US20120053633A1 - Actuator for correcting scoliosis - Google Patents

Actuator for correcting scoliosis Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120053633A1
US20120053633A1 US13/217,955 US201113217955A US2012053633A1 US 20120053633 A1 US20120053633 A1 US 20120053633A1 US 201113217955 A US201113217955 A US 201113217955A US 2012053633 A1 US2012053633 A1 US 2012053633A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
shaft
shaft element
electric motor
elements
toothed rack
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Abandoned
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US13/217,955
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English (en)
Inventor
Roman Stauch
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Wittenstein SE
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Wittenstein SE
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Assigned to WITTENSTEIN AG reassignment WITTENSTEIN AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STAUCH, ROMAN
Publication of US20120053633A1 publication Critical patent/US20120053633A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/70—Spinal positioners or stabilisers ; Bone stabilisers comprising fluid filler in an implant
    • A61B17/7001—Screws or hooks combined with longitudinal elements which do not contact vertebrae
    • A61B17/7002—Longitudinal elements, e.g. rods
    • A61B17/7014—Longitudinal elements, e.g. rods with means for adjusting the distance between two screws or hooks
    • A61B17/7016—Longitudinal elements, e.g. rods with means for adjusting the distance between two screws or hooks electric or electromagnetic means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
    • A61B2017/00022—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site
    • A61B2017/00039—Electric or electromagnetic phenomena other than conductivity, e.g. capacity, inductivity, Hall effect
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
    • A61B2017/00022—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site
    • A61B2017/00106—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site ultrasonic
    • A61B2017/0011—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site ultrasonic piezoelectric
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
    • A61B2017/00221—Electrical control of surgical instruments with wireless transmission of data, e.g. by infrared radiation or radiowaves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00367—Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like
    • A61B2017/00398—Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like using powered actuators, e.g. stepper motors, solenoids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00831—Material properties
    • A61B2017/00867—Material properties shape memory effect
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/06—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/061—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring dimensions, e.g. length
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/06—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/064—Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for for measuring force, pressure or mechanical tension

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for the relative movement of bones, in particular to an implant for the treatment of scoliosis in humans.
  • Implants for treating scoliosis are known from the prior art.
  • Scoliosis is a disease of the spinal column in which severe deformations of the spinal column occur. These deformations are generally treated mechanically, in which respect a distinction is made in principle between external treatment methods using a corset and treatment methods using implants.
  • the treatment in each case is complex and lengthy, since the geometry of the spinal column can be changed only over a long period of time. For example, when treatment is provided with a corset, it is assumed that, if the corset is worn for up to 23 hours a day, it will take two to five years before scoliosis treatment with the corset is completed.
  • Treatments with implants have the advantage that the corset does not need to be worn, and therefore the treatment, at least between operations, is considered more comfortable.
  • it is known to fuse or stiffen several vertebral bodies by using two rods.
  • a problem is that the vertebral bodies stiffen as a result of ossification or similar processes, and in some circumstances this can lead to a complete loss of mobility or to further growth being prevented.
  • the object of the invention is to improve the devices known from the prior art.
  • the object of the invention is to make available a device for the relative movement of bones, in particular an implant for the treatment of scoliosis in humans, permitting step-by-step adaptation with a sufficient stroke while reducing the number of surgical interventions.
  • a device which concerns a system for scoliosis correction with a device wherein a controller is provided that is designed to control the device wirelessly or supply it inductively with energy.
  • the device is suitable for the surgical stabilization and correction of scoliosis and deformations of the thoracic cage.
  • Advantages of the invention include, for example, fine adjustability in small steps. This leads to lower distraction and compression forces and to a greater scope of correction by possible tracking or compensation of scoliosis in the growth phase.
  • the device advantageously comprises a drive, in particular an electric motor.
  • An electric motor affords the advantage of high power density.
  • the axis of the electric motor is preferably arranged outside the two shaft elements. Moreover, the axis is preferably substantially parallel to an axis of the shaft elements. This means in particular that the axis is at least substantially parallel to a plane of curvature of the shaft elements if the latter are of a curved design.
  • the expression “lengthways adjacent” to at least one of the shaft elements means that the electric motor is not arranged exactly in front of or behind the two elements in the longitudinal direction or direction of movement of the shaft elements.
