US20120040421A1 - Acid production by fermentation - Google Patents

Acid production by fermentation Download PDF

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US20120040421A1
US20120040421A1 US13/121,426 US201113121426A US2012040421A1 US 20120040421 A1 US20120040421 A1 US 20120040421A1 US 201113121426 A US201113121426 A US 201113121426A US 2012040421 A1 US2012040421 A1 US 2012040421A1
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substrate
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fermentation
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lactic acid
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Sean Dennis Simpson
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Venture lending and Leasing VI Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
    • C12P7/56—Lactic acid

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the production of lactate by microbial fermentation of substrates comprising CO.
  • Lactic acid is an important platform chemical with many applications. Over the last decade, lactic acid has gained importance in the detergence industry. Lactic acid has descaling as well as anti-bacterial properties, so has been used as an environmentally beneficial cleaning product. Furthermore, lactic acid is a precursor for several biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid. These types of plastics provide a good option for substituting conventional plastics produced from petroleum oil because of low CO2 emissions. Other applications include precursors for lactate esters, which can replace petrochemical derived solvents.
  • Lactic acid is typically produced by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose and sucrose.
  • carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose and sucrose.
  • the most commercially important genus of lactic acid fermenting bacteria is Lactobacillus , though other bacteria and even yeast are also used.
  • lactic acid is formed through the reduction of pyruvate, which is in turn produced by glycolysis.
  • the cost of these carbohydrate feed stocks is influenced by their value as human food or animal feed. For example, cultivation of starch or sucrose-producing crops for lactic acid production is not economically sustainable in all geographies. Therefore, it is of interest to develop technologies to convert lower cost and/or more abundant carbon resources into lactic acid.
  • Carbon Monoxide is a major by-product of the incomplete combustion of organic materials such as coal or oil and oil derived products. Although the complete combustion of carbon containing precursors yields CO2 and water as the only end products, some industrial processes need elevated temperatures favouring the build up of carbon monoxide over CO2.
  • One example is the steel industry, where high temperatures are needed to generate desired steel qualities. For example, the steel industry in Australia is reported to produce and release into the atmosphere over 500,000 tonnes of CO annually.
  • syngas is also a major component of syngas, where varying amounts of CO and H2 are generated by gasification of a carbon-containing fuel.
  • syngas may be produced by cracking the organic biomass of waste woods and timber to generate precursors for the production of fuels and more complex chemicals.
  • CO is a reactive energy rich molecule, it can be used as a precursor compound for the production of a variety of chemicals. However, this valuable feedstock has not been utilised to produce lactic acid.
  • the invention provides a method of producing lactic acid by microbial fermentation of a substrate comprising carbon monoxide.
  • the invention provides a method of producing lactic acid by microbial fermentation, the method including:
  • At least 0.05 g/day lactic acid per Litre of fermentation broth is produced.
  • at least 0.1 g/L/day; or at least 0.2 g/L/day; or at least 0.3 g/L/day; or at least 0.5 g/L/day; or at least 1.0 g/L/day lactic is produced.
  • the invention provides a method of increasing efficiency lactic acid production by fermentation, the method including:
  • a method of producing lactic acid by microbial fermentation including:
  • the substrate comprises CO.
  • the substrate comprising carbon monoxide is a gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide.
  • the gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide can be obtained as a by-product of an industrial process.
  • the industrial process is selected from the group consisting of ferrous metal products manufacturing, non-ferrous products manufacturing, petroleum refining processes, gasification of biomass, gasification of coal, electric power production, carbon black production, ammonia production, methanol production and coke manufacturing.
  • the gaseous substrate comprises a gas obtained from a steel mill.
  • the gaseous substrate comprises automobile exhaust fumes.
  • the CO-containing substrate typically contains a major proportion of CO, such as at least about 20% to about 100% CO by volume, from 40% to 95% CO by volume, from 40% to 60% CO by volume, and from 45% to 55% CO by volume.
  • the substrate comprises about 25%, or about 30%, or about 35%, or about 40%, or about 45%, or about 50% CO, or about 55% CO, or about 60% CO by volume.
  • Substrates having lower concentrations of CO, such as 6%, may also be appropriate, particularly when H 2 and CO 2 are also present.
  • the substrate comprising CO is provided at a sufficient level, such that lactic acid is produced.
  • CO is provided such that a specific uptake rate of at least 0.4 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.5 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.6 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.7 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.8 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.9 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.0 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.2 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.5 mmol/g/min is maintained.
