Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline compounds, and of pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma, which is also known as myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease (after Otto Kahler), and which is a type of cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow that produce antibodies, as a sole agent or in combination with one or more other active ingredients.
• lipid kinases In the last decade the concept of developing anti-cancer medications which target abnormally active protein kinases has led to a number of successes. In is addition to the actions of protein kinases, lipid kinases also play an important role in generating critical regulatory second messengers.
• the PI3K family of lipid kinases generates 3′-phosphoinositides that bind to and activate a variety of cellular targets, initiating a wide range of signal transduction cascades (Vanhaesebroeck et al., 2001; Toker, 2002; Pendaries et al., 2003; Downes et al., 2005). These cascades ultimately induce changes in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, differentiation, vesicle trafficking, migration, and chemotaxis.
• PI3Ks can be divided into three distinct classes based upon differences in both structure, and substrate preference. While members of the Class II family of PI3Ks have been implicated in the regulation of tumor growth (Brown and Shepard, 2001; Traer et al., 2006), the bulk of research has focused on the Class I enzymes and their role in cancer (Vivanco And Sawyers, 2002; Workman, 2004, Chen et al., 2005; Hennessey et al., 2005; Stauffer et al., 2005; Stephens et al., 2005; Cully et al., 2006).
• Class I PI3Ks have traditionally been divided into two distinct sub-classes based upon differences in protein subunit composition.
• the Class I A PI3Ks are comprised of a catalytic p110 catalytic subunit (p110 ⁇ , ⁇ or ⁇ ) heterodimerized with a member of the p85 regulatory subunit family.
• the Class I B PI3K catalytic subunit (p110 ⁇ ) heterodimerizes with a distinct p101 regulatory subunit (reviewed by Vanhaesebroeck and Waterfield, 1999; Funaki et al., 2000; Katso et al., 2001).
• the C-terminal region of these proteins contains a catalytic domain that possesses distant homology to protein kinases.
• the PI3K ⁇ structure is similar to Class I A p110s, but lacks the N-terminal p85 binding site (Domin and Waterfield, 1997). Though similar in overall structure, the homology between catalytic p110 subunits is low to moderate. The highest homology between the PI3K isoforms is in the kinase pocket of the kinase domain.
• the Class I PI3K isoforms associate with activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) (including PDGFR, EGFR, VEGFR, IGF1-R, c-KIT, CSF-R and Met), cytokine receptors, GPCRs, integrins, or with tyrosine phosphorylated adapter proteins (such as Grb2, Cbl, IRS-1 or Gab1), via their p85 regulatory subunits resulting in stimulation of the lipid kinase activity.
• RTKs activated receptor tyrosine kinases
• Activation of the lipid kinase activity of the p110 ⁇ and p110 ⁇ isoforms has been shown to occur in response to binding to activated forms of the ras Oncogene (Kodaki et al, 1994). In fact, the oncogenic activity of these isoforms may require binding to ras (Kang et al., 2006). In contrast, the p110 ⁇ and p110 ⁇ isoforms exhibit oncogenic activity independent of ras binding, through constitutive activation of Akt.
• Class I PI3Ks catalyze the conversion of PI(4,5)P 2 [PIP 2 ] to PI(3,4,5)P 3 [PIP 3 ].
• the production of PIP 3 by PI3K affects multiple signaling processes that regulate and coordinate the biological end points of cell proliferation, cell survival, differentiation and cell migration.
• PIP 3 is bound by Pleckstrin-Homology (PH) domain-containing proteins, including the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase, PDK1 and the Akt proto-oncogene product, localizing these proteins in regions of active signal transduction and also contributing directly to their activation (Klippel et al., 1997; Fleming et al., 2000; Itoh and Takenawa, 2002; Lemmon, 2003). This co-localization of PDK1 with Akt facilitates the phosphorylation and activation of Akt.
• PH Pleckstrin-Homology
• Akt Carboxy-terminal phosphorylation of Akt on Ser 473 promotes phosphorylation of Thr 308 in the Akt activation loop (Chan and Tsichlis, 2001; Hodgekinson et al., 2002; Scheid et al., 2002; Hresko et al., 2003).
• Akt phosphorylates and regulates multiple regulatory kinases of pathways that directly influence cell cycle progression and cell survival.