  • the electric motor By arranging the electric motor alongside the shaft elements or alongside a direction of movement of the shaft elements, the electric motor does not unnecessarily lengthen the overall length of the device. This creates a more advantageous ratio between the possible stroke length and starting length of the overall device. Therefore, in particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, the electric motor, in the case of curved shaft elements, is arranged at least substantially perpendicular with respect to the radial plane of the curvature, laterally adjacent to the shaft elements. This affords the advantage that implantation in the human body is easier, since more room is available in this area.
  • the engagement between worm wheel and toothed rack is obtained on an at least substantially flat area of the toothed rack.
  • the expression “at least substantially flat” generally means that the surface is at least substantially uncurved, not taking into account the teeth for the drive engagement.
  • substantially flat means that the curvature on the side of engagement with the worm wheel is comparatively small, typically at most 10% or at most 20% of the curvature of the shaft element in the plane of curvature.
  • the surface of the toothed rack is curved, but it is less curved than the toothed rack is curved in the other direction along its longitudinal axis.
  • the toothed rack is curved in two planes.
  • the electric motor is preferably implantable. This means that it is suitable for remaining permanently in the human body, for example in a suitable housing that advantageously encapsulates the electric motor.
  • an actuator composed of shape-memory alloy or of a piezo element is used as drive. Like the electric motor, it is arranged laterally alongside the shaft elements.
  • preferred features that are described below for a device with an electric motor can also advantageously be used in a device with an actuator composed of a shape-memory alloy or of a piezo element.
  • Shape-memory alloys afford the advantage that they can be used in a small space and are advantageously completely biocompatible.
  • Piezo elements afford the advantage of being very small and taking up little space.
  • the position of the electric motor is preferably lengthways adjacent to the shaft elements, which, in the case of curved shaft elements, preferably means that the axis of the electric motor is parallel to a plane of curvature of the shaft elements and shifted perpendicular thereto until outside the shaft elements.
  • the electric motor preferably comprises a stator and a rotor, which are each equipped with electromagnets or permanent magnets.
  • the shaft elements are connected to each other and are movable relative to each other.
  • the shaft elements are movable telescopically one inside the other. This affords the advantage of providing a particularly stiff connection of the shaft elements while at the same time allowing their movement.
  • the shaft elements can have different profile shapes, for example with hollow profiles having the advantage of being particularly stiff while having low weight and using up little material.
  • Another possibility is to use a T-profile for one of the shaft elements, in which case the T-profile can be moved in a C-profile that forms the other shaft element.
  • Tubular shaft elements are particularly preferable, in which case the cross section of the tube preferably corresponds to a rectangle or square, each advantageously rounded.
  • other curvatures are also possible.
  • a gear preferably with a transmission ratio, is preferably arranged in the operative connection between the electric motor and the second shaft element.
  • the gear preferably has a transmission ratio of at least 1:250, preferably of at least 1:1000, preferably of at least 1:2000, and more preferably of at least 1:4000.
  • the gear permits the use of a comparatively small motor with a low torque, while still achieving a sufficient force between the standard fastenings of the shaft elements. This greatly influences the implantability, since only a small motor has to be used that can also be supplied with energy electromagnetically by induction.
  • the gear is preferably designed as a planetary gear or comprises a planetary gear.
  • Planetary gears afford the advantage of a particularly large transmission ratio within a small space.
  • the planetary gear preferably has a diameter of less than 20 mm, preferably less than 15 mm or less than 12 mm.
  • a motor preferably has a diameter of at most 20 mm, preferably at most 15 mm, more preferably at most 12 mm.
  • Motor and gear are preferably arranged axially one behind the other, such that they form a unit. This affords the advantage of a compact construction.
  • the electric motor achieves, with inclusion of a force transmission to the toothed rack, a force of at least 100 N, preferably at least 300 N, between the shaft elements. Such a force is sufficient to permit treatment of scoliosis.
  • the shaft elements it is preferably possible to lengthen the shaft elements by at least 40%, preferably by at least 50% and more preferably by at least 80% of their initial length.
  • the length is typically measured between two bone fasteners.
  • the bone fasteners are each secured on the shaft elements and preferably permit a connection of the shaft elements in each case to a vertebra or a costal arch.
  • the shaft elements are movable relative to each other by at least 30 mm, preferably at least 40 mm. This permits longer-lasting treatment, without the need for an invasive intervention on the patient betweentimes.
