Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
  • C10M169/044—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of non-macromolecular and macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
  • C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
  • C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/026—Butene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
  • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2207/026—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings with tertiary alkyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
  • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/043—Ammonium or amine salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
  • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/04—Detergent property or dispersant property
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
  • C10N2030/42—Phosphor free or low phosphor content compositions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
  • C10N2030/43—Sulfur free or low sulfur content compositions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
  • C10N2030/45—Ash-less or low ash content
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a lubricating composition for a four-stroke engine with low ash content, having good detergency properties, the use of which promotes fuel savings, and comprising at least one hydroxylated or derived ester.
• lubricants In engine applications, it will therefore be sought to accordingly adapt the formulations of lubricants, whether this be in the selection of lubricant bases or additives.
• lubricants specifically formulated in observance of certain specifications, in particular the low ash content (so-called “low saps”) ACEA-C4 or (so-called “low saps” and “fuel eco”) ACEA-C1 specifications, elaborated by the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association, is preferred.
• These specifications impose to the lubricants limiting contents of sulfated ashes (generated by the presence of metals), sulfur and phosphorus, whence the designation “low saps” for “Sulfated Ashes, Phosphorus, Sulfur”.
• detergent additives preventing the formation of deposits at the surfaces of metal parts by dissolution of secondary oxidation and combustion products, and which are key compounds of a formulation of an engine oil, contain metal salts which generate ashes. These are generally sulfonates, phenates, salicylates of earth alkaline metals such as calcium, magnesium, either overbased or not.
• unconventional mineral bases are meant the bases of Group III according to the classification of the American Petroleum Institute (API), having a high viscosity index VI (typically above 130), commonly designated as “Group III+ bases”, or else the bases derived from GTL (Gas to Liquid) processes.
• API American Petroleum Institute
• Group III+ bases the bases derived from GTL (Gas to Liquid) processes.
• Group III+ unconventional mineral bases are prepared in order to improve their cold properties, to decrease their volatility and increase their viscosity index VI), in order to reach values above 130.
• hydro-isomerized bases which may be prepared from residues stemming from a hydrocracking treatment, possibly added with waxes or Gatsch petrolatum, and submitted to extensive catalytic deparaffinization.
• Group III bases designates any type of mineral base of Group III according to the API classification
• unconventional Group III base” or “Group III base” designates the Group III bases with VI above 130.
• the synthetic bases are for example polyalphaolefins (PAOs), esters, and poly internal olefins (Group IV, V and VI, respectively, according to the API classification).
• PAOs polyalphaolefins
• esters esters
• poly internal olefins Group IV, V and VI, respectively, according to the API classification.
• the present invention relates to low saps and fuel eco lubricating compositions for a four-stroke engine, comprising an additivation system allowing the use of an increased number of lubricating bases, notably including conventional Group III bases.
• the object of the present invention is lubricating compositions for a four-stroke engine, containing additives providing per se a minimum of ashes, sulfur and phosphorus, totally or partly replacing standard additives used in this type of application, which in combination with each other, allow said lubricating compositions to retain their optimum detergency and fuel eco properties with low or very low content of ashes, sulfur, phosphorus.
• retaining” or “enhancing” the detergency properties of a lubricant this notably means, at constant detergent content, the minimization of formation of deposits by the different components of the lubricant, notably high temperature deposits.
• compositions according to the invention are lubricating compositions for a four-stroke engine comprising:
• PIB polyisobutene
• R(OH) m (COOR′(OH) p ) n wherein m is an integer from 0 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4, n is an integer from 1 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4, and p is an integer from 0 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4 and wherein the sum p+m is strictly greater than zero, R and R′ represent independently of each other a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group, optionally substituted with one or more aromatic groups and including from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and its borated derivatives;
• composition having a sulfated ash content of less than or equal to 0.5%, as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content less than or equal to 500 ppm as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard, and a sulfur content less than 0.2% as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard.
