US20110281910A1 - Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors - Google Patents

Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110281910A1
US20110281910A1 US12/942,183 US94218310A US2011281910A1 US 20110281910 A1 US20110281910 A1 US 20110281910A1 US 94218310 A US94218310 A US 94218310A US 2011281910 A1 US2011281910 A1 US 2011281910A1
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Prior art keywords
imidazol
pyrrolidinyl
methyl
solvent
diyl
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US12/942,183
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Inventor
Rico Lavoie
John A. Bender
Jeffrey Lee Romine
Edward H. Ruediger
Carol Bachand
Omar D. Lopez
Qi Chen
Makonen Belema
John F. Kadow
Lawrence G. Hamann
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Bristol Myers Squibb Co
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Bristol Myers Squibb Co
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Application filed by Bristol Myers Squibb Co filed Critical Bristol Myers Squibb Co
Priority to US12/942,183 priority Critical patent/US20110281910A1/en
Priority to JP2012538923A priority patent/JP5697679B2/ja
Priority to CN201080061374.4A priority patent/CN102712628B/zh
Priority to PCT/US2010/056114 priority patent/WO2011060000A1/en
Priority to EP10779401.8A priority patent/EP2499132B1/en
Assigned to BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY reassignment BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BACHAND, CAROL, LAVOIE, RICO, Ruediger, Edward H., HAMANN, LAWRENCE G., BELEMA, MAKONEN, BENDER, JOHN A., CHEN, QI, LOPEZ, OMAR D., ROMINE, JEFFREY LEE, KADOW, JOHN F.
Publication of US20110281910A1 publication Critical patent/US20110281910A1/en
Priority to US13/611,708 priority patent/US8618153B2/en
Priority to US14/027,531 priority patent/US20140018389A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D419/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D419/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D419/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
    • C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D493/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

  • the present disclosure is generally directed to antiviral compounds, and more specifically directed to compounds which can inhibit the function of the NS5A protein encoded by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for inhibiting the function of the NS5A protein.
  • HCV Hepatitis C virus
  • HCV is a major human pathogen, infecting an estimated 170 million persons worldwide—roughly five times the number infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. A substantial fraction of these HCV infected individuals develop serious progressive liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • HCV is a positive-stranded RNA virus. Based on a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence and the extensive similarity in the 5′ untranslated region, HCV has been classified as a separate genus in the Flaviviridae family. All members of the Flaviviridae family have enveloped virions that contain a positive stranded RNA genome encoding all known virus-specific proteins via translation of a single, uninterrupted, open reading frame.
  • the single strand HCV RNA genome is approximately 9500 nucleotides in length and has a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a single large polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids. In infected cells, this polyprotein is cleaved at multiple sites by cellular and viral proteases to produce the structural and non-structural (NS) proteins. In the case of HCV, the generation of mature non-structural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B) is effected by two viral proteases.
  • ORF open reading frame
  • the first one is believed to be a metalloprotease and cleaves at the NS2-NS3 junction; the second one is a serine protease contained within the N-terminal region of NS3 (also referred to herein as NS3 protease) and mediates all the subsequent cleavages downstream of NS3, both in cis, at the NS3-NS4A cleavage site, and in trans, for the remaining NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A, NS5A-NS5B sites.
  • the NS4A protein appears to serve multiple functions by both acting as a cofactor for the NS3 protease and assisting in the membrane localization of NS3 and other viral replicase components.
  • NS3-NS4A complex The formation of a NS3-NS4A complex is necessary for proper protease activity resulting in increased proteolytic efficiency of the cleavage events.
  • the NS3 protein also exhibits nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA helicase activities.
  • NS5B (also referred to herein as HCV polymerase) is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is involved in the replication of HCV with other HCV proteins, including NS5A, in a replicase complex.
  • HCV NS5A protein is described, for example, in Tan, S.-L. et al., Virology, 284:1-12 (2001); and in Park, K.-J. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 30711-30718 (2003); Tellinghuisen, T. L. et al., Nature, 435:374 (2005); Love, R. A. et al., J. Virol., 83:4395 (2009); Appel, N. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 281:9833 (2006); Huang, L., J. Biol. Chem., 280:36417 (2005); Rice, C. et al., PCT Publication No. WO 2006/093867, Sep. 8, 2006.
