US20120141468A1 - Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy - Google Patents

Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120141468A1
US20120141468A1 US13/209,271 US201113209271A US2012141468A1 US 20120141468 A1 US20120141468 A1 US 20120141468A1 US 201113209271 A US201113209271 A US 201113209271A US 2012141468 A1 US2012141468 A1 US 2012141468A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
cangrelor
administration
patient
platelet
days
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US13/209,271
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Lisa Ruderman Chen
Simon Skerjanec
Dawn Bell
Jayne Prats
Meredith Todd
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Medicines Co
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Individual
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2009/043820 external-priority patent/WO2009140407A1/fr
Priority to US13/209,271 priority Critical patent/US20120141468A1/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to THE MEDICINES COMPANY reassignment THE MEDICINES COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHEN, LISA RUDERMAN, BELL, DAWN, PRATS, JAYNE, SKERJANEC, SIMONA, TODD, MEREDITH
Publication of US20120141468A1 publication Critical patent/US20120141468A1/en
Priority to AU2012295343A priority patent/AU2012295343B2/en
Priority to EP12824414.2A priority patent/EP2741610A4/fr
Priority to PCT/US2012/050283 priority patent/WO2013025476A1/fr
Priority to EP18156791.8A priority patent/EP3345481A1/fr
Priority to CA2844931A priority patent/CA2844931C/fr
Priority to US13/931,287 priority patent/US20130303477A1/en
Priority to US13/931,384 priority patent/US8759316B2/en
Priority to US13/954,843 priority patent/US20130324492A1/en
Priority to US13/954,821 priority patent/US8716261B2/en
Priority to US14/195,798 priority patent/US10231987B2/en
Priority to US14/269,429 priority patent/US9320754B2/en
Priority to US15/136,979 priority patent/US10022391B2/en
Priority to AU2016204562A priority patent/AU2016204562A1/en
Priority to US16/356,798 priority patent/US10744149B2/en
Priority to US16/928,757 priority patent/US11510934B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
    • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
    • A61K31/7076—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines containing purines, e.g. adenosine, adenylic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4365—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system having sulfur as a ring hetero atom, e.g. ticlopidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors

Definitions

  • the instant invention relates to the field of platelet inhibition, and in particular to methods of maintaining or reducing platelet activity in patients undergoing an invasive procedure.
  • Anti-platelet therapy has been shown to reduce clinical ischemic events and improve outcomes for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients.
  • the approved anti-platelet products include aspirin and thienopyridines, such as clopidogrel and ticlopidine.
  • thienopyridines such as clopidogrel and ticlopidine.
  • clopidogrel is also known as Plavix®.
  • Thienopyridines such as clopidogrel irreversibly inhibits P2Y 12 receptors which play an active role in platelet activation.
  • P2Y 12 receptors In the normal state, when blood vessels are damaged, platelet activation mediated by P2Y 12 receptors play an important role to arrest bleeding at the site of injury. In a diseased state, platelet activation leads to vascular occlusion and ischemic damage.
  • P2Y 12 receptors antagonists play a key role in antiplatelet therapy in assisting to prevent coronary artery disease and for the immediate treatment of ACS and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  • PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
  • dual anti-platelet therapy which include aspirin and a thienopyridine, such as clopidogrel for patients who have been diagnosed with ACS or for patients who are showing symptoms associated with ACS as a first line treatment. Pending further examinations, these patients may continue with this treatment or receive other treatments such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and PCI. Consistent with this practice, current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines recommend immediate initiation of dual anti-platelet therapy of clopidogrel and aspirin after a patient is diagnosed with ACS.
  • CABG coronary artery bypass grafting
  • PCI coronary artery bypass grafting
  • patients that have received a bare metal stent or drug-eluting stent are also put on the dual clopidogrel and aspirin therapy for an extended period of time to prevent an ischemic event.
  • a post hoc analysis of a blinded, placebo-controlled trial suggest a benefit of platelet activity inhibition in terms of decreased thrombotic events prior to CABG (Fox K A et. al, Circulation. 2004,; 110; 1201-08).
  • this dual anti-platelet therapy provides tremendous clinical benefits, and minimizes the risks of ischemic events, such as heart attack and stroke.
