US20110269161A1 - Methods, Compositions and Kits for High Throughput Kinase Activity Screening Using Mass Spectrometry and Stable Isotopes - Google Patents

Methods, Compositions and Kits for High Throughput Kinase Activity Screening Using Mass Spectrometry and Stable Isotopes Download PDF

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US20110269161A1
US20110269161A1 US13/078,203 US201113078203A US2011269161A1 US 20110269161 A1 US20110269161 A1 US 20110269161A1 US 201113078203 A US201113078203 A US 201113078203A US 2011269161 A1 US2011269161 A1 US 2011269161A1
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kinase
amino acid
phosphorylation
peptide
protein
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Steven P. Gygi
Kazuishi Kubota
Judit Villen
Yonghao Yu
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Harvard College
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Harvard College
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
    • C12Q1/485—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase involving kinase
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
    • G01N33/6842—Proteomic analysis of subsets of protein mixtures with reduced complexity, e.g. membrane proteins, phosphoproteins, organelle proteins
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
    • G01N33/6848—Methods of protein analysis involving mass spectrometry

Definitions

  • the invention relates to compositions, kits and methods for diagnosis, research and prognosis of cancer and other conditions, by analyzing the entire kinome of cells and tissues.
  • PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
  • MAP mitogen-activated protein
  • Hyperactivation of signalling pathways occurs during tumor pathogenesis as a result of over-expression of signal activators, structural alteration of kinases, or loss of negative mediators (growth factor receptor, Ras, PI3K, Src, BCR-Ab1, PTEN, LKB1 and SHP2; Hanahan et al. 2000 Cell 100: 57-70; McLendon et al. 2008 Nature 455: 1061-1068; Ren et al. 2005 Nat Rev Cancer 5: 172-183; Yeatman 2004 Nat Rev Cancer 4: 470-480).
  • the network is rewired and a new equilibrium is established that can involve retuning sensitivity to upstream signals, bypassing routes and creation of additional nodes and connections.
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK cascade mitogen-activated Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK cascade
  • Ras per se is present as structurally altered forms in about 25% of human tumors, leading to constitutive activation and disengagement of this protein from the upstream mitogenic signals (Medema et al. 1993 Crit Rev Oncog 4: 615-661).
  • RSK Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway controlled kinases
  • RSK is upregulated in about 30% of all cancers and 9% of breast cancers (Barlund et al. 2000 J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 1252-1259).
  • RTK receptor tyrosine kinase
  • Signaling networks in cancer cells are heterogeneous. Individual tumors derived from the same types of precursor cells may have distinct substructures within the network.
  • kinase signaling pathways there is a need for a fast and convenient method to characterize not only the basal phosphorylation activities but also the manner in which protein kinases and protein phosphatases and their downstream targets perform in the pathway.
  • An embodiment of the invention provided herein is a composition having an optimized oligopeptide substrate having an amino acid sequence, such that a site in the amino acid sequence is recognized and phosphorylated by a protein kinase, or is recognized and dephosphotylated by a protein phosphatase, and further having at least one modification for purification and analysis by mass spectrometry (MS).
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • the modification for purification has at least one hydrophobic amino acid at a terminus of the amino acid sequence, or the modification for purification includes at least one hydrophobic amino acid at an interior position within the amino acid sequence.
  • the at least one hydrophobic amino acid is selected from the group including phenylalanine, leucine, tryphtophan, valine, and isoleucine.
  • the modification for analysis by MS includes a charged amino acid.
  • the charged amino acid is selected from the group of arginine, lysine and histidine, more particularly, arginine and lysine.
  • the modification includes amino acids arginine-phenylalanine located at the carboxy terminus of the amino acid sequence of the oligopeptide.
  • the oligopeptide composition including an amino acid sequence of a protein kinase substrate chemically bound to a tri-peptide sequence proline-phenylalanine-arginine (PFR).
  • PFR proline-phenylalanine-arginine
  • the PFR tripeptide is located at the carboxy terminal end.
  • the kinase substrate includes at least one amino acid for phosphorylation selected from the group serine, threonine, and tyrosine (S, T or Y), i.e., the oligopeptide that is a kinase substrate contains at least one amino acid residue capable of being phosphorylated and thus having a hydroxy group.
  • S, T or Y tyrosine
  • the oligopeptide sequences are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • an oligopeptide composition for prognosing and diagnosing a cancer, and the oligopeptide is any of the peptides according to any of the above described compositions.
  • An embodiment of the oligopeptide includes at least one phosphorylated amino acid. Alternatively, the amino acids of the sequence are not phosphorylated.
  • At least one amino acid in the sequence is a labeled amino acid having at least one atom which is enriched in stable isotopes of increased molecular mass compared to common isotopes.
  • the stable isotope is at least one selected from the group of 2 H, 13 C and 15 N.
  • the labeled amino acid is a proline located at or near the carboxy terminus.
  • An embodiment of the composition includes a plurality of the above described optimized kinase substrates, such that the substrates have amino acid sequences selected for kinases associated with a class of diseases selected from the group of cancers, cardiac conditions, and inflammatory conditions.
  • the plurality of sequences are associated with a plurality of classes of diseases, such that the compositions can be used in analyzing an overall profile of the health of a subject.
  • an embodiment of the invention provides a method for simultaneously measuring a plurality of kinase-related enzyme activities in at least one biological sample, the method including: contacting an aliquot of the at least one sample with a plurality of optimized peptide substrates under reaction conditions suitable for the plurality of kinase-related enzyme activities, each optimized substrate including an amino acid sequence including a phosphorylation site, and amino acid modifications for enrichment and for mass spectrometry (MS); terminating the reaction and adding a plurality of internal standards, wherein the internal standards include amino acid sequences corresponding to amino acid sequences of the peptide substrates, wherein at least one end terminal amino acid of each internal standard further includes label with a heavy stable isotope; enriching phosphopeptide reaction products by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography or titanium dioxide interaction chromatography, wherein prior to enriching the sample is passaged through a C18 solid phase extraction cartridge; and, analyzing reaction products by ultra-high resolution MS, wherein a plurality of reaction products and internal
  • An embodiment of the method above involves a single incubation measuring the plurality of kinase-related enzyme activities performed in a single container.
  • the method further reduces a cross-phosphorylation of the peptide substrates.
  • the method reduces the cross-phosphorylation wherein an optimized substrate concentration is less than about 5 ⁇ M or less than about 1 ⁇ M.
  • An embodiment of the method above includes the plurality having at least 10 enzyme activities; at least 50 enzyme activities; or the plurality is at least 100 enzyme activities.
  • An embodiment of the method above includes at least one aliquot that is a mixture of at least five samples or at least 10 samples, i.e., the method can multiplex the assays so that mixtures of biological samples can be made and assayed in the same tube.
  • At least one biological sample in general is selected from the group of biological fluids comprising: a cell lysate, a tissue homogenate, urine, saliva, tears, sweat, blood, lymph, serum, spinal fluid, vaginal fluid, semen, and milk, and these fluids are exemplary so that any fluid can be assayed.
  • Further exemplary biological fluid is obtained from a subject that is mammalian or avian, although any biological material is suitable, including plant materials, bacterial cultures, and environmental samples. Because the kinome can be used as a profile of health, in general the subject is a mammal selected from the group of human, rodent, canine, feline, equine, agricultural animal, and high value zoo animal.
  • the kinase-related enzyme activities includes a profile of at least one enzyme type selected from the group of protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and inhibitors and modulators of activities thereof.
  • the enzyme activities are protein kinases.
  • the activities are protein phosphotases.
  • the method in further embodiment associates at least one protein kinase with at least one specific substrate in the kinase-related enzyme profile.
  • the substrates are unphosphorylated and the internal standards are phosphorylated.
  • enriching further involves depleting the sample of unphosphorylated substrates by performing the immobilized metal affinity ion chromatography.
  • the enzyme activities are protein phosphatases, in which embodiment the substrates are phosphorylated and the internal standards are unphosphorylated.
  • enriching further involves depleting the sample of phosphorylated substrates by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography.
  • an embodiment of the invention provides a method for determining a kinase activation pattern for a cancer or tumor, the method including: contacting an aliquot of a first biological sample with a plurality of optimized peptide substrates under conditions suitable for reaction of the plurality of kinase activities, wherein each optimized substrate includes an amino acid sequence including a kinase phosphorylation site and an end terminal amino acid sequence modification for enhanced enrichment and mass spectrometry; adding a plurality of internal standards to the reaction, each having at least one phosphorylated amino acid, and corresponding in sequence to the peptide substrates and further including an end terminal amino acid labeled with a heavy stable isotope; enriching phosphopeptide reaction products and internal standards by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography of the reaction, titanium dioxide affinity chromatography or the like; and, analyzing reaction products by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry, wherein a plurality of reaction products and internal standards are detected and measured, thereby generating a first kina
  • the second biological sample is selected from the group of: a biopsy, an autopsy, an archival sample, a cell culture, and a tissue culture.
  • the first sample may be a normal tissue, or a tissue from a different subject that is normal.
  • the first sample and the second sample are from different members of a family.
  • the first and second samples are from cell cultures grown under different conditions.
  • the different conditions are presence and absence, respectively, of at least one agent selected from the group of: chemotherapeutic agent; mitogen; tumor promoter; kinase inhibitor; phosphatase inhibitor; protease inhibitor; modulator of kinase expression; and modulator of phosphatase expression.
  • the first and second samples are from cell cultures and are obtained at different time points.
  • the first and second samples are taken from the same subject at different time points in the course of treatment, and the method further comprises prognosis of success of the treatment.
  • analyzing reaction products is analyzing at least about five, ten, 50, 90 or more enzyme activities.
