US20120002750A1 - Method and Apparatus for Codebook-Based Precoding in MIMO Systems - Google Patents

Method and Apparatus for Codebook-Based Precoding in MIMO Systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120002750A1
US20120002750A1 US13/256,659 US200913256659A US2012002750A1 US 20120002750 A1 US20120002750 A1 US 20120002750A1 US 200913256659 A US200913256659 A US 200913256659A US 2012002750 A1 US2012002750 A1 US 2012002750A1
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Prior art keywords
antenna
codebook
rank
precoding
entries
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Kari Juhani Hooli
Kari Pekka Pajukoski
Esa Tapani Tiirola
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Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy
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Nokia Siemens Networks Oy
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Publication of US20120002750A1 publication Critical patent/US20120002750A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H04B7/046—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting taking physical layer constraints into account
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0417—Feedback systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0426—Power distribution
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H04B7/046—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting taking physical layer constraints into account
    • H04B7/0469—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting taking physical layer constraints into account taking special antenna structures, e.g. cross polarized antennas into account
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H04B7/046—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting taking physical layer constraints into account
    • H04B7/0473—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting taking physical layer constraints into account taking constraints in layer or codeword to antenna mapping into account
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H04B7/0486—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting taking channel rank into account
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H04B7/0636—Feedback format
    • H04B7/0639—Using selective indices, e.g. of a codebook, e.g. pre-distortion matrix index [PMI] or for beam selection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0691—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using subgroups of transmit antennas

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method and apparatus and, in particular but not exclusively, to apparatus and a method for use in a multiple input multiple output wireless telecommunications network.
  • the data rate can be increased by transmitting independent information streams from different antennas but using the same channel as defined by frequency and time resource and possibly spreading code.
  • MIMO multiple input multiple output
  • Multi-stream single user MIMO transmission has been proposed and forms part of WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access), 3GPP LTE (Third generation partnership project—long term evolution) and WiMax system standards.
  • WCDMA wideband code division multiple access
  • 3GPP LTE hird generation partnership project—long term evolution
  • WiMax WiMax system standards.
  • SU-MIMO single user multiple input multiple output
  • a MIMO receiver with multiple antennas and receiving circuitry receives the multiple streams, separates the multiple streams and determines the transmission symbols sent over each stream of the spatially multiplexed data streams.
  • LTE-Advanced has been proposed to be an evolution of LTE Rel'8 system to address the ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union Radio communication Sector) requirements for IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications)-Advanced.
  • 3GPP approved a new Study Item on LTE-Advanced in RAN#39 (March 2008). It has been proposed that SU-MIMO with 2-4 transmission antennas at the UE (user equipment) will be part of LTE-Advanced [TR 36.913 v8.0.0].
  • the Householder codebook used in LTE Rel'8 DL (downlink) increases PAPR but the inventors have identified that this scheme does not take the potential transmit antenna imbalance (e.g. due to movement of the user equipment in a user's hand) into account.
  • a method comprising using a precoding code book for controlling transmissions from four antennas of a device, said code book comprising a plurality of entries, wherein said entries are such that a single layer is mapped to each selected antenna, said code book entries comprising different antenna pair combinations whereby one or two antenna pairs are selected for transmission.
  • an apparatus comprising a processor configured to use a precoding code book for controlling transmissions from four antennas of a device, said code book comprising a plurality of entries, wherein said entries are such that a single layer is mapped to each selected antenna, said code book entries comprising different antenna pair combinations whereby one or two antenna pairs are selected for transmission.