  • a and B are independently selected from
  • a and B are other than phenyl and provided that A-B is other than
  • Y is nitrogen (N) or CH;
  • Z is oxygen (O) or sulfur (S);
  • each R 24 is independently selected from hydrogen and halo
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 20 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl
  • R 21 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl
  • R 22 is hydrogen or —C(O)R x ;
  • R 23 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl, wherein the alkyl can optionally form a fused three- to six-membered ring with an adjacent carbon atom, wherein the three- to six-membered ring is optionally substituted with one or two alkyl groups;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or —C(O)R y ;
  • R x and R y are each independently selected from cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkoxy, and alkyl, said alkyl being substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —OR 3 , —NR a R b , and —C(O)NR c R d ,
  • any said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkenyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR 4 , OR 5 , —NR a R b , (NR a R b )alkyl, and (MeO)(HO)P(O)O—, and
  • any said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be fused onto an aromatic ring and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, alkyl, hydroxyl, halogen, aryl, —NR a R b , oxo, and —C(O)OR 4 ;
  • R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, or arylalkyl
  • R 4 is selected from alkyl and arylalkyl
  • R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl, or arylalkyl
  • R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, —C(O)R 6 , —C(O)OR 7 , —C(O)NR c R d , and (NR c R d )alkyl, or alternatively, R a and R b , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure, wherein said five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure optionally may contain one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C 1 to C 6 alkyl, C 1 to C 4 haloalkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, C 1 to C 6 alkoxy, C 1 to C 4 haloalkoxy, and halogen;
  • R 6 is alkyl
  • R 7 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or haloalkyl
  • R c and R d are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, and cycloalkyl.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y is CH and Z is sulfur.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y is nitrogen and Z is sulfur.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one of A and B is
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
  • R 22 is —C(O)R x ;
  • R 2 is —C(O)R y ;
  • R x and R y are independently alkyl substituted by at least one —NR a R b , characterized by Formula (A):
  • n 0 or 1
  • R 8 is hydrogen or alkyl
  • R 9 is selected from hydrogen, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and alkyl optionally substituted with a substituent selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterobicyclyl, —OR 3 , —C(O)OR 4 , —NR a R b , and —C(O)NR c R d ,
  • cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be fused onto an aromatic ring and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, alkyl, hydroxyl, halogen, aryl, —NR a R b , oxo, and —C(O)OR 4 ; and
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , and R d are defined as above.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
  • R 22 is —C(O)R x ;
  • R 2 is —C(O)R y ;
  • R x and R y are independently alkyl substituted by at least one —NR a R b , characterized by Formula (A):
  • n 0;
  • R 8 is hydrogen
  • R 9 is selected from hydrogen, cycloalkyl, aryl, and alkyl optionally substituted with one —OR 3 substituent and
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , and R d are defined as above.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
  • R 2 is —C(O)R y ;
  • R 20 is alkyl
  • R 21 is hydrogen
  • R 22 is —C(O)R x ;
  • R x and R y are independently alkyl substituted by at least one —NR a R b , characterized by Formula (A):
  • n 0 or 1
  • R 8 is hydrogen or alkyl
  • R 9 is selected from hydrogen, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and alkyl optionally substituted with a substituent selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterobicyclyl, —OR 3 , —C(O)OR 4 , —NR a R b , and —C(O)NR c R d ,
  • aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkenyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR 4 , OR 5 , —NR a R b , (NR a R b )alkyl, and (MeO)(HO)P(O)O—, and
  • cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be fused onto an aromatic ring and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, alkyl, hydroxyl, halogen, aryl, —NR a R b , oxo, and —C(O)OR 4 ; and
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , and R d are defined as in claim 1 .
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
  • R 2 is —C(O)R y ;
  • R 20 is alkyl
  • R 21 is hydrogen
  • R 22 is —C(O)R x ;
  • R x and R y are independently alkyl substituted by at least one —NR a R b , characterized by Formula (A):
  • n 0;
  • R 8 is hydrogen
  • R 9 is selected from hydrogen, cycloalkyl, aryl, and alkyl optionally substituted with one —OR 3 substituent.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 2 and R 22 are both hydrogen.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least one of A and B is
  • composition comprising a compound of Formula (I)
  • composition further comprises at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity.
  • At least one of the additional compounds is an interferon or a ribavirin.
  • the interferon is selected from interferon alpha 2B, pegylated interferon alpha, consensus interferon, interferon alpha 2A, and lymphoblastoid interferon tau.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is selected from interleukin 2, interleukin 6, interleukin 12, a compound that enhances the development of a type 1 helper T cell response, interfering RNA, anti-sense RNA, Imiqimod, ribavirin, an inosine 5′-monophospate dehydrogenase inhibitor, amantadine, and rimantadine.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is effective to inhibit the function of a target selected from HCV metalloprotease, HCV serine protease, HCV polymerase, HCV helicase, HCV NS4B protein, HCV entry, HCV assembly, HCV egress, HCV NS5A protein, and IMPDH for the treatment of an HCV infection.
  • a target selected from HCV metalloprotease, HCV serine protease, HCV polymerase, HCV helicase, HCV NS4B protein, HCV entry, HCV assembly, HCV egress, HCV NS5A protein, and IMPDH for the treatment of an HCV infection.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):
  • the method further comprises administering at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity prior to, after or simultaneously with the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • At least one of the additional compounds is an interferon or a ribavirin.
  • the interferon is selected from interferon alpha 2B, pegylated interferon alpha, consensus interferon, interferon alpha 2A, and lymphoblastoid interferon tau.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity prior to, after or simultaneously with the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is selected from interleukin 2, interleukin 6, interleukin 12, a compound that enhances the development of a type 1 helper T cell response, interfering RNA, anti-sense RNA, Imiqimod, ribavirin, an inosine 5′-monophospate dehydrogenase inhibitor, amantadine, and rimantadine.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity prior to, after or simultaneously with the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is effective to inhibit the function of a target selected from HCV metalloprotease, HCV serine protease, HCV polymerase, HCV helicase, HCV NS4B protein, HCV entry, HCV assembly, HCV egress, HCV NS5A protein, and IMPDH for the treatment of an HCV infection.
  • a target selected from HCV metalloprotease, HCV serine protease, HCV polymerase, HCV helicase, HCV NS4B protein, HCV entry, HCV assembly, HCV egress, HCV NS5A protein, and IMPDH for the treatment of an HCV infection.
  • the “pyrrolidine moiety” on the left side of the “linker” is independent from the “pyrrolidine moiety” on the right side of the linker in respect of, e.g., (1) substituent on the pyrrolidine nitrogen (R 22 or R 2 ), and (2) stereochemistry of the pyrrolidine ring.
  • R 22 and R 2 are preferably the same, and/or the stereochemistry of the two pyrrolidine rings is preferably the same.