  • the at least about five enzyme activities are kinases associated with a condition selected from the group of: cancer, cardiac disease, and inflammation.
  • the activities are phosphotases.
  • a prognosis of success of the treatment further includes altering a course of chemotherapy.
  • a prognosis of success further includes maintaining the subject on the same course of chemotherapy.
  • kits for kinome activity assay for measuring a plurality of enzymes involved in kinase pathways including a plurality of optimized oligopeptide kinase substrates for the plurality of enzymes, each oligopeptide having an amino acid sequence including a protein kinase substrate and an end terminal modification for enrichment of a reaction product and enhanced mass spectrometry, the kit further including a plurality of internal standards, each of the internal standards having an amino acid sequence corresponding to the respective substrate, such that the respective internal standard is phosphorylated and further includes an end terminal amino acid labeled with a heavy isotope.
  • the kit in one embodiment includes that the end terminal modification includes at least one hydrophobic amino acid located at the carboxy terminal end.
  • Exemplary amino acid sequences are selected from the group shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • Embodiments of the kit further include a container and instructions for use.
  • kits includes the plurality of optimized kinase substrates and corresponding internal standards which are selected as prognostic and diagnostic of a course of a cancer, a cardiac condition, or an inflammatory condition, wherein the plurality of kinases are assayed simultaneously and provide a profile of the kinome of a sample.
  • FIG. 1 is a set of drawings, photographs, an MS printout, a heat-map, a bar graph and a line graph showing a general scheme of the KAYAK strategy.
  • FIG. 1 panel A is a drawing showing an overview of the procedure in which 90 synthetic peptides are used as substrates for in vitro kinase assays.
  • FIG. 1 panel B is an example of a high resolution mass spectrum (MS) and elution chromatogram observed for a light and heavy pair of phosphopeptides. Asterisk indicates presence of a proline residue containing heavy isotopes.
  • FIG. 1 panel C is a heat map representation of average activity of triplicate measurements observed from starved HEK293 cell lysates toward each of the 90 peptides. Activities are represented in Log 2 space. Dark gray cells represent those with an activity of lower than 1 fmol/ ⁇ g/min (considered not detected, ND).
  • FIG. 1 panel D is a photograph of an immunoblotting analysis (Western) of insulin and EGF stimulated HEK293 cells for each of proteins P(S473) Akt, Akt, P(ERK1/2), and ERK1/2.
  • FIG. 1 panel E is a bar graph with examples of observed phosphorylation rates (performed in triplicate) for peptides A3 (RPRAAtFPFR; SEQ ID NO: 1) and B6 (PKRKVsSAEGPFR; SEQ ID NO: 16) using the HEK293 cell lysates from cells as in panel D.
  • FIG. 1 panel F is a line graph showing a time course of substrate A3 phosphorylation using the cell lysates from cells treated as in panel D.
  • FIG. 2 is a set of line graphs and an extracted ion chromatogram showing sensitivity of the KAYAK method.
  • FIG. 2 panel A is a line graph showing that activity of a lysate using several peptides as substartes was measured using as little as 50 ng of the crude lysate of insulin-stimulated HEK293 cells.
  • the KAYAK assay was performed as a function of amount of cell lysate. Substrate peptide responses were observed to be linear from 50 ng to 6 micrograms.
  • FIG. 2 panel B is an expanded view of the data using low amount of lysate shown in panel A.
  • FIG. 2 panel C is an extracted ion chromatogram of the light and heavy phospho-E11 peptide using 50 ng of the lysate.
  • FIG. 3 is a set of heat maps of kinase activities profiled by KAYAK method.
  • FIG. 3 panel A shows kinase activities of starved (S), insulin-stimulated (I) and EGF-stimulated (E) HEK293 cells. Activities (expressed in fmol/ ⁇ g lysate/minute) were highly dynamic and are displayed on a Log 2 scale. Lines (FS) and (E/S) represent the ratio of activities for (insulin-stimulated)/(starved) and (EGF-stimulated)/(starved) (fold-change compared to starved state), respectively.
  • FIG. 3 panel B shows Log 2 -converted kinase activities of asynchronously growing (AS) HeLa cells, and cells arrested in either G1/S or G2/M phase using double thymidine block and nocodazole, respectively.
  • Lines (G1)/(AS) and (M)/(AS) represent the ratio of activities for G1/S and G2/M compared with asynchronous (fold-change compared to asynchronous), respectively.
  • Peptides were categorized into different groups based on the flanking sequences of the phosphorylated Ser/Thr and Tyr.
  • S/T(A), S/T(B), S/T(P), S/T(O) and Y indicate the acidic peptides, basic, proline-directed, other Ser/Thr and Tyr peptides, respectively (see Table 1).
  • Dark gray cells represent those with signal below the arbitrary quantification threshold (activity ⁇ 1 fmol/ ⁇ g/min)
  • Medium gray and lighter medium gray cells represent the ones with increased and decreased activities compared with the control group, respectively.
  • FIG. 4 is a set of bar graphs and photographs of gel electrophoretograms showing example peptides with altered phosphorylation during mitogen stimulation and cell cycle progression.
  • FIG. 4 panel A is a bar graph showing peptides with altered phosphorylation after stimulation of cells with insulin or EGF.
  • FIG. 4 panel B is a photograph of an immunoblotting analyses of lysates of each of asynchronously growing HeLa cells and cells arrested in G1/S or G2/M phase using a general antibody directed against phospho-threonine-proline motif. Proline-directed phosphorylation was observed to have increased in G2/M phase.
  • FIG. 4 panel C is a photograph of an immunoblotting analysis of lysates of asynchronously growing HeLa cells and cells arrested in G1/S or in G2/M phase using a general antibody directed against phospho-tyrosine motif.
  • FIG. 4 panel D is a bar graph showing data for these peptides that were observed to have altered phosphorylation activities in the cell lysates from cells treated as in panels B and C.
  • FIG. 5 is a set of heat maps, a bar graph, and photographs of immunoblots showing peptide phosphorylation rates as reporters for pathway activation state.
  • FIG. 5 panel A is a heat map showing examples of peptide phosphorylation activities by different cell lysates. Activities (average of duplicate analyses) are shown as the fold increase (decrease) normalized to the starved HEK293 cell state. Phosphorylated S/T are represented by lower case letters.
  • FIG. 5 panel B is a photograph of an immunoblot analysis that depicts siRNA-mediated knockdown of RSK1/2 and activation pattern of the MAPK downstream targets ERK, RSK and S6.
  • FIG. 5 panel C is a bar graph showing selected KAYAK peptide phosphorylation rates using the lysates analyzed in panel B.
  • FIG. 5 panel D shows MAP kinase pathway status as a function of time during EGF stimulation. Both immunoblot and selected KAYAK activities are shown. Activities were normalized to the serum-starved state (time 0).
  • Peptide B2 (KKAsFKAKKPFR, SEQ ID NO: 12, derived from C. elegans putative serine/threonine-protein kinase C05D10.2, Ser-351) is included as an unchanging control.
  • FIG. 6 is a set of MS data showing phosphate localization within the H5 peptide.
  • FIG. 6 panel A shows H5 peptide that was phosphorylated by a nocodazole arrested HeLa cell lysate and the resulting phosphor-H5 was subjected to MS/MS analysis.
  • the correct sequence was determined with an Ascore (Beausoleil et al. 2006 Nat Biotech 24:1285-1292) of 19.2.
  • FIG. 6 panel B is an ETD spectrum of the phospho-H5 peptide. Diagnostic ions for the designated sequence (EYDRLY*EEYTPFR; SEQ ID NO: 87) are highlighted by a gray box.
  • FIG. 7 is a bar graph, a set of photographs of immunoblots, and a line graph showing identification and validation of Src kinase activity with respect to Tyr-199 of PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit p55.
  • FIG. 7 panel A is a bar graph showing that activity was observed with respect to substrate peptide H5 in lysates of asynchronously growing HeLa cells and cells arrested in G1/S and G2/M phase.
  • FIG. 7 panel B is a photograph showing immunoblotting data obtained for each of of the phospho-PI3K regulatory subunit p55 (Tyr-199) and other proteins in the same lysates.
  • FIG. 7 panel C is a photograph showing immunoblotting data obtained for each of phospho-PI3K regulatory subunit p55 (Tyr-199) and phospho-retinoblastoma protein (Ser-780) immunoreactivity in HeLa cells released from double-thymidine block.
  • FIG. 7 panel D is a line graph showing in vitro phosphorylation of peptide H5 (SEQ ID NO:
  • FIG. 7 panel E is a photograph of immunoblot data of lysates following treatment of asynchronously growing HEK293 cells with Src family kinase (SFK) specific inhibitor SU6656 in starved or serum-fed cells.
  • SFK Src family kinase
  • FIG. 7 panel F is a photograph showing immunoblotting analysis of vSrc-ER expressing MCF10A cells treated with 4-HT as a function of time to activate Src.
  • FIG. 8 is a photograph of an immunoblot analysis of the cell lysates used in FIG. 3 panel A, and a table showing treatment of cells in lysate samples in each lane.
  • FIG. 9 is a table, a heat map, and a photograph of immunoblots showing kinase activity profiling in cancer cell lines.
  • FIG. 9 panel A is a table showing activating mutations (residue number and amino acid substitution) of protein components the PI3K and MAPK pathways.
  • FIG. 9 panel B is a heat map profiling specific kinase pathway activities in cancer cell lines using KAYAK. Eight different cell lines received either no treatment or were treated with 1 ⁇ M of specific EGFR inhibitor, genfitinib (Iressa) for 24 hrs. Peptide phosphorylation rates (average of duplicates) were acquired through the KAYAK assay, and were normalized to asynchronously growing HeLa cell values and plotted as a fold-difference heat map.