• the ester (c) contains at least one free hydroxyl OH group belonging to the R group, said OH group being located in the alpha, beta or gamma position with respect to the carbon of the CO function of an ester function on which the group R is bound, and/or contains at least one free hydroxyl OH group belonging to the group R′, said OH group being located in the beta, gamma or delta position, with respect to the oxygen of the COO group of an ester function on which the group R′ is bound.
• the group R′ of the ester (c) represents a C 1 -C 10 , preferably C 2 -C 6 group.
• p is strictly greater than zero and the group R of the ester (c) represents a C 8 -C 25 , preferably C 12 -C 18 group.
• At least one ester (c) will be selected from glycerol monoesters or diesters, preferentially selected from glycerol mono-oleate, glycerol stearate or isostearate and their borated derivatives.
• n is an integer comprised between 1 and 4 and the group R of the ester (c) represents a C 1 -C 5 , preferentially C 1 -C 3 group.
• at least one ester (c) is selected from citrates, tartrates, malates, lactates, mandelates, glycolates, hydroxypropionates, hydroxyglutarates or their borated derivatives.
• the composition according to the invention leads to minimum fuel savings as measured on a M111FE test, of at least 2.5% and meets the ACEA-C1 specifications defined by the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association.
• the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. as measured by the ASTM D445 standard comprised between 5.6 and 16.3 cSt, preferentially comprised between 9.3 and 12.5 cSt.
• the composition has a grade of 5W30 according to the SAEJ300 classification.
• the composition has a viscosity index VI larger than or equal to 130, preferentially larger than 150, preferentially larger than 160.
• the base oil or the mixture of base oils (a) amounts to at least 70% by weight of said composition.
• the base oil or the mixture of base oils (a) comprises:
• the composition comprises a compound (b) selected from the group of heavy PAOs, and a compound (b) selected from the group of polymeric compounds of the PIB type.
• the composition comprises from 0.1 to 6%, preferentially from 2 to 4% of at least one compound (b) and from 0.1 to 2.5%, preferentially from 0.5 to 1.5% of at least one compound (c).
• the composition comprises at least one anti-wear compound of the zinc dithiophosphate type, in possible combination with an amine phosphate.
• the composition comprises at least one anti-wear compound of the zinc dithiophosphate type in an amount less than or equal to 1%, preferentially less than or equal to 0.5%.
• the composition is free of any additive of the amine phosphate type. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition is free of any molybdenum friction-modifying additive. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises at least one antioxidant compound, preferentially ashless, preferentially of the phenolic or aminated type. According to a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises from 0.01 to 5% of one or more antioxidant additives.
• the composition has a BN, determined according to the ASTM D-2896 standard, less than or equal to 8 milligrams of potash per gram of lubricant, preferentially less than or equal to 6.5 milligrams of potash per gram of lubricant.
• the composition comprises between 0 and 3%, preferably between 0 and 2.5% of a VI-enhancing polymer, selected from polymeric esters, olefin copolymers (OCPs), homopolymers or copolymers of styrene, butadiene or isoprene, polymethacrylates (PMAs).
• a VI-enhancing polymer selected from polymeric esters, olefin copolymers (OCPs), homopolymers or copolymers of styrene, butadiene or isoprene, polymethacrylates (PMAs).
• the invention relates to a method for making a composition according to the invention by diluting a package of additives comprising at least one compound (b) and at least one compound (c), in a base oil or a mixture of base oils (a), and wherein one VI-enhancing polymer is optionally added.
• the package of additives is diluted so as to amount to 10-30%, preferentially 15-20% by weight of the lubricating composition and wherein the VI-enhancing polymer amounts to 0-3% by weight of the lubricating composition.
• the invention relates to a package of additives for a four-stroke engine lubricant with sulfated ash content less than or equal to 0.5%, as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content less than or equal to 500 ppm, as measured according to ASTM D5185, and a sulphur content less than 0.2% as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard, characterized in that it comprises:
• the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention as a lubricant for a four-stroke engine.
