US20110030269A1 - Lubricant composition - Google Patents
Lubricant composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110030269A1 US20110030269A1 US12/850,798 US85079810A US2011030269A1 US 20110030269 A1 US20110030269 A1 US 20110030269A1 US 85079810 A US85079810 A US 85079810A US 2011030269 A1 US2011030269 A1 US 2011030269A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- antioxidant
- lubricant composition
- set forth
- weight
- phenyl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 226
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 156
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 110
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- XQVWYOYUZDUNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC2=CC=CC=C2C=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 XQVWYOYUZDUNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000002530 phenolic antioxidant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- -1 alkyl radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 62
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 44
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 7
- VFBJXXJYHWLXRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxy]ethylsulfanyl]ethyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(CCC(=O)OCCSCCOC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)=C1 VFBJXXJYHWLXRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 34
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 22
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007866 anti-wear additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 11
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 10
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 10
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 0 *C.*C.CC(C)(C)C1=CC(CC(=O)OCSCOC(=O)CC2=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C=C2)=CC=C1O Chemical compound *C.*C.CC(C)(C)C1=CC(CC(=O)OCSCOC(=O)CC2=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C=C2)=CC=C1O 0.000 description 8
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 8
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Norphytane Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C XOJVVFBFDXDTEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- DTWJXPCPIBEZFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C=C1.CC.CC Chemical compound C1=CC=C(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C=C1.CC.CC DTWJXPCPIBEZFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000013772 propylene glycol Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BPXVHIRIPLPOPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound OCCN1C(=O)N(CCO)C(=O)N(CCO)C1=O BPXVHIRIPLPOPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ALVZNPYWJMLXKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,9-Nonanediol Chemical compound OCCCCCCCCCO ALVZNPYWJMLXKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YEWBOZCFGXOUQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-ylmethanol Chemical compound C1OP2OCC1(CO)CO2 YEWBOZCFGXOUQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KXPXKNBDCUOENF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(Octylthio)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCSCCO KXPXKNBDCUOENF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZPIRWAHWDCHWLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylsulfanylethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCSCCO ZPIRWAHWDCHWLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LRUDIIUSNGCQKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=C(C)C=CC2=NNN=C21 LRUDIIUSNGCQKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CKPKHTKLLYPGFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6,6-dimethylheptane-1,1-diol Chemical compound CC(CCCCC(O)O)(C)C CKPKHTKLLYPGFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- FPQJEXTVQZHURJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)oxamide Chemical compound OCCNC(=O)C(=O)NCCO FPQJEXTVQZHURJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 4
- YODZTKMDCQEPHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiodiglycol Chemical compound OCCSCCO YODZTKMDCQEPHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XUQNLOIVFHUMTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[2-hydroxy-5-nonyl-3-(1-phenylethyl)phenyl]methyl]-4-nonyl-6-(1-phenylethyl)phenol Chemical compound OC=1C(C(C)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC(CCCCCCCCC)=CC=1CC(C=1O)=CC(CCCCCCCCC)=CC=1C(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XUQNLOIVFHUMTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RREANTFLPGEWEN-MBLPBCRHSA-N 7-[4-[[(3z)-3-[4-amino-5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrimidin-2-yl]imino-5-fluoro-2-oxoindol-1-yl]methyl]piperazin-1-yl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(CC=2C(=NC(\N=C/3C4=CC(F)=CC=C4N(CN4CCN(CC4)C=4C(=CC=5C(=O)C(C(O)=O)=CN(C=5C=4)C4CC4)F)C\3=O)=NC=2)N)=C1 RREANTFLPGEWEN-MBLPBCRHSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- CIRMGZKUSBCWRL-LHLOQNFPSA-N (e)-10-[2-(7-carboxyheptyl)-5,6-dihexylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]dec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCC1C=CC(CCCCCCCC(O)=O)C(\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O)C1CCCCCC CIRMGZKUSBCWRL-LHLOQNFPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000000178 1,2,4-triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZQMPWXFHAUDENN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis[(2-methylphenyl)amino]ethane Natural products CC1=CC=CC=C1NCCNC1=CC=CC=C1C ZQMPWXFHAUDENN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BIGYLAKFCGVRAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione Chemical class S=C1NNC(=S)S1 BIGYLAKFCGVRAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000005208 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenothiazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C)=CC(CC=2C(=C(C=C(C)C=2)C(C)(C)C)O)=C1O KGRVJHAUYBGFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FXNDIJDIPNCZQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,4-trimethylpent-1-ene Chemical group CC(=C)CC(C)(C)C FXNDIJDIPNCZQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVUXDWXKPROUDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol Chemical compound CCC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 BVUXDWXKPROUDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SLUKQUGVTITNSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol Chemical compound COC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 SLUKQUGVTITNSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000006176 2-ethylbutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- WPMYUUITDBHVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(CCC(O)=O)=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1O WPMYUUITDBHVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MDWVSAYEQPLWMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(CC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)=C1 MDWVSAYEQPLWMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001133760 Acoelorraphe Species 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KEQFTVQCIQJIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine Chemical compound C=1C=C2C=CC=CC2=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 KEQFTVQCIQJIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical class [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JWUXJYZVKZKLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triacetonamine Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(=O)CC(C)(C)N1 JWUXJYZVKZKLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DKVNPHBNOWQYFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamodithioic acid Chemical class NC(S)=S DKVNPHBNOWQYFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008162 cooking oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010710 diesel engine oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- YASWBJXTHOXPGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 YASWBJXTHOXPGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229950000688 phenothiazine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006389 polyphenyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M141/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M133/12—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/287—Partial esters
- C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
- C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
- C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
- C10M2215/065—Phenyl-Naphthyl amines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/06—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
- C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2219/087—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfurised phenols
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/78—Fuel contamination
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to a lubricant composition including a base oil and two antioxidants. More specifically, the lubricant composition includes the base oil, at least one diphenylamine antioxidant, and at least one sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant and/or phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant.