  • FIG. 9 panel C is a photograph of Western blotting analysis of the lysates for cancer cell lines used in panel B.
  • FIG. 10 is a set of line graphs showing phosphorylation of C6 peptide (SEQ ID NO: 18) by cell lysates and activated kinases.
  • FIG. 10 panel A shows that peptide C6 was phosphorylated by lysates of EGF stimulated HEK293 cells (6 ⁇ g); lysates were prepared from HEK293 cells pretreated with MEK inhibitor U0126 and stimulated with EGF, or EGF alone. Reactions conditions were the same as shown in Examples herein.
  • FIG. 10 panel B shows that peptide C6 was phosphorylated in vitro using 2 ng of activated, purified Akt or RSK. Reaction mixture was supplemented with 0.1% BSA. Other conditions were the same as in panel A.
  • FIG. 11 is a heat map, a set of bar graphs, and a set of photomicrographs showing kinase activity profiling in renal cell carcinoma tissues.
  • FIG. 11 panel A is a heat map showing KAYAK profiling of normal and cancerous tissues from five renal cell carcinoma patients (patient numbers are shown at the top of the heat map). The activities in cancerous (T, tumor) tissue were normalized to normal (N) tissue values from the same patient.
  • FIG. 11 panel B is a set of bar graphs showing representative results for several peptides including Akt-selective peptide A3 (PI3K/Akt), CDK-selective peptide B11 (CDK), RSK-selective peptide G5 (MAPK/RSK) and Src-selective peptide H5 (Src).
  • PI3K/Akt Akt-selective peptide A3
  • CDK-selective peptide B11 CDK
  • MPK/RSK RSK-selective peptide G5
  • Src-selective peptide H5 Src
  • FIG. 11 panel C is a set of photographs showing three different immunohistochemical analyses of each normal and cancerous tissue samples from patient number 3.
  • FIG. 12 is a set of amino acid sequences, photographs of immunoblots, and a ribbon model showing regulation of phosphorylation of p55 at Tyr-199.
  • FIG. 12 panel A shows sequence alignment of the regulatory subunit of PI3K. Sequences corresponding to peptide H5 (SEQ ID NO: 83) is underlined with the phosphorylated Tyr indicated by a lighter shading. The sequences of the regulatory subunits of various species, such as human, bovine, mouse and rat, show high homology. Exception is clawed toad ( Xenopus laevis; abbreviated XENLA) which does not show high homology for this sequence.
  • FIG. 12 panel B is a photograph of a Western blot of HEK293 cells that were starved and were then stimulated with insulin, IGF and EGF. Phospho-p55 (Tyr-199) levels were monitored using Western blotting analysis.
  • FIG. 12 panel C is a photograph of a Western blot showing that phospho-p55 (Tyr-199) in MCF10A cells did not change as a result of 4-HT treatment.
  • MCF10A cells expressing ER:vSrc and MCF10A cells were treated with 1 ⁇ M 4-HT for the indicated time.
  • FIG. 12 panel D is a ribbon model showing Tyr-467/p85 ⁇ (correspondent of Tyr-199/p55 ⁇ ) is 2.7 ⁇ ngstroms distance from His-450/p110 ⁇ in the crystal structure of PI-3 kinase, close to potential hydrogen-bond formation (Huang et al. 2007 Science 318:1744-1748).
  • FIG. 13 is a set of drawings, photographs and an MS printout showing workflow for a single-reaction, 90-substrate in vitro kinase assay.
  • Synthetic substrate peptides are pooled and incubated with cell lysate. After kinase reactions are quenched, stable isotope-labeled phosphopeptides (internal standards; heavy label on italicized proline) of identical sequence to substrate peptides are added at a known concentration.
  • Phosphorylated substrate peptides and internal standard phosphopeptides are enriched using immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography and are analyzed by LC-MS techniques.
  • Pairs of light (product) and heavy (internal standard) peptides perfectly co-elute, yet differ in mass by 6 Da, and are quantified by direct ratio of light-to-heavy areas under the curve from high resolution data. Each assay produces 90 activity measurements of activities within core signaling pathways.
  • FIG. 14 is a set of heat maps showing purified kinases assayed using 90 peptide substrates.
  • Commercially available active kinases 50 ng were analyzed by KAYAK profiling using the 90 peptides.
  • FIG. 14 panel A shows phosphorylation rates normalized to the highest activity to show the specificity of the peptides.
  • FIG. 14 panel B shows absolute amounts of products using an exponential color code (shown here as grading of gray).
  • FIG. 15 is a heat map, a set of bar graphs and a set of fold-change plots showing sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay.
  • FIG. 15 panel A is a heat map showing sensitivity and lineraity of the 90-peptide KAYAK approach. Seven different amounts of lysate from HEK293 cells treated with insulin were used. Product amounts are shown as heat map of white to dark gray. Products of less than 50 fmol were empirically considered not observed (light gray). The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients for lysate-to-product amounts for each peptide are shown as a separate right-side panel using gray intensity scaling.
  • FIG. 15 panel B is a set of bar graphs showing activities obtained as a function of amount of lysate for exemplary peptides from panel A including a Ser-phosphorylated peptide (F6) and a Tyr-phosphorylated peptide (G2). The data are shown as means of duplicates with error bars to the minimum and maximum values.
  • FIG. 16 is a set of bar graphs and line graphs showing sensitivity of the KYAK assay (based on data in FIG. 15 panel A).
  • FIG. 16 panel A is a set of bar graphs showing additional substrate peptide examples including one of only 3 peptides with an r value ⁇ 0.7 (C11) based on data in FIG. 15 panel A. The data are shown as means of duplicates with error bars to the minimum and maximum values.
  • FIG. 17 is a heat map, a set of bar graphs and a set of photographs of immunoblots showing induced core pathway phosphorylation changes in human cell lines faithfully reported by KAYAK profiling.
  • FIG. 17 panel A is a heat map of triplicate KAYAK activity data.
  • Kinase activities using lysates (20 ⁇ g) from HEK293 cells and HeLa cells untreated or treated with insulin, EGF or PMA were measured utilizing 90 peptides.
  • the phosphorylation rates for the 68 observed peptides were normalized by that of the highest phosphorylated sample and analyzed by Pearson coefficient hierarchical clustering which groups similar responders together. Each row represents the phosphorylation rate of a different peptide normalized to the highest value in the row.
  • FIG. 17 panel C is a set of photographs showing Western blotting analysis of the lysates using antibodies as indicated.
  • FIG. 18 is a fold-change plot and a table showing reproducibility of the KAYAK measurements.
  • HEK293 cells were cultured in five separate dishes, independently lysed, and 20 ⁇ g of the lysate were subjected to duplicate KAYAK analyses utilizing all 90 peptides. Using all 10 measurements (duplicates ⁇ 5 dishes), 55 peptides were observed. Ordering each peptide by product amount resulted in average coefficients of variation of less than 12% regardless of product amount.
  • FIG. 19 is a heat map, a set of bar graphs and a set of photographs of immunoblots showing KAYAK profiling of nine human cell lines that demonstrates heterogeneity in basal kinase activities and core pathway activation state.
  • FIG. 19 panel A is a heat map of kinase activities.
  • the nine cell lines included U-87 MG (glioblastoma), MCF7 (breast), T-47D (breast), HeLa (cervical), DU 145 (prostate), U-2 OS (osteosarcoma), Jurkat (T lymphocyte), BJ (foreskin fibroblast) and HEK293 (embryonic kidney).
  • Each was cultured under ATCC recommended conditions and lysed. Lysates (20 ⁇ g) were subjected to KAYAK profiling Using 68 peptides with observable phosphorylation, activities were normalized to the highest value in each row, followed by hierarchical cluster analysis which groups peptides with similar responses together.
  • FIG. 19 panel B is a set of bar graphs showing examples of several peptides from panel A. The data are shown as the mean from duplicate analyses with minimum and maximum values as error bars.
  • FIG. 19 panel C is a set of photographs showing Western blotting analysis of the lysates using antibodies as indicated.
  • FIG. 20 is a set of fold-change plots showing reproducibility of fold-change measurements in HEK293 cells with (X) or without (vertically marked X) insulin stimulation in three examples. Each example included separate culture on different days, insulin stimulation, protein isolation, and duplicate KAYAK profiling. Only three peptides were consistently upregulated in their phosphorylation rates (A3, F6 and E11). Peptides A3 and F6 derived from known substrates of PI3K/Akt. The parent protein for peptide E11 is reported to be a RSK substrate. Full spectrum insulin-dependent phosphorylation pathways for each peptide are shown in FIG. 23 .
  • peptide E11 is highly specific for the MAP kinase pathways (RSK), and its phosphorylation is increased in an insulin, Akt, and MAP kinase-dependent fashion in HEK293 cells.
  • RSK MAP kinase pathways
  • FIG. 21 is a set of bar graphs and a set of photographs of immunoblots showing additional KAYAK peptides (based on data for cell lines in FIG. 19 ).
  • FIG. 21 panel A is a set of bar graphs showing core pathway activation differences in additional KAYAK peptide profiles. The data are shown as the mean from duplicate analyses with minimum and maximum values as error bars. Potential kinases are assigned based on phosphorylation with purified kinases shown in FIG. 14 .
  • FIG. 21 panel B is a set of photographs showing Western blotting of the lysates using the indicated antibodies.
  • FIG. 22 is a heat map, a set of bar graphs, a UV-chromatogram, a set of line graphs and a fold-change plot showing identification of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 complex as an activated kinase in mitosis.
  • FIG. 22 panel A is a heat map of kinase activities from cell cycle lysates.