• Akt Akt promotes tumor cell survival by regulating components of the apoptotic and cell cycle machinery.
• Akt is one of several kinases that phosphorylate and inactivate pro-apoptotic BAD proteins (del Paso et al., 1997; Pastorino et al., 1999).
• Akt may also promote cell survival through blocking cytochrome C-dependent caspase activation by phosphorylating Caspase 9 on Ser 196 (Cardone et al., 1998).
• Akt impacts gene transcription on several levels.
• the Akt-mediated phosphorylation of the MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase on Ser 186 and Ser 186 facilitates the nuclear import of MDM2 and the formation and activation of the ubiquitin ligase complex.
• Nuclear MDM2 targets the p53 tumor suppressor for degradation, a process that can be blocked by LY294002 (Yap et al., 2000; Ogarawa et al., 2002). Downregulation of p53 by MDM2 negatively impacts the transcription of p53-regulated pro-apoptotic genes (e.g.
• Forkhead activity also impacts pro-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic gene transcription including the transcription of Fas ligand (Ciechomska et al., 2003) Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member (Dijkers et al., 2000), and the Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) antagonist, Ang-2 (Daly et al., 2004).
• Fas ligand Ciechomska et al., 2003
• Bim a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member
• Ang-1 Angiopoietin-1
• Ang-2 Angiopoietin-1
• Forkhead transcription factors regulate the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27 Kip1 .
• PI3K inhibitors have been demonstrated to induce p27 Kip1 expression resulting in Cdk1 inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (Dijkers et al., 2000).
• Akt is also reported to phosphorylate p21 Cip1 on Thr 145 and p27 Kip1 on Thr 157 facilitating their association with 14-3-3 proteins, resulting in nuclear export and cytoplasmic retention, preventing their inhibition of nuclear Cdks (Zhou et al., 2001; Motti et al., 2004; Sekimoto et al., 2004).
• Akt phosphorylates IKK (Romashkova and Makarov, 1999), leading to the phosphorylation and degradation of I ⁇ and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF ⁇ , resulting in the expression of survival genes such as IAP and Bcl-X L .
• the PI3K/Akt pathway is also linked to the suppression of apoptosis through the JNK and p38 MAPK MAP Kinases that are associated with the induction of apoptosis.
• Akt is postulated to suppress JNK and p38 MAPK signaling through the phosphorylation and inhibition of two JNK/p38 regulatory kinases, Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1) (Kim et al., 2001: Liao and Hung, 2003; Yuan et al., 2003), and Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3) (Lopez-Ilasaca et al., 1997; Barthwal et al., 2003; Figueroa et al., 2003).
• ASK1 Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1
• MLK3 Mixed Lineage Kinase 3
• inhibitors of the PI3K pathway may promote the activities of co-administered cytotoxic drugs.
• GSK3 activity is elevated in quiescent cells, where it phosphorylates cyclin on Ser 286 , targeting the protein for ubiquitination and degradation (Diehl et al., 1998) and blocking entry into S-phase.
• Akt inhibits GSK3 activity through phosphorylation on Ser 9 (Cross et al., 1995). This results in the elevation of Cyclin D 1 levels which promotes cell cycle progression.
• Inhibition of GSK3 activity also impacts cell proliferation through activation of the wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway (Abbosh and Nephew, 2005; Naito et al., 2005; Wilker et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2006; Segrelles et al., 2006).
• Akt mediated phosphorylation of GSK3 results in stabilization and nuclear localization of the beta-catenin protein, which in turn leads to increased expression of c-myc and cyclin D1, targets of the beta-catenin/Tcf pathway.
• PI3K signaling is utilized by many of the signal transduction networks associated with both oncogenes and tumor suppressors, PI3K and its activity have been linked directly to cancer.
• Overexpression of both the p110a and p110 ⁇ isoforms has been observed in bladder and colon tumors and cell lines, and overexpression generally correlates with increased PI3K activity (Benistant et al., 2000).
• Overexpression of p110a has also been reported in ovarian and cervical tumors and tumor cell lines, as well as in squamous cell lung carcinomas.
• the overexpression of p110a in cervical and ovarian tumor lines is associated with increased PI3K activity (Shayesteh et al., 1999; Ma et al., 2000). Elevated PI3K activity has been observed in colorectal carcinomas (Phillips et al., 1998) and increased expression has been observed in breast carcinomas (Gershtein et al., 1999).