- Lubricant compositions are generally well known in the art and are broadly categorized as oil or water based compositions, i.e., compositions that include large weight percentages of non-polar compounds or large weight percentages of water.
- Lubricant compositions are typically further categorized as engine oils, driveline system oils, gear oils, automatic and manual transmission fluids and oils, hydraulic oils, industrial gear oils, turbine oils, rust and oxidation (R&O) inhibited oils, compressor oils, or paper machine oils, etc.
- R&O rust and oxidation
- Each of these compositions has particular specifications and design requirements. Nevertheless, most are designed to minimize corrosion and wear, resist thermal and physical breakdown, and be able to minimize the effects of common contaminants such as oxidizing compounds and metal fragments.
- Stabilizers are typically added to lubricant compositions to improve performance characteristics.
- antioxidants are utilized to reduce oxidative degradation of the compositions and various compounds present therein.
- high temperatures in the combustion chambers of the engines and the presence of nitrogenous oxides tend to promote oxidation of the compositions.
- the nitrogenous oxides act as oxidation catalysts.
- Biodiesel fuel is fast becoming an important renewable energy source.
- Biodiesel fuel can be employed as a fuel itself (without dilution) or may be used in combination with traditional petroleum diesel fuels.
- the physical properties and chemical stability of biodiesel fuels depends on fatty acid composition and content.
- Biodiesel fuel derived from vegetable oil tends to include unsaturated alkyl groups which are more prone to oxidation than saturated alkyl groups. As a result, biodiesel fuels tend to be associated with generation and accumulation of oxidative by-products in diesel engines.
- biodiesel fuel becomes concentrated in the sumps once the traditional diesel fuel evaporates.
- oxidative by-products that are produced as the result of the oxidation of the biodiesel fuels also tend to accumulate and/or become concentrated in the sumps.
- These oxidative by-products directly affect the performance of the lubricant compositions that flow through the sumps.
- many lubricant compositions include antioxidants, these antioxidants are traditionally insufficient and ineffective in neutralizing the oxidative by-products of the biodiesel fuels.
- performance and durability of the lubricant compositions and the diesel engines suffer. Accordingly, there remains an opportunity to develop an improved lubricant composition that is resistant to degradation by oxidative by-products of biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 1 is a line graph illustrating results of high pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) testing of heavy duty engine oil (HDEO) according to ASTM D 6186.
- the HDEO includes 2 wt % aged soy methyl ester as biodiesel fuel and various weight percents of antioxidant Mixtures A-E of the Examples. Minutes of oxidation induction are plotted against a weight percent of the Mixtures added to the HDEO.
- the results set forth in FIG. 1 demonstrate differing effectiveness of the various Mixtures relative to achieving a final oxidation value of the HDEO/biodiesel combination that is equal to or greater than an initial oxidation value of the HDEO itself, according to ASTM D 6186.
- FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 2 wt % aged rapeseed methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 3 is also similar to FIG. 1 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 2 wt % aged palm methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 4 is also similar to FIG. 1 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 2 wt % aged coconut methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 1 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged soy methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 2 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged rapeseed methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 7 is also similar to FIG. 3 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged palm methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 8 is also similar to FIG. 4 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged coconut methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 9 is a line graph illustrating results of viscosity testing of heavy duty engine oil (HDEO) according to the procedure described in SAE 040793.
- the HDEO includes 2 wt % aged soy methyl ester as biodiesel fuel and various weight percents of antioxidant Mixtures A-E of the Examples. Hours needed to reach a 375% increase in viscosity of the HDEO/biodiesel combination are plotted against a weight percent of the Mixtures added to the HDEO.
- the results set forth in FIG. 9 demonstrate differing effectiveness of the various Mixtures relative to increasing a number of hours to increase viscosity according to SAE 040793.
- FIG. 10 is similar to FIG. 9 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 2 wt % aged rapeseed methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 11 is also similar to FIG. 9 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 2 wt % aged palm methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 12 is also similar to FIG. 9 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 2 wt % aged coconut methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 13 is similar to FIG. 9 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged soy methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 14 is similar to FIG. 10 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged rapeseed methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 15 is also similar to FIG. 11 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged palm methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- FIG. 16 is also similar to FIG. 12 except that the HDEO is contaminated with 6 wt % aged coconut methyl ester as the biodiesel fuel.