  • the stereogenic carbon center on the pyrrolidine ring can take either (R)- or (S)-configuration as illustrated below:
  • this disclosure is intended to cover all possible stereoisomers even when a single stereoisomer, or no stereochemistry, is described in a structure.
  • the same principle also applies to the R 2 groups.
  • the linkage between the linker group and the imidazole group of either left or right “pyrrolidine moiety” can take place at either the C-4 or the C-5 position on the imidazole ring.
  • a bonding at the C-4 position may be construed to be equivalent to a bonding at the C-5 position, as illustrated in the following equation:
  • this disclosure is intended to cover all possible tautomers even when a structure depicts only one of them.
  • a floating substituent e.g., —R 23
  • a structure indicates that the bond or substituent can attach to any available position of the structure by removal of a hydrogen from the available position.
  • any substituent or variable at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule.
  • substituent (R 23 ) p when p is 2, each of the two R 23 groups may be the same or different.
  • aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl groups of the present disclosure may be substituted as described in each of their respective definitions.
  • aryl part of an arylalkyl group may be substituted as described in the definition of the term “aryl.”
  • acetyl refers to —C(O)CH 3 .
  • alkenyl refers to a monovalent, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more, preferably one to two, double bonds therein.
  • the double bond of an alkenyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group.
  • Suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, C 2 to C 10 alkenyl groups, such as vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, 2-propyl-2-butenyl, 4-(2-methyl-3-butene)-pentenyl.
  • An alkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • Representative examples of alkoxy group include, but are not limited to, methoxy (CH 3 O—), ethoxy (CH 3 CH 2 O—), and t-butoxy ((CH 3 ) 3 CO—).
  • alkyl refers to a group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon by removal of a hydrogen from one of the saturated carbons.
  • the alkyl group preferably contains from one to ten carbon atoms.
  • Representative examples of alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl.
  • alkylcarbonyl refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl group include, but are not limited to, acetyl (—C(O)CH 3 ), propanoyl (—C(O)CH 2 CH 3 ), n-butyryl (—C(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), and 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl or pivaloyl (—C(O)C(CH 3 ) 3 ).
  • allyl refers to the —CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 group.
  • aryl refers to a group derived from an aromatic carbocycle by removal of a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring.
  • the aryl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic, wherein in bicyclic or polycyclic aryl group, the aromatic carbocycle can be fused onto another four- to six-membered aromatic or non-aromatic carbocycle.
  • Representative examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-5-yl.
  • arylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three aryl groups, wherein aryl part of the arylalkyl group may optionally be substituted by one to five substituents independently selected from C 1 to C 6 alkyl, C 1 to C 4 haloalkyl, C 1 to C 6 alkoxy, halogen, cyano, and nitro groups.
  • substituents independently selected from C 1 to C 6 alkyl, C 1 to C 4 haloalkyl, C 1 to C 6 alkoxy, halogen, cyano, and nitro groups.
  • arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenyl-1-ethyl (PhCH 2 CH 2 —), (naphth-1-yl)methyl, and (naphth-2-yl)methyl.
  • benzyl refers to a methyl group on which one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a phenyl group, wherein said phenyl group may optionally be substituted by one to five substituents independently selected from methyl, trifluoromethyl (—CF 3 ), methoxy (—OCH 3 ), halogen, and nitro (—NO 2 ).
  • substituents independently selected from methyl, trifluoromethyl (—CF 3 ), methoxy (—OCH 3 ), halogen, and nitro (—NO 2 ).
  • Representative examples of benzyl group include, but are not limited to, PhCH 2 —, 4-MeO—C 6 H 4 CH 2 —, and 2,4,6-tri-methyl-C 6 H 4 CH 2 —.
  • bridged bicyclic ring refers to a ring structure comprising a bridgehead between two of the ring members, wherein the ring and the bridgehead optionally may independently comprise one or more, preferably one to two, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Illustrated examples of a bridged bicyclic ring structure include, but are not limited to:
  • Cap refers to the group which is placed on the nitrogen atom of the pyrrolidine ring in the compounds of Formula (I). It should be understood that “Cap” or “cap” can also refer to the reagent which is a precursor to the final “cap” in compounds of Formula (I) and is used as one of the starting materials in the reaction to append a group on the pyrrolidine nitrogen that results in the final product, a compound which contains the functionalized pyrrolidine that will be present in the compound of Formula (I).
  • carbonyl refers to —C(O)—.
  • cyano refers to —CN.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a group derived from a saturated carbocycle, having preferably three to eight carbon atoms, by removal of a hydrogen atom from the saturated carbocycle, wherein the saturated carbocycle can optionally be fused onto one or two other aromatic or nonaromatic carbocycles.
  • Representative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl.
  • halo and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to F, Cl, Br, or I.
  • haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by at least one halogen atom.
  • the haloalkyl group can be an alkyl group of which all hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogens.
  • Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl (CF 3 —), 1-chloroethyl (ClCH 2 CH 2 —), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (CF 3 CH 2 —).
  • heteroaryl refers to group derived from a monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic compound comprising at least one aromatic ring comprising one or more, preferably one to three, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, by removal of a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring thereof.
  • heteroaryl rings have less aromatic character than their all-carbon counterparts.
  • a heteroaryl group need only have some degree of aromatic character.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, (1,2,3,)- and (1,2,4)-triazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three heteroaryl groups.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a ring structure comprising two fused, spiro, or bridged rings that include carbon and one or more, preferably one to three, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the heterobicyclic ring structure is a subset of heterocyclic ring and can be saturated or unsaturated. Examples of heterobicyclic ring structures include, but are not limited to, tropane, quinuclidine, 6-oxaspiro[2.5]octane, and 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a group derived from a monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic compound comprising at least one nonaromatic ring comprising one or more, preferably one to three, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, by removal of a hydrogen atom from the nonaromatic ring.
