone Systems, S.A. Agglomerating cyclone of the reverse-flow type
KR20170046158A (ko) * 2014-08-22 2017-04-28 심플 어프로치 시스템스 인코포레이티드 다양한 소스 산업 폐기물을 에너지로 전환시키기 위한 장치, 시스템, 및 방법
KR102571438B1 (ko) 2014-08-22 2023-08-28 심플 어프로치 시스템스 인코포레이티드 다양한 소스 산업 폐기물을 에너지로 전환시키기 위한 장치, 시스템, 및 방법
US10016722B2 (en) * 2014-11-12 2018-07-10 Demist Tech. Inc Thermal power plant exhaust purification device
US11215360B2 (en) * 2015-08-18 2022-01-04 Glock Ökoenergie Gmbh Method and device for drying wood chips
US11492938B2 (en) * 2020-02-28 2022-11-08 Applied Resonance Technology Llc Carbon capture in an internal combustion engine
WO2024042273A1 (fr) * 2022-08-25 2024-02-29 Aliceco Energy Ab Oy Système et procédé de chauffage urbain efficace
CN116817281A (zh) * 2023-06-09 2023-09-29 建滔（佛冈）积层纸板有限公司 Rto余热回收优化系统

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IN2012DN00629A (fr) 2015-08-21
EA201270081A1 (ru) 2012-05-30
EP2445999B1 (fr) 2016-03-02
DK2445999T3 (en) 2016-06-06
BRPI1013793A2 (pt) 2016-04-05
WO2010149173A3 (fr) 2011-02-17
CN102471711A (zh) 2012-05-23
CA2765877A1 (fr) 2010-12-29
EP2445999A2 (fr) 2012-05-02
WO2010149173A2 (fr) 2010-12-29

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