• the invention relates to the use of at least one ester of formula R(OH) m (COOR′(OH) p ) n wherein m is an integer from 0 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4, n is an integer from 1 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4 and p is an integer from 0 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4, and wherein the sum p+m is strictly greater than zero, R and R′ represent independently of each other a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon group, optionally substituted with one or more aromatic groups, and including from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and its borated derivatives, as a friction modifying agent for the preparation of a lubricant composition for a four-stroke engine with a sulfated ash content less than or equal to 0.5% as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content
• the lubricating composition for a four-stroke engine according to the invention has a sulfated ash content less than or equal to 0.5% as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content less than or equal to 500 ppm as measured according to ASTM D5185, and a sulfur content less than 0.2% as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard.
• the compositions according to the present invention are of the ACEA C4 preferentially ACEA-C1 type, according to the specifications established by the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association for gasoline and diesel engine oils for lightweight vehicles.
• compositions according to the present invention have a sulfated ash content less than or equal to 0.30%, preferentially less than or equal to 0.25% and a phosphorus content less than or equal to 300 ppm, preferentially less than or equal 200 ppm.
• the lubricating compositions according to the present invention comprise one or more base oils, generally amounting to at least 50% by weight of the lubricating compositions, generally larger than 70% and which may range right up to 90% and more.
• the base oil(s) used in the compositions according to the present invention may be oils of mineral origin or synthetic oils of Groups I-V according to classes defined in the API classification (or their equivalents according to the ATIEL classification) as summarized below, either alone or in a mixture.
• Viscosity index Group I Mineral oils ⁇ 90% >0.03% 80 ⁇ VI ⁇ 120
• Group II hydrocracked ⁇ 90% ⁇ 0.03% 80 ⁇ VI ⁇ 120 oils
• Group III hydrocracked ⁇ 90% ⁇ 0.03% ⁇ 120 or hydro-isomerized oils
• PAOs Polyalphaolefins Group V Esters and other bases not included in the bases of Groups I-IV These oils may be oils of vegetable, animal or mineral origin.
• Mineral base oils according to the invention include all types of bases obtained by atmospheric and in vacuo distillation of crude petroleum, followed by refining operations such as extraction by a solvent, deasphalting, dewaxing with a solvent, hydrotreating, hydrocracking and hydro-isomerization, hydrofinishing.
• the base oils of the compositions according to the present invention may also be synthetic oils, such as certain esters of carboxylic acids and alcohols, or polyalphaolefins.
• the polyalphaolefins, used as base oils, and which are distinguished from heavy polyalphaolefins (b) also present in the compositions according to the present invention are for example obtained from monomers having 4 to 32 carbon atoms (for example octene, decene) and a viscosity at 100° C. comprised between 1.5 and 15 cSt. Their weight average molecular weight is typically comprised between 250 and 3,000.
• compositions according to the present invention may also be used.
• base oil for producing the compositions according to the present invention, if not that their amount and their nature should only be adjusted so as to obtain compositions having a sulfur content less than 0.2% as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard, a viscosity grade and values of viscosity index or VI compatible with a use as a four-stroke engine oil.
• the compositions according to the present invention have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. comprised between 5.6 and 16.3 cSt as measured by the ASTM D445 standard, (grades SAE 20, 30 and 40), preferentially comprised between 9.3 and 12.5 cSt (grade 30).
• compositions according to the present invention are of grade 5W30 according to the SAEJ300 classification.
• the compositions according to the present invention also preferably have a viscosity index VI larger than 130, preferentially larger than 150, preferentially larger than 160.
• compositions according to the present invention may contain at lest 70% of base oil, typically at least 60% by weight of one or more base oils of Group III, and at least 10% by weight of one or more base oils of Group IV.
• the compounds (b) of the “heavy” polyalpha olefin (PAO) type or polyalpha olefins “with viscosity” entering the composition according to the invention are selected from PAOs with a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. measured according to ASTM D445, comprised between 75 and 3,000 cSt, preferentially comprised between 150 and 1,500, preferentially between 300 and 1,200 cSt.
• Their number average molecular weight Mn is preferentially larger than 2,500, typically comprised between 3,000 and 20,000, preferentially between 3,000 and 10,000, preferentially between 3,000 and 7,000.
• Their weight average molecular weight Mw is typically of the order of approximately 4,000 to 50,000, and their polydispersity index Mw/Mn is of the order of 1.1 to 5 and more.