  • an apparatus comprising a processor configured to select one of a plurality of entries in a precoding code book for controlling transmissions from four antennas of a device, wherein said entries are such that a single layer is mapped to each selected antenna, said code book entries comprising different antenna pair combinations whereby one or two antenna pairs are configured to be selected for transmission.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a system including an schematic base station and user equipment configuration within which embodiments of the invention may be implemented;
  • FIG. 2 shows a codebook embodying the present invention—rank 1;
  • FIG. 3 shows a codebook embodying the present invention—rank 2;
  • FIG. 4 shows a codebook embodying the present invention—rank 3;
  • FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of steps taken at the mobile station
  • FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of steps taken at the base station
  • FIG. 1 shows a communication network 30 in which some embodiments of the present invention may be implemented.
  • some embodiments of the present invention may relate to the implementation of radio modulators/demodulators (modems) for a range of devices that may include: user equipment 201 , relays, access points or base stations 101 which communicate over a wireless environment 151 .
  • modems radio modulators/demodulators
  • Embodiments of the present invention may be applicable to communication networks implemented according to a range of standards and their evolution including: WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution), WiMax (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access), UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), and UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) receivers.
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • 3GPP LTE Long Term Evolution
  • WiMax Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access
  • UMB User Mobile Broadband
  • CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
  • 1xEV-DO Evolution-Data Optimized
  • WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
  • UWB Ultra-Wide Band
  • the communication system 30 is shown with a base station 101 which may be a node B (NB), an enhanced node B (eNB) or any access server suitable for enabling user equipment 201 to access wirelessly a communication system.
  • NB node B
  • eNB enhanced node B
  • FIG. 1 shows a system whereby the base station (BS) 101 may transmit to the user equipment (UE) 201 via the wireless environment communications channel 151 , which may be known as the downlink (DL), and the user equipment (UE) 201 may transmit to the base station (BS) 101 via the wireless environment communications channel 151 , which may be known as the uplink (UL).
  • DL downlink
  • UL uplink
  • the base station 101 can comprise a processor 105 which may be configured to control the operation of the receiver/transmitter circuitry 103 .
  • the processor may be configured to run software stored in memory 106 .
  • the memory 106 may be further configured to store data and/or information to be transmitted and/or received.
  • the memory 106 may further be used to store configuration parameters used by the processor 105 in operating the base station 101 .
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 103 may be configured to operate as a configurable transmitter and/or receiver converting between radio frequency signals of a specific protocol for transmission over (or reception via) the wireless environment and baseband digital signals.
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 103 may be configured to use the memory 106 as a buffer for data and/or information to be transmitted over or received from the wireless environment 151 .
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 103 may further be configured to be connected to at least one antenna for receiving and transmitting the radio frequency signals over the wireless environment to the user equipment 201 .
  • the base station is shown comprising 2 antennas, the first antenna 107 1 and the second antenna 107 2 both configured to transmit and receive signals.
  • the base station may have more antennas represented by the dotted antenna 107 m in FIG. 1 .
  • m may be 4. Four receiving antennas is needed in order to support rank-4 transmission.
  • the base station 101 may be connected to other network elements via a communications link 111 .
  • the communications link 111 may receive data to be transmitted to the user equipment 201 via the downlink and transmits data received from the user equipment 201 via the uplink. This data may comprise data for all of the user equipment within the cell or wireless communications range operated by the base station 101 .
  • the communications link 111 is shown in FIG. 1 as a wired link. However it would be understood that the communications link may further be a wireless communications link.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown two user equipment 201 within the range of the base station 101 .
  • the user equipment may be a mobile station, or any other apparatus or electronic device suitable for communication with the base station.
  • the user equipment may be personal data organizers or laptop computers suitable for wireless communication in the environment as described hereafter. It should be appreciated that embodiments of the invention may also be applied to a relay station.
  • FIG. 1 in particular shows a first user equipment UE 1 201 1 and a second user equipment UE 2 201 2 . Furthermore FIG. 1 shows in more detail the first user equipment UE 1 201 1 .
  • the first user equipment 201 1 may comprise a processor 205 configured to control the operation of a receiver/transmitter circuitry 203 .
  • the processor may be configured to run software stored in memory 207 .
