Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
  • C10M169/041—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being macromolecular compounds only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/026—Butene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
  • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/18—Anti-foaming property
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/26—Waterproofing or water resistance
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/02—Bearings

Definitions

• This invention relates to lubricant compositions having utility in numerous applications, particularly in connection with gear, transmission and/or axle applications in the automotive and machinery industries.
• Lubricant compositions and in particular gear and axle lubricant fluids, is to provide a high degree of reliability and durability in the service life of equipment in which it is installed.
• Lubricating oils in general, and gear and axle lubricants in particular frequently must satisfy a relatively large number of performance criteria to be commercially successful.
• a commercially successful axle lubricant will frequently be required to possess a high degree of oxidative stability, compatibility, shear stability, corrosion avoidance or resistance, wear protection, shiftability, and extended drain. These properties represent a difficult to achieve set of performance criteria.
• Gear lubricant compositions are classified by the American Petroleum Institute (“API”) using “GL” ratings. These classifications are subdivided into six classes. The lowest rating, API GL-1, classifies oils used for light conditions, which consist of base oils without additives. The highest rating, API GL-6, classifies oils for very heavy conditions, such as high speeds of sliding and significant shock loading, and which contain up to 10% high performance antiscuffing additives. However, class API GL-6 is not applied any more as it is considered that class API GL-5 will meet most severe requirements. Lubricant compositions classified meeting API GL-5 performance requirements are generally applied, for example, in hypoid gears having significant displacement of axles.
• the viscosity-temperature relationship of a lubricating composition is another of the critical criteria to be considered when selecting a lubricant for a particular application.
• Mineral oils commonly used as a base for single and multigraded lubricants exhibit a relatively large change in viscosity with a change in temperature. Fluids exhibiting such a relatively large change in viscosity with temperature have a low viscosity index.
• the SAE J306 describes viscometric qualifications for axle and gear lubricant compositions. This classification is based on the lubricant viscosity measured at both high and low temperatures.
• the high-temperature kinematic viscosity values are determined according to ASTM D 445, with the results reported in centistokes (cSt).
• the low-temperature viscosity values are determined according to ASTM D 2983 and the results are reported in centipoise (cP).
• SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
• High temperature viscosity is related to the hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the fluid.
• Some lubricant compositions may contain high molecular weight polymers, known as viscosity modifiers or viscosity index improvers, which function to increase the viscosity of the fluids. During use, however, these polymers may shear to a lower molecular weight, thereby resulting in a fluid with a lower viscosity than that of the new fluid.
• Low temperature viscosity requirements are related to the ability of the fluid to flow and provide adequate lubrication to critical parts under low ambient temperature conditions.
• lubricant composition is used in its broadest sense to include fluid compositions that are used in applications involving metal to metal contact of parts in which at least one function of the fluid is to inhibit or reduce friction between the parts.
• lubricant composition includes gear oils, axle oils, and the like.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise: (a) base-stock; (b) viscosity improver; and (c) at least one additive.
• Certain lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise: (a) base-stock comprising (i) a low viscosity polyalphaolefin (“PAO”), and (ii) at least one diester; (b) viscosity improver comprising (i) at least one relatively high viscosity PAO-type viscosity improver, and (ii) polyisobutylene; and (c) a performance additive package comprising at least one additive effective to improve at least one property of the lubricant and/or the performance of the equipment in which the lubricant is to be used.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention are multiviscosity-grade lubricants having a SAE viscosity classification of 75W-140, and meet API GL-5 performance requirements.
• compositions having an SAE viscosity classification of 75W-140 and meeting API GL-5 performance requirements comprise:
• SAE 75W-140 lubricant compositions of the present invention meet API GL-5 performance requirements and provide cost-effective lubricant compositions that exhibit improved performance in ring and pinion gears with respect to one or more, and preferably all, of the following advantageous properties: ridging, rippling, pitting, spalling, scoring, and wear.
• the present invention is directed in one aspect to lubricant compositions comprising: (a) base-stock; (b) viscosity improver; and (c) at least one additive.
• the lubricant composition is a multiviscosity-grade lubricant having a SAE viscosity classification of 75W-140, and meets API GL-5 performance requirements.
• the base-stock of the present invention comprises: (i) a low viscosity polyalphaolefin (“PAO”); and (ii) at least one diester.