  • the present invention describes compositions and methods of maintaining or reducing platelet activity in a patient prior to the patient undergoing an invasive procedure by administering an effective amount of short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor.
  • methods are described for administering an effective amount of a short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor to maintain or reduce platelet activity in a patient before an invasive procedure, in a patient previously treated with long-acting irreversible platelet inhibitors without an increase risk in bleeding.
  • the risk of bleeding is not increased.
  • a short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor is use to maintain or reduce platelet activity in patients perioperatively where oral antiplatelet therapy is contraindicated.
  • the reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be administered to a patient as a bolus and or a continuous intravenous infusion.
  • an effective amount of a short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor is administered to sufficiently reduce or maintain at least 60% platelet inhibition or PRU values less than 240 prior to the patient undergoing an invasive procedure.
  • the short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor is discontinued thereby allowing platelet activity to return to pre-administration levels as measured by PRU being greater than 240.
  • methods are described for administering a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor to a patient who was previously administered a thienopyridine, and ceasing administration of the short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor wherein the PRU levels is similar to pre-administration levels of the short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor, prior to said patient undergoing an invasive procedure.
  • a method of treating or preventing thrombosis is described by administering a short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor to a patient previously treated with a long-acting irreversible platelet inhibitor, where the risk of bleeding is not increased.
  • an intravenous pharmaceutical composition of cangrelor for maintaining or reducing platelet inhibition.
  • a method for preparing an intravenous cangrelor composition for inhibiting platelet activity by combining cangrelor with mannitol, sorbitol and intravenously administrable excipient for maintaining PRU values at a certain level.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical presentation of the percent inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and effect on bleeding time.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the time periods through which the present invention is performed.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a study demonstrating an exemplary method.
  • FIG. 4 is a table of the studied assessments by time point.
  • the present invention provides a method for inhibiting platelet activities in patients prior to undergoing an invasive procedure.
  • the methods described in the present invention maintains platelet inhibition at acceptable and targeted levels, while allowing for rapid restoration of platelet function after discontinuation of the drug therapy so that patients may undergo invasive procedures without increasing the risk of bleeding complications.
  • the described methods can be used for patients in need of treatment to reduce or maintain platelet inhibition.
  • the described methods can be used in patients at risk of thrombotic events.
  • the embodiments of the present invention are directed to patients diagnosed with symptoms of stable or unstable angina, vascular ischemic events, atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, as well as STEMI or N-STEMI.
  • the described methods can also be used for patients having previously received a stent, such as a bare metal stent or a drug-eluting stent, for the treatment or prevention of stent thrombosis. While the present invention is generally targeted for use with human patients, the described methods can be used on any living animal.
  • the present invention further provides a method for reducing or maintaining adequate P2Y 12 inhibition with rapid reversibility upon discontinuation of long-acting irreversible platelet inhibitors prior to patients undergoing invasive procedures without increasing the risk of bleeding complications.
  • Long-acting P2Y 12 inhibitors refer to compounds which inhibit P2Y 12 receptor activities, having a slow on-set and long elimination half-life. Examples of long-acting P2Y 12 inhibitors are typically formulated as oral dosage forms. One example of long-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor is long-acting irreversible P2Y 12 inhibitors. Examples of long-acting irreversible P2Y 12 inhibitors include thienopyridines. Examples of thienopyridines, include without limitation clopidogrel, ticloridine, and prasugrel and such other compounds having similar properties. Clopidogrel is a pro-drug that requires metabolism for conversion to the active metabolite.
  • Short-acting reversible, P2Y 12 inhibitors refer to compounds which inhibits P2Y 12 receptor activities, having a fast onset time and a relatively short metabolism rate as compared to those of thienopyridines.
  • Examples of a short-acting, reversible P2Y 12 inhibitor include, without limitations, cangrelor, ticagrelor and PRT060128. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to these examples. Additional compounds that have similar properties may also be used in the present invention.
  • Cangrelor is a potent, direct, and reversible antagonist of the platelet P2Y12 receptor.
  • Cangrelor has a half life of approximately less than 10 minutes, allowing for a return to normal platelet function in a very short period of time upon discontinuation of the drug.
  • reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitors are considered “reversible”, meaning that full platelet functionality may return rather quickly as compared to thienopyridines.