  • the processor may further control and operate any operation required to be carried out by the user equipment such as operation of the user equipment display, audio and/or video encoding and decoding in order to reduce spectrum usage, etc.
  • the memory 207 may be further configured to store data and/or information to be transmitted and/or received.
  • the memory 207 may further be used to store configuration parameters used by the processor 205 in operating the user equipment 201 1 .
  • the memory may be solid state memory, optical memory (such as, for example, CD or DVD format data discs), magnetic memory (such as floppy or hard drives), or any media suitable for storing the programs for operating the processors, configuration data or transmission/reception data.
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 203 may be configured to operate as a configurable transmitter and/or receiver converting between radio frequency signals of a specific protocol for transmission over (or reception via) the wireless environment and baseband digital signals.
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 203 may be configured to use the memory 207 as a buffer for data to be transmitted over or received from the wireless environment 151 .
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 203 is configured to be connected to at least one antenna for receiving and transmitting the radio frequency signals over the wireless environment to the base station 101 .
  • the user equipment is shown comprising 4 antennas, the first antenna 251 11 to the fourth antenna 251 14 .
  • FIG. 1 and the examples described hereafter describe the user equipment and the bases station as having a processor arranged to carry out the operations described below, it would be understood that in embodiments of the invention the respective processors may comprise a single processor or a plurality of processors.
  • the processors may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention maybe used in the LTE-Advanced system which may be part of 3GPP LTE Rel. 10. However, it should be appreciated protocol for transmission over (or reception via) the wireless environment and baseband digital signals.
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 203 may be configured to use the memory 207 as a buffer for data to be transmitted over or received from the wireless environment 151 .
  • the transmitter/receiver circuitry 203 is configured to be connected to at least one antenna for receiving and transmitting the radio frequency signals over the wireless environment to the base station 101 .
  • the user equipment is shown comprising 4 antennas, the first antenna 251 11 to the fourth antenna 251 14 .
  • FIG. 1 and the examples described hereafter describe the user equipment and the bases station as having a processor arranged to carry out the operations described below, it would be understood that in embodiments of the invention the respective processors may comprise a single processor or a plurality of processors.
  • the processors may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention maybe used in the LTE-Advanced system which may be part of 3GPP LTE Rel. 10. However, it should be appreciated that this is by way of example only and embodiments of the invention may be used in alternative systems.
  • a PUSCH (physical uplink shared channel) precoding scheme for single user MIMO (SU-MIMO), with a precoding codebook design for 4 Tx (Transmission) antennas is discussed.
  • these techniques could be applied also to PUCCH Format 2 (for example with single stream precoding).
  • the same techniques may be applied to sounding reference signals.
  • the SU-MIMO precoding codebooks are arranged to take into account the properties specific for the uplink of LTE-Advanced system.
  • Spatial precoding may comprise spatial beamforming and spatial coding.
  • the spatial precoding is done to enhance the signal power at the destination and to diminish the interfering power.
  • single-layer beamforming the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase (and optionally gain) weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver input.
  • the benefits of beamforming are to increase the signal gain from constructive combining and to reduce the multipath fading effect.
  • the transmit beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antenna and precoding is used. Precoding requires knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter.
  • CSI channel state information
  • the codeword can be regarded as a transport block which contains data that is encoded with e.g. turbo code.
  • transport block contains data that is encoded with e.g. turbo code.
  • the transport blocks are transmitted from 4 transmit antennas.
  • the precoding codebook is designed based on one or more of the following criteria:
  • a codebook for a specific rank is designed with following steps:
  • the codebook may be designed to contain PAPR preserving precoding matrices. Nevertheless, codebook can also contain precoding matrices that do not preserve PAPR.
  • rank 4 is not considered in following.
  • a rank 4 codebook may be provided, using known techniques. Rank can be regarded as the number of different transmit streams.
  • pilot signals are typically precoded and the codebook contains entries with a Tx diversity method requiring an antenna specific pilot
  • two pilot sequences need to be allocated to the UE.