  • the method comprises microbial fermentation using one or more carboxydotrophic microorganisms via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway.
  • the microorganism is a clostridia, such as Clostridium autoethanogenum.
  • the invention provides a method of producing lactic acid by microbial fermentation, the method including:
  • the substrate is one or more carbohydrates such as fructose.
  • the substrate is a substrate comprising carbon monoxide, more preferably a gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide, as herein before described
  • lactic acid produced by the methods of any of the previous aspects.
  • the invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, in any or all combinations of two or more of said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which the invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.
  • FIG. 1 is graph demonstrating lactate production according a method of the invention as described in example 1.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph demonstrating lactate production according a method of the invention as described in example 2.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph demonstrating lactate production according a method of the invention as described in example 3.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph demonstrating lactate production according a method of the invention as described in example 4.
  • FIG. 5 a , FIG. 5 b , and FIG. 5 c are graphs showing the effects of differing lactate concentrations on cell growth and metabolite production as described in example 5.
  • the figure legend on FIG. 5 c also relates to FIGS. 5 a and 5 b.
  • lactic acid and ‘lactate’ have been used herein interchangeably and include all stereoisomers of 2-hydroxy propionic acid including (R), (S) and racemic forms.
  • bioreactor includes a fermentation device consisting of one or more vessels and/or towers or piping arrangement, which includes the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), Immobilized Cell Reactor (ICR), Trickle Bed Reactor (TBR), Bubble Column, Gas Lift Fermenter, Static Mixer, or other vessel or other device suitable for gas-liquid contact.
  • CSTR Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
  • ICR Immobilized Cell Reactor
  • TBR Trickle Bed Reactor
  • Bubble Column Gas Lift Fermenter
  • Static Mixer Static Mixer
  • substrate comprising carbon monoxide and like terms should be understood to include any substrate in which carbon monoxide is available to one or more strains of bacteria for growth and/or fermentation, for example.
  • Gaseous substrates comprising carbon monoxide include any gas which contains a level of carbon monoxide.
  • the gaseous substrate will typically contain a major proportion of CO, preferably at least about 15% to about 95% CO by volume.
  • lactic acid can be produced by microbial fermentation of a substrate comprising CO. It has been surprisingly shown that lactic acid can be produced by carboxydotrophic bacteria by fermentation of a substrate comprising CO. The inventors have found that fermentation produces several products whereby ethanol and lactic acid are significant substituents. Lactic acid has not been previously identified as a product of fermentation of a substrate comprising CO. In accordance with the methods of the invention, it has also been surprisingly demonstrated that lactic acid can be produced by Clostridium autoethanogenum from substrates comprising CO, particularly gaseous substrates comprising CO. The use of a gaseous carbon source, particularly a source including CO, in fermentation processes has not previously resulted in the production of lactic acid.
  • the efficiency of lactic acid production can be increased by providing the substrate at a sufficient level such that lactic acid is produced. It has been recognised that increasing the amount of substrate provided to a microbial culture, increases the amount of lactic acid produced by the culture.
  • the substrate comprising CO is provided at a sufficient level such that lactic acid is produced. It has been shown that a microbial culture comprising C. autoethanogenum can uptake CO at a rate up to approximately 1.0 to 2 mmol/gram dry weight microbial cells/minute (specific CO uptake). In particular embodiments of the invention, a substrate comprising CO is provided to the microbial culture comprising C.
  • autoethanogenum such that a specific uptake is maintained substantially at or at least 0.4 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.5 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.6 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.7 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.8 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.9 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.0 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.2 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.5 mmol/g/min.
  • lactic acid is a significant fermentation product of at least 0.05 g/L; or at least 0.1 g/L; or at least 0.2 g/L; or at least 0.3 g/L; or at least 0.4 g/L; or at least 0.5 g/L.
  • lactic acid is produced at a rate of at least 0.5 g/L/day; or at least 1 g/L/day.
  • apparatus used for conducting methods of the invention enable measurement and/or control of parameters such as CO supply, CO uptake, biomass level, pH, lactic acid production.
  • parameters such as CO supply, CO uptake, biomass level, pH, lactic acid production.
  • samples can be taken from a bioreactor to determine one or more of the above parameters and the bioreactor conditions optionally adjusted to improve lactic acid production.
  • the CO supply can be increased such that lactic acid is produced.
  • lactic acid can be produced, particularly where CO is provided such that specific CO uptake rates of at least 0.4 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.5 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.6 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.7 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.8 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.9 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.0 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.2 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.5 mmol/g/min are maintained.