• PAO low viscosity polyalphaolefin
• the viscosity improver of the present invention comprises: (i) at least one relatively high viscosity PAO-type viscosity improver; and (ii) polyisobutylene.
• the performance additive package comprises at least one additive effective to improve at least one property of the equipment in which the lubricant is to be used.
• the present invention also provides methods of making and using a fully formulated lubricant, including a fully formulated heavy duty axle fluid, and to axle, gear, transmission or drive systems containing such oils.
• compositions in widely varying amounts depending on the particular needs of each application, and all such variations are considered to be within the broad scope of the invention. Nevertheless, applicants have found that in certain embodiments the present lubricant compositions comprise:
• compositions of the present invention when used in connection with ring and pinion gears, exhibit and/or produce advantageous properties with respect to one or more, and preferably all, of the following: ridging, rippling, pitting, spalling, scoring, and wear.
• the PAOs of the present invention comprise a class of hydrocarbons that can be manufactured by the catalytic oligomerization (polymerization to low-molecular-weight procedures) of linear ⁇ -olefins typically ranging from 1-octene to 1-dodecene, with 1-decene being a preferred material, although polymers of lower olefins such as ethylene and propylene may also be used, including copolymers of ethylene with higher olefins.
• numerous particular compounds or combinations of compounds are available for use in connection with each of the components as described herein.
• the base-stock of the present invention comprises at least one relatively low viscosity PAO and at least one diester.
• the low viscosity PAO of the present invention in certain embodiments the low viscosity PAO comprises a polyalphaolefin having a viscosity of not greater than about 12 cSt.
• the low viscosity PAO of the present invention comprises ChevronPhillips PAO-2 and Ineos PAO-6. Further examples of such low viscosity PAOs should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the diester of the present invention in certain embodiments the diester comprises an adipate ester.
• the adipate ester comprises a decyl adipate, and even more particularly one or more adipate esters selected from the group consisting of di-isodecyl adipate, di-isodecyl azelate, and di-tridecyl adipate. While it is contemplated that a large range of relative concentrations of such components may be present, in general, the base-stock of the present invention comprises in certain embodiments a low viscosity PAO:ester weight ratio of from about 7:1 to about 1:3, and preferably of from about 2.6:1 to about 1:1.6.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise a low viscosity PAO in an amount of from about 10-35% by weight, and in yet other embodiments of from about 12-20% by weight. In certain embodiments, the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise a diester in an amount of from about 5-30% by weight, and in yet other embodiments of from about 7.5-20% by weight. In certain embodiments, the viscosity improver of the present invention comprises at least one relatively high viscosity PAO and polyisobutylene.
• the high viscosity PAO comprises a polyalphaolefin having a viscosity of greater than about 40 cSt, and preferably from about 40 to about 1000 cSt.
• the high viscosity PAO of the present invention comprises ExxonMobil or Chemtura PAO-100. Further examples of such high viscosity PAOs should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the polyisobutylenes of the present invention in certain embodiments the polyisobutylene comprises Ineos H-1500-SPA or Lubrizol 8404. Further examples of such polyisobutylenes should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the viscosity improver of the present invention comprises in certain embodiments a high viscosity PAO:polyisobutylene weight ratio of from about 37.5:1 to about 1.2:1, and preferably of from about 12:1 to about 2.6:1.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise a high viscosity PAO in an amount of from about 30-75% by weight, and in yet other embodiments of from about 40-60% by weight.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise polyisobutylene in amount of from about 2-25% by weight, and in yet other embodiments of from about 5-15% by weight.
• the at least one performance additive of the present invention comprises a performance additive package comprising at least one additive effective to improve at least one property of the lubricant and/or the performance of the equipment in which the lubricant is to be used.
• the performance additive comprises at least one additive based on sulfur chemistry and at least one additive based on phosphorous chemistry.
• a typical additive package would normally contain one or more of a dispersant, antioxidant, corrosion inhibitor, anti-wear agent, anti-rust agent, and extreme pressure agent.
• the additive package comprises Afton HiTec 317. Further examples of such additives should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the additive package optionally comprises an antifoam agent.