• PIK3CA mutations have been reported in oligodendroma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and thyroid tumors as well (Broderick et al., 2004; Garcia-Rostan et al., 2005). Based upon the observed high frequency of mutation, PIK3CA is one of the two most frequently mutated genes associated with cancer, the other being K-ras. More than 80% of the PIK3CA mutations cluster within two regions of the protein, the helical (E545K) and catalytic (H1047R) domains.
• PIK3CA knockout mouse embryo fibroblasts are deficient in signaling downstream from various growth factor receptors (IGF-1, Insulin, PDGF, EGF), and are resistant to transformation by a variety of oncogenic RTKs (IGFR, wild-type EGFR and somatic activating mutants of EGFR, Her2/Neu)(Zhao et al., 2006).
• siRNA-mediated downregulation of p1108 inhibits both Akt phosphorylation and HeLa cell tumor growth in nude mice (Czauderna et al., 2003).
• siRNA-mediated downregulation of p1108 was also shown to inhibit the growth of malignant glioma cells in vitro and in vivo (Pu et al., 2006). Inhibition of PI3K function by dominant-negative p85 regulatory subunits can block mitogenesis and cell transformation (Huang et al., 1996; Rahimi et al., 1996).
• Overexpression of Class I PI3K activity, or stimulation of their lipid kinase activities, is associated with resistance to both targeted (such as imatinib and tratsuzumab) and cytotoxic chemotherapeutic approaches, as well as radiation therapy (West et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 2003; Osaki et al., 2004; Nagata et al., 2004; Gottschalk et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2005).
• Activation of PI3K has also been shown to lead to expression of multidrug resistant protein-1 (MRP-1) in prostate cancer cells and the subsequent induction of resistance to chemotherapy (Lee et al., 2004).
• MRP-1 multidrug resistant protein-1
• PTEN tumor suppressor a P1(3)P phosphatase
• PTEN tumor suppressor a P1(3)P phosphatase
• Cells containing functionally inactive PTEN have elevated levels of PIP 3 , high levels of activity of PI3K signaling (Haas-Kogan et al., 1998; Myers et al., 1998; Taylor et al., 2000), increased proliferative potential, and decreased sensitivity to pro-apoptotic stimuli (Stambolic et al., 1998).
• Reconstitution of a functional PTEN suppresses PI3K signaling (Taylor et al., 2000), inhibits cell growth and re-sensitizes cells to pro-apoptotic stimuli (Myers et al., 1998; Zhao et al., 2004).
• the class I family of PI3Ks clearly plays an important role in the regulation of multiple signal transduction pathways that promote cell survival and cell proliferation, and activation of their lipid kinase activity contributes significantly to the development of human malignancies. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K may potentially circumvent the cellular mechanisms that underlie resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
• a potent inhibitor of Class I PI3K activities would therefore have the potential not only to inhibit tumor growth but to also sensitize tumor cells to pro-apoptotic stimuli in vivo.
• Signal transduction pathways originating from chemoattractant receptors are considered to be important targets in controlling leukocyte motility in inflammatory diseases.
• Leukocyte trafficking is controlled by chemoattractant factors that activate heterotrimeric GPCRs and thereby trigger a variety of downstream intracellular events.
• Signal transduction along one of these pathways that results in mobilization of free Ca 2+ , cytoskelatal reorganization, and directional movement depends on lipid-derived second messengers produced by PI3K activity (Wymann et al., 2000; Stein and Waterfield, 2000).
• PI3K ⁇ modulates baseline cAMP levels and controls contractility in cells. Recent research indicates that alterations in baseline cAMP levels contribute to is the increased contractility in mutant mice. This research, therefore, shows that PI3K ⁇ inhibitors would afford potential treatments for congestive heart failure, ischemia, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, and diabetes.
• PI3K inhibitors would be expected to block signal transduction from GPCRs and block the activation of various immune cells, leading to a broad anti-inflammatory profile with potential for the treatment of inflammatory and immunoregulatory diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, allergic diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), septic shock, joint diseases, autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis and Graves' disease, diabetes, cancer, myocardial contractility disorders, thromboembolism, and atherosclerosis.
• inflammatory and immunoregulatory diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, allergic diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), septic shock, joint diseases, autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis and Graves' disease, diabetes, cancer, myocardial contractility disorders, thromboembolism, and atherosclerosis.
• multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy characterised by complex heterogeneous cytogenetic abnormalities
• the bone marrow microenvironment promotes multiple myeloma cell growth and resistance to conventional therapies.
• the present invention is thus to provide compounds for the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of multiple myeloma.
• the present invention relates to the use of 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline compounds and of pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma, which is also known as myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease (after Otto Kahler), and which is a type of cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow that produce antibodies, as a sole agent or in combination with other one or more other active ingredients.
• a first embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of a compound of general formula (A):
• X represents CR 5 R 6 or NH
• Y 1 represents CR 3 or N
• the chemical bond between Y 2 Y 3 represents a single bond or double bond, with the proviso that when the Y 2 Y 3 represents a double bond, Y 2 and Y 3 independently represent CR 4 or N, and when Y 2 Y 3 represents a single bond, Y 2 and Y 3 independently represent CR 3 R 4 or NR 4
• Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 independently represent CH, CR 2 or N
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound selected from the following list for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma, as a sole agent or in combination with one or more other active ingredients:
• Another embodiment of the present invention encompasses the use of a compound having the formula (I):
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 2 is a nitrogen containing heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R 6 groups,
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 5 and R 5′ are independently alkyl,
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 5 and R 5′ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound to form a 5-6 membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur and which may be optionally substituted with 1 or more R 6′ groups,
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 4 is hydroxyl,
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 4 and R 5 are taken together with the atoms to which they are bound to form a 5-6 membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring optionally containing 1 or more nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur is atoms and which may be optionally substituted with 1 or more R 6 groups, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma.
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 3 is methyl,
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 2 is pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrole, oxazole, thiazole, furan or thiophene, optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R 6 groups; more preferably pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrole, oxazole or thiazole, optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R 6 groups,
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of formula (Ia)
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of formula (Ib):
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of formula (Ic):
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of the formula (Id):
• R 2 and R 4 are as defined above, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma.
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of the formula (Ie):
• R 2 and R 4 are as defined above, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma.
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound of formula (I)-(V), wherein R 2 is pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrole, oxazole, thiazole, furan or thiophene, optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R 6 groups; more preferrably wherein R 2 is pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrole, oxazole or thiazole, optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R 6 groups,
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound having the formula:
• the invention encompasses the use of a compound having the formula:
• the compounds of the present invention display surprising activity for the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and chemical and structural stability over those compounds of the prior art. It is believed that this surprising activity is based on the chemical structure of the compounds, in particular the basicity of the compounds as a result of R 1 being amino optionally substituted with R 5 and R 5′ . Further, the appropriate choice of R 3 and R 2 provide the necessary activity against the appropriate isoforms to allow for activity in vivo.
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to eight carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, such as illustratively, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl 1-methylethyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, and 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl).
• alkenyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a carbon-carbon double bond and which may be a straight or branched or branched chain having about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, e.g., ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), iso-propenyl, 2-methyl-I-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2- and butenyl.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbonyl radicals having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and having in the range of about 2 up to 12 carbon atoms (with radicals having in the range of about 2 up to 10 carbon atoms presently being preferred) e.g., ethynyl.
• alkoxy denotes an alkyl group as defined herein attached via oxygen linkage to the rest of the molecule. Representative examples of those groups are methoxy and ethoxy.
• alkoxyakyl denotes an alkoxy group as defined herein attached via oxygen linkage to an alkyl group which is then attached to the main structure at any carbon from alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure the rest of the molecule.
• Representative examples of those groups are —CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 OC 2 H 5 .
• cycloalkyl denotes a non-aromatic mono or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to 12 carbon atoms such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and examples of multicyclic cycloalkyl groups include perhydronapththyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups bridged cyclic group or sprirobicyclic groups e.g sprio (4,4) non-2-yl.
• cycloalkylalkyl refers to cyclic ring-containing radicals containing in the range of about 3 up to 8 carbon atoms directly attached to alkyl group which is then also attached to the main structure at any carbon from the alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure such as cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylethyl.
• aryl refers to aromatic radicals having in the range of 6 up to 14 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl.
• arylalkyl refers to an aryl group as defined herein directly bonded to an alkyl group as defined herein which is then attached to the main structure at any carbon from alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure the rest of the molecule. e.g., —CH 2 C 6 H 5 , —C 2 H 5 C 6 H 5 .