  • the heterocyclyl group encompasses the heterobicyclyl group.
  • the heterocyclyl groups of the present disclosure can be attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom in the group.
  • heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, morpholinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thiomorpholinyl, and indolinyl.
  • heterocyclylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three heterocyclyl groups.
  • hydroxy or “hydroxyl,” as used herein, refer to —OH.
  • nitro refers to —NO 2 .
  • —NR a R b refers to two groups, R a and R b , which are attached to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom, or alternatively R a and R b , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered ring or a fused- or bridged-bicyclic ring structure optionally containing one, two, or three additional heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • —NR c R d is defined similarly.
  • (NR a R b )alkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three —NR a R b groups.
  • (NR c R d )alkyl is defined similarly.
  • oxo refers to ⁇ O.
  • sulfonyl refers to —SO 2 —.
  • Certain compounds of the present disclosure may also exist in different stable conformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of different conformers.
  • the present disclosure includes each conformational isomer of these compounds and mixtures thereof.
  • isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
  • isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium.
  • isotopes of carbon include 13 C and 14 C.
  • Isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed. Such compounds may have a variety of potential uses, for example as standards and reagents in determining biological activity. In the case of stable isotopes, such compounds may have the potential to favorably modify biological, pharmacological, or pharmacokinetic properties.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds of the present disclosure which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible, which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
  • the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting a suitable nitrogen atom with a suitable acid.
  • Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate; digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylproprionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbon
  • Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • the cations of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine.
  • Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, and piperazine.
  • compositions which include therapeutically effective amounts of compounds of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more, preferably one to three, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
  • therapeutically effective amount refers to the total amount of each active component that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, e.g., a sustained reduction in viral load. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone.
  • the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially, or simultaneously.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are as described above.
  • the carrier(s), diluent(s), or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation including admixing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with one or more, preferably one to three, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
  • compositions may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per unit dose. Dosage levels of between about 0.01 and about 250 milligram per kilogram (“mg/kg”) body weight per day, preferably between about 0.05 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day of the compounds of the present disclosure are typical in a monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of HCV mediated disease. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure will be administered from about 1 to about 5 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.
  • mg/kg milligram per kilogram
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending on the condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound employed, the duration of treatment, and the age, gender, weight, and condition of the patient.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient.
  • treatment is initiated with small dosages substantially less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached.
  • the compound is most desirably administered at a concentration level that will generally afford antivirally effective results without causing any harmful or deleterious side effects.
  • compositions of this disclosure comprise a combination of a compound of the present disclosure and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agent
  • both the compound and the additional agent are usually present at dosage levels of between about 10 to 150%, and more preferably between about 10 and 80% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
  • compositions may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual, or transdermal), vaginal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional, intravenous, or intradermal injections or infusions) route.
  • Such formulations may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s). Oral administration or administration by injection are preferred.
  • compositions adapted for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or whips; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil emulsions.
  • the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like.
  • an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like.
  • Powders are prepared by comminuting the compound to a suitable fine size and mixing with a similarly comminuted pharmaceutical carrier such as an edible carbohydrate, as, for example, starch or mannitol. Flavoring, preservative, dispersing, and coloring agent can also be present.
  • Capsules are made by preparing a powder mixture, as described above, and filling formed gelatin sheaths.
  • Glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, or solid polyethylene glycol can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation.
  • a disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, or sodium carbonate can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.
  • suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, and the like.
  • Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium chloride, and the like.
  • Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, betonite, xanthan gum, and the like.
  • Tablets are formulated, for example, by preparing a powder mixture, granulating or slugging, adding a lubricant and disintegrant, and pressing into tablets.
  • a powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound, suitable comminuted, with a diluent or base as described above, and optionally, with a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelating, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a solution retardant such as paraffin, a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt and/or and absorption agent such as betonite, kaolin, or dicalcium phosphate.
  • a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelating, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • a solution retardant such as paraffin
  • a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt and/or
  • absorption agent such as betonite, kaolin, or dicalcium phosphate.
  • the powder mixture can be granulated by wetting with a binder such as syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage, or solutions of cellulosic or polymeric materials and forcing through a screen.
  • a binder such as syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage, or solutions of cellulosic or polymeric materials and forcing through a screen.
  • the powder mixture can be run through the tablet machine and the result is imperfectly formed slugs broken into granules.
  • the granules can be lubricated to prevent sticking to the tablet forming dies by means of the addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc, or mineral oil.
  • the lubricated mixture is then compressed into tablets.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can also be combined with a free flowing inert carrier and compressed into tablets directly without going through the granulating or slugging steps.
  • a clear or opaque protective coating consisting of a sealing coat of shellac,
  • Oral fluids such as solution, syrups, and elixirs can be prepared in dosage unit form so that a given quantity contains a predetermined amount of the compound.
  • Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound in a suitably flavored aqueous solution, while elixirs are prepared through the use of a non-toxic vehicle.
  • Solubilizers and emulsifiers such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxyethylene sorbitol ethers, preservatives, flavor additive such as peppermint oil or natural sweeteners, or saccharin or other artificial sweeteners, and the like can also be added.
  • dosage unit formulations for oral administration can be microencapsulated.
  • the formulation can also be prepared to prolong or sustain the release as for example by coating or embedding particulate material in polymers, wax, or the like.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles.