  • the electric motor is preferably arranged in a housing, which is pushed laterally onto the first shaft.
  • the housing is advantageously fixed on the first shaft by at least one screw, preferably at least two screws.
  • laterally means that the housing is pushed on in the axial direction with respect to the curvature, that is to say in a direction at least substantially perpendicular to the plane of curvature.
  • the electric motor is preferably arranged, together with the gear and, if appropriate, a driving toothed wheel, for example a pinion, a thread or a spindle, in the housing that is pushed laterally onto the first shaft.
  • a driving toothed wheel for example a pinion, a thread or a spindle
  • the housing is integral with the first shaft element.
  • the motor is preferably arranged lengthways adjacent to the second shaft element or to a direction of travel of the second shaft element.
  • integral means in particular that the housing is connected fixedly to the first shaft or is integrated therein.
  • a direct-current motor or a stepping motor is preferably used as electric motor.
  • Direct-current motors afford the advantage of high power density and smooth running.
  • Stepping motors afford the advantage of exact adjustability of the movement of the shaft elements relative to each other.
  • Advantageous embodiments of the invention are unbraked.
  • the term “unbraked” means that the device has no brake or catch, in which respect it should be noted that, particularly with the aid of a stepping motor in combination with the gear transmission ratio, a sufficient self-locking is achieved in order to prevent inadvertent movement of the shaft elements relative to each other.
  • a brake affords the advantage of reliable fixing.
  • An unbraked system affords the advantage of a simple and compact construction and of controlled forward and backward running.
  • the second shaft element comprises a toothed rack.
  • the toothed rack is preferably integral with the second shaft element or forms the second shaft element.
  • the toothed rack is preferably driven by a worm wheel.
  • the toothed rack affords the advantage of permitting a stroke that is limited only by the length of the first shaft element.
  • At least one of the shaft elements preferably has a curvature of at most 300 mm radius. Particularly preferably, the curvature is of at most 220 mm radius or 70 mm radius.
  • the toothed rack is also advantageously curved, in particular at least substantially in the same radius as at least one of the shaft elements. Particularly preferably, both shaft elements and the toothed rack are provided at least substantially with an identical curvature.
  • Other embodiments of the invention have at least in part a straight toothed rack or a straight spindle for an engagement with a drive element, such as a worm or a pinion of the gear.
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention have a pinion arranged on the output side of the gear and in engagement with a toothed wheel.
  • the toothed wheel has an internal thread, which is in engagement with a spindle.
  • the spindle is preferably part of the second shaft element or forms the second shaft element.
  • additional spur gears can be interposed in order to reduce an overall width of the device.
  • the toothed rack or the spindle is preferably connected to the second shaft element and, during movement of the two shaft elements relative to each other, moves inside the first shaft element.
  • the first shaft element preferably has an opening, particularly preferably a lateral opening on the lengthways side on which the electric motor is arranged.
  • the curvature of the shaft elements affords the advantage that the scoliosis correction can be performed in an anatomically advantageous manner.
  • the lateral opening ensures that the toothed rack is arranged in a protected manner inside the first shaft element, and the lateral opening in the first shaft element is preferably closed by the drive housing comprising the electric motor and the gear when the drive is pushed on.
  • a worm meshing with the toothed rack is preferably arranged on the output side of the gear.
  • the worm preferably has a spindle pitch of more than 0.3 mm, preferably of more than 0.5 mm, or of less than 1.5 mm, preferably of less than 1 mm.
  • the worm which is driven by the electric motor, if appropriate with interposed gear, is preferably in engagement with the toothed rack on one of the uncurved surfaces of the toothed rack.
  • the toothed rack is advantageously curved in exactly one direction of its rectangular cross section. In typical embodiments, rectangular shaft elements are curved in exactly one direction or one plane.
  • the toothed rack thus has two surfaces which are not curved or extend only in the plane of their surface “about the curve”. Such a curve of the flat surface is unproblematic for an engagement of the worm in the teeth of the toothed rack.
  • the device preferably comprises a control means, which is connected to the electric motor and is suitable for receiving energy or control signals wirelessly.
  • the control means preferably comprises a receiver unit and electronic components.