• polyalphaolefins are for example obtained from monomers such as octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene, hexadecene, etc., either alone or mixed with other olefins. They may be used alone or mixed in compositions according to the invention.
• the compounds (b) of the polyisobutene (PIB) type entering the composition according to the invention are liquid polymeric compounds soluble in oil.
• Their weight molecular weight Mw is typically larger than 800, typically comprised between 800 and 8,000, usually between 1,500 and 7,000.
• Their kinematic viscosity at 100° C. is preferentially comprised between 1,000 and 6,000 cSt (ASTM D445).
• the PIBs according to the present invention have a weight average molecular weight comprised between 2,000 and 5,000 and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. comprised between 3,000 and 4,500 cSt.
• the composition may comprise at least one compound selected from the group of heavy PAOs described above, optionally mixed with at least one compound selected from the group of polymeric compounds of the PIB type described above.
• These compounds (b), either alone or in a mixture, are totally or partially substituted for VI-enhancing polymer generating deposits usually present in engine lubricants formulated with conventional bases. They therefore allow the detergent content to be lowered. However, fuel eco performances are a little degraded, because of their bad cold behavior.
• composition further comprises at least one ester of formula R(OH) m (COOR′(OH) p ) n wherein m is an integer from 0 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4, n is an integer from 1 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4, and p is an integer from 0 to 8, preferably from 1 to 4 and wherein the sum p+m is strictly greater than zero, R and R′ represent independently of each other a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon group, optionally substituted with one or more aromatic groups and including from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and its borated derivatives.
• R and R′ represent independently of each other a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon group, optionally substituted with one or more aromatic groups and including from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and its borated derivatives.
• the ester (c) has at least one free hydroxyl OH group belonging to the group R, said OH group being located in the alpha, beta or gamma position with respect to the carbon of the CO function of an ester function on which the group R is bound, and/or contains at least one free hydroxyl OH group belonging to the group R′, said OH group being located in the beta, gamma or delta position with respect to the oxygen of the COO group of an ester function on which the group R′ is bound.
• R′ represents a C 1 -C 10 , preferably C 2 -C 6 group.
• R represents a C 8 -C 25 , preferably C 12 -C 18 group.
• p is strictly greater than zero when the group R of the ester (c) represents a C 8 -C 25 , preferably C 12 -C 18 group.
• n is an integer comprised between 1 and 4 when the group R of the ester (c) represents a C 1 -C 5 , preferentially C 1 -C 3 group.
• the hydroxylated esters (c) may be selected from monoesters or diesters obtained from glycerol such as glycerol mono-oleate, glycerol stearate or isostearate and their borated derivatives.
• the hydroxylated esters (c) may also be selected from citrates, tartrates, malates, lactates, mandelates, glycolates, hydroxypropionates, hydroxyglutarates or their borated derivatives.
• compositions according to the invention may for example comprise from 0.1 to 6%, preferentially from 2 to 4% of at least one compound (b) and from 0.1 to 2.5%, preferentially from 0.5 to 1.5% of at least one compound (c).
• esters of formula R(OH) m (COOR′(OH) p ), according to the invention are prepared according to methods known to one skilled in the art, notably by reacting a carboxylic acid of formula R(OH) m (COOH) n with an alcohol of formula R′(OH) p , the substituents R, R′ and the indices m, n being as defined above.
• compositions according to the invention may further contain any type of suitable additives for use as four-stroke engine oil. These additives may be introduced separately and/or included in additive packages used in the formulations of commercial lubricants for 4-stroke engines, with performance levels as defined by the ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers' Association) and/or the API (American Petroleum Institute) well known to one skilled in the art.
• the compositions according to the invention may notably contain in a non-limiting way, anti-wear and extreme pressure additives, friction modifiers, antioxidants, detergents either overbased or not, polymers enhancing the viscosity index, flow point enhancers, dispersants, anti-foam agents, thickeners . . . .
• the anti-wear and extreme pressure additives protect the rubbing surfaces by forming a protective film adsorbed on these surfaces.
• the most currently used one is zinc dithiophosphate or DTPZn.