  • liposomes can be formed from a variety of phopholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phophatidylcholines.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled.
  • the compounds may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
  • Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamidephenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine substituted with palitoyl residues.
  • the compounds may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates, and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
  • a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates, and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
  • compositions adapted for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time.
  • the active ingredient may be delivered from the patch by iontophoresis as generally described in Pharmaceutical Research, 3(6):318 (1986).
  • compositions adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols, or oils.
  • the formulations are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream.
  • the active ingredient may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active ingredient may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in oil base.
  • compositions adapted for topical administrations to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent.
  • compositions adapted for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles, and mouth washes.
  • compositions adapted for rectal administration may be presented as suppositories or as enemas.
  • compositions adapted for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a course powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
  • suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as a nasal spray or nasal drops, include aqueous or oil solutions of the active ingredient.
  • Fine particle dusts or mists which may be generated by means of various types of metered, dose pressurized aerosols, nebulizers, or insufflators.
  • compositions adapted for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulations.
  • compositions adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and soutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.
  • formulations may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • patient includes both human and other mammals.
  • treating refers to: (i) preventing a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a patient that may be predisposed to the disease, disorder, and/or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease, disorder, or condition, i.e., arresting its development; and (iii) relieving the disease, disorder, or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can also be administered with a cyclosporin, for example, cyclosporin A.
  • Cyclosporin A has been shown to be active against HCV in clinical trials ( Hepatology, 38:1282 (2003); Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 313:42 (2004); J. Gastroenterol., 38:567 (2003)).
  • Table 1 lists some illustrative examples of compounds that can be administered with the compounds of this disclosure.
  • the compounds of the disclosure can be administered with other anti-HCV activity compounds in combination therapy, either jointly or separately, or by combining the compounds into a composition.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may also be used as laboratory reagents.
  • Compounds may be instrumental in providing research tools for designing of viral replication assays, validation of animal assay systems and structural biology studies to further enhance knowledge of the HCV disease mechanisms. Further, the compounds of the present disclosure are useful in establishing or determining the binding site of other antiviral compounds, for example, by competitive inhibition.
  • the compounds of this disclosure may also be used to treat or prevent viral contamination of materials and therefore reduce the risk of viral infection of laboratory or medical personnel or patients who come in contact with such materials, e.g., blood, tissue, surgical instruments and garments, laboratory instruments and garments, and blood collection or transfusion apparatuses and materials.
  • materials e.g., blood, tissue, surgical instruments and garments, laboratory instruments and garments, and blood collection or transfusion apparatuses and materials.
  • This disclosure is intended to encompass compounds having Formula (I) when prepared by synthetic processes or by metabolic processes including those occurring in the human or animal body (in vivo) or processes occurring in vitro.
  • the crude material was resubjected to the reaction conditions using dichloromethane (50 mL) as the only solvent. After 8 h at room temperature the reaction was diluted with tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) and concentrated. By LCMS, the crude bright yellow solid was found to be a mixture of 1,1′-(2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl)bis(2-bromoethanone) and tribrominated material (2.90 g). The material was taken into the next step without purification.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 30 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% methanol/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% methanol/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 30 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% methanol/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% methanol/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated, filtered and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 15 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA) and the fractions shown (LCMS) to contain the desired product were filtered through a Strata XC MCX cartridge.
  • the cartridge was washed with methanol and then the compound was release from the cartridge by flushing the column with a solution of 2M ammonia in methanol.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (84 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5′-(2,2′-bithiene-5,5′-diyl)bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazole) (40 mg, 0.092 mmol), (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)propanoic acid (34 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 20 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated in vacuo and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 30 to 100% acetonitrile/water/10 mmol ammonium acetate) to yield the free base of the desired compound.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (84 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5,5′-bis(2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bithiophene (40 mg, 0.092 mmol), (S)-4-methoxy-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)butanoic acid (44 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 20 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 30 to 100% acetonitrile/water/10 mmol ammonium acetate) to yield the free base of the desired compound.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (84 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5′-(2,2′-bithiene-5,5′-diyl)bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazole) (40 mg, 0.092 mmol), (R)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (40 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 20 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 30 to 100% acetonitrile/water/10 mmol ammonium acetate) to yield the free base of the desired compound.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU (84 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5′-(2,2′-bithiene-5,5′-diyl)bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazole) (40 mg, 0.092 mmol), (R)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid (48 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 20 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 30 to 100% acetonitrile/water/10 mmol ammonium acetate) to yield the free base of the desired compound.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (84 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5′-(2,2′-bithiene-5,5′-diyl)bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazole) (40 mg, 0.092 mmol), (R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid hydrochloride (49 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 20 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated in vacuo and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 30 to 100% acetonitrile/water/10 mmol ammonium acetate) to yield the free base of the desired compound.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (84 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5′-(2,2′-bithiene-5,5′-diyl)bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazole) (40 mg, 0.092 mmol), (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (40 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 20 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 30 to 100% acetonitrile/water/10 mmol ammonium acetate) to yield the free base of the desired compound.
  • LC-MS retention time 1.10 min; m/z 751.0 (MH + ).