  • Cangrelor can be derived completely from synthetic materials, and is an analogue of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the natural antagonist found in humans specific to the P2Y 12 receptor sites.
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • Cangrelor is clinically well tolerated and safe and does not react with aspirin, heparin or nitroglycerin. Unlike orally dosed thienopyridines, cangrelor can be administered intravenously and binds directly to P2Y12 receptor sites of platelets.
  • the term “cangrelor” encompasses the compound of Formula I as well as tautomeric, enantiomeric and diastereomeric forms thereof, and racemix mixtures thereof, other chemically active forms thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds, including a tetrasodium salt.
  • Invasive procedures means any technique where entry to a body cavity is required or where the normal function of the body is in some way interrupted by a medical procedure and/or treatment that invades (enters) the body, usually by cutting or puncturing the skin and/or by inserting instruments into the body.
  • Invasive procedures can include coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), orthopedic surgeries, urological surgeries, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), other general invasive procedures, such as endarterectomy, renal dialysis, cardio-pulmonary bypass, endoscopic procedures or any medical, surgical, or dental procedure that could result in excessive bleeding or hemorrhage to the patient.
  • CABG coronary artery bypass grafting
  • PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
  • other general invasive procedures such as endarterectomy, renal dialysis, cardio-pulmonary bypass, endoscopic procedures or any medical, surgical, or dental procedure that could result in excessive bleeding or hemorrhage to the patient.
  • Perioperative means the period of a patient's invasive procedure which can occur in hospitals, surgical centers or health care providers' offices. Perioperative includes admission, anesthesia, surgery, to recovery.
  • Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
  • thrombosis thrombus
  • the body uses platelets and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss.
  • Some examples of the types of thrombosis include venous thrombosis which includes deep vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, jugular vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Paget-Schroetter disease, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and arterial thrombosis which includes, stroke and myocardial infarction.
  • dose refers to physically discrete units that contain a predetermined quantity of cangrelor, calculated to produce a desired therapeutic effect. These terms are synonymous with the therapeutically effective amounts and amounts sufficient to achieve the stated goals of the methods disclosed herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising cangrelor When administered as an intravenous (IV) formulation, a pharmaceutical composition comprising cangrelor may be administered as a bolus, as a continuous infusion, or as a bolus followed by a continuous infusion.
  • a dose of about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 ⁇ g/kg cangrelor, or more, is administered to the patient.
  • between about 20 ⁇ g/kg and about 40 ⁇ g/kg cangrelor is administered, more preferably about 30 ⁇ g/kg.
  • cangrelor When administered as a continuous infusion, cangrelor may be administered at about 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ⁇ g/kg/min, or more to the patient. In preferred embodiments, between about 0.1 and about 5 ⁇ g/kg/min cangrelor is administered, more preferred is administration of cangrelor in the range of about 0.5 pg/kg/min to about 2 ug/kg/min. Even more preferred is a dosage range of cangrelor at about 0.5 ⁇ g/kg/min to about 1 ⁇ g/kg/min. The skilled artisan will understand that different bolus and intravenous dosages from those set forth here may be administered based on the particular characteristic of the patient. Thus, the dosage amount can be varied from the dosage amount presently described, however, the dosage given must be sufficient to reduce or maintain the PRU values below about 240 as measured by VerifyNow®.
  • the exact amount of reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor to be administered to a patient will vary depending on the degree of platelet activity inhibition that is sought. For example, the amount of reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor to be administered to a patient during an invasive procedure that will result in bleeding may be much less than the amount that would be administered when such a procedure is not being performed.
  • the dosage of the reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor may be administered as a continuous intravenous infusion or it may be administered in discrete does, such as between 1 and 48 doses, or more, per 24 hour period.
  • the dosage of the reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor may vary over time, with a lower dosage being initially administered, followed by an increased dosage for a sustained period of time, with an optional decrease in the dosage prior to complete cessation of administration of the reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor.
  • Such a dosing regime may be used in conjunction with the concurrent cessation of thienopyridine and/or aspirin treatment and beginning of reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor.
  • Such dosing regime can also ensure a constant level of platelet activity inhibition.