• Various phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine and boron compounds are also found in this category.
• the category which is the most used in engine oils is that of the phosphorus-sulfur additives such as metal alkylthiophosphates, in particular zinc alkylthiophosphates, and more specifically zinc dialkyldithiophosphates or DTPZn.
• the preferred compounds are of formula Zn((SP(S)(OR1)(OR2))2, wherein R1 and R2 are alkyl groups, preferentially including from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
• DTPZn is typically present in levels of the order of 0.1-2% by weight in the engine oils.
• Amine phosphates are also anti-wear additives currently used. However, phosphorus provided by these additives, acts as a poison for catalytic systems of automobiles, and they also provide ashes. These effects may be minimized by partly replacing them with additives not providing phosphorus, such as for example polysulfides, notably sulfur-containing olefins.
• anti-wear and extreme pressure additives of the nitrogen- and sulfur-containing type such as for example metal dithiocarbamates, in particular molybdenum dithiocarbamate, which also are generators of ashes, are also usually encountered.
• Glycerol esters of are also anti-wear additives.
• mono-, di- and tri-oleates, monopalmitates and monomyristates may be mentioned.
• the anti-wear and extreme pressure additives are present in the compositions for engine lubricants in levels comprised between 0.01 and 6%, preferentially comprised between 0.01 and 4%.
• compositions according to the invention by the presence of hydroxylated esters or polyalcohol esters (c) it is possible to limit the amounts of sulfur-containing, phosphorus/sulfur-containing, nitrogen-containing, and sulfur-containing additives and of phosphates, so as to achieve a low content of sulfated ash, sulfur and phosphorus, for example compatible with the ACEA-C and ACEA-C2 specifications, while retaining performances compatible with a use as a four-stroke engine oil.
• the lubricating compositions according to the present invention may contain DTPZn, and/or other anti-wear and extreme pressure additives, in amounts compatible with an overall sulfated ash content less than 0.5% as measured according to the ASTM D874, a phosphorus content less than 500 ppm as measured according to ASTM D5185, and a sulfur content less than 0.2% as measured according to ASTM D5185 standard. They may contain a DTPZn content less than or equal to 1% by weight, preferably less than or equal to 0.5%. They may also be free (0% by weight) of additives providing phosphorus, for example amine phosphate.
• the friction modifiers encountered in lubricating compositions for a four-stroke engine may be compounds providing metal elements or else ashless compounds. Solid compounds are also found, such as molybdenum sulfide, graphite or PTFE.
• the metal compounds for example are complexes of transition metals such as Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn, the ligands of which may be hydrocarbon compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus atoms.
• molybdenum-containing compounds may be particularly effective, such as for example molybdenum dithiocarbamates, dithiophosphates.
• the ashless friction modifiers may for example be fatty alcohols, fatty acids, esters, fatty amines.
• the friction modifying additives are generally present in levels comprised between 0.01 and 5%, preferentially 0.01 and 1.5% in the engine lubricants.
• compositions according to the invention by the presence of hydroxylated esters or polyalcohol esters (c) it is possible to limit the amount of friction modifiers, providers of sulfated ashes, phosphorus and sulfur, so as to reach a low content of sulfated ash, sulfur and phosphorus, for example compatible with the ACEA-C1 and ACEA-C4 specifications, while retaining performances compatible with use as a four-stroke engine oil, notably fuel eco or fuel saving properties, so as to be included in the ACEA-C1 specification.
• the compositions according to the present invention may be free of friction modifiers providing ashes, for example molybdenum friction modifiers.
• the lubricating compositions according to the present invention may however contain any friction modifying additive types, in amounts compatible with an overall content of sulfated ashes less than or equal to 0.5% as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content less than or equal to 500 ppm as measured according to ASTM D5185, and a sulfur content less than or equal to 0.2% as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard.
• the antioxidants delay the degradation of oils in use, a degradation which may be expressed by the formation of deposits, the presence of sludges, or an increase in the viscosity of the oil. They act as radical inhibitors or hydroperoxide-destroying agents. Aminated antioxidants of the phenolic type are found among the antioxidants currently used. Some of these additives, for example the phosphorus-sulfur additives, may be generators of ashes.