• the antifoam agents comprise silicones and miscellaneous organic compounds. In certain other embodiments, the antifoam agent comprises lower molecular weight dimethyl siloxane. In one embodiment, the antifoam agent comprises Dow Corning DC-200/300 to 60,000 cSt. Further examples of such antifoam agents should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise an additive package in an amount of from about 5-10% by weight, and in other embodiments of from about 7.5-9% by weight. In certain embodiments, the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise an antifoam agent in an amount of from about 0.001-0.004% by weight.
• the present lubricant compositions may be prepared by mixing the components together at a temperature of from about 35° C. to about 95° C., preferably from about 65° C. to about 85° C.
• the base-stocks, viscosity improvers, and additives are placed in a suitable metal or glass vessel. Mechanical agitation is supplied to promote mixing.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention preferably meet the requirements of both low-temperature and high-temperature grade lubricants, and in certain embodiments are multiviscosity-grade lubricants.
• Certain lubricant compositions of the present invention are classified as SAE 75W-140 lubricants and meet the low-temperature requirements for SAE 75W and the high-temperature requirements for SAE 140.
• Lubricant compositions classified as SAE 75W have a viscosity of about 150,000 cP at ⁇ 40° C.
• Lubricant compositions classified as SAE 140 are those having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of at least about 24.0 cSt and less than about 32.5 cSt.
• the lubricant compositions of the present invention meet API Category GL-5 performance requirements, and in yet other embodiments meet the SAE J2360 performance standard. Certain lubricant compositions of the present invention are intended for gears. In certain embodiments, the lubricant compositions are intended for gears in automotive axles equipped with hypoid gears, operating under various combinations of high-speed/shock-load and low-speed/high-torque conditions.
• Certain lubricant compositions of the present invention meet the API Category GL-5 performance requirements outlined by the following tests and acceptance criteria: (1) Standard Version of L-42; (2) Canadian Version of L-42; (3) Standard Version of test method ASTM D 6121; (4) Canadian Version of test method ASTM D 6121; (5) test method ASTM D 7038 or L-33; (6) test method ASTM D 5704 or L-60; (7) test method ASTM D 892; and (8) test method ASTM D 130.
• one embodiment of the lubricant compositions of the present invention comprises: (a) a low viscosity polyalphaolefin (“PAO”); (b) a high viscosity PAO; (c) a diester; (d) polyisobutylene (“PIB”); (e) an additive; and, optionally (f) an antifoam agent; wherein the lubricant composition is a multiviscosity-grade lubricant having a SAE viscosity classification of 75W-140 and meets API Category GL-5 performance requirements.
• PAO low viscosity polyalphaolefin
• PAO low viscosity polyalphaolefin
• PAO low viscosity PAO
• PIB polyisobutylene
• the present lubricant composition comprises:
• Example Lubricant Composition 1 was prepared by mixing together the components as shown in Table 2 as follows.
• the objective of this procedure is to evaluate the anti-scoring properties of gear lubricants under high-speed and shock conditions.
• the performance of procedure lubricants is compared to that of reference oils.
• a specially selected rear axle-mounting assembly and two large dynamometers serve as the procedure apparatus.
• a break-in is conducted at moderate speed and load at a lubricant temperature of 225° F. This is followed by a series of moderate accelerations and decelerations with temperatures approaching 280° F.
• the final series of runs consists of high-speed accelerations with rapid decelerations.
• This test may be performed under two different sets of operating conditions, commonly referred to as “Standard” and “Canadian.”
• the ring and pinion gears are evaluated on a pass/fail basis.
• the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention passed both the L-42 Standard and Canadian tests by exhibiting an equal to or better (lower) score than the mean scoring values of the passing reference oil test results used to calibrate the standard.
• This method is used for determining the load-carrying, wear, and extreme pressure characteristics of gear lubricants in hypoid axle assemblies under conditions of high-speed, low-torque, and low-speed, high-torque operation.
• a specially selected rear axle assembly, engine, and transmission, and two large dynamometers serve as the procedure apparatus.
• the procedure axle is operated for 100 minutes at 440 axle rpm, 295° F. lubricant temperature, and 9460 lb-in of torque.
• the axle is then operated for 24 hours at 80 axle rpm, 275° F. lubricant temperature, and 41,800 lb-in of torque.