  • the control means is preferably implantable, in particular can be arranged subcutaneously, and is intended and suitable for remaining permanently in the human body during treatment of scoliosis. In this way, it is possible to control the drive and supply energy to it without another operation being needed.
  • the energy transmission is preferably inductive.
  • the control means preferably comprises an electromagnetic coil (magnet coil).
  • Preferred embodiments of the control means are without energy storage. This affords the advantage of a simple construction. It has been found that an energy storage can be dispensed with in some circumstances. By contrast, typical embodiments of the invention do have energy storages, in order to reduce the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation during operation of the device.
  • the control means is preferably designed to control or regulate the drive and preferably comprises an integrated switching circuit in order to perform appropriate functions. This affords the advantage of a compact structure with great functionality.
  • control means comprise a return channel, such that it is possible to transmit information from the device or from the control means, when these are implanted, to an external controller.
  • the control means is preferably configured for bidirectional data transmission.
  • the control means is preferably designed to control the drive in such a way that it is possible for the shaft elements to be driven apart and driven one inside the other. This affords the advantage that reverse travel is also possible, for example if too great a force is determined.
  • the electric motor, the gear or other parts of the device are likewise suitably configured to allow the two shaft elements to move forward and backward relative to each other.
  • the device preferably comprises a sensor, which is arranged in order to detect a relative movement or a force between the shaft elements.
  • the control means is preferably suitable for processing or transmitting information from the sensor, preferably to a controller arranged outside the body.
  • the control means preferably comprises a regulating unit which, on the basis of the sensor signal, controls the electric motor in order to reach a predefined force value or movement value. It is likewise possible to establish the control loop via an external controller. This affords the advantage of an exact adjustment.
  • the controller which is arranged outside the body, preferably comprises an electromagnetic coil in order to transmit energy and signals to the control means inductively.
  • the controller is preferably configured to control the device wirelessly via the control means.
  • FIG. 1 shows a device according to the invention in a schematic and partially sectioned plan view
  • FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of part of the device according to the invention from FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic and partially sectioned view of part of the device from FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic and partially sectioned view of another embodiment of a device according to the invention for treatment of scoliosis together with a controller as a system for treating scoliosis.
  • FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a device according to the invention in a schematic and partially sectioned view.
  • the device according to the invention in FIG. 1 comprises a first shaft element 1 and a second shaft element 2 .
  • the second shaft element 2 integrally comprises a toothed rack 3 .
  • the toothed rack 3 forms the second shaft element 2 .
  • the respective ends of the shaft elements 1 and 2 are provided with bone fasteners 4 , which are designed to engage in costal arches.
  • the second shaft element 2 is movable relative to the first shaft element 1 in both senses, i.e. bidirectionally.
  • an electric motor 6 is used, which drives a worm wheel 8 via a planetary gear 7 with a transmission ratio.
  • the worm wheel 8 is driven via an output shaft 9 (shown by broken lines) of the electric motor 6 and via the planetary gear 7 .
  • the electric motor 6 , the planetary gear 7 and the worm wheel 8 are arranged in a housing 10 , which is pushed laterally onto the first shaft element 1 and is fixed on the first shaft element 1 .
  • the securing of the housing 10 on the first shaft element 1 is shown in more detail in FIG. 3 .
  • the device shown in FIG. 1 can advantageously be used for scoliosis treatment, wherein the two bone fasteners 4 are connected to costal arches or vertebral bodies.
  • Driving the shaft elements 1 and 2 apart has the effect of straightening a spinal column.
  • the shaft elements 1 and 2 can be driven apart in steps over a long period of time without surgical interventions being carried out betweentimes.
  • the advantage of the device shown is that it is completely implantable.
  • the electric motor 6 is connected via a feed line 12 or a cable to a control means (not shown in FIG. 1 ) likewise provided for implantation.
  • the control means comprises electronics and a receiver, likewise remains in the body, and is able to inductively receive and evaluate control signals and energy for controlling and powering the electric motor 6 . This is explained in more detail in connection with the illustrative embodiment in FIG. 4 .
  • the shaft elements 1 and 2 of the device shown in FIG. 1 are curved, with the plane of curvature perpendicular to the drawing plane.
  • “flat” again means with the exception of the elevations of the teeth of the toothed rack 3 .