  • a putative NAD-dependent D-( ⁇ )-lactate dehydrogenase gene with a length of 981 bases could be identified in the genome sequence of C. autoethanogenum LZ1560 (strain deposited at DSMZ under the accession number 19630).
  • the monocistronic gene shows high homology (74% identity (486/656), E-value 2e-55) to the partial D-( ⁇ )-lactate dehydrogenase gene IdhA of Clostridium sp. strains IBUN 13A (Accession Nr. GQ — 180219.1) and IBUN 158B (Accession Nr. GQ — 180219.1).
  • the gene encodes a protein of 321 amino acids, which has high homology to alpha keto acid dehydrogenases of other Clostridial species (see table 1), such as the lactate dehydrogenase of C. acetobutylicum which has exactly the same length.
  • a COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) analysis assigns the protein to the functional group of ‘lactate dehdrogenases and related dehydrogenases’ (COG1052).
  • the PROSITE search yielded two strong hits for a ‘D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases NAD-binding signature’ (PS00065 and PS00671), while a ‘D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, catalytic domain’ and a ‘D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain’ could be identified from the Pfam search with a high E-value of 8.1e-72 and 2.1e-30, respectively.
  • the protein is proposed to catalyze the reaction pyruvate+NADH to D-( ⁇ )-lactate+NAD + according to other NAD dependent D-( ⁇ )-lactate dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.28).
  • lactate dehydrogenase can be upregulated in accordance with the methods of the invention.
  • lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated.
  • the specific CO uptake by the microbial culture is at least 0.4 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.5 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.6 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.7 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.8 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.9 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.0 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.2 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.5 mmol/g/min; lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated.
  • the invention provides a method of producing lactate by microbial fermentation of a substrate by upregulation of lactate dehydrogenase.
  • the method includes fermentation of substrates comprising carbohydrate, such as fructose or xylose, to produce products including lactic acid.
  • substrates such as a carbohydrate substrate and a gaseous substrate comprising CO
  • substrates can be switched during microbial production of lactic acid, without deleterious effect.
  • substrates could be alternated, for example when one substrate is unavailable, the alternate substrate is provided such that the micro-organism continues to produce lactic acid.
  • lactic acid is produced by microbial fermentation of a substrate comprising carbohydrate.
  • a substrate comprising carbon monoxide preferably a gaseous substrate comprising CO, is converted into various products including lactic acid, by Clostridium autoethanogenum.
  • lactic acid produced in accordance with the methods of the invention may be readily recovered using separation techniques known in the art.
  • the invention is generally described herein in relation to preferred embodiments of the invention which utilise Clostridium autoethanogenum and/or produce lactic acid.
  • alternative micro-organisms may be substituted for C. autoethanogenum such as alternative micro-organisms which ferment substrates comprising CO, for example C. ljungdahlii, C. ragsdalei and C. carboxydivorans .
  • Other carboxydotrophic microorganisms that produce products via the Wood Ljungdahl pathway may also be used.
  • the invention provides a method for the production of lactic acid by microbial fermentation.
  • the method comprises at least the step of anaerobically fermenting a substrate comprising CO, preferably a gaseous substrate comprising CO, to obtain lactic acid.
  • the method includes the steps of:
  • the invention provides a method of increasing efficiency of lactic acid production by fermentation, the method including:
  • the substrate comprising CO is provided at a level sufficient to produce significant amounts of lactic acid, such as at least 0.05 g/L of fermentation media, or at least 0.1 g/L, or at least 0.2 g/L, or at least 0.4 g/L, or at least 0.6 g/L, or at least 0.8 g/L, or at least 1 g/L.
  • CO is provided at a level sufficient to produce lactic acid at a rate of at least 0.5 g/L/day; or at least 1 g/L/day.
  • CO is provided such that a specific uptake rate of at least 0.4 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.5 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.6 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.7 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.8 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.9 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.0 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.2 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.5 mmol/g/min is maintained.
  • the method involves fermentation of a substrate comprising carbohydrate by Clostridium autoethanogenum to produce lactic acid.
  • the method further includes the step of capturing or recovering the lactic acid produced.
  • the one or more micro-organisms used in the fermentation is one or more carboxydotrophic micro-organisms.
  • the microorganisms are Clostridia, such as Clostridium autoethanogenum .
  • the micro-organism ferments a substrate comprising CO via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway.