  • a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be administered at a daily dose of from 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, which may be in divided doses e.g. up to 6 times per day.
  • the total amount of reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor that may be administered to a subject may be between about 0.01 and 1000 mg per 24 hour period, with exemplary totals of about 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0 and 2.5 mg per 24 hour period.
  • the infusion may continue for at least about 2 days to about 7 days.
  • the period of time over which the pharmaceutical composition is administered may be shorter or longer than the indicated times due to the particular characteristics of a patient.
  • Administration of a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be made several days to several hours prior to the invasive procedure.
  • One example is to administer a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor about 7 days to about 1 hour prior to an invasive procedure.
  • the reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor should be administered within about 2 days to about 7 days of ceasing administration of the long-acting platelet inhibitor.
  • a further example is to administer the reversible short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor within about 3 days of ceasing administration of the long-acting platelet inhibitor. Discontinuation of the reversible short-acting P2Y12 inhibitor can be performed about 1 to 6 hours before a surgical procedure. It should be noted that the duration for administering a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor often vary depending on which reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor is used and the particular characteristic of the patient. One skilled in the art can vary the duration of administration so long as platelet inhibition as measured by VerifyNow® is below about 240.
  • Reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitors such as cangrelor, ticagrelor or PRT060128
  • the administering can be performed, for example, intravenously, orally, via implant, transmucosally, transdermally, intramuscularly, intrathecally, and subcutaneously.
  • a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor may be administered intravenously. It is contemplated that the reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be administered intravenously in accordance with the present invention during surgery, when the patient is comatose, or any other such scenario where the oral administration of the inhibitor is prohibited.
  • cangrelor infusion can maintain platelet inhibition levels of approximately greater than or equal to about 60% after discontinuation of clopidogrel without an increase in bleeding risk and before the invasive procedure begins.
  • compositions of the present invention comprising cangrelor
  • additional therapeutic agents may be used in combination with cangrelor.
  • compounds such as aspirin, bibalirudin unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, fondaprinux sodium, warfarin, coumarins, thromoblytics such as streptokinase, Alteplase, Reteplase, urokinse, Tenecteplase, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors such as eptifibatide, abciximab, tirofiban, epsilon amino-caproic acid, and tranexamic acid, can be used as concomitant medications.
  • the VerifyNow® P2Y 12 assay is a point of care device for the assessment of the level of inhibition of platelet activation specifically designed for patients exposed to thienopyridines. It should be understood that any assay system for determining levels of inhibition of platelet activation can be used, as understood by those having skill in the art. Blood samples for the VerifyNow® P2Y 12 assay can be collected into Greiner Bio-One Vacuette partial fill blood collection tubes (2 mL fill volume) containing 3.2% citrate, or by other suitable means.
  • the VerifyNow® P2Y 12 assay is a rapid platelet-function cartridge-based assay that activates platelets using adenosine diphosphate (ADP), but also uses prostaglandin E1 to suppress the ADP-induced P2Y1-mediated increase in intracellular calcium levels to increase the specificity of the test for inhibition of the P2Y 12 receptor.
  • the test cartridge contains a lyophilized preparation of human fibrinogen coated beads, platelet agonist, buffer and preservative. Fibrinogen-coated microparticles are used to bind to available platelet receptors. When the activated platelets are exposed to the fibrinogen-coated microparticles, agglutination occurs in proportion to the number of available platelet receptors.
  • the whole-blood citrate mixture is added to the cartridge, and agglutination between platelets and coated beads is recorded.
  • the VerifyNow® P2Y 12 device is a turbidimetric optical detection system, which measures platelet induced aggregation as an increase in light transmittance. VerifyNow® P2Y 12 testing can be used at any time point as described herein to assess the level of inhibition of platelet activity.
  • PRU P2Y 12 reaction units
  • VerifyNow® P2Y 12 assay was defined as a PRU value greater than 240.
  • the lower the PRU value the greater the inhibition of the P2Y 12 receptor resulting in reduction of the platelet activity.
  • the PRU level is preferably maintained during the period of cangrelor administration at 240 or less.
  • the dose of cangrelor was 0.75 ⁇ g/kg/min. This dose was maintained for about 2 to about 7 days. PRU values in the patients were less than or equal to 240.