• Phenolic antioxidants may be ashless, or else be in the form of neutral or basic metal salts. Typically, these are compounds containing a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, for example when 2 hydroxyl groups are in the ortho or para position with respect to each other, or when the phenol is substituted with an alkyl group including at last 6 carbon atoms.
• the aminated compounds are another class of antioxidants which may be used, possibly in combination with phenolic compounds.
• Typical examples are the aromatic amines, of formula R 8 R 9 R 10 N, wherein R 8 is an aliphatic group or an optionally substituted aromatic group, R 9 is an optionally substituted aromatic group, R 10 is hydrogen, or an alkyl or aryl group or a group of formula R 11 S(O) x R 12 , wherein R 11 is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, and x is equal to 0, 1 or 2.
• Sulfurized alkylphenols or their alkaline and earth alkaline salts are also used as antioxidants.
• Another class of antioxidants is that of the copper compounds soluble in oil, for example copper thio- or dithio-phosphates, copper salts of carboxylic acids, copper dithiocarbamates, sulfonates, phenates, acetylacetonates. Copper(I) and (II) salts of succinic acid or anhydride are used. These compounds, either alone or in a mixture, are typically present in the lubricating compositions for a 4-stroke engine in amounts comprised between 0.1 and 5% by weight.
• the lubricating compositions according to the present invention may contain all types of antioxidant additives known to one skilled in the art, in amounts compatible with an overall content of sulfated ashes less than or equal to 0.5% as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content less than or equal to 500 ppm, as measured according to ASTM D5185, and a sulfur content less than or equal to 0.2% as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard. Ashless antioxidants will be preferred.
• the detergents reduce the formation of deposits at the surface of the metal parts by dissolving secondary oxidation and combustion products.
• the detergents used in the lubricating compositions according to the present invention are well known to one skilled in the art.
• the detergents commonly used in the formulation of lubricating compositions are typically anionic compound including a long lipophilic hydrocarbon chain and a hydrophilic head.
• the associated cation is typically a metal cation of an alkaline or earth alkaline metal.
• the detergents are preferentially selected from alkaline and earth alkaline metal salts of carboxylic acids, sulfonates, salicylates, naphthenates, as well as phenate salts.
• the earth alkaline and alkaline metals are preferentially calcium, magnesium, sodium or barium. These metal salts may contain the metal in an approximately stoichiometric amount or else in excess (in an amount above the stoichiometric amount). In the latter case, one is dealing with so-called overbased detergents.
• the excess metal providing the overbased character to the detergents exists as metal salts insoluble in oil, for example a carbonate, hydroxide, oxalate, acetate, glutamate, preferentially a carbonate.
• the metals of these insoluble salts may be the same of those of the detergents soluble in oil or else be different. They are preferentially selected from calcium, magnesium, sodium or barium.
• the overbased detergents thus appear as micelles consisting of insoluble metal salts held in suspension in the lubricating composition by detergents as soluble metal salts in oil. These micelles may contain one or more types of insoluble metal salts stabilized by one or more detergent types.
• the overbased detergents including a single type of detergent-soluble metal salts will generally be named from the nature of the hydrophobic chain of the latter detergent. Thus, they will be said to be of the phenate, salicylate, sulfonate, naphthenate type depending on whether this detergent is a salicylate, sulfonate or naphthenate, respectively.
• the overbased detergent will be said to be of the mixed type if the micelles comprise several types of detergents, different from each other by the nature of their hydrophobic chain.
• the lubricating compositions according to the present invention may contain all types of detergents known to one skilled in the art, either neutral or else overbased or else strongly overbased.
• the more or less overbased character of the detergents is characterized by the BN (base number), measured according to the ASTM D2896 standard, and expressed in mg of KOH per gram.
• Neutral overbased detergents have a BN comprised between about 0 and 80.
• the overbased detergents themselves have BN values typically of the order of 150 and more, or even 250 or 450 or more.
• the BN of the lubricating composition containing the detergents is measured according to the ASTM D2896 standard and is expressed in mg of KOH per gram of lubricant.