  • the second pilot sequence is used only when Tx diversity is used.
  • the values in the tables represent the amplitude and phase when a layer X is mapped to antenna Y.
  • Antennas are grouped into 2 groups with 2 antennas per group. After that, precoding vectors with QPSK rotation combinations between antennas within antenna groups are formed. Additionally, precoding vectors for antenna group selection are included. In the case of antenna group selection, there can be either phase rotation, e.g., BPSK (binary shift keying, between the transmitting antennas, or simply Tx diversity, e.g., Space-Time Block-Coding STBC. The benefit of using Tx diversity is that it allows for more compact (smaller) codebook design. Such codebook design results in 22 or 16 precoding matrix indices if BPSK or STBC is used. An example of resulting codebook options are shown in FIG. 2 . There are three tables shown.
  • the first table is where STBC is used and the second table is where BPSK is used.
  • the codebook is designed by taking the spatial correlation, that is the polarization or position of antennas into account.
  • precoding vectors with antenna selection elements are designed so that antennas with high spatial correlation, that is the same polarization direction or adjacent antenna positions can be selected. Thus, only a subset of possible antenna selection combinations is included in the codebook, in one embodiment of the invention.
  • 3-PSK rotation between the selected antennas is applied (in PM's where antenna selection is presented).
  • phase rotation constellations can be used, based, e.g., on QPSK or 8-PSK rotations.
  • entries 11-16 are taken from table 3, and entries 1-10 are selected from Householder precoding vectors used, e.g. in the 3GPP LTE Release 8 DL 4Tx antenna codebook.
  • the precoding matrix indicator is listed. These indicators are from 1 to 22.
  • the tables lists for each of the four antennas the required rotation or Tx diversity.
  • the zeros indicate that the associated antenna has not been used for transmission. Rather the transmission power (which may be kept constant for UE) is concentrated on the antennas having favorable channels.
  • the first 10 entries show that each of the antenna has a rotation of 0.5, ⁇ 0.5, 0.5j and ⁇ 0.5j.
  • the combinations represent antenna pairing and phase rotation between antenna pairs.
  • PMIs 1 to- 4 represent the following antenna grouping: antenna group number 1 comprises antennas 1 and 2 and antenna group number 2 comprises antennas 3 and 4 , with QPSK rotation between groups.
  • antennas 3 and 4 have same phase in these rows, since they belong to the same antenna group.
  • the antenna groups are antennas 1 and 3 and antennas 2 and 4 , respectively.
  • the antennas can be regarded as being two pairs, with each pair being allocated the same rotation. (This is the case for the first 10 entries).
  • the 11 th to 16 th entries have STBC on two out of the four antennas. This is so when the UE is not at, for example, a cell edge, it may have power headroom on power amplifiers. Then it may be better to concentrate transmission power on good antennas.
  • the other rotation value is ⁇ 0.5 or 0.5.
  • the precoding vector that is expected to maximise the SINR (signal to interference noise ratio) at the output of equalizer in the base station receiver is selected. This can be estimated based on existing channel estimates obtained from a sounding reference signal.
  • the absolute values in the table may be changed.
  • the amplitude may be the same for all antennas in a given precoding vector, and that amplitudes may be increased when only two transmit antennas out of the four are used so that the same power is distributed between two instead of four antenna.
  • Antennas are grouped into 2 groups with 2 antennas per group, with each antenna group mapped to one layer or data stream.
  • precoding vectors with phase rotation e.g. BPSK (Binary phase shift keying)
  • BPSK Binary phase shift keying
  • Tx diversity e.g., Space-Time Block-Coding between the antennas mapped to the same layer/antenna group.
  • codebook design results in 12 or 3 precoding matrix indices, depending if on BPSK or if STBC is used. The resulting codebook options are shown in FIG. 3 .
  • Tx diversity allows for more compact (smaller) codebook design.