  • short-acting reversible platelet inhibitor is administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the active ingredient and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent and/or excipient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising cangrelor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent and/or excipient;
  • Suitable carriers and diluents are well known to those skilled in the art and include saline, such as 0.9% NaCl, buffered saline, dextrose (e.g., 5% dextrose in water), water, Water-for-Injection (WFI), glycerol, ethanol, ringer's solution, propylene glycol, polysorbate 80 (Tween-80), 0:002% polysorbate 80 (Tween-80), poly(ethylene)glycol 300 and 400 (PEG 300 and 400), PEGylated castor oil (e.g.
  • Cremophor EL poloxamer 407 and 188, a cyclodextrin or a cyclodextrin derivative (including HPCD ((2-hydroxypropyl)-cyclodextrin) and (2-hydroxyethyl)-cyclodextrin, hydrophilic and hydrophobic carriers, and combinations thereof.
  • Hydrophobic carriers include, for example, fat emulsions, lipids, PEGylated phospholipids, polymer matrices, biocompatible polymers, lipospheres, vesicles, particles, and liposomes. Excipients included in a pharmaceutical composition have different purposes depending, for example on the nature of the drugs, and the mode of administration.
  • excipients include, without limitation: stabilizing agents, solubilizing agents and surfactants, buffers, antioxidants and preservatives, tonicity agents, bulking agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending or viscosity agents, inert diluents, fillers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, wetting agents, lubricating agents, antibacterials, chelating agents, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavouring agents, coloring agents, administration aids, and combinations thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may contain common carriers and excipients, such as cornstarch or gelatin, lactose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbiton, dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, alginic acid, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate.
  • common carriers and excipients such as cornstarch or gelatin, lactose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbiton, dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, alginic acid, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate.
  • compositions of the present invention may be formulated, for example, for oral, sublingual, intranasal, intraocular, rectal, transdermal, mucosal, topical or parenteral administration.
  • Parenteral modes of administration include without limitation, intradermal, subcutaneous (s.c., s.q., sub-Q, Hypo), intramuscular (i.m.), intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intra-arterial, intramedulary, intracardiac, intra-articular (joint), intrasynovial (joint fluid area), intracranial, intraspinal, and intrathecal (spinal fluids). Any known device useful for parenteral injection or infusion of drug formulations can be used to effect such administration.
  • administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is via parenteral administration, preferably intravenous administration.
  • IV administration a sterile formulation of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and optionally one or more additives, including solubilizers or surfactants, can be dissolved or suspended in any of the commonly used intravenous fluids and administered by infusion.
  • Intravenous fluids include, without limitation, isotonic infusion media such as physiological saline, 0.9% NaCl, phosphate buffered saline, 5% dextrose in water, 0.002% polysorbate 80 (Tween-80) in water or Ringer's solution.
  • compositions comprising cangrelor of the present invention include pharmaceutical compositions comprising from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/ml of cangrelor.
  • pharmaceutical compositions comprising cangrelor include the following: (i) cangrelor at a concentration of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mg/mL in 0.9% NaCl, and (ii) cangrelor at a concentration of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mg/mL in 5% dextrose in water.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent such as sorbitol and mannitol.
  • One method for preparing a cangrelor composition includes dissolving 50mg lyophilized cangrelor or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt by injecting 5 ml sterile water into a 10 ml vial containing cangrelor or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preparing an intravenous bag by immediately adding the dissolved cangrelor to an intravenous bag containing saline solution in volumes such as 250 ml, 500 ml, or 1000 ml of saline solution and mixing the intravenous bag thoroughly for administration.
  • Cangrelor compositions should be prepared immediately prior to administration via infusion. It is within the skilled in the art to vary the volume of saline and amount of cangrelor in the exemplary method described above to achieve the dosage amount described in the preferred embodiments.
  • the described methods can be used for patients diagnosed with symptoms such as stable or unstable angina, vascular ischemic events, atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, including STEM or N-STEMI.
  • the described methods can also be used for patients having previously received a stent, such as a bare metal stent or a drug-eluting stent, and the treatment or prevention of stent thrombosis.