• heterocyclic ring refers to a stable 3- to 15 membered ring radical which consists of carbon atoms and from one to five heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur.
• the heterocyclic ring radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system, which may include fused, bridged or spiro ring systems, and the nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclic ring radical may be optionally oxidized to various oxidation states.
• the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the ring radical may be partially or fully saturated (i.e., heteroaromatic or heteroaryl aromatic).
• heterocyclic ring radicals include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl, acridinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, benzofurnyl, carbazolyl cinnolinyl dioxolanyl, indolizinyl, naphthyridinyl, perhydroazepinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazil, pyridyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrazoyl, imidazolyl tetrahydroisouinolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-o
• heteroaryl refers to heterocyclic ring radical as defined herein which are aromatic.
• the heteroaryl ring radical may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure.
• the heterocyclic ring radical may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure.
• heteroarylalkyl refers to heteroaryl ring radical as defined herein directly bonded to alkyl group.
• the heteroarylalkyl radical may be attached to the main structure at any carbon atom from alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure.
• heterocyclyl refers to a heterocylic ring radical as defined herein.
• the heterocyclyl ring radical may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure.
• heterocyclylalkyl refers to a heterocylic ring radical as defined herein directly bonded to alkyl group.
• the heterocyclylalkyl radical may be attached to the main structure at carbon atom in the alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure.
• carbonyl refers to an oxygen atom bound to a carbon atom of the molecule by a double bond.
• halogen refers to radicals of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• the compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers, depending upon the location and nature of the various substituents desired.
• Asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in the (R) or (S) configuration, resulting in racemic mixtures in the case of a single asymmetric center, and diastereomeric mixtures in the case of multiple asymmetric centers.
• asymmetry may also be present due to restricted rotation about a given bond, for example, the central bond adjoining two substituted aromatic rings of the specified compounds.
• Substituents on a ring may also be present in either cis or trans form. It is intended that all such configurations (including enantiomers and diastereomers), are included within the scope of the present invention.
• Preferred compounds are those, which produce the more desirable biological activity.
• Separated, pure or partially purified isomers and stereoisomers or racemic or diastereomeric mixtures of the compounds of this invention are also included within the scope of the present invention.
• the purification and the separation of such materials can be accomplished by standard techniques known in the art.
• the present invention also relates to useful forms of the compounds as disclosed herein, such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, co-precipitates, metabolites, hydrates, solvates and prodrugs of all the compounds of examples.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention. For example, see S. M. Berge, et al. “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those obtained by reacting the main compound, functioning as a base, with an inorganic or organic acid to form a salt, for example, salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methane sulfonic acid, camphor sulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and citric acid.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include those in which the main compound functions as an acid and is reacted with an appropriate base to form, e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and chorine salts.
• acid addition salts of the claimed compounds may be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate inorganic or organic acid via any of a number of known methods.
• alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of acidic compounds of the invention are prepared by reacting the compounds of the invention with the appropriate base via a variety of known methods.
• Representative salts of the compounds of this invention include the conventional non-toxic salts and the quaternary ammonium salts which are formed, for example, from inorganic or organic acids or bases by means well known in the art.
• acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cinnamate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, chloride, bromide, iodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, itaconate, lactate, maleate, mandelate, methanesulfonate, 2-na
• Base salts include alkali metal salts such as potassium and sodium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, and ammonium salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine and N-methyl-D-glucamine. Additionally, basic nitrogen containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl sulfate, or diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and strearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.
• lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl chlorides,
• a solvate for the purpose of this invention is a complex of a solvent and a compound of the invention in the solid state.
• Exemplary solvates would include, but are not limited to, complexes of a compound of the invention with ethanol or methanol. Hydrates are a specific form of solvate wherein the solvent is water.
• compositions containing one or more compounds of the present invention can be utilized to achieve the desired pharmacological effect by administration to a patient in need thereof.
• a patient for the purpose of this invention, is a mammal, including a human, in need of treatment for the particular condition or disease. Therefore, the present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions that are comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound, or salt thereof, of the present invention.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is preferably a carrier that is relatively non-toxic and innocuous to a patient at concentrations consistent with effective activity of the active ingredient so that any side effects ascribable to the carrier do not vitiate the beneficial effects of the active ingredient.