  • the Clostridium autoethanogenum is a Clostridium autoethanogenum having the identifying characteristics of the strain deposited at the German Resource Centre for Biological Material (DSMZ) under the identifying deposit number 19630.
  • the Clostridium autoethanogenum is a Clostridium autoethanogenum having the identifying characteristics of DSMZ deposit number DSMZ 10061.
  • Culturing of the bacteria used in a method of the invention may be conducted using any number of processes known in the art for culturing and fermenting substrates using anaerobic bacteria. Exemplary techniques are provided in the “Examples” section of this document. By way of further example, those processes generally described in the following articles using gaseous substrates for fermentation may be utilised: K. T. Klasson, M. D. Ackerson, E. C. Clausen and J. L. Gaddy (1991). Bioreactors for synthesis gas fermentations resources. Conservation and Recycling, 5; 145-165; K. T. Klasson, M. D. Ackerson, E. C. Clausen and J. L. Gaddy (1991). Bioreactor design for synthesis gas fermentations. Fuel.
  • lactic acid is produced by microbial fermentation of a substrate comprising carbohydrate using Clostridium autoethanogenum .
  • suitable substrates may include, but are not limited to, monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose, oligosaccharides such as sucrose or lactose, polysaccharides, such as cellulose or starch.
  • monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose
  • oligosaccharides such as sucrose or lactose
  • polysaccharides such as cellulose or starch.
  • preferred carbohydrate substrates are fructose and sucrose (and mixtures thereof).
  • fermentable sugars may be obtained from cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass through processes of pre-treatment and saccharification, as described, for example, in US20070031918.
  • Biomass refers to any cellulose or lignocellulosic material and includes materials comprising cellulose, and optionally further comprising hemicellulose, lignin, starch, oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides.
  • Biomass includes, but is not limited to bioenergy crops, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, sludge from paper manufacture, yard waste, wood and forestry waste. However, in exemplary embodiments of the invention commercially available fructose is used as the carbon and energy source for the fermentation.
  • a substrate comprising carbon monoxide preferably a gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide is used in the methods of the invention.
  • the gaseous substrate may be a waste gas obtained as a by-product of an industrial process, or from some other source such as from combustion engine (for example automobile) exhaust fumes.
  • the industrial process is selected from the group consisting of ferrous metal products manufacturing, such as a steel mill, non-ferrous products manufacturing, petroleum refining processes, gasification of coal, electric power production, carbon black production, ammonia production, methanol production and coke manufacturing.
  • the CO-containing gas may be captured from the industrial process before it is emitted into the atmosphere, using any convenient method.
  • the gaseous substrate may also be desirable to treat it to remove any undesired impurities, such as dust particles before introducing it to the fermentation.
  • the gaseous substrate may be filtered or scrubbed using known methods.
  • the gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide may be sourced from the gasification of biomass.
  • the process of gasification involves partial combustion of biomass in a restricted supply of air or oxygen.
  • the resultant gas typically comprises mainly CO and H 2 , with minimal volumes of CO 2 , methane, ethylene and ethane.
  • biomass by-products obtained during the extraction and processing of foodstuffs such as sugar from sugarcane, or starch from maize or grains, or non-food biomass waste generated by the forestry industry may be gasified to produce a CO-containing gas suitable for use in the present invention.
  • the CO-containing substrate will typically contain a major proportion of CO, such as at least about 20% to about 100% CO by volume, from 40% to 95% CO by volume, from 40% to 60% CO by volume, and from 45% to 55% CO by volume.
  • the substrate comprises about 25%, or about 30%, or about 35%, or about 40%, or about 45%, or about 50% CO, or about 55% CO, or about 60% CO by volume.
  • Substrates having lower concentrations of CO, such as 6%, may also be appropriate, particularly when H 2 and CO 2 are also present.
  • CO is supplied at a level sufficient for lactic acid production to occur.
  • CO is provided such that a specific uptake rate of at least 0.4 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.5 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.6 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.7 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.8 mmol/g/min; or at least 0.9 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.0 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.2 mmol/g/min; or at least 1.5 mmol/g/min is maintained.
  • the gaseous substrate may also contain some CO 2 for example, such as about 1% to about 80% by volume, or 1% to about 30% by volume. In one embodiment it contains about 5% to about 10% by volume. In another embodiment the gaseous substrate contains approximately 20% CO 2 by volume.
  • the carbon monoxide will be added to the fermentation reaction in a gaseous state.
  • the invention should not be considered to be limited to addition of the substrate in this state.
  • the carbon monoxide could be provided in a liquid.