  • the described methods can be used for a patient before, during, and after an invasive procedure, such as coronary artery bypass grafting, orthopedic surgeries, urological surgeries, percutaneous coronary intervention, other general invasive procedures, such as endarterectomy, renal dialysis, cardio-pulmonary bypass, endoscopic procedures or any medical, surgical, or dental procedure that could potentially lead to excessive bleeding or hemorrhage.
  • an invasive procedure such as coronary artery bypass grafting, orthopedic surgeries, urological surgeries, percutaneous coronary intervention, other general invasive procedures, such as endarterectomy, renal dialysis, cardio-pulmonary bypass, endoscopic procedures or any medical, surgical, or dental procedure that could potentially lead to excessive bleeding or hemorrhage.
  • the described methods of the present invention can be used in a patient who cannot be orally administered therapies and, for whatever reason, cannot be administered long lasting thienopyridines, such as clopidogrel or Plavix®
  • the pharmacokinetic profile of the reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be analyzed using the methods well-known to a person skilled in the art.
  • the pharmacokinetics of cangrelor has been shown to be substantially linear, and its steady-state plasma concentrations can be achieved in less than approximately 5 minutes following the administration of an intravenous infusion.
  • Cangrelor produced potent inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo with IC50 7.72 +/ ⁇ 1.95 ng/mL. As may be seen in FIG. 1 , over 80% inhibition was achieved at doses of about 0.5 pg/kg/min and above. Inhibition by cangrelor was rapidly reversible and platelet aggregatory response restored close to baseline within one hour of stopping the infusion. An infusion dose of approximately about 0.75 ⁇ g/kg/min of cangrelor can also maintain adequate antiplatelet activity during infusion in the targeted patient prior to an invasive procedure.
  • FIG. 2 provides a brief summary as to how the methods described in the present invention may be used in a patient in need thereof. It should be understood that the method of the present invention is not limited to the procedure described in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 2 shows a screening period 210 used for determining the dosage necessary for achieving platelet inhibition greater than a pre-determined level, for example, of approximately 60%.
  • a pre-operative period 220 of up to approximately 7 days prior to surgery can be used for administration of a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor.
  • An intra-operative period 230 lasting from the discontinuation of the reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor to the end of surgery can be used.
  • the dosage of a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor, necessary to achieve platelet inhibition greater than approximately 60% can be determined.
  • Other suitable levels of percent inhibition are approximately 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100%.
  • intravenous infusion of a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be administered to a patient in doses typically ranging from about 0.5 ⁇ g/kg/min to about 5.0 ⁇ g/kg/min, preferably about 0.5 ⁇ g/kg/min to about 2.0 ⁇ g/kg/min and particularly at doses of 0.5 ⁇ g/kg/min, 0.75 ⁇ g/kg/min, 1.0 ⁇ g/kg/min, 1.5 ⁇ g/kg/min and 2.0 ⁇ g/kg/min, until measured platelet inhibition is greater than the pre-determined level. Smaller or larger doses may also be used as needed to achieve the required level of platelet inhibition.
  • the dosage of a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor for any particular patient can also be determined ahead of time, so as to reduce the need to give multiple doses to achieve the required level of platelet inhibition.
  • a baseline value should be obtained to accurately determine when acceptable levels have been reached.
  • administration of a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be initiated the day the decision is made to discontinue the long-acting irreversible platelet inhibitor and may be continued throughout pre-operative period 220 .
  • administration of cangrelor can be made within 3 days of ceasing administration of the long-acting irreversible platelet inhibitor.
  • a patient can undergo CABG within 3 days of ceasing administration of the long-acting irreversible platelet inhibitor.
  • the dose of such a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can remain constant or can be periodic during the treatment period.
  • Preferably the dosage of cangrelor remain continuous during the treatment period of about 2 to about 7 days.
  • Treatment with reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor may then be terminated from about one hour to about 6 hours before an invasive procedure.
  • any number of procedures and/or tests can be performed in conjunction with the present invention, such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, and platelet count testing; serum creatinine testing; measurement of inhibition of platelet activation; and assessment of concomitant medications, adverse events, serious adverse events and other various clinical endpoints.
  • procedures such as CK and CK-MB and VerifyNow® P2Y 12 assays, for example, can be performed within 24 hours prior to surgery.