• a pharmaceutically effective amount of compound is preferably that amount which produces a result or exerts an influence on the particular condition being treated.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered with pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers well known in the art using any effective conventional dosage unit forms, including immediate, slow and timed release preparations, orally, parenterally, topically, nasally, ophthalmically, optically, sublingually, rectally, vaginally, and the like.
• the compounds can be formulated into solid or liquid preparations such as capsules, pills, tablets, troches, lozenges, melts, powders, solutions, suspensions, or emulsions, and may be prepared according to methods known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.
• the solid unit dosage forms can be a capsule that can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch.
• the compounds of this invention may be tableted with conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose and cornstarch in combination with binders such as acacia, corn starch or gelatin, disintegrating agents intended to assist the break-up and dissolution of the tablet following administration such as potato starch, alginic acid, corn starch, and guar gum, gum tragacanth, acacia, lubricants intended to improve the flow of tablet granulation and to prevent the adhesion of tablet material to the surfaces of the tablet dies and punches, for example talc, stearic acid, or magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, dyes, coloring agents, and flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring, intended to enhance the aesthetic qualities of the tablets and make them more acceptable to the patient.
• binders such as acacia, corn starch or gelatin
• disintegrating agents intended to assist the break-up and dissolution of the tablet following administration such as potato starch, alginic acid, corn star
• Suitable excipients for use in oral liquid dosage forms include dicalcium phosphate and diluents such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, and polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, suspending agent or emulsifying agent.
• Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance tablets, pills or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.
• Dispersible powders and granules are suitable for the preparation of an aqueous suspension. They provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example those sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents described above, may also be present.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil such as liquid paraffin or a mixture of vegetable oils.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be (1) naturally occurring gums such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, (2) naturally occurring phosphatides such as soy bean and lecithin, (3) esters or partial esters derived form fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example, sorbitan monooleate, (4) condensation products of said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
• Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil such as, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent such as, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin, or cetyl alcohol.
• the suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as, for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, and preservative, such as methyl and propyl parabens and flavoring and coloring agents.
• sweetening agents such as, for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
• Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, and preservative, such as methyl and propyl parabens and flavoring and coloring agents.
• the compounds of this invention may also be administered parenterally, that is, subcutaneously, intravenously, intraocularly, intrasynovially, intramuscularly, or interperitoneally, as injectable dosages of the compound in preferably a physiologically acceptable diluent with a pharmaceutical carrier which can be a sterile liquid or mixture of liquids such as water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol, or hexadecyl alcohol, glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, glycerol ketals such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,1-dioxolane-4-methanol, ethers such as poly(ethylene glycol) 400, an oil, a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or, a fatty acid glyceride, or an acetylated fatty acid glyceride, with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant such
• Suitable fatty acids include oleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid and myristic acid.
• Suitable fatty acid esters are, for example, ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate.
• Suitable soaps include fatty acid alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts and suitable detergents include cationic detergents, for example dimethyl dialkyl ammonium halides, alkyl pyridinium halides, and alkylamine acetates; anionic detergents, for example, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, ether, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates; non-ionic detergents, for example, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides, and poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene)s or ethylene oxide or propylene oxide copolymers; and amphoteric detergents, for example, alkyl-beta-aminopropionates, and 2-alkylimidazoline quaternary ammonium salts, as well as mixtures.
• suitable detergents include cationic detergents, for example
• compositions of this invention will typically contain from about 0.5% to about 25% by weight of the active ingredient in solution. Preservatives and buffers may also be used advantageously. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such compositions may contain a non-ionic surfactant having a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) preferably of from about 12 to about 17. The quantity of surfactant in such formulation preferably ranges from about 5% to about 15% by weight.
• the surfactant can be a single component having the above HLB or can be a mixture of two or more components having the desired HLB.
• surfactants used in parenteral formulations are the class of polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, for example, sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol.
• compositions may be in the form of sterile injectable aqueous suspensions.
• suspensions may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents which may be a naturally occurring phosphatide such as lecithin, a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol, for example, heptadeca-ethyleneoxycetanol, a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived form a fatty acid and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or a condensation product of an ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent.
• Diluents and solvents that may be employed are, for example, water, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride solutions and isotonic glucose solutions.