  • a liquid may be saturated with a carbon monoxide containing gas and then that liquid added to a bioreactor. This may be achieved using standard methodology.
  • a microbubble dispersion generator Hensirisak et. al. Scale-up of microbubble dispersion generator for aerobic fermentation; Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volume 101, Number 3/October, 2002
  • a microbubble dispersion generator Heensirisak et. al. Scale-up of microbubble dispersion generator for aerobic fermentation; Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volume 101, Number 3/October, 2002
  • a suitable nutrient medium will need to be fed to the bioreactor.
  • a nutrient medium will contain components, such as vitamins and minerals, sufficient to permit growth of the micro-organism used.
  • Anaerobic media suitable for the growth of carboxydotrophic Clostridia such as Clostridium autoethanogenum are known in the art, as described for example by Abrini et al ( Clostridium autoethanogenum , sp. Nov., An Anaerobic Bacterium That Produces Ethanol From Carbon Monoxide; Arch. Microbiol., 161: 345-351(1994)).
  • the “Examples” section herein after provides further examples of suitable media.
  • the fermentation should desirably be carried out under appropriate conditions for the substrate to lactic acid fermentation to occur.
  • Reaction conditions that should be considered include temperature, media flow rate, pH, media redox potential, agitation rate (if using a continuous stirred tank reactor), inoculum level, maximum substrate concentrations and rates of introduction of the substrate to the bioreactor to ensure that substrate level does not become limiting, and maximum product concentrations to avoid product inhibition.
  • Examples of fermentation conditions suitable for anaerobic fermentation of a substrate comprising CO are detailed in WO2007/117157, WO2008/115080, WO2009/022925 and WO2009/064200, the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference. It is recognised the fermentation conditions reported therein can be readily modified in accordance with the methods of the instant invention.
  • the inventors have determined that, in one embodiment where pH is not controlled, there does not appear to be a deleterious effect on lactic acid production.
  • the bioreactor may comprise a first, growth reactor in which the micro-organisms are cultured, and a second, fermentation reactor, to which broth from the growth reactor is fed and in which most of the fermentation product (lactic acid, for example) is produced.
  • the fermentation will result in fermentation broth comprising lactate and, possibly, one or more by-products, such as ethanol or acetate, as well as bacterial cells in a liquid nutrient media.
  • Lactate or lactic acid can be removed from the typically aqueous fermentation broth by any known method.
  • conventional fermentation process produces calcium lactate precipitate, which can be collect and re-acidified.
  • membrane techniques such as electrodialysis can be sued to separate lactate.
  • Low concentrations of lactate can be separated from a fermentation broth by applying a suitable potential across a selective ion permeable membrane.
  • Other suitable techniques include nanofiltration, wherein monovalent ions can selectively pass through a membrane under pressure.
  • a 1 L three necked flask was fitted with a gas tight inlet and outlet to allow working under inert gas and subsequent transfer of the desired product into a suitable storage flask.
  • the flask was charged with CrCl 3 .6H 2 O (40 g, 0.15 mol), zinc granules [20 mesh] (18.3 g, 0.28 mol), mercury (13.55 g, 1 mL, 0.0676 mol) and 500 mL of distilled water. Following flushing with N 2 for one hour, the mixture was warmed to about 80° C. to initiate the reaction. Following two hours of stirring under a constant N 2 flow, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and continuously stirred for another 48 hours by which time the reaction mixture had turned to a deep blue solution. The solution was transferred into N 2 purged serum bottles and stored in the fridge for future use.
  • the Clostridium autoethanogenum is a Clostridium autoethanogenum having the identifying characteristics of the strain deposited at the German Resource Centre for Biological Material (DSMZ) under the identifying deposit number 10061.
  • the Clostridium autoethanogenum is a Clostridium autoethanogenum having the identifying characteristics of DSMZ deposit number DSMZ 23693.
  • 500 ⁇ L sample is centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000 rpm, 4° C.
  • 100 ⁇ L of the supernatant is transferred into an GC vial containing 200 ⁇ L water and 100 ⁇ L of internal standard spiking solution (10 g/L propan-1-ol, 5 g/L iso-butyric acid, 135 mM hydrochloric acid).
  • 1 ⁇ L of the solution is injected into the GC instrument.
  • Cell density was determined by counting bacterial cells in a defined aliquot of fermentation broth. Alternatively, the absorbance of the samples was measured at 600 nm (spectrophotometer) and the dry mass determined via calculation according to published procedures.