  • intra-operative period 230 administration of a reversible, short-acting P2Y 12 inhibitor can be stopped between from about at least 1 hour and up to approximately 3 hours prior to administration of anesthesia for surgery.
  • Basic standard of care treatment is used for the surgical period as understood by those having skill in the art. Collection of concomitant medications and assessments of adverse events, serious adverse events and clinical endpoints can also be performed during this period as needed.
  • FIG. 3 describes is a non-limiting exemplary method for maintaining or reducing platelet activity in patients who were previously treated with thienopyridine prior to undergoing an invasive procedure such as CABG.
  • FIG. 3 a total of 207 patients were studied. Patients were included in from this study if they met all of the following criteria: 1. Must be at least 18 years of age; 2. Anticipate non-emergent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, either “onpump” or “off-pump,” no sooner than 48 hours from randomization but no longer than 7 days from randomization, with patient to remain hospitalized until planned CABG; 3.
  • CABG coronary artery bypass graft
  • thienopyridine at least 75 mg of clopidogrel, 500 mg ticlopidine, or 10 mg prasugrel
  • cangrelor infusion was started as quickly as possible and no more than 6 hours after randomization. Patients received an infusion of cangrelor, in addition to their SOC therapy, at a rate of 0.75 ⁇ g/kg/min.
  • Cangrelor was infused continuously via a dedicated peripheral or central line for at least about 2 days and up to about 7 days.
  • the dose of cangrelor remained constant during the infusion period.
  • the cangrelor infusion was terminated at least one and no more than six hours before induction of anesthesia for the scheduled CABG surgery. Induction of anesthesia is defined as the start time of IV anesthesia. Patients were infused with cangrelor for a minimum of 48 hours prior to termination.
  • FIG. 4 includes a table that summarizes the study assessments by time point. This study consisted of 5 periods: Screening/Randomization Period, Pre-operative (Days 1-7 defined as the period from randomization to discontinuation of cangrelor), Intra-operative (from discontinuation of cangrelor to end of CABG surgery), Post-operative Follow-up (from end of CABG surgery to hospital discharge), and 30-Day Follow-up (30+5 days from time of CABG).
  • Pre-operative Period (Randomization until discontinuation of cangrelor).
  • a VerifyNow® P2Y 12 Assay was performed to obtain a baseline assessment. Testing was performed irrespective of the timing of last dose of thienopyridine received.
  • the cangrelor composition was prepared and an infusion at the rate of 0.75 ⁇ g/kg/min was started. This infusion was maintained until 1 to 6 hours prior to anesthesia administration for the CABG surgery.
  • Table 1 below represents the results of cangrelor and placebo treatment during the pre-operative period.
  • Table 1 indicates that infusion of Cangrelor at a dose of 0.75 ⁇ g/kg/min between day 1 to day 7 maintains PRU values below 240 in over 90% of the patients studied.
  • the table further indicates that for the “last post-treatment pre-CABG” where cangrelor infusion is terminated but prior to CABG, the level of PRU has resumed to levels prior to cangrelor treatment.
  • Intra-operative Period Period from discontinuation of cangrelor until end of CABG surgery
  • the Intra-operative period started at termination of cangrelor infusion (surgery start is defined as time of first incision).
  • Cangrelor infusion was stopped at least 1 hour and a maximum of 6 hours prior to administration of anesthesia for surgery. Standard of care treatment was used for the surgical period. Collection of the following assessments were conducted during this period: Serum creatinine and LFTs—following discontinuation of cangrelor but prior to surgery (surgery start time is defined as the time of first surgical incision). VerifyNow® P2Y12 assay just prior to first surgical incision. Concomitant medications and assessments of adverse events, serious adverse events and clinical endpoints.
  • such use allows patients to undergo surgery or other invasive procedures without excessive perioperative bleeding.
  • Table 2 represents the bleeding risks associated with cangrelor and placeblo treatment.
  • Table 3 represents the overall incidence of ischemic events
  • the administration of the at least one reversible, short-acting P2Y12 inhibitor occurs during an invasive procedure being performed on the subject. In this manner, it is contemplated that the administration of the inhibitor would occur intravenously as the subject cannot take the therapy orally.