• the lubricating compositions for engines may contain any type of detergents known to one skilled in the art, either neutral or else overbased, or else strongly overbased, in amounts compatible with an overall content of sulfated ashes less than or equal to 0.5% as measured according to the ASTM D2896 standard.
• the amounts of overbased detergents included in the lubricating compositions according to the invention are adjusted so that the BN of said compositions, as measured according to the ASTM D2896 standard, is less than or equal to of 8 mg of KOH per gram of lubricant, preferentially less than or equal to 6.5, preferentially comprised between 3 and 6.
• the lubricating compositions according to the invention have preferably VI values, as measured according to ASTM D2270, larger than or equal to 130, preferentially larger than 150, preferentially larger than 160.
• polymeric esters for example, among these compounds, mention may be made of polymeric esters, olefin copolymers (OCPs), homopolymers or copolymers of styrene, butadiene or isoprene, polymethacrylates (PMAs). They are conventionally present at levels of the order of 0 to 40° A), preferentially from 0.01 to 15% by weight, in the lubricating compositions for a four-stroke engine. These compounds however have the drawback of forming deposits and their presence in the formulations, notably in fuel eco formulations, leads one skilled in the art to increasing the detergent content in the lubricants, which generates ashes and with which both low saps and fuel eco specifications of the ACEA Cl or ACEA C2 type cannot be met.
• OCPs olefin copolymers
• PMAs polymethacrylates
• the presence of heavy PAOs (b) in an optional mixture with a PIB (b), as a total or partial replacement of VI-enhancing polymers, and in combination with the hydroxylated esters (c), allows the detergent treatment levels to be reduced, and therefore a low ash content may be achieved.
• Low sap engine lubricants are thereby obtained with fuel-saving properties and non-degraded detergency performances.
• the lubricating compositions according to the present invention may contain of the order of 0.0 to 10% by weight of VI-enhancing polymers.
• the compositions according to the invention contain at most 3% by weight of VI-enhancing polymers which generate deposits, for example selected from polymeric esters, olefin copolymers (OCPs), homopolymers or copolymers of styrene, butadiene or isoprene, polymethacrylates (PMAs), preferentially at most 2.5% by weight, or are free of them.
• VI-enhancing polymers which generate deposits, for example selected from polymeric esters, olefin copolymers (OCPs), homopolymers or copolymers of styrene, butadiene or isoprene, polymethacrylates (PMAs), preferentially at most 2.5% by weight, or are free of them.
• OCPs olefin copolymers
• PMAs polymethacrylates
• Flow point lowering additives enhance the cold behavior of the oils, by slowing down the formation of paraffin crystals.
• these are alkyl polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, polyalkylphenols, polyalkylnaphthalenes, alkylated polystyrene . . . .
• the dispersants such as for example succinimides, PIB (polyisobutene) succinimides, Mannich bases ensure that the insoluble solid contaminants formed by the secondary oxidation products which are formed when the engine oil is being used, are held in suspension and evacuated.
• the compound (b), heavy PAOs and/or PIB, hydroxylated ester(s) (c) may be introduced as individual compounds. All or part of the additives may be a part of a concentrate or package of additives which will be diluted in the base oil or in the mixture of base oils (a). Thus, some additives may be introduced via the package and other ones individually.
• the VI-enhancing polymers may in particular be added independently of the package.
• the object of the present invention is also such preparation methods, in particular a method wherein the package of additives is diluted so as to amount to 10-30%, preferentially 15-20% by weight of the lubricating composition, and wherein the VI-enhancing polymer amounts to 0-3% of the lubricating composition.
• the object of the present invention is also packages of additives for a four-stroke engine lubricant with a sulfated ash content less than or equal to 0.5% as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content is less than or equal to 500 ppm as measured to ASTM D5185, and a sulfur content is less than or equal to 0.2% as measured according to the ASTM D5185 standard, which comprise:
• the packages of additives according to the present invention comprise:
• Another object of the present invention relates to the use of lubricating compositions as described above, as a lubricant for four-stroke either diesel or gasoline engines, preferentially for lightweight vehicle engines.