  • Polysulfide solution (4.5M) was added to the solution, and the pH adjusted to 5.5 using NH4OH. N 2 was continuously sparged through the solution following the addition of the polysulfide solution. Metal ions were added according to solution B and 15 ml of solution C was added.
  • FIG. 1 shows that typical metabolites including ethanol are produced throughout the microbial growth phase.
  • lactate is produced through fermentation of CO by Clostridium autoethanogenum .
  • lactate is produced by the microbial culture when substrate is supplied such that the specific uptake is maintained above 0.5 mmol/g biomass/minute.
  • Polysulfide solution (3.5M) was added to the solution. N 2 was continuously sparged through the solution following the addition of the polysulfide solution. Prior to inoculation, the gas was switched to a pre-mixed blend of 54% CO, 3% H 2 , 20% CO2, and 23% N 2 , which was continuously sparged into the fermentation broth throughout the experiment. 150 ml of solution D was added and 13.5 ml of solution C was added. An actively growing Clostridium autoethanogenum culture was inoculated into the CSTR at a level of approximately 5% (v/v). During these experiments, the pH was adjusted and/or maintained by a controller through the automated addition of buffers (0.5 M NaOH or 2N H 2 SO 4 ).
  • FIG. 2 Metabolite production and microbial growth can be seen in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 2 shows that typical metabolites including ethanol are produced throughout the microbial growth phase.
  • lactate is produced by the microbial culture when substrate is supplied such that the specific uptake is maintained above 0.5 mmol/g biomass/minute. Between approximately day 1.0 and 1.5, the rate of lactate production was at least 1.0 g/L/day.
  • Polysulfide solution (6M) was added to the solution. N 2 was continuously sparged through the solution following the addition of the polysulfide solution. Prior to inoculation, the gas was switched to a pre-mixed blend of 70% CO, 1% H 2 , 15% CO2, and 14% N 2 , which was continuously sparged into the fermentation broth throughout the experiment. 80 ml of solution E was added. An actively growing Clostridium autoethanogenum culture was inoculated into the CSTR at a level of approximately 5% (v/v). During these experiments, the pH was adjusted and/or maintained by a controller through the automated addition of buffers (0.5 M NaOH or 2N H 2 SO 4 ).
  • FIG. 3 Metabolite production and microbial growth can be seen in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 3 shows that typical metabolites including ethanol are produced throughout the microbial growth phase.
  • lactate is produced by the microbial culture when substrate is supplied such that the specific uptake is maintained above 0.5 mmol/g biomass/minute. The microbial culture continues to produce lactate even when growth and ethanol production. However, lactate production ceases when the specific uptake drops below 0.5 mmol/g/min.
  • the gas Prior to inoculation, the gas was switched to a pre-mixed blend of 10% CO, 15% H 2 , 75% RMG, which was continuously sparged into the fermentation broth throughout the experiment.
  • An actively growing Clostridium autoethanogenum culture was inoculated into the CSTR at a level of approximately 5% (v/v).
  • the pH was adjusted and/or maintained by a controller through the automated addition of buffers (0.5 M NaOH or 2N H 2 SO 4 ).
  • FIG. 4 Metabolite production and microbial growth can be seen in FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 4 shows that typical metabolites including ethanol are produced throughout the microbial growth phase.
  • lactate is produced by the microbial culture when substrate is supplied such that the specific uptake is maintained above 0.6 mmol/g biomass/minute.
  • the media was bubbled with N2 for at least one hour and dispensed into serum bottles in 50 ml aliquots under anaerobic conditions. Serum bottles were autoclaved for 30 mins at 121° C.
  • a microbial culture comprising C. autoethanogenum was grown in the prepared media under a mill gas headspace (30 psig) at 37° C. for three days or until exponential growth is reached (OD600 approximately 0.5)
  • the serum bottles were inoculated with 2.5 ml of culture, pressurised to 30 psig with mill gas and incubated at 37° C., shaking. OD600 change and metabolite production were monitored through daily sampling.
  • the experimental setup was carried out in a similar fashion as discussed above, using range of lactic acid concentrations.
  • the concentrations tested were 0 g/l, 1 g/l, 2 g/l, 3 g/l, 4 g/l and 20 g/l.
  • the cultures were then monitored over seven (7) days to determine the growth of the culture in biomass, the amount of acetate produced by the culture and the amount of Lactic acid taken up by the culture.
  • the serum bottles having a lactic acid concentration of 5 g/l or greater demonstrated no acetate production and no lactic acid uptake.

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