• sterile fixed oils are conventionally employed as solvents or suspending media.
• any bland, fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables.
• composition of the invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug.
• These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritation excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritation excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritation excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• Such materials are, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol.
• transdermal delivery devices Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the compounds of the present invention in controlled amounts.
• the construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,252, issued Jun. 11, 1991, incorporated herein by reference).
• patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.
• Controlled release formulations for parenteral administration include liposomal, polymeric microsphere and polymeric gel formulations that are known in the art.
• a mechanical delivery device It may be desirable or necessary to introduce the pharmaceutical composition to the patient via a mechanical delivery device.
• the construction and use of mechanical delivery devices for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art.
• Direct techniques for, for example, administering a drug directly to the brain usually involve placement of a drug delivery catheter into the patient's ventricular system to bypass the blood-brain barrier.
• One such implantable delivery system, used for the transport of agents to specific anatomical regions of the body is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,472, issued Apr. 30, 1991.
• compositions of the invention can also contain other conventional pharmaceutically acceptable compounding ingredients, generally referred to as carriers or diluents, as necessary or desired.
• Conventional procedures for preparing such compositions in appropriate dosage forms can be utilized. Such ingredients and procedures include those described in the following references, each of which is incorporated herein by reference: Powell, M. F. et al, “Compendium of Excipients for Parenteral Formulations” PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 1998, 52(5), 238-311; Strickley, R. G “Parenteral Formulations of Small Molecule Therapeutics Marketed in the United States (1999)-Part-1 ” PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 1999, 53(6), 324-349; and Nema, S. et al, “Excipients and Their Use in Injectable Products” PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 1997, 51(4), 166-171.
• compositions for its intended route of administration include:
• acidifying agents examples include but are not limited to acetic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
• alkalinizing agents examples include but are not limited to ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, trolamine
• adsorbents examples include but are not limited to powdered cellulose and activated charcoal
• aerosol propellants examples include but are not limited to carbon dioxide, CCl 2 F 2 , F 2 ClC—CClF 2 and CClF 3
• air displacement agents examples include but are not limited to nitrogen and argon
• antifungal preservatives examples include but are not limited to benzoic acid, butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium benzoate
• antimicrobial preservatives examples include but are not limited to benzoic acid, butylpara
• clarifying agents include but are not limited to bentonite
• emulsifying agents include but are not limited to acacia, cetomacrogol, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene 50 monostearate
• encapsulating agents include but are not limited to gelatin and cellulose acetate phthalate
• flavorants include but are not limited to anise oil, cinnamon oil, cocoa, menthol, orange oil, peppermint oil and vanillin
• humectants include but are not limited to glycerol, propylene glycol and sorbitol
• levigating agents include but are not
• compositions according to the present invention can be illustrated as follows:
• Sterile IV Solution A 5 mg/mL solution of the desired compound of this invention can be made using sterile, injectable water, and the pH is adjusted if necessary. The solution is diluted for administration to 1-2 mg/mL with sterile 5% dextrose and is administered as an IV infusion over about 60 minutes.
• Lyophilized powder for IV administration A sterile preparation can be prepared with (i) 100-1000 mg of the desired compound of this invention as a lyophilized powder, (ii) 32-327 mg/mL sodium citrate, and (iii) 300-3000 mg Dextran 40.
• the formulation is reconstituted with sterile, injectable saline or dextrose 5% to a concentration of 10 to 20 mg/mL, which is further diluted with saline or dextrose 5% to 0.2-0.4 mg/mL, and is administered either IV bolus or by IV infusion over 15-60 minutes.
• Intramuscular suspension The following solution or suspension can be prepared, for intramuscular injection:
• Hard Shell Capsules A large number of unit capsules are prepared by filling standard two-piece hard galantine capsules each with 100 mg of powdered active ingredient, 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose and 6 mg of magnesium stearate.
• Soft Gelatin Capsules A mixture of active ingredient in a digestible oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil is prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into molten gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 100 mg of the active ingredient. The capsules are washed and dried. The active ingredient can be dissolved in a mixture of polyethylene glycol, glycerin and sorbitol to prepare a water miscible medicine mix.
• Tablets A large number of tablets are prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 100 mg of active ingredient, 0.2 mg. of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 mg of magnesium stearate, 275 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 mg. of starch, and 98.8 mg of lactose. Appropriate aqueous and non-aqueous coatings may be applied to increase palatability, improve elegance and stability or delay absorption.