  • the administration of the at least one reversible, short-acting P2Y12 inhibitor occurs after an invasive procedure has been performed on the subject.
  • the administration of the inhibitor in the post surgery scenario can occur in a variety of methods as described above. It is contemplated that the administration of the inhibitor may also occur intravenously post surgery if the subject cannot take the therapy orally, for example, if the subject is comatose.
  • surgeons prefer to avoid using anticoagulant agents in early post-operative period especially with irreversible oral therapy that will not allow predicting the level of platelet inhibition and fast recovery of platelet function when surgical procedure could be associated with high risk of post-operative bleeding.
  • Cangrelor is a potent, reversible and specific P2Y 12 receptor antagonist that would allow overcoming the limitations of currently used dual anti-platelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel thanks to its rapid onset and offset of action with steady-state plasma concentrations that can be achieved within minutes and titrated to modulate the level of platelet inhibition and most importantly, it is rapidly metabolized with an short half-life, allowing complete recovery of platelet function in less than 60 min. Therefore, cangrelor could be an ideal anti-platelet agent for managing platelet inhibition in early post-operative period in patients with implanted stents requiring a surgical procedure.
  • the optimal platelet inhibitory dose and regimen for cangrelor infusion in post-operative period and transitioning to oral anti-platelet therapy can be determined.
  • Group 1 Cangrelor 0.5 ⁇ g/kg/min dose infusion for 24 hrs transitioning to oral antiplatelet therapy with 300 mg of clopidogrel loading dose after infusion discontinuation followed by 75 mg daily maintenance dose thereafter
  • Group 2 Cangrelor 0.5 ⁇ g/kg/min infusion for 24 hrs transitioning to oral antiplatelet therapy with 600 mg of clopidogrel loading dose after infusion discontinuation followed by 75 mg daily maintenance dose thereafter
  • Group 3 Cangrelor 1 ⁇ g/kg/min infusion for 24 hrs transitioning to oral antiplatelet therapy after infusion discontinuation transitioning to oral antiplatelet therapy with 300 mg of clopidogrel loading dose after infusion discontinuation followed by 75 mg daily maintenance dose thereafter
  • Group 4 Cangrelor 1 ⁇ g/kg/min infusion for 24 hrs transitioning to oral antiplatelet therapy after infusion discontinuation transitioning to oral antiplatelet therapy with 600 mg of clopidogrel loading dose after infusion discontinuation followed by 75 mg daily maintenance dose thereafter
  • the primary endpoints will be: (1) acute sent thrombosis during the 48 hrs after the surgical procedure, and (2) major and minor bleedings during the 48 hrs after the surgical procedure.
  • the methods of evaluation will be: (1) platelet aggregation using VerifyNow-P2Y12 test, (2) hemodynamic measurements, (3) blood tests, (4) clinical observations for minor capillary bleeding signs (petechia, hematoma), (5) Diagnostic imaging of intracranial, peritoneal and pleural cavities using CT, MRI, US, when necessary to detect potential bleeding complications (blood accumulation).
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AU2012295343A AU2012295343B2 (en) 2011-08-12 2012-08-10 Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy
EP12824414.2A EP2741610A4 (fr) 2011-08-12 2012-08-10 Entretien d'inhibition de plaquettes pendant thérapie antiplaquettaire
PCT/US2012/050283 WO2013025476A1 (fr) 2011-08-12 2012-08-10 Entretien d'inhibition de plaquettes pendant thérapie antiplaquettaire
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CA2844931A CA2844931C (fr) 2011-08-12 2012-08-10 Entretien d'inhibition de plaquettes pendant therapie antiplaquettaire
US13/931,287 US20130303477A1 (en) 2008-05-13 2013-06-28 Maintenance of Platelet Inhibition During Antiplatelet Therapy
US13/931,384 US8759316B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2013-06-28 Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy
US13/954,821 US8716261B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2013-07-30 Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy
US13/954,843 US20130324492A1 (en) 2008-05-13 2013-07-30 Maintenance of Platelet Inhibition During Antiplatelet Therapy
US14/195,798 US10231987B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2014-03-03 Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy
US14/269,429 US9320754B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2014-05-05 Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy
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US16/356,798 US10744149B2 (en) 2008-05-13 2019-03-18 Maintenance of platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy
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