  • the first table of FIG. 3 is the BPSK codebook design and the second table is the STBC codebook design.
  • the first column represents the precoder matrix indicator.
  • the second column indicates the antenna number.
  • the third column represent layer 1 and the fourth column, layer 2 .
  • two of the four antennas are allocated to each of the two layers.
  • Different precoder matrix indicators have different ones of the first to fourth antennas allocated to each of the first and second data streams or layers.
  • the values assigned to each antenna in the first table are 0.5 and ⁇ 0.5. With BPSK elements and two layers, there are 12 options. There is no need to have phase rotation between antennas that are mapped to different layers, in some embodiments of the invention.
  • the values in the table relate to the used phase rotation; in here, the BPSK constellation is used (to keep the codebook size reasonable).
  • the QPSK constellation could be used with the associated values in the table which may also include 0.5j and ⁇ 0.5j.
  • transport block # 1 is mapped to layer # 1
  • transport block # 2 is mapped to layers # 2 & # 3 .
  • layer # 1 mapped to 2 antennas whereas layer # 2 and 3 are mapped to a single antenna each.
  • each codeword or transport block is mapped to 2 transmit antennas.
  • the precoding codebook contains 6 different layer-to-antenna mappings and applies BPSK rotation or Tx diversity (e.g. STBC) between the antennas used by layer # 1 .
  • BPSK rotation or Tx diversity e.g. STBC
  • the first table applies BPSK rotation and the second table applies STBC.
  • the first column is the PMI and the second column lists the antenna number.
  • the next columns are for the first to third layers.
  • layer 1 has two antennas assigned to it, whilst layers 2 and 3 each have a single antenna assigned to them.
  • the last columns indicate which ones.
  • the values of 0.5 and ⁇ 0.5 can be assigned.
  • STBC or the value 0.5 can be applied.
  • rank 3 layer 1 uses two antennas. Since the same data is transmitted from two antennas, STBC is applied over the antennas mapped to layer 1 . However, layer 2 and 3 use single antenna each, and thus, different data is sent from these antennas. Thus, STBC is not applied.
  • the antenna pairing is useful in keeping the codebook size small.
  • the antenna pairing reduces the number of combinations for phase rotations. Further by limiting antenna pairs to contain antennas with significant spatial correlation, e.g., the same polarization direction or adjacent antenna positions, the codebook can be kept small. Finally, there is the use of transmit diversity which again assists in keeping the codebook small.
  • FIG. 5 shows a flow chart embodying the present invention. This is carried out by the user equipment. Additionally layer mapping (i.e. how transport blocks (code words) are mapped to spatial layers is performed. This may be performed in the UE, corresponding to layer de-mapping in the base station
  • a codebook is received, or information identifying the codebook. Information identifying one of the entries of the codebook is also received.
  • the received information is stored in the memory 207 .
  • the data stream(s) are precoded in accordance with the information of selected entry.
  • the precoded data streams are then transmitted by the respective antennas. If necessary the selected precoding may be used in any necessary retransmission.
  • FIG. 6 shows steps which may be carried out by the base station.
  • the base station is arranged to determine the channel conditions.
  • the instantaneous channel conditions are determined.
  • the channel is the channel between the user equipment and the base station.
  • the number of data streams which are to be transmitted at the same time is determined.
  • the number of data streams can be up to m where m is the number of antenna which the UE has.
  • the base station selects a codebook based on rank and a codebook entry based on the channel conditions and/or the nature of the data streams.
  • the codebook entry is selected based on the instantaneous channel conditions.
  • the selected codebook entry and codebook is sent to the user equipment.
  • information identifying the codebook may be sent, with the codebook entry.
  • the processor 105 of the BTS receiver needs to calculate the effective channel by combining the selected precoding matrix with channel estimates
  • Embodiments of the invention may be used with fewer antennas than four or more than four antennas.
  • embodiments of the present invention may be applicable to any other suitable type of apparatus suitable for communication via access systems.