  • HeLa cells were cultured under standard conditions (asynchronous), or synchronized in either G1/S or G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
  • Kinase activities using lysate (20 ⁇ g) were analyzed by KAYAK profiling.
  • Phosphorylation rates were normalized and clustered as in FIG. 17 .
  • FIG. 22 panel B is a set of bar graphs showing exemplary peptides C2 and B11 chosen for correlation profiling to identify the mitotic kinase.
  • FIG. 22 panel C is a UV-chromatogram of protein elution into 36 fractions from the anion exchange column using G2/M phase cell lysate.
  • FIG. 22 panel D is a line graph showing kinase activity profile normalized to the highest value using seven up-regulated peptides and the fractions in panel C.
  • FIG. 22 panel E is a set of line graphs showing correlation profiles of kinase activity (light gray line) and protein quantitation (dark gray line). From flow-through and 36 fractions, 3,928 proteins (116 kinases) were identified by “shotgun” LC-MS/MS analysis. Protein amount was estimated based on peptide identifications (see Examples) and normalized to the highest value. Correlation profiling ranked Cdc2 as the most likely kinase (1/116) and eighth best ranked protein overall (8/3928). In addition, the amount of Cyclin B1 was highly correlated. r-values represent Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between peak kinase activity and protein abundance in active fractions.
  • FIG. 22 panel F is a fold-change plot showing KAYAK profiling of 90 peptides using purified Cdc2/Cyclin B1. The product amounts for the 7 peptides in panel D are shown as gray squares.
  • FIG. 23 is a heat map, a set of bar graphs and a set of photographs of immunoblots showing that kinase inhibitors affect activity measurements in expected and unexpected ways.
  • FIG. 23 panel A is a heat map of kinase activities.
  • HEK293 cells were left untreated or treated with Wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), U0126 (MEK inhibitor), Rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor), Akt inhibitor VIII, SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) or Go6983 (PKC inhibitor), followed by insulin stimulation.
  • Lysates (20 ⁇ g) from each condition were analyzed by KAYAK profiling using 90 peptides. Each product amount of the observed 55 peptides was noimalized by that of untreated and unstimulated lysate, followed by hierarchical clustering.
  • FIG. 23 panel C is a set of photographs showing Western blotting of the lysates using the indicated antibodies.
  • FIG. 24 is a heat map, a set of bar graphs and photographs of immunoblots showing kinase activities of human renal carcinoma.
  • FIG. 24 panel A is a heat map of kinase activities comparing tumor and normal tissue specimens harvested immediately after radical nephrectomy. Small pieces of normal and tumor parts from the same patients were homogenized and homogenates (20 ⁇ g) were analyzed by KAYAK using 90 peptides. Each product amount of the observed 68 peptides was normalized to the highest value for that peptide followed by hierarchical cluster analysis.
  • FIG. 24 panel B is a set of bar graphs showing examples of two peptides from panel A. The data are shown as the mean of duplicate analyses with error bars at minimum and maximum values. Potential identification of the kinases is made based on phosphorylation with purified kinases shown in FIG. 14 .
  • FIG. 25 is a set of photographs and line graphs showing strategy to identify the kinase for a given substrate activity.
  • the sample of interest is fractionated by a column chromatography at protein-level. All fractions are subjected to KAYAK profiling using selected peptides of interesting behavior to obtain kinase activity profiles over all fractions.
  • all fractions are digested in solution and introduced to LC-MS/MS analysis with “shotgun” sequencing to identify and quantify proteins, providing a measure of each protein's abundance in each fraction. It is expected that the protein abundance profile of the responsible kinase will correlate with the KAYAK activity profile. By calculating the observed correlation between profiles of kinase activity and protein amount across fractionated lysates, the kinase can be identified.
  • FIG. 26 is a set of bar graphs and a table showing KAYAK profiles of cell cycle analysis.
  • FIG. 26 panel A is a set of bar graphs showing additional KAYAK peptide profiles in the upregulated cluster.
  • FIG. 26 panel B is a set of bar graphs showing additional KAYAK peptide profiles not in the upregulated cluster. Potential kinases are assigned based on phosphorylation with purified kinases shown in FIG. 14 .
  • FIG. 26 panel C is a table showing an overview of protein identification results for 37 fractions of separated mitotic lysate by mass spectrometry.
  • FIG. 27 is a set of ion chromatograms and photographs of immunoblots showing KAYAK cell cycle analysis.
  • FIG. 27 panel A is a set of chromatograms showing additional correlation profiles of kinase activity and protein quantification.
  • ten kinases were identified including Cdc2.
  • the profiles of another nine kinases are shown.
  • r-values represent Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between peak kinase activity and protein abundance in the active fractions.
  • FIG. 27 panel B is a set of photographs showing Western blotting of the anion exchange chromatography fractions using the indicated antibodies. Kinase activity peaked in fraction 28 and adjacent fractions.
  • kinase pathway The response of kinase pathway to an external perturbation strongly depends on the internal structure of the network (Irish et al. 2004 Cell 118: 217-228). Therefore, inhibitor profiling is an important task. Rational information learned from kinase pathway responses to challenging with inhibitors may lead to design principles facilitating emergence of a new generation of protein kinase drugs and dosing plans targeting multiple key nodal kinases.
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • kinase The ability of a kinase to phosphorylate a substrate depends on many factors including substrate availability to the kinase, the physical location of both molecules and the kinase's activity state (Kemp et al. 1994 Trends Biochem Sci 19: 440-444). Another critical factor for kinase-substrate recognition is the linear sequence surrounding the phospho-acceptor site. Moreover, short peptide sequences derived from protein substrates often bind correctly to activated kinases resulting in phosphate transfer (Kemp et al. 1990 Trends Biochem Sci 15: 342-346; Pearson et al. 1991 Methods Enzymol 200: 62-81).
  • KAYAK Kinase Activity Assay for Kinome Profiling
  • KAYAK Kinase Activity Assay for Kinome Profiling
  • Quantitatively measured site-specific phosphorylation activities towards 90 different peptides using high resolution mass spectrometry was performed herein.
  • Substrate peptides were chosen from optimized targets or from uncharacterized sites on interesting proteins to encompass diverse signaling pathways as shown in Yu et al. 2009 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 11606-11611, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • Peptides were in-vitro phosphorylated individually in a 96-well plate format and then stable-isotope-labeled phosphopeptides of identical sequence and known phosphorylation site were added, providing absolute quantification.
  • the KAYAK approach was successfully applied to purified kinases, cancer cell lysates after activating or inhibiting specific pathways, and tumor samples from kidney cancer patients.
  • activities not only accurately reflected the responsible pathways, but in many cases results obtained using peptide substrates mirrored the activity at the in vivo site on the corresponding protein, showing that a collection of these peptide activities provided herein serves as an easily tractable marker of functional protein phosphorylation.
  • KAYAK profiling exclusively used purified peptides resulting in absolute quantification of activities which were highly linear over several logs of lysate amounts.
  • the KAYAK assay provides absolute and not relative activity measurements, basal phosphorylation levels can be directly compared from, for example, widely differing tumor and normal tissues, established cell lines, or even from specific regions of a developing mouse brain to report pathway activation state.
  • the approach improved the kinase specificity problem inevitable from peptide-based measurements. Altered activity levels after pharmacological, environmental, or physiological pathway activation reveal tumor- or tissue-specific signaling networks, facilitating both diagnosis and personalized treatment options.
  • kinase activities were measured in both tissues and cell lines with and without altered pathway activation. In every case, activation of specific pathways as measured by KAYAK peptides accurately reflected the known cell biology and Western-based findings.
  • the assay appears to faithfully report the core activation state for many pathways simultaneously including those most altered in cancer (i.e., PI3K and MAPK).
  • a related embodiment provided herein is a method to gain higher throughput and multiplicity by assessing phosphorylation rates for all 90 peptides in a single reaction.
  • This strategy faithfully reports the activation of cellular signaling pathways in response to genetic and pharmacological manipulations.
  • a KAYAK-based strategy was used to identify direct kinase-substrate pairs and even their associated complexes. The strategy is compatible with sub-pg lysate starting amount, and faithfully reports the signatures of signaling pathways from a variety of cellular settings including cancer cell lines and tumor tissue.
  • Hierarchal clustering of activities from related experiments grouped peptides phosphorylated by similar kinases together and, when combined with pathway alteration using pharmacological inhibitors, readily distinguished underlying differences in potency, off-target effects, and genetic backgrounds.
  • a strategy and method to identify the kinase, and even associated complex members, responsible for a phosphorylation event of interest in our assay are shown herein.
  • the KAYAK approach in an embodiment was used to investigate the ways by which major kinase pathways may be altered as a result of the drug treatment.
  • Overexpression of ErbB2 and RasV12 within MCF10A cells increased PI3K and MAPK activities.
  • EGFR is usually coupled with PI3K pathway (Baserga 2000 Oncogene 19: 5574-5581)
  • overexpression resulted in increased activities of both PI3K and MAPK pathways.
  • MDA-MB231 and MCF10A/RasV12 Ras mutations were found to lead to strong activation of the MAPK pathway and its insensitivity to upstream EGFR inhibition.
  • the MAPK pathway in Sum159 cells showed only minor sensitivity. Activities of peptides specific for MAPK and Akt pathways in MCF7 cells, although low under basal conditions, showed decreases after gefitinib treatment
  • the KAYAK assay identified a novel mitosis-specific activity for Src family kinases toward PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit p55.
  • a KAYAK substrate peptide derived from Tyr-199 of this protein demonstrated cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation ( FIG. 7 panel A).
  • the site's mitosis-specific nature in vivo on p55 was confirmed ( FIG. 7 panel B).