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU (77 mg, 0.20 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5′-(2,2′-bithiene-5,5′-diyl)bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazole) (37 mg, 0.085 mmol), (S)-2-cyclopropyl-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)acetic acid (37 mg, 0.21 mmol) and DIEA (0.15 mL, 0.85 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 24 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 20 to 90% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 30 ⁇ 100 mm 5 u, eluted with a gradient of 10 to 85% methanol/water/0.1% TFA) to yield a trifluoroacetate salt of dimethyl (2,2′-bithiene-5,5′-diylbis(1H-imidazole-4,2-diyl(2S)-2,1-pyrrolidinediyl((1S)-1-cyclopropyl-2-oxo-2,1-ethanediyl)))biscarbamate (4.0 mg, 0.0037 mmol, 4.4% yield) as an orange solid.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% acetonitrile/95% water/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 95% acetonitrile/5% water/10 mM ammonium acetate.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU 66 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • a stirred solution of a TFA salt of 2,2′-bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-5,5′-bi-1,3-thiazole 40 mg, 0.045 mmol
  • (R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid hydrochloride 39 mg, 0.18 mmol
  • DIEA 0.078 mL, 0.45 mmol
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with an X-bridge C18 4.6 ⁇ 30 mm 5u column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 2 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 3 min where Solvent A was 5% methanol/95% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 95% methanol/5% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU 66 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred for 3 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 10 to 80% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA).
  • Fractions containing the desired product were concentrated in vacuo and repurified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 100 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 10 to 100% methanol/water/0.1% TFA) to yield a trifluoroacetate salt of dimethyl (5,5′-bi-1,3-thiazole-2,2′-diylbis(1H-imidazole-4,2-diyl(2S)-2,1-pyrrolidinediyl((1R)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2,1-ethanediyl)))biscarbamate (16 mg, 0.015 mmol, 33% yield) as an orange solid.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% acetonitrile/95% water/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 95% acetonitrile/5% water/10 mM ammonium acetate.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU 66 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred for 3 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • LC-MS retention time 1.85 min; m/z 753.5 (MH + ).
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with an X-bridge C18 4.6 ⁇ 30 mm 5u column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% methanol/95% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 95% methanol/5% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU 66 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred for 3 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness in vacuo and purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 10 to 80% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA) to yield a trifluoroacetate salt of methyl ((1R)-1-(2S)-2-(4-(2′-(2-((2S)-1-((2R)-2-((methoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-5,5′-bi-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-2-methylpropyl)carbamate (16 mg, 0.016 mmol, 36% yield) as an orange solid.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm S10 column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% methanol/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% methanol/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU 66 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred for 3 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm S10 column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 2 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 3 min where Solvent A was 10% methanol/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% methanol/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU 66 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred for 5 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and stirred for 15 min.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm S10 column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% methanol/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% methanol/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ ppm 8.11 (s, 2H).
  • Tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin (0.425 mL, 1.26 mmol) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) (21.5 mg, 0.031 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-bithiazole (200 mg, 0.613 mmol) in dimethylformamide (4 mL) under nitrogen.
  • the reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 2 h.
  • the reaction was cooled, diluted with ether and aqueous potassium fluoride (0.5 g in 5 mL of water). The mixture was vigorously stirred for 1 h at room temperature, both phases were filtered through CELITE® and then separated.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS®Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • N-bromosuccinimide (209 mg, 1.174 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of 5,5′-bis(1-ethoxyvinyl)-2,2′-bithiazole (181 mg, 0.587 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.4 mL) and water (1 mL) at 0° C.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C., diluted with water (25 mL) and ethyl acetate (25 mL) and the phases were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organics were washed with sat aq.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% acetonitrile/95% water/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 95% acetonitrile/5% water/10 mM ammonium acetate.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • LC-MS retention time 2.68 min; m/z 701.2 (MH + ).
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • Fractions containing the desired product were combined concentrated and purified further using preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u eluted with a gradient of 20 to 100% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA). Fractions containing the desired product were filtered through a Strata XC MCX cartridge. The cartridge was washed with methanol and the compound was released from the cartridge by washing the column with a 2M ammonia in methanol solution.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (135 mg, 0.356 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5,5′-bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bi-1,3-thiazole (40 mg, 0.091 mmol), (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (64 mg, 0.37 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.91 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL), stirred for 15 min and concentrated to dryness in vacuo.
  • LC-MS retention time 1.04 min; m/z 753.1 (MH + ).
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU (135 mg, 0.356 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5,5′-bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bi-1,3-thiazole (40 mg, 0.091 mmol), (S)-4-methoxy-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)butanoic acid (69.7 mg, 0.365 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.91 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL), stirred for 15 min and concentrated to dryness in vacuo.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (135 mg, 0.356 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5,5′-bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bi-1,3-thiazole (40 mg, 0.091 mmol), (R)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid (76 mg, 0.37 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.91 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL), stirred for 15 min and concentrated to dryness in vacuo.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (135 mg, 0.356 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5,5′-bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bi-1,3-thiazole (40 mg, 0.091 mmol), (R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid, hydrochloride (79 mg, 0.365 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.91 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL), stirred for 15 min and concentrated to dryness in vacuo.
  • the crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 150 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 10 to 70% acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA) and then repurified by HPLC (Waters Sunfire C18 column 30 ⁇ 100 mm 5u, eluted with a gradient of 10 to 80% methanol/water/0.1% TFA) to yield a trifluoroacetate salt of (1R,1′R)-2,2′-(2,2′-bi-1,3-thiazole-5,5′-diylbis(1H-imidazole-4,2-diyl(2S)-2,1-pyrrolidinediyl))bis(N,N-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-phenylethanamine) (20 mg, 0.016 mmol, 18% yield) as an orange solid.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (135 mg, 0.356 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5,5′-bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bi-1,3-thiazole (40 mg, 0.091 mmol), (R)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (80 mg, 0.456 mmol) and DIEA (0.16 mL, 0.91 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL), stirred for 15 min and concentrated to dryness in vacuo.