• the present invention relates to the use of hydroxylated esters (c) as described above, as friction modifiers with which lubricating compositions for four-stroke engines may be formulated with a sulfated ash content less than or equal to 0.5%, as measured according to the ASTM D874 standard, a phosphorus content less than or equal to 500 ppm as measured according to ASTM D5185, and a sulfur content less than or equal to 0.2% as measured according to ASTM D5185 standard.
• the present invention is not limited to the described and illustrated examples and embodiment, but it is open to many alternatives accessible to one skilled in the art.
• compositions are described in Table 1.
• composition A is a reference composition of 5W30 grade comprising a VI-enhancing polymer of the OCP type.
• compositions B, C and D a portion of the VI-enhancing OCP polymer was substituted with PIBs or the heavy PAO, with respect to reference A.
• MCT Micro Coking Test
• test conditions are the following:
• ECBT Elf Coking Bench Test
• Table 2 gives the results of the detergency tests obtained for oils A, B, C and D. It is seen that at a set detergent content (a set TBN), detergency performances of oils B, C, D where PIBs or heavy PAO are partially substituted for the OCP polymer, are better than those of the reference oil A, which only contains OCP.
• Composition A′ is a reference composition with a very low ash, sulfur and phosphorus content, of 5W30 grade, with a VI-enhancing polymer different from that of reference A.
• the mass composition of the A′ oil as well as its properties, are given in Table 2.
• the composition B′ was prepared by adding 1% by mass of triethyl citrate to the composition A′.
• the fuel eco properties of oils A′ and B′ were measured by a laboratory friction test Cameron Plint. This laboratory test is correlated with the M111FE (CEC L54-T-96 standard) engine tests.
• the test bench consists of a plane cylinder tribometer immersed in the oil to be tested. A variable normal force is applied on the heated plane and the resulting friction force is measured. By comparing the results with those obtained for the reference oils from the Mill FE (CEC L54-T-96 standard) engine test, it is possible to calculate the fuel savings made with the tested oil.
• Composition E is a reference composition of grade 5W30 comprising a VI-enhancing OCP type polymer, and a package of additives comprising dispersants, detergents (weakly and strongly overbased calcium sulfonates and phenates), DTPZn, a friction modifier, aminated and phenolic antioxidants, an anti-foam additive, a flow point lowering agent.
• compositions F, G and H as compared with reference E, a portion of the VI-enhancing OCP polymer is substituted with a heavy PAO, with a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 1,000 mm 2 /s, marketed by Exxon Mobil under the name of SpectraSyn Ultra 1000.
• compositions G and H are compositions according to the invention, wherein the VI-enhancing polymer is partly substituted with this same heavy PAO (compound (b)) and further comprising 1% by weight of a compound (c), triethyl citrate and glycerol monoisostearate, respectively.
• compositions in mass %) and the physicochemical properties of compositions E, F, G, H, are given in Table 4.
• the detergency properties were evaluated by the ECBT test conducted at 280° C.
• This laboratory test is correlated with M111FE (CEC L54-T-96 standard) engine tests.
• the test bench consists of a plane cylinder tribometer, immersed in the oil to be tested. A variable normal force is applied on the heated plane and the resulting friction force is measured. By comparing the results with those obtained for the reference oils from the M111 FE (CEC L54-T-96 standard) engine test, it is possible to calculate the fuel savings made with the tested oil.
• composition F By partly substituting OCP with heavy PAO, in composition F, the formation of deposits may be minimized, therefore detergency properties may be improved as compared with reference E, with a constant detergent treatment level. Addition of hydroxylated esters has no influence and the good detergency performances are preserved.
• Partial substitution of the VI-enhancing OCP type polymer with a heavy PAO has a positive effect on detergency (transition from 25.30 to 34.20 in ECBT 280° C.) but a negative effect on fuel eco properties (transition from 1.97 to 1.78 in the Cameron Plint test and from 2.57 to 1.90 in the M111FE engine test).
• hydroxylated ester in compositions G and H, it is possible to compensate lowering of the fuel eco property and to even improve it relatively to the reference.

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