  • PI3 kinase activity was first discovered through its co-purification with v-Src (Sugimoto et al.
  • the monomeric form of the regulatory subunit is unstable in cells (Brachmann 2005 Mol Cell Biol 25: 1595-1607; Zhao et al. 2006 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 16296-16300). This could explain finding that p55 ⁇ was degraded after prolonged Src activation. Since Tyr-467 is buried in the interface and the PI 3-kinase has shown to be a stable complex (Geering et al 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 7809-7814), it is possible that phosphorylation of this site regulates the interaction between the newly synthesized subunits.
  • the renal cell carcinoma tissue results have exceptional promise in the field of clinical proteomics.
  • Samples in this discipline are often obtained from biopsies, laser-capture-microdissection, or cell sorting experiments. The number of cells available in these sample types often falls far short of what has been used for direct profiling of phosphorylation events (10 7 -10 9 cells; Dephoure et al. 2008 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 10762-10767; Matsouka et al. 2007 Science 316: 1160-1166).
  • Kinase activity measurements overcome sensitivity pitfalls through a highly amplified process where zeptomole amounts of enzyme can produce mass-spectrometry-amenable levels (>1 fmol).
  • peptide substrate activity measurements sometimes accurately reflect the phosphorylation status of the analogous protein as, for example, demonstrated for H5 peptide derived from PI3K regulatory subunit p55.
  • Another peptide E11 (RKRLIsSVEDPFR; SEQ ID NO: 57; Roux et al. 2004 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 13489-13494) was derived from a tuberin site phosphorylated in vivo by both Akt and RSK with preferential phosphorylation by RSK. This peptide showed upregulated phosphorylation after both insulin and EGF stimulation, with higher phosphorylation levels detected for EGF.
  • peptides from known CDK substrates were modified by mitotic extracts including A12, B4, B11, C2 and D10. While not true for all substrate peptides, it may be that a majority of substrates are phosphorylated in ways that mimic their protein counterparts. Indeed, these same protein counterparts are often present in the lysates and may introduce additional context to allow phosphorylation. Important exceptions were peptides derived from autophosphorylation sites on EGFR. These tyrosine-containing peptides were not observed to be phosphorylated, requiring a context which includes receptor dimerization and transphosphorylation (Hackel 1999 Curr Opin Cell Biol 11: 184-189).
  • the strategy behind the KAYAK approach is applicable to additional enzyme classes. Specifically, mass-spectrometry-determined protease activities from plasma samples may act as accessible disease biomarkers. In addition, histone de-acetylases and tyrosine phosphatases would have obvious value given their importance as drug targets. Multiplexed peptide-based activity assays, exploiting high resolution mass spectrometry, may become a mainstay of clinical diagnosis, rational drug design, and disease prognosis.
  • Phosphoproteomics projects have delivered atlases of experimentally mapped phosphorylation sites (Beausoleil et al. 2004 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 12130-12135; Villen et al. 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 1488-1493; Rikova et al. 2007 Cell 131: 1190-1203; Wilson-Grady et al. 2008 J Proteome Res 7 :1088-1097; Zhai et al. 2008 J Proteome Res 7: 1675-1682; Dephoure et al. 2008 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 10762-10767; Olsen et al. 2006 Cell 127: 635-648).
  • Peptides were synthesized in a 96-well format using a MultiPep from Intavis Bioanalytical Instruments AG. Preloaded NovaSyn Tentagel resins and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-derivatized phosphoamino acid monomers from Novabiochem. Heavy-isotope phosphopeptides were synthesized at 2- ⁇ mol scale and contained one residue of L-Pro-N-Fmoc (U-13C5, 97-99%; 15N, 97-99%; CNLM-4347; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories). Normal-isotope peptides were made at 5- ⁇ mol scale.
  • Antibodies specific for the following proteins were used for Western blot analysis: phospho-RSK (Thr-359/Ser-363), RSK, Akt, phospho-Akt (Ser-473), ERK1/2, phospho-S6 (Ser-235/236), phospho-PI3K regulatory subunit p85(Tyr-467)/p55(Tyr-199), actin, histone H3, Src, phospho-Src (Tyr-416), phospho-retinoblastoma protein (Ser-780), phospho-tyrosine(p-Tyr-100), phospho-threonione-proline (p-Thr-Pro-101; Cell Signaling Technology), phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr-202/Tyr-204; Sigma) and PI3 kinase regulatory subunit p55 ⁇ (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
  • U0126 and Wortmannin were obtained from Sigma and SU6656 was purchased from Calbiochem. Gefitinib was purchased from LC
  • Antibodies specific for the following proteins phospho-tyrosine (P-Tyr-100), EGF receptor, phospho-EGF receptor (Y1086), Akt, phospho-Akt (S473), Erk1/2, phospho-ERK1/2 (T202/Y204), S6 ribosomal protein, phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (S235/S236), actin, cyclin B1, Cdc2, Src, IGF-I receptor ⁇ , Mst3, phospho PKC ( ⁇ IIH S660), phospho VASP (S157) and phospho-PKA C (T197) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-linked antibodies specific for rabbit and mouse IgG were obtained from GE Healthcare (Uppsala, Sweden).
  • HRP horse radish peroxidase
  • HEK293 embryonic kidney
  • HeLa cervical cancer
  • U-87 MG glioma
  • DU 145 prostate cancer
  • LNCaP prostate cancer
  • BJ foreskin fibroblast
  • A2780 ovarian cancer
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
  • T-47D breast cancer
  • PC-3 prostate cancer
  • F-12K medium with 10% FBS
  • U-2 OS osteocarcinoma
  • Jurkat human T lymphocyte
  • MCF7 and MBA-MB231 cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. Sum159 cells were maintained in Ham's F12 media supplemented with 5% FBS, 5- ⁇ g/ml hydrocortisone.
  • MCF10A, MCF10A, ErbB2, MCF10A/IGFR, and MCF10A/H-Ras G12V cells were generously provided by J. Brugge (Debnath et al. 2002 Cell 111: 29-40; Irie et al. 2005 J Cell Biol 171: 1023-1034; Reginato et al.
  • HEK293 cells or HeLa lines were treated with insulin (100 nM; 10-30 min) EGF (50 ng/ml; 10 min) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 50 or100 ng/ml; 10 -30 min) at 37° C. for the indicated times after overnight serum-starvation.
  • insulin 100 nM; 10-30 min
  • EGF 50 ng/ml; 10 min
  • PMA phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
  • HEK293 cells were treated with 100 nM Wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), 5 ⁇ M U0126 (MEK inhibitor), 25 nM rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor), 1 ⁇ M Akt inhibitor VIII, 10 ⁇ M SB 203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) or 1 ⁇ M Go6983 (PKC inhibitor) for 30 min after overnight serum-starvation, and stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 30 min.
  • RNA small interfering RNA
  • 21 nucleotide complementary RNA with symmetrical 2 nucleotide overhangs were obtained from Qiagen.
  • the DNA sequences used to prepare double-stranded RNAs for RSK1 and RSK2 were created CCC AAC ATC ATC ACT CTG AAA (SEQ ID NO: 91) and AGC GCT GAG AAT GGA CAG CAA (SEQ ID NO: 92), respectively.
  • HEK293 cells were transfected by the calcium-phosphate procedure using 1 to 2 ⁇ g each siRNA per 100-mm dishes. Transfection efficiency was determined to be greater than 95% using a fluorescently labeled mock siRNA. Twenty-four hours following transfection, cells were serum-starved for 16 to 18 h, stimulated with EGF, and then harvested. The lysates were centrifuged for 10 min at 4° C., and were immunoblotted.
  • HeLa cells were synchronized by double thymidine block for G1/S-arrest and by 0.2 ⁇ g/ml nocodazole for G2/M-arrest as described (Dephoure et al. 2008 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 10762-10767). Synchronization was confirmed by flow cytometry.
  • ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline PBS
  • ice-cold lysis buffer 10 mM K 2 HPO 4 pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 5 mM EGTA, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 0.1% Brij 35, 0.1% deoxycholic acid, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride, 5 ⁇ g/ml leupeptin and 5 ⁇ g/ml pepstatin A).
  • PBS ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline
  • lysis buffer 10 mM K 2 HPO 4 pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 5 mM EGTA, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 0.1% Brij 35, 0.1%
  • Lysates were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min to remove cell debris, and clear supernatant was used for immunoblotting and in vitro kinase assays. Protein concentration was determined by Bradford assay (Biorad, Hercules, Calif.).
  • cells were washed with PBS once and lysed with ice-cold lysis buffer, 10 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, containing 0 5% NP-40, 0.1% Brij 35, 0.1% deoxycholic acid, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 5 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 1 mM Na 3 VO 4 , 2 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and protease inhibitor cocktail (Complete, Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind.). Homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 mM at 4° C., and the supernatant was used as lysate. Protein concentration was quantified by a modified Bradford assay (Pierce).
  • the dialyzed sample was centrifuged, the supernatant was loaded onto an anion exchange column (Mono Q 5/50 GL, GE Healthcare), and proteins were eluted into 36 fractions (1 ml each) with a gradient of 0-1 M NaCl in AEX buffer. Thirty microliters from the flow through and 36 fractions were subjected to KAYAK profiling using a subset of the 90 peptides. An aliquot (200 ⁇ l) of each fraction was also reserved for LC-MS/MS analyses (protein identification and quantitation).
  • Peptides were synthesized, purified and quantified as described in Yu et al. 2009 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 11606-11611, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Each substrate peptide (250 pmol) was mixed to a final concentration of 5 ⁇ M in the 50 ⁇ L reaction mixture. Alternatively, reactions were performed using 6 ⁇ g cell lysate aliquotes mixed to a final volume of 20 ⁇ l.