  • LC-MS retention time 1.11 min; m/z 753.1 (MH + ).
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nm.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU 66 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • 5′-bis(2-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bi-1,3-thiazole 40 mg, 0.045 mmol
  • (2S,3R)-3-methoxy-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)butanoic acid 34 mg, 0.18 mmol
  • DIEA 0.078 mL, 0.45 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred for 16 h, diluted with methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL), stirred for 15 min and concentrated to dryness in vacuo.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • the SEM protected imidazoles (2 g, 3.2 mmol) and tributyl (1-ethoxyvinyl)tin (1.3 mL, 3.8 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (20 mL). After being flushed exhaustively with nitrogen gas, dichloro(triphenylphosphine)palladium (120 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture heated at 100° C. for 5 h. The DMF was removed by rotary evaporation under high vacuum and the crude residue was applied (CH 2 Cl 2 ) to a preequilibrated 25 (M) BIOTAGE® silica gel cartridge.
  • HATU 60 mg, 0.16 mmol was added to a rapidly stirred solution of the free base (31 mg, 0.075 mmol), N-methoxycarbonyl-(R)-phenylalanine (33.4 mg, 0.16 mmol), and Hunig's base (0.13 mL, 0.75 mmol) in DMF (1 mL).
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% acetonitrile/90% water/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.1% TFA.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% CH 3 CN/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% CH 3 CN/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% CH 3 CN/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA.
  • reaction was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC (acetonitrile/water/0.1% TFA) to provide a TFA salt of 1,4-bis(2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)buta-1,3-diyne (94.5 mg) as tan solid.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% CH 3 CN/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU 29.4 mg, 0.077 mmol
  • LC-MS retention time 1.222 min; m/z 703.10 (MH + ).
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with an XTERRA® C18 S7 3.0 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 2 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 3 min where Solvent A was 10% MeOH/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% MeOH/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU 29.4 mg, 0.077 mmol
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% CH 3 CN/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU 29.4 mg, 0.077 mmol
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with an XTERRA® C18 S7 3.0 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 2 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 3 min where Solvent A was 10% MeOH/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% MeOH/0.1% TFA.
  • HATU 29.4 mg, 0.077 mmol
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a Sunfire 5u C18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 10% CH 3 CN/90% H 2 O/0.1% TFA and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 5 ml/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H 2 O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H 2 O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 5 ml/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H 2 O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H 2 O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 5 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H 2 O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H 2 O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • HATU (30.8 mg, 0.081 mmol) was added to a stirring solution of a TFA salt of 2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-5-((4′-(2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)ethynyl)-1H-imidazole (24 mg) and (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (14.2 mg, 0.081 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) and TEA (0.023 mL, 0.16 mmol) and stirred 1 h.
  • LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0 ⁇ 50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 5 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H 2 O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H 2 O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. Complex mixture of rotamers.
  • a TFA salt of the title compound (9 mg) was prepared in an analogous manner to Examples 29-32, utilizing 1,4-bis(2-((1R,3S,5R)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)buta-1,3-diyne and (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)acetic acid as starting materials.
  • the elution conditions employed a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 4 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 5 min where Solvent A was 10% MeOH/90% H 2 O/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and Solvent B was 10% H 2 O/90% MeOH/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid.
  • MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode.
  • reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved into ethyl acetate (250 mL) and washed with aqueous sodium carbonate (3 ⁇ 100 mL), water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.
  • Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added to a stirred solution of (2S,2′S)-tert-butyl 2,2′-(4,4′-(1E,1′E)-2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)bis(1H-imidazole-4,2-diyl))dipyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (500 mg, 0.83 mmoles) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. Additional trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred for an additional 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was dried under vacuum to yield a TFA salt of the desired product as an opaque red oil.
  • the crude product was absorbed onto an OASIS® MCS ion exchange cartridge 35 mL (6 g) with dichloromethane/methanol and the product was retrieved in the form of the free base with a solution of 2M NH 3 in methanol.
  • reaction mixture was purified directly by prep HPLC.
  • the solid obtained, the TFA salt, was loaded onto an SCX ion exchange cartridge with methanol, then the product was isolated as the free base by eluting with a solution of 2 M NH 3 in methanol to yield (1R)-2-((2S)-2-(4-(2-(4-(2-(2-((2S)-1-((2R)-2-(diethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)ethyl)phenyl)ethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-pyrrolidinyl)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxo-1-phenylethanamine (40 mg) as a white solid.
  • Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 (0.115 g, 0.099 mmol) was added to a mixture of tributyl(ethynyl)stannane (1.539 g, 4.88 mmol), (S)-tert-butyl 2-(4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (0.965 g, 2.46 mmol; for its preparation, see PCT Publication No. WO 2008/021927) and LiCl (0.277 g, 6.53 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) in a sealed pressure tube. The mixture was purged with nitrogen, sealed and heated at 80° C. for 3 hr.
  • HATU (22.2 mg, 0.058 mmol) was added to a DMF (0.8 mL) solution of Intermediate M1c (11 mg, 0.030 mmol), (R)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid (13.2 mg, 0.063 mmol) and DIEA (0.025 mL, 0.14 mmol), and stirred for 2 hr. It was diluted with MeOH and submitted to a reverse phase HPLC purification (MeOH/water/TFA; column: PHENOMENEX® Luna, 30 ⁇ 50 mm S10) and the fractions were rotervaped to afford the TFA salt of Example M1 as a white foam/solid (14.4 mg).
  • Example M3 (TFA salt) was prepared from Intermediate M2b and the HCl salt (R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example M2.