• Immediate Release Tablets/Capsules These are solid oral dosage forms made by conventional and novel processes. These units are taken orally without water for immediate dissolution and delivery of the medication.
• the active ingredient is mixed in a liquid containing ingredient such as sugar, gelatin, pectin and sweeteners. These liquids are solidified into solid tablets or caplets by freeze drying and solid state extraction techniques.
• the drug compounds may be compressed with viscoelastic and thermoelastic sugars and polymers or effervescent components to produce porous matrices intended for immediate release, without the need of water.
• the present invention relates to a method for using the compounds of the present invention and compositions thereof, to treat mammalian multiple myeloma.
• Compounds can be utilized to inhibit, block, reduce, decrease, etc., cell proliferation and/or cell division, and/or produce apoptosis, in the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma.
• This method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof, including a human, an amount of a compound of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate or ester thereof; etc.
• myeloma which is effective for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple myeloma, which, as mentioned supra, is also known as myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease (after Otto Kahler), which is a type of cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow that produce antibodies.
• This disorder has been well characterized in humans, but also exists with a similar etiology in other mammals, and can be treated by administering pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
• treating or “treatment” as stated throughout this document is used conventionally, e.g., the management or care of a subject for the purpose of combating, alleviating, reducing, relieving, improving the condition of, etc., of a disease or disorder, such as a carcinoma.
• the effective dosage of the compounds of this invention can readily be determined for treatment of the indication.
• the amount of the active ingredient to be administered in the treatment of the condition can vary widely according to such considerations as the particular compound and dosage unit employed, the mode of administration, the period of treatment, the age and sex of the patient treated, and the nature and extent of the condition treated.
• the total amount of the active ingredient to be administered will generally range from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg body weight per day, and preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg body weight per day.
• Clinically useful dosing schedules will range from one to three times a day dosing to once every four weeks dosing.
• “drug holidays” in which a patient is not dosed with a drug for a certain period of time may be beneficial to the overall balance between pharmacological effect and tolerability.
• a unit dosage may contain from about 0.5 mg to about 1,500 mg of active ingredient, and can be administered one or more times per day or less than once a day.
• the average daily dosage for administration by injection will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight.
• the average daily rectal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight.
• the average daily vaginal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight.
• the average daily topical dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.1 to 200 mg administered between one to four times daily.
• the transdermal concentration will preferably be that required to maintain a daily dose of from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg.
• the average daily inhalation dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of total body weight.
• the specific initial and continuing dosage regimen for each patient will vary according to the nature and severity of the condition as determined by the attending diagnostician, the activity of the specific compound employed, the age and general condition of the patient, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion of the drug, drug combinations, and the like.
• the desired mode of treatment and number of doses of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester or composition thereof can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventional treatment tests.
• the compounds of this invention can be administered as the sole pharmaceutical agent or in combination with one or more other pharmaceutical agents where the combination causes no unacceptable adverse effects.
• the compounds of this invention can be combined with known anti-angiogenesis, anti-hyper-proliferative, antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunoregulatory, diuretic, antiarrhythmic, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-diabetic or antiviral agents, and the like, as well as with admixtures and combinations thereof.
• the compounds were assessed in a cell-based assay that measures the capacity of the compounds to inhibit tumor cell proliferation following a 72-hour drug exposure.
• compound A in this functional assay were presented in Table I.
• Compound A strongly inhibits the proliferation of 9 multiple myeloma tested with IC50s ranging from 3-100 nM.
• IC50s ranging from 3-100 nM.
• compound A has equal or even more potent antiproliferative activity in comparison to the current standards of care drugs for multiple myeloma, such as Bortezomib, Thalidomide/lenalidomide, Dexamethasone and Melphalan.
• neoangiogenesis As neoangiogenesis has been suggested playing important role in stimulating proliferation, survival, and drug resistance of multiple myeloma through paracrine and cell adhesion-mediated interactions similar to those between MM cells and BMSCs, the effect of test compounds on endothelial cell proliferation may be evaluated.
• Rapamicin obtained from Sigma, St Louis, Mo., USA
• Rapamicin obtained from Sigma, St Louis, Mo., USA

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