  • Cell lysate or other kinase source was added to the substrate mixture in 25 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, containing 5 mM ATP, 7.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.2 mM EGTA, 7.5 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 0.1 mM Na 3 VO4, and 0.1 mM DTT.
  • the reaction was incubated at 25° C. for 60 min and then terminated by the addition of 100 ⁇ l of 1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) containing a known amount of an internal standard (typically 20 pmol). Alternatively, the reaction was incubated at 20° C. for 45 min before termination with TFA.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • the suspension was transferred to the top of a StageTip (Rappsilber et al. 2007 Nat Protoc 2: 1896-1906) packed with Empore disk C18.
  • the resin was washed twice with 25 mM FA containing 40% ACN and once with 0.1% TFA, and bound phosphopeptides were eluted from the resin to the Empore disk with three washes of 500 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0.
  • the Empore disk was washed once with 0.1% TFA and 1% FA. Purified phosphopeptides were eluted with 1% acetic acid containing 50% ACN.
  • Proteins contained in 200 ⁇ l of each fraction were precipitated with methanol/chloroform (Wessel et al. 1984 Anal Biochem 138: 141-143) after adding 500 fmol BSA as an internal standard. Precipitates were washed with ice-cold acetone and dissolved in 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, containing 8 M urea, 50 mM EDTA and 0.005% n-dodecyl ⁇ -D-maltoside (DM). Proteins were reduced with 10 mM DTT at 37° C. for 20 min and alkylated with 20 mM iodoacetamide at 20° C. for 20 min in the dark.
  • Quantitation of the target peptide-internal standard ratios was performed by first constructing the extracted ion chromatogram for the most abundant charge state for each peptide using a ⁇ 10 ppm window. Chromatograms were integrated using Qual/Quan browser (Xcalibur 2.0.5, Thermo Fisher, San Jose, Calif.). Since the phosphorylated peptides generated from the in vitro kinase reactions were chemically identical to the internal standards, they were assumed to have the same ionization efficiency. Therefore, the amount of each phosphorylated peptide was calculated by direct ratio to the internal standard level.
  • phosphopeptides were dissolved in 5% FA and injected onto a 125- ⁇ m-internal diameter fused silica column packed with Magic C18 AQ material (Michrom Bioresources, Auburn, Calif.). Peptides were separated using a two-solvent system: solvent A (0.125% FA and 3% ACN in H 2 O), solvent B (0.125% FA in ACN) over 32 min gradient, and eluting peptides were directly analyzed using an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, Calif.) equipped with the electron transfer dissociation option.
  • solvent A (0.125% FA and 3% ACN in H 2 O
  • solvent B (0.125% FA in ACN
  • eluting peptides were directly analyzed using an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, Calif.) equipped with the electron transfer dissociation option.
  • Lysates were resolved on 4 to 12% SD S/PAGE, transferred onto Potran membranes (Whatman), blocked with 3% milk in TBST (Tris Buffered Saline Tween-20), incubated with 1:1,000 dilution of primary antibody at 4° C. overnight, washed, and incubated with a 1:5,000 dilution of second antibody (HRP-conjugated) with 3% milk in TBST for 1 h at room temperature. Bands were visualized with ECL solution (Roux et al. 2004 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 13489-113494).
  • Each peptide contained an additional C-terminal extension tripeptide, the tripeptide Pro-Phe-Arg, or in one letter amino acid terminology, PFR to incorporate same-position (proline) heavy isotope during synthesis in a plate format, enhance chromatographic retention/UV absorption for purification (phenylalanine), and facilitate ionization and fragmentation by MS/MS. No difference was observed in phosphorylation rates for known peptide substrates with or without the additional C-terminal tripeptide.
  • phosphorylation activities were measured using 100 ⁇ M of each substrate peptide, 6 ⁇ g lysate, and 5 mM ATP in a plate format. Reactions proceeded for 60 minutes followed by acidification and the addition of isotope-labeled reference peptides. After pooling 45 samples, phosphopeptide enrichment was followed by liquid-chromatography (LC) separation and on-line peptide detection by high-resolution mass spectrometry.
  • LC liquid-chromatography
  • Lysates from HEK293 cells were collected after insulin or EGF treatment and were compared to their activities in the serum-starved state using the KAYAK approach.
  • Peptides were organized into several categories based on known kinase family sequence preferences including basophilic sites (e.g. Akt, Rsk, PKA and PKC), acidic (e.g. casein-kinase-II-like), proline-directed, or tyrosine-specific (Table 1). Under serum-starved conditions, most peptides containing basophilic sites were still phosphorylated. While these same peptides were generally phosphorylated by serum-starved, insulin-treated and EGF-stimulated lysates, surprising differences were observed in the absolute activity levels for many peptides (Table 2, FIG. 4 ).
  • basophilic sites e.g. Akt, Rsk, PKA and PKC
  • acidic e.g. casein-kinase-II-like
  • proline-directed e.g. casein-kinase-II-like
  • a peptide derived from the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 gene product tuberin (E11, RKRLIsSVEDPFR, SEQ ID NO: 57, lower case s corresponds to Ser1798) showed upregulated phosphorylation after both insulin (1.7 fold) and EGF (2.3 fold) stimulation.
  • this site was reported to be phosphorylated in vivo upon activation of either PI3K or MAPK pathways, with it being preferentially phosphorylated by the MAPK downstream kinase, RSK1 (Roux et al. 2004 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 13489-13494).
  • phosphorylation of peptides B6, C6, C11 and G5 was observed to be increased only in EGF-stimulated but not insulin-treated conditions.
  • the substrate library used herein contained several EGFR-derived peptides known to be phosphorylated after receptor activation in vivo, phosphorylation of these peptides in the EGF-stimulated (or any other) cell lysate was not observed, indicating that a correct context was critical for these sites to be phosphorylated.
  • the KAYAK method provided herein showed that at least seven peptides (Table 2, FIG. 4 ) were capable of distinguishing quiescent from activated PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways.
  • kinase activities in asynchronously growing HeLa cells were profiled and the profiles were compared with those of cells synchronized in G1/S and G2/M phase using a double-thymidine block and nocodazole arrest, respectively ( FIG. 3 panel B).
  • Proline-directed kinases such as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are mitotically activated (Sullivan et al. 2007 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8: 894-903).
  • CDK cyclin-dependent kinases
  • IPTGTtPQRKPFR derived from kinesin-like protein kif1, t corresponds to Thr-927, SEQ ID NO: 24
  • IPTGTtPQRKPFR derived from kinesin-like protein kif1, t corresponds to Thr-927, SEQ ID NO: 24
  • phosphorylation of peptide A12 (PSTNSsPVLKPFR, derived from separase, lower case s corresponds to Ser-1126; SEQ ID NO: 10) showed a ratio of 1.0:1.2:3.0 using the lysates of asynchronous growing cells.
  • SEQ ID NO: 10 phosphorylation of peptide A12
  • 91% of separase Ser-1126 is phosphorylated in vivo whereas the level of phosphorylation drops to 35% during S-phase, agreeing well with the phosphorylation level measured herein by the KAYAK peptide and method (Gerber et al. 2003 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 6940-6945).
  • H5 showed a dramatic increase in phosphorylation (13 fold) in a lysate of nocodazole-arrested cells.
  • Retention time comparisons and tandem MS experiments using both CID (collision-induced dissociation) and ETD (electron transfer dissociation) was used to confirm that the indicated Tyr rather than the C-terminal TP motif was phosphorylated ( FIG. 6 ).
  • peptides including B5 NQDPVsPSLVPFR, derived from muscarinic acetylcholine receptor m2, s corresponds to Ser-232; SEQ ID NO: 5) and D7 (NLLPLsPEEFPFR, derived from signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, s corresponds to Ser-727; SEQ ID NO: 41) contained known MAPK phosphorylation motif of PxSP.
  • B5 NQDPVsPSLVPFR, derived from muscarinic acetylcholine receptor m2, s corresponds to Ser-232; SEQ ID NO: 5)
  • D7 NLLPLsPEEFPFR, derived from signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, s corresponds to Ser-727; SEQ ID NO: 41
  • MAPK phosphorylation motif of PxSP contained known MAPK phosphorylation motif of PxSP.
  • the KAYAK method was applied to measure the effect of pharmacological inhibitors or siRNA-mediated knockdown of kinase pathways after mitogen stimulation (see FIGS. 5 and 8 for data obtained by immunoblotting analysis of cell lysates). Insulin was observed to induce phosphorylation of peptide A3, an effect which was blocked by prior treatment of cells with the PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin EGF stimulated cell lysates strongly phosphorylated peptides B6, C6, C11 and G5 and these effects were blocked by pretreating cells with the MEK-specific inhibitor U0126.
  • Peptides B6, C11, and G5 were observed to be specific targets of RSK by siRNA-mediated knockdown of RSK1/2 (see FIG. 5 ) and purified kinase ( FIG. 10 ). Lysates of PMA stimulated cells also were observed to strongly phosphorylate these peptides.
  • PMA activates the MAPK pathway by activating the upstream kinase, PKC (Blenis et al. 1993 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5889-5892). Because the observed increase in phosphorylation was reversed by prior treatment of cells with U0126, it was concluded that these peptides were not PKC substrates. Rather they were likely phosphorylated by kinases downstream of the MAPK pathway.
  • peptides were designed to contain basic residues at a location N-terminal to the phosphorylation site.
  • B6, C11 and G5 contain a serine residue with Arg or Lys at the ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 positions.
  • This motif is preferentially phosphorylated by the ERK-activated kinase, RSK, compared with other AGC kinases including S6K and Akt (Leighton et al. 1995 FEBS Lett 375: 289-293).