  • LC/MS Anal. Calcd. For (M+H) + C 42 H 51 N 8 O 2 : 699.41. found 699.33.
  • HATU (19 mg, 0.05 mmol) was added to a DMF (1 mL) solution of (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (9 mg, 0.05 mmol) and DIEA (0.22 mL, 0.125 mmol) and stirred for 5 min.
  • a DMF (1.0 mL) solution of Intermediate M4b (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hr. The mixture was diluted with water (1 mL) and concentrated in vacuo.
  • Example M4 was free-based with SCX cartridge (MeOH wash; 2.0 M NH 3 /MeOH elution) to afford Example M4 as a white solid (11.9 mg).
  • Examples M5 to M7 were prepared in a free base form from Intermediate M4b and appropriate acid coupling partners according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example M4.
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H 2 O
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H 2 O
  • the TFA salt of Cap-6 was synthesized from (R)-2-phenylglycine and 1-bromo-2-(2-bromoethoxy)ethane by using the method of preparation of Cap-5.
  • Cap-8 and Cap-9 were conducted according to the synthesis of Cap-7 by using appropriate amines for the SN 2 displacement step (i.e., 4-hydroxypiperidine for Cap-8 and (S)-3-fluoropyrrolidine for Cap-9) and modified conditions for the separation of the respective stereoisomeric intermediates, as described below.
  • the stereoisomeric separation of the intermediate benzyl 2-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenyl acetate was effected by employing the following conditions: the compound (500 mg) was dissolved in ethanol/heptane (5 mL/45 mL). The resulting solution was injected (5 mL/injection) on a chiral HPLC column (Chiracel OJ, 2 cm ID ⁇ 25 cm L, 10 ⁇ m) eluting with 80:20 heptane/ethanol at 10 mL/min, monitored at 220 nm, to provide 186.3 mg of stereoisomer-1 and 209.1 mg of stereoisomer-2 as light-yellow viscous oils.
  • the diastereomeric separation of the intermediate benzyl 2-((S)-3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate was effected by employing the following conditions: the ester (220 mg) was separated on a chiral HPLC column (Chiracel OJ-H, 0.46 cm ID ⁇ 25 cm L, 5 ⁇ m) eluting with 95% CO 2 /5% methanol with 0.1% TFA, at 10 bar pressure, 70 mL/min flow rate, and a temperature of 35° C.
  • Step 1 A mixture of (R)-( ⁇ )-D-phenylglycine tert-butyl ester (3.00 g, 12.3 mmol), NaBH 3 CN (0.773 g, 12.3 mmol), KOH (0.690 g, 12.3 mmol) and acetic acid (0.352 mL, 6.15 mmol) were stirred in methanol at 0° C. To this mixture was added glutaric dialdehyde (2.23 mL, 12.3 mmol) dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred as it was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirring was continued at the same temperature for 16 hours.
  • Step 2 To a stirred solution of the intermediate ester (1.12 g, 2.88 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added TFA (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hours and then it was concentrated to dryness to give a light yellow oil. The oil was purified using reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 30 ⁇ 100 mm; CH 3 CN—H 2 O-0.1% TFA). The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was then dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol and applied to applied to MCX LP extraction cartridges (2 ⁇ 6 g).
  • Step 1 (S)-1-Phenylethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate: To a mixture of ⁇ -bromophenylacetic acid (10.75 g, 0.050 mol), (S)-( ⁇ )-1-phenylethanol (7.94 g, 0.065 mol) and DMAP (0.61 g, 5.0 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (100 mL) was added solid EDCI (12.46 g, 0.065 mol) all at once.
  • Step 2 (S)-1-Phenylethyl (R)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate: To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate (0.464 g, 1.45 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was added triethylamine (0.61 mL, 4.35 mmol), followed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.215 g, 0.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and then a solution of 4-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine (0.251 g, 2.18 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added.
  • Step 3 (R)-2-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid: To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl (R)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate (0.185 g, 0.52 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours.
  • Step 1 (S)-1-Phenylethyl 2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate: A mixture of 2-fluorophenylacetic acid (5.45 g, 35.4 mmol), (S)-1-phenylethanol (5.62 g, 46.0 mmol), EDCI (8.82 g, 46.0 mmol) and DMAP (0.561 g, 4.60 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The solvent was then concentrated and the residue partitioned with H 2 O-ethyl acetate. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer back-extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ ).
  • Step 2 (R)—((S)-1-Phenylethyl) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetate: To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl 2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate (5.00 g, 19.4 mmol) in THF (1200 mL) at 0° C. was added DBU (6.19 g, 40.7 mmol) and the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature while stirring for 30 minutes. The solution was then cooled to ⁇ 78° C. and a solution of CBr 4 (13.5 g, 40.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to ⁇ 10° C.
  • Step 3 (R)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetic acid: A mixture of (R)—((S)-1-phenylethyl) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetate (0.737 g, 2.16 mmol) and 20% Pd(OH) 2 /C (0.070 g) in ethanol (30 mL) was hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (H 2 balloon) for 2 hours. The solution was then purged with Ar, filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®), and concentrated in vacuo. This provided the title compound as a colorless solid (0.503 g, 98%).
  • CELITE® diatomaceous earth
  • Step 1 (S)-1-Phenylethyl (R)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate: To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate (1.50 g, 4.70 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added triethylamine (1.31 mL, 9.42 mmol), followed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.347 g, 0.94 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and then a solution of 4-phenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine (1.00 g, 5.64 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added.
  • LCMS Anal. Calcd. for: C 28 H 30 N 2 O 4 458.22; Found: 459.44 (M + H) + .

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