• the ring and pinion gears are evaluated for an ASTM merit rating based on the ridging, rippling, wear, pitting/spalling, and scoring.
• “Ridging,” with respect to ring and pinion gears, as defined by ASTM D 7450, is the alteration of the tooth surface to give a series of parallel raised and polished ridges running diagonally in the direction of sliding motion, either partially or completely across the tooth surfaces or gears.
• “Rippling,” with respect to ring and pinion gears, as defined by ASTM D 7450, refers to an alteration of the tooth surface resulting to give an appearance of a more or less regular pattern resembling ripples on water or fish scales.
• “Wear,” with respect to ring and pinion gears, as defined by ASTM D 7450, is the removal of metal, without evidence of surface fatigue or adhesive wear, resulting in partial or complete elimination of tool or grinding marks or development of a discernible shoulder ridge at the bottom of the contact area near the root or at the toe or heel end of pinion tooth contact area (abrasive wear).
• “Pitting,” with respect to ring and pinion gears, as defined by ASTM D 7450 refers to small irregular cavities in the tooth surface, resulting from the breaking out of small areas of surface metal.
• “Spalling,” with respect to ring and pinion gears, as defined by ASTM D 7450 is the breaking out of flakes of irregular area of the tooth surface, a condition more extensive than pitting.
• “Scoring,” with respect to ring and pinion gears, as defined by ASTM D 7450, is the rapid removal of metal from the tooth surfaces caused by the tearing out of small contacting particles that have welded together as a result of metal-to-metal contact; a scored surface is characterized by a matte or dull finish.
• the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention passed both the ASTM D 6121 Standard and
• This method is used for evaluating the rust and corrosion inhibiting properties of a gear lubricant while subjected to water contamination and elevated temperature.
• An electric motor, specially selected hypoid differential housing assembly, cooling fan, heating lamps, and heated storage box serve as the procedure apparatus.
• the differential housing assembly is operated for 4 hours at 2,500 input rpm at 180° F. lubricant temperature with 1 fl. oz. of distilled water mixed in the lubricant.
• the procedure unit is then placed in the storage box and stored for 162 hours at 125° F.
• the procedure parts of the assembly are rated for the presence of rust. All internal moving parts (ring, pinion, bearings, differential gears, etc.) are evaluated for a final rust merit rating.
• API Category GL-5 candidate fluids are required to have a Final Rust Corrosion Merit Rating of 9.0 or greater.
• Example Lubricant Composition 1 passed the ASTM D 7038 test by exhibiting a 9.3 Final Rust Corrosion Merit Rating.
• This method is used for determining the deterioration of lubricants under severe thermal and oxidative conditions.
• a gear case assembly, two spur gears, two copper strips, a bearing, a temperature control system, an alternator, a motor, and a regulated air supply serve as major parts of the procedure fixture.
• the spur gears are rotated under load at 1750-rpm input for 50 hours.
• the lubricant temperature is maintained at 325° F. Airflow through the lubricant is controlled at 22.1 mg/min for the procedure's duration.
• the physical and chemical properties of the oil and deposits on the gears are evaluated at the end of the procedure.
• the large and small gears are evaluated for carbon/varnish and sludge.
• the used oil is evaluated for any increase in viscosity, pentane insolubles, and toluene insolubles.
• the results of the ASTM D 5470 test performed are reported in Table 7 as follows.
• the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention passed the ASTM D 5704 test by exhibiting % viscosity increase, weight % pentane and toluene insolubles, and carbon/varnish and sludge values as required by the API GL-5 acceptance criteria.
• This method is used for determining the foaming properties of a gear lubricant at 24° C. and 93.5° C. Foaming is undesirable since foam cannot adequately protect gear or bearing surfaces in an automotive drive train. Oil is placed in a large glass cylinder and air is blown in from the bottom using a porous stone. The amount of any resulting foam is measured visibly. The used oil is evaluated in three sequences for tendency/stability. The results of the ASTM D 892 test performed are reported in Table 8 as follows.
• the lubricant composition in accordance with the present invention passed the ASTM D 892 test by exhibiting tendency/stability foaming properties as required by the API GL-5 acceptance criteria.
• Example Lubricant Composition 1 passed the ASTM D 130 test by exhibiting a 2e ASTM rating.

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• 2010
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