  • RSK ERK-activated kinase
  • EGF-stimulated lysate contained the equivalent of approximately 0.6 ng recombinant RSK while the lysates of cells pretreated with U0126 then stimulated with EGF had an activity of 0.2 ng RSK/ ⁇ g lysate ( FIG. 10 ).
  • peptide C6 was similarly tested, and it was observed that this peptide was not significantly phosphorylated by Akt.
  • lysates of serum-starved HEK293 cells were used for insulin, IGF and EGF stimulation. It was observed that phosphorylation of this tyrosine was not altered, showing independence of activation of insulin receptor, IGF receptor or EGFR ( FIG. 7 panel B). The activity of cell lysates with this peptide was not changed by any other perturbation used in these examples including serum starvation, insulin- or EGF-treatment.
  • the soluble tyrosine kinase is transiently activated during mitosis (Zheng et al. 2001 EMBO J 20: 607-6049).
  • PI 3-kinase activity was first discovered through its purification with v-src.
  • Recent crystal structure of the PI3 kinasep110 ⁇ /p85 ⁇ complex shows that Tyr-467/p85 ⁇ (correspondent of Tyr-199/p55 ⁇ ) is localized within the interface between the inter-SH2 domain of p85 ⁇ and the C2 domain of p110 ⁇ .
  • Tyr-467 is 2.7 ⁇ ngstroms away from His450 of the catalytic subunit, within the distance for potential hydrogen bond formation. This interaction and even the interface will likely be disrupted by phosphorylation of Tyr-467.
  • the monomeric form of the regulatory subunit is unstable in cells.
  • MDA-MB231 is a cell line that is both ER and E-cadherin negative and is highly invasive and tumorigenic (Zheng et al. 2001 EMBO J 20: 6037-6049).
  • This cell line contains the mutant form of K-Ras (G13D) and B-Raf (G464V; Thompson et al. 1992 J Cell Physiol 150: 534-544).
  • Sum159 cell line also contains a mutation within the MAPK pathway (H-Ras G12D ; Hollestelle et al.
  • MCF7 cells are both ER and E-cadherin positive and are less invasive. MCF7 cells also have lower EGFR expression level compared to MDA-MB231 cells (Campiglio et al. 2004 J Cell Physiol 198: 259-268). MCF10A cells, which are non-tumorigenic epithelial cells, and MCF10A cells overexpressing ErbB2, IGFR and RasV12, were also included.
  • the KAYAK results showed that there are significant differences in the basal kinase activities among these cell lines ( FIG. 9 panel B).
  • two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB231 and Sum159 displayed substantially higher MAPK activities (indicated by results using peptides B6, C6 and G5) compared with other cell lines, MCF7 and MCF10A (See Table 2).
  • overexpression of ErbB2, IGFR and RasV12 in MCF10A cells resulted in significantly higher basal activities in the PI3K/Akt (indicated by peptide A3) and MAPK pathways.
  • the cell lines displayed diverse responses to gefitinib treatment.
  • PI3K and MAPK activity in normal MCF10A cells and MCF10A/ErbB2, MCF10A/IGFR were strongly inhibited after gefitinib treatment.
  • MAPK activity of MCF10A cells overexpressing RasV12 showed gefitinib-resistance. Since Ras lies between EGFR and MAPK, this shows that mutant forms of Ras could lead to disengagement of MAPK from EGFR. However, whether a Ras mutation can convey resistance of MAPK activity to EGFR inhibition is cellular context-dependant.
  • MDA-MB231 and Sum159 cells contain a Ras mutation
  • MAPK activity in MDA-MB231 cells was completely refractory to EGFR inhibition.
  • over-expression of ErbB2, IGFR and H-Ras G12V in MCF10A cells led to higher basal activities in both the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.
  • Growth of MDA-MB231 cells is resistant to gefitinib treatment, with an IC 50 of 18 ⁇ M (gefitinib; Giocanti et al. 2004 Br J Cancer 91: 195-201).
  • MCF10A cells and MCF10A/ErbB2, MCF10A/IGFR were strongly inhibited after 1 ⁇ M gefitinib treatment.
  • MAPK activity in Sum159 cells showed some sensitivity towards gefitinib treatment.
  • Another breast cancer cell line, MCF7, with high IC 50 (21 ⁇ M; Ferrer-Soler et al. 2007 Int J Mol Med 20:3-10) showed decreased activity in both PI3K and MAPK pathway.
  • MCF10A cells are sensitive to gefitinib, with a cell growth IC 50 of 0.13 ⁇ M (Normanno et al. 2006 J Cell Physiol 207: 420-427).
  • the tumor and normal kidney samples from five cancer patients were obtained after radical nephrectomy and were examined.
  • PI3K and MAPK activities showed consistent elevation in cancerous compared to normal tissues ( FIG. 11 panel B).
  • FIG. 13 A scheme for obtaining 90 simultaneous activity measurements is illustrated in FIG. 13 .
  • Substrate peptides were chosen to include a number of core signaling pathways as well as sites identified by large scale phosphoproteomics studies (Beausoleil et al. 2004 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 10: 12130-12135; Villen et al. 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 1488-1493) with no associated kinase (Table 1).
  • Peptides were synthesized and purified individually as 10-15 mers. Peptides included five residues upstream of the phospho-acceptor site, four downstream residues, and a C-terminal tripeptide of Pro-Phe-Arg to facilitate quantification and stable isotope incorporation (Yu et al.
  • kinase assays were performed in a single 50 ⁇ l reaction containing the kinase source (for example a cell lysate in a kinase assay buffer), ATP, and the mixture of 90 KAYAK peptides (5 ⁇ M each). Substrate phosphorylation typically proceeded for 45 minutes following by quenching with acid, and 90 additional stable-isotope-labeled internal standard phosphopeptides were added. Phosphorylated peptides were enriched via immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and then analyzed by LC-MS.
  • IMAC immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography
  • Each KAYAK phosphopeptide perfectly co-eluted with its heavier internal standard peptide of identical sequence. Because a minimum of 180 different peptides of similar m/z must be resolved, high resolution mass spectra were collected. In addition, the sequence and site localization of each phosphopeptide was verified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation if necessary. Since a known amount of each heavy phosphopeptide was added, the ratio of light to heavy phosphopeptide provided a measure of absolute amount of each product formed during the reaction. To facilitate analyses, the limit of detection for each phosphorylated substrate peptide was conservatively set at 1% of the internal standard response although often manual integration of response differences up to 4 orders of magnitude was possible.
  • each peptide was reduced from 100 ⁇ M to 5 ⁇ M.
  • peptides were reacted at 20-fold reduced concentrations (5 ⁇ M), and competition effects improved kinase monospecificity ( FIG. 15 panel C).
  • six of the 90 peptides were found to be excellent RSK substrates at 100 ⁇ M with no competition.
  • peptide E11 derived from a known RSK substrate.
  • peptide F6 derived from a known Akt target site on nitric oxide synthase.
  • both RSK and Akt demonstrated strong phosphorylation. With competition effects and reduced substrate concentrations, this peptide is an excellent Akt substrate.
  • kinases are known to show more promiscuity in their purified forms (Manning et al. 2007 Cell 129: 1261-1274), these data allow for a first look at potential kinases and some assessment of the degree of monospecificity for each peptide.
  • Assay performance was benchmarked using lysate from a transformed human epithelial cell line (HEK293) after insulin stimulation ( FIG. 15 panel A).
  • the sensitivity of each peptide was assessed using lysates amounts varying from 1 ng to 20 ⁇ g. Phosphorylation of at least half of the library was measured with site-specific phosphorylation of greater than 50 fmol using 10 or 20 ⁇ g of lysate. Eight peptides were phosphorylated from the equivalent of about 20-cell sensitivity (10 ng lysate), and two exceptional peptides were phosphorylated using only one ng lysate ( FIG. 16 panel B).
  • the KAYAK strategy described here was compared to performing 90 individual kinase reactions in a plate format under identical conditions. Lysates from cells before and after insulin stimulation were used and excellent agreement between the same-reaction or individual kinase reactions was found ( FIG. 15 panel C and FIG. 20 ). Three peptides (A3, E11 and F6) showed reproducibly increased phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation. Performing the assay in a single reaction resulted in more robust changes for each of these three phosphorylated peptides compared to the individual reaction method, likely because competitive effects widen the gap between the best and other substrates in the kinase reaction (Ubersax et al. 2007 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8: 530-541).
  • FIG. 15 A few peptides in FIG. 15 including peptide C11 (derived from a known PKA target) demonstrated a linear response only at the lower end of lysate amounts. Because these peptides appear all to be PKA substrates (based on phosphorylation with purified kinases shown in FIG. 14 ), the phenomenon was attributed to unmasking of the active kinase when association of PKA with inhibitory regulatory domain of PKA or A-kinase anchoring protein was removed by dilution.
  • kinase activities from serum starved HeLa and from HEK293 cells treated with insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were compared using a single-reaction 90-substrate assay ( FIG. 17 ).
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • PMA phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
  • FIG. 17 panel B which is a highly selective substrate of Akt (Alessi et al. 1996 FEBS Lett 399: 333-338). Similar results were obtained with Western blotting data probed with antibody specific for phospho-Akt ( FIG. 17 panel C).
  • the E11 peptide which has a 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylation motif (Anjum et al. 2008 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9: 747-758) and is preferably phosphorylated by purified RSK1 enzyme ( FIG. 14 ) displayed increased phosphorylation after activation of Ras/MAPK pathway by EGF or PMA treatment ( FIG. 17 panel B) consistent with the Western blotting data ( FIG. 17 panel C).