  • the advantage of the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 is that the curvature of 220 mm radius can be advantageously used for scoliosis treatment. Other preferred embodiments have a curvature of 70 mm radius.
  • an arrangement of the electric motor on the depicted lengthwise side of the shaft elements 1 and 2 is advantageous, since it is precisely at this location that space is available from the medical point of view.
  • FIG. 2 shows an opening 14 provided for the engagement of the worm wheel 8 in the toothed rack 3 .
  • the second shaft element is likewise hollow or of tubular design, and therefore the second shaft element can be designed as a hollow toothed rack or spindle. These afford the advantage of a compact and light construction.
  • force is transmitted via a pinion or a thread.
  • FIG. 3 shows how the housing 10 is pushed onto the shaft element 1 .
  • the cross-sectional view shows how the housing 10 can be fixed on the shaft element 1 with two screws 16 .
  • the shaft element 1 is shown partially in cross section, and the housing 10 in FIG. 1 is also shown partially in cross section, in order to show the worm wheel 8 , the motor 6 and the gear 7 .
  • FIG. 4 shows another embodiment according to the invention, with FIG. 4 also showing in particular the control means 30 , which is likewise advantageously provided in the device in FIG. 1 .
  • control means 30 which is likewise advantageously provided in the device in FIG. 1 .
  • the embodiment in FIG. 4 differs from the embodiment in FIG. 1 firstly in two ways.
  • the electric motor 6 and the gear 7 are arranged to the side of the shaft element 2 , but the housing 10 in which the electric motor 6 and the planetary gear 7 are arranged is integrated with the first shaft element 1 .
  • Transmission of force from the output shaft 9 to the shaft element 2 is possible via a spindle 23 , which is part of the shaft element 2 .
  • the spindle 23 is in engagement with an internal thread of a toothed wheel 24 , which is driven by a pinion 25 .
  • the pinion 25 is driven by the electric motor via the planetary gear 7 .
  • Bearings 26 are provided for mounting the shaft element 2 on the housing 10 designed integrally with the shaft element 1 and for mounting the pinion.
  • the electric motor 6 is connected via the feed line 12 to the control means 30 , which is supplied inductively with energy and control signals.
  • the control means 30 is intended to be implanted in the human body, in particular under the skin 31 of the human body.
  • a transmission unit 32 is used, which is connected to a control unit 33 .
  • the control unit 33 and the transmission unit 32 together form a controller with which the device, which comprises the elements of the invention arranged inside the body, can be controlled wirelessly via the control means 30 and can be supplied inductively with energy. It is thus possible, by way of the control means 30 , for the control unit 33 to control the electric motor 6 , which is designed as stepping motor, in such a way that a defined stroke of the shaft elements 1 and 2 relative to each other is achieved.
  • a torque load on this output shaft can be tested and, in this way, it is possible to deduce the force that exists between the shaft elements 1 and 2 .
  • This force is transmitted by the control means 30 to the transmission unit 32 via a return channel and onward to the control unit 33 . If the force is too great, the control unit 33 can stop an advance movement of the electric motor 6 by means of the above-described control via the control means 30 . In this way, a control loop can be set up.
  • a sensor is arranged under one of the bearings 26 and can likewise be used to determine the force that exists between the shaft elements. This affords the advantage of a simple construction.
  • the housing in which the electric motor and the planetary gear are arranged is designed integrally with the first shaft element. This affords the advantage of a simple construction.
  • the electric motor is then arranged lengthways adjacent to the second shaft element.
  • “lengthways adjacent” generally means that the electric motor is arranged lengthways adjacent to an axis or an extension of the first or second shaft element, even when the corresponding shaft element is no longer exactly laterally next to the electric motor during operation but is moved as a result of the device being driven apart.
  • the senor can also measure a distance or a rotation and, by means of the return channel, transmit these to the controller via the control means, such that, if a simple direct-current motor without stepping motor properties is used, a control loop can be established in order to control defined stroke lengths of the shaft elements.
US13/217,955 2010-08-26 2011-08-25 Actuator for correcting scoliosis Abandoned US20120053633A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010035570 2010-08-26
DE102010035570.4 2010-08-26
DE102010047738A DE102010047738A1 (de) 2010-08-26 2010-10-08 Aktuator zur Skoliosekorrektur
DE102010047738.9 2010-10-28

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EP (1) EP2422731B1 (de)
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