  • a mobile device may be configured to enable use of different access technologies, for example, based on an appropriate multi-radio implementation.
  • access system may be understood to refer to any access system configured for enabling wireless communication for user accessing applications.
  • the above described operations may require data processing in the various entities.
  • the data processing may be provided by means of one or more data processors.
  • various entities described in the above embodiments may be implemented within a single or a plurality of data processing entities and/or data processors.
  • Appropriately adapted computer program code product may be used for implementing the embodiments, when loaded to a computer.
  • the program code product for providing the operation may be stored on and provided by means of a carrier medium such as a carrier disc, card or tape. A possibility may be to download the program code product via a data network. Implementation may be provided with appropriate software in a server.
  • the embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a chipset, in other words a series of integrated circuits communicating among each other.
  • the chipset may comprise microprocessors arranged to run code, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or programmable digital signal processors for performing the operations described above.
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • programmable digital signal processors for performing the operations described above.
  • Embodiments of the inventions may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules.
  • the design of integrated circuits can be by and large a highly automated process.
  • Complex and powerful software tools may be available for converting a logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on a semiconductor substrate.
  • Programs such as those provided by Synopsys, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif. and Cadence Design, of San Jose, Calif. may automatically route conductors and locate components on a semiconductor chip using well established rules of design as well as libraries of pre-stored design modules.
  • the resultant design in a standardized electronic format (e.g., Opus, GDSII, or the like) may be transmitted to a semiconductor fabrication facility or “fab” for fabrication.

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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
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US20170111201A1 (en) * 2014-07-07 2017-04-20 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Improved carrier frequency offset estimation using precoded non-fixed pilot signals
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US9929786B2 (en) 2014-07-30 2018-03-27 Corning Incorporated Reducing location-dependent destructive interference in distributed antenna systems (DASS) operating in multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) configuration, and related components, systems, and methods
US9525472B2 (en) 2014-07-30 2016-12-20 Corning Incorporated Reducing location-dependent destructive interference in distributed antenna systems (DASS) operating in multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) configuration, and related components, systems, and methods
US10256879B2 (en) 2014-07-30 2019-04-09 Corning Incorporated Reducing location-dependent destructive interference in distributed antenna systems (DASS) operating in multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) configuration, and related components, systems, and methods
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US9729267B2 (en) 2014-12-11 2017-08-08 Corning Optical Communications Wireless Ltd Multiplexing two separate optical links with the same wavelength using asymmetric combining and splitting
US10135561B2 (en) 2014-12-11 2018-11-20 Corning Optical Communications Wireless Ltd Multiplexing two separate optical links with the same wavelength using asymmetric combining and splitting
US20180234157A1 (en) * 2015-01-16 2018-08-16 RF DSP Inc. Beamforming in a mu-mimo wireless communication system with relays
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JP5830459B2 (ja) 2015-12-09
WO2010105670A1 (en) 2010-09-23
MX2011009694A (es) 2011-11-29
KR101298180B1 (ko) 2013-08-20
US20150180556A1 (en) 2015-06-25
US9503168B2 (en) 2016-11-22
BRPI0924424A2 (pt) 2016-02-16
PT2409415T (pt) 2020-09-16
CA2755432A1 (en) 2010-09-23
EP2409415B1 (en) 2020-06-17
EP2409415A1 (en) 2012-01-25
RU2488964C2 (ru) 2013-07-27
JP2012521116A (ja) 2012-09-10
CN102428658B (zh) 2015-02-18
SG174424A1 (en) 2011-10-28
CN102428658A (zh) 2012-04-25
AU2009342263A1 (en) 2011-11-03
AU2009342263B2 (en) 2015-04-02
PL2409415T3 (pl) 2020-12-28
ES2817546T3 (es) 2021-04-07
BRPI0924424B1 (pt) 2021-02-23
RU2011141534A (ru) 2013-04-27
CA2755432C (en) 2018-10-16

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