  • RSK ribosomal S6 kinase
  • the KAYAK methodology measures the absolute amount of phosphorylated peptides formed by the kinase reaction
  • the observed difference in basal kinase activities between HEK293 and HeLa cells with respect to the E11 peptide may reflect differences in kinase activity states as seen on Western blots.
  • basal levels and fold-changes in kinase activities were not necessarily identical in these two cell lines, the direction of change for each peptide in response to each stimulus was consistent ( FIG. 17 ), highlighting conserved signaling pathways.
  • kinase activity can lead to the identification of aberrantly activated pathways and cellular processes.
  • kinase activities from nine human cell lines grown under standard recommended conditions were profiled in a signle-reaction, solution-phase 90 substrate kinase assay ( FIG. 19 ).
  • Peptides with similar activity profiles across the cell lines were grouped by hierarchical clustering ( FIG. 19 panel A).
  • Surprising differences in core pathway activation states were identified.
  • the MCF7 breast cancer cell line for example, demonstrated uniquely high levels of PKA activity, consistent with the previous report which showed a comparison between normal (MCF10A) and the tumor (MCF7) cell lines (Sigoillot et al.
  • the U-87 MG glioblastoma cell line had between 3- and 20-fold higher basal phosphorylation of the Akt-selective peptide, A3, compared to any other cell line in the panel.
  • U-87 MG is known to have a frameshift mutation in PTEN (Chou et al. 2005 J Biol Chem 280: 15356-15361) which leads to elevated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP 3 ) levels and hyperactivation of Akt.
  • PTEN deficient Jurkat T lymphocyte cell line Astoul et al.
  • Tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides clustered into at least three different groups ( FIG. 19 panels A and B), demonstrating the detection of multiple activated tyrosine kinase pathways.
  • KAYAK profiling clearly demonstrated phosphorylation events specific to each cell line.
  • the unique kinase activity signature for individual cell lines reflects key differences in either pathway activation and/or regulation.
  • the KAYAK single-reaction assay was used to analyze clinical samples and tissue from renal carcinoma patients. Renal cell carcinoma and normal kidney specimens were obtained from an Institutional Review Board approved genitourinary oncology tumor bank at Massachusetts General Hospital, samples were prepared as described in Example 14 and subjected to KAYAK profiling using 90 peptides ( FIG. 24 panel A). As expected, Akt and RSK/ERK pathway activities were elevated in the tumor samples compared to the adjacent normal tissue although the absolute activity levels differed from patient to patient ( FIG. 24 panel B). These data agreed with Western blot and immunohistochemistry results (data not shown). Moreover, these findings raise the possibility of using kinase activities as signatures or biomarkers in clinical samples that are casually linked to oncogenic signaling pathways. Ultimately, such an assay could match individual patients with the appropriate cocktail of kinase-directed therapies.
  • a novel biochemical strategy was developed to identify the kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of a peptide substrate using KAYAK profiling in a single-reaction, solution-phase 90-substrate assay.
  • a lysate of interest is first fractionated by column chromatography at the protein level ( FIG. 25 ), and each fraction is subjected to KAYAK profiling to determine the activity profile.
  • an aliquot of each fraction is trypsin digested and analyzed by LC-MS/MS techniques to identify and assess the abundance of thousands of proteins, providing a protein profile for each fraction.
  • a strategy of correlating the activity and kinase abundance profiles as a function of active fractions was set to identify the responsible kinase.
  • FIG. 22 panel A A heat map of the kinase activities from three different HeLa cell lysates: asynchronous, G1/S-phase arrested, or G2/M-phase arrested is shown in FIG. 22 panel A.
  • Hierarchical clustering revealed core pathway differences. Seven peptides sharing a common motif of [S/T]-Pro and clear upregulation by G2/M arrest ( FIG. 22 panels A and B, and FIG. 26 panel A) were selected for correlation profiling experiments to identify the responsible kinase. Lysate from nocodazole-arrested HeLa cells was separated by high resolution anion exchange chromatography, and the flow-through and 36 fractions were collected ( FIG. 22 panel C).
  • the activity profile for each peptide was assessed ( FIG. 22 panel D). It was observed that all seven peptides demonstrated the identical pattern of normalized phosphorylation rates, indicating that a single kinase was responsible for their phosphorylation. Trypsin digestion and shotgun sequencing by LC-MS/MS of each fraction identified 3,928 proteins including 116 kinases ( FIG. 26 panel C). The correlation profile for each protein and each kinase was assessed based on normalized spectral counting. Calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient between kinase activity and protein amount in the active fractions, it was observed that Cdc2 was the best ranked kinase and 8th overall among 3,928 proteins as seen in FIGS. 22 panel E and 27 panel A.
  • Protein quantitation of Cdc2 showed two major peaks and the second eluting peak of Cdc2 correlated with the kinase activity profile ( FIG. 22 panel E). This second peak also showed an excellent correlation profile with Cyclin B1, which ranked fifth overall among all proteins and is required for Cdc2 activity (Nurse 1990 Nature 344: 503-508; Pan et al. 1993 J Biol Chem 268: 20443-20451).
  • Kinase specificity presents a challenge to peptide-based measurements of kinase activities. The lack of monospecificity at best complicates the interpretation of activity measurements, and at worst it may entirely mask changes in signaling pathways.
  • the KAYAK approach described here addresses the kinase specificity problem in three important ways.
  • the assay provides site-specific measurements by using site-specific internal standards. In this way, kinases recognizing and phosphorylating alternative residues in a peptide do not affect the measurement (Yu et al. 2009 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 11606-11611, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • Second, the use of low peptide concentrations (5 ⁇ M) ensures that only high affinity substrates are phosphorylated.
  • the KAYAK strategy has several advantages. Measuring the activity of a kinase characterizes its activation status by directly monitoring kinase enzymatic activities, and an activity-indicating antibody is not necessary. Traditional methods, e.g. Western blot and SH2 domain binding assay, are indirect, and do not take into the account other modifications and protein-protein interactions that might affect the enzyme activity. Although commonly used, phosphorylation-activity relationships are known to be far from ideal. Moreover, activation-state phospho-antibodies are not available for many kinases.
  • the KAYAK measures the intrinsic activity of multiple kinases reflecting the complex cellular context.
  • High-throughput kinase assays using large kinase panels (Goldstein et al. 2008 Nat Rev Drug Discov 7: 391-397) use truncated or recombinant purified enzymes, which may not reflect the actual conformational or kinase activity state as they appear in cells.
  • the KAYAK has high sensitivity owing to the signal amplifying nature of enzymatic reactions.
  • Two KAYAK peptides showed detectable phosphorylation from as little as 1 ng of cell lysate which corresponds to near single cell levels ( FIG. 15 panel A and FIG. 16 ). This sensitivity allows for low sample consumption. Practically 10-20 ⁇ g of cell lysate is sufficient to have reliable signals for about 50 simultaneously peptide reactions ( FIG. 15 panel A).
  • the KAYAK measures site-specific phosphorylation rates. Commonly phosphorylation sites have additional phosphorylatable residues nearby (Schwartz et al. 2005 Nat Biotechnol 23: 1391-1398). Since the internal standard peptides are synthesized with phosphorylation at known positions, the co-elution of lysate-phosphorylated peptides and the standard phosphopeptides in conjunction with fragmentation sequencing ensures that site-specific phosphorylation is measured. When combining with MS/MS experiments, the KAYAK method accurately determines the kinase activity towards a specific site. This is not accomplished by any alternative methods, over which the KAYAK method represents a significant improvement.
  • the KAYAK is quantitative with exceptional reproducibility ( FIGS. 18 and 20 ). Internal standards of heavy peptides, which are added upon quenching the kinase reaction, cancel any downstream sample manipulate and measurement variations and provide the basis for absolute activity measurements (i.e., fmol phosphorylation/ ⁇ g lysate/minute). Western blotting cannot offer a similar level of quantitative quality.
  • the assay and protocol can be applied across a wide range of cellular settings including: recombinant purified enzymes ( FIG. 14 ), cell line lysates ( FIGS. 17 and 19 ) and clinical human tissues ( FIG. 24 ).
  • This KAYAK is radio-isotope free method.
  • KAYAK provides a sensitivity level of a few cells.
  • the renal carcinoma tissue results have exceptional promise in the field of clinical proteomics.
  • Samples in this discipline are often from biopsies, laser-capture-microdissection, or cell sorting experiments. The number of cells available in these sample types often falls far short of what has been used for direct profiling of phosphorylation events (10 7 -10 9 cells).
  • Kinase activity measurements overcome sensitivity pitfalls through a highly amplified process where zeptomole amounts of enzyme easily produce mass-spectrometry-amenable levels (>1 fmol). For this reason, activity measurements have been described as analogous to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for protein.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • KAYAK can be performed using crude cell lysates without first immunoprecipitating the target kinase, which allows a rapid and reproducible quantitation.
  • KAYAK When characterizing the kinase pathways in a targeted fashion, KAYAK offers an exceptional throughput. KAYAK can be performed simultaneously to characterize tens of kinase pathways within potentially hundreds of samples, whereas only a few samples can be analyzed at a time by other quantitative proteomics methods (SILAC, iTRAQ, etc). KAYAK can be used casually to deal with a large number of samples. For example, it does not seem to be practical to use peptide array technology for monitoring 37 fractions to identify a responsible kinase.
  • Peptide optimization can identify a “golden” set of specific and sensitive substrates tuned to the most appropriate substrate assay concentration.
  • biomarker identification current kinase activity signatures provide sufficient information to match disease and appropriate pathway-directed therapy. Such applications are especially relevant to the treatment of cancer.

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EP2347263A2 (fr) 2011-07-27
US10407712B2 (en) 2019-09-10
WO2010040024A3 (fr) 2010-07-29

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