- the instant invention provides a lubricant composition that is suitable for use as in diesel engines and that is resistant to degradation by oxidative by-products of biodiesel fuel.
- the lubricant composition includes (A) a base oil, (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant, and (C) at least one antioxidant selected from the group consisting of a sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant, a phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant, and combinations thereof.
- the invention also provides a method for improving the performance of the lubricant composition by improving resistance to degradation by oxidative by-products of the biodiesel fuel.
- the method includes the steps of providing the (A) base oil, providing the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant, and providing the (C) at least one antioxidant.
- the method also includes the step of combining (A), (B), and (C) to form the lubricant composition.
- the (A) base oil has an initial oxidation value measured according to ASTM D 6186.
- the lubricant composition includes up to about 6 wt % of the biodiesel fuel and has a final oxidation value measured according to ASTM D 6186 that is equal to or greater than the initial oxidation value of the (A) base oil.
- the antioxidants (B) and (C) supplement the (A) base oil and overall lubricant composition and allow the lubricant composition to resist degradation by oxidative by-products of biodiesel fuel.
- the present invention provides a lubricant composition that is suitable for use in diesel engines and that is resistant to degradation by oxidative by-products of biodiesel fuel.
- the lubricant composition can be further described as a fully formulated lubricant or alternatively as an engine oil.
- the terminology “fully formulated lubricant” refers to a total final composition that is a final commercial oil.
- This final commercial oil may include, for instance, detergents, dispersants, antioxidants, antifoam additives, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, anti-wear additives, friction modifiers, and other customary additives.
- engine oils may be referred to as including a base oil as described below and performance additives (not including (B) and (C) described below).
- the lubricant composition may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is also expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- composition includes (A) a base oil in addition to (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant, and (C) at least one antioxidant selected from the group consisting of a sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant, a phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant, and combinations thereof.
- a base oil in addition to (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant, and (C) at least one antioxidant selected from the group consisting of a sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant, a phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant, and combinations thereof.
- the base oil is not particularly limited and may be further defined as including one or more oils of lubricating viscosity such as natural and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof.
- the base oil is further defined as a lubricant.
- the base oil is further defined as an oil of lubricating viscosity.
- the base oil is further defined as a crankcase lubricating oil for spark-ignited and compression ignited internal combustion engines, including automobile and truck engines, two-cycle engines, aviation piston engines, and marine and railroad diesel engines.
- the base oil can be further defined as an oil to be used in gas engines, stationary power engines, and turbines.
- the base oil may be further defined as a heavy or light duty engine oil.
- the base oil is further defined as a heavy duty diesel engine oil.
- the base oil may be described as an oil of lubricating viscosity or lubricating oil, for instance as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,663 and U.S. 2007/0197407, each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. It is also contemplated that the base oil may be as described in U.S. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the base oil may be further defined as a base stock oil.
- the base oil may be further defined as a component that is produced by a single manufacturer to the same specifications (independent of feed source or manufacturer's location) that meets the same manufacturer's specification and that is identified by a unique formula, product identification number, or both.
- the base oil may be manufactured or derived using a variety of different processes including but not limited to distillation, solvent refining, hydrogen processing, oligomerization, esterification, and re-refining. Re-refined stock is typically substantially free from materials introduced through manufacturing, contamination, or previous use.
- the base oil is further defined as a base stock slate, as is known in the art.
- the base oil may be derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, hydrofinishing, refined and re-refined oils or mixtures thereof or may include one or more such oils.
- the base oil is further defined as an oil of lubricating viscosity such as a natural or synthetic oil and/or combinations thereof.
- Natural oils include, but are not limited to, animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil) as well as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils such as paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic oils.
- the base oil may be further defined as an oil derived from coal or shale.
- suitable oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, and di(2-ethylhexyl)-benzenes); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, and alkylated polyphenyls), alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs, and homologs thereof.
- hydrocarbon oils such as polymer
- the base oil may be further defined as a synthetic oil which may include one or more alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof wherein terminal hydroxyl groups are modified by esterification, etherification, or similar reactions.
- these synthetic oils are prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to form polyoxyalkylene polymers which can be further reacted to form the oils.
- alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers e.g., methylpolyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of 1,000; diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500-1,000; and diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500
- mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof e.g. acetic acid esters, mixed C3-C8 fatty acid esters, or the C13 oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol
- mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof e.g. acetic acid esters, mixed C3-C8 fatty acid esters, or the C13 oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol
- the base oil may include esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, and alkenyl malonic acids) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, and propylene glycol).
- dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer,
- esters include, but are not limited to, dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and combinations thereof.
- Esters useful as the base oil or as included in the base oil also include those formed from C 5 to C 12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and tripentaerythritol.
- the base oil may be alternatively described as a refined and/or re-refined oil, or combinations thereof.
- Unrefined oils are typically obtained from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment.
- a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation, or an ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment, could all be utilized in this invention.
- Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except that they typically have undergone purification to improve one or more properties. Many such purification techniques are known to those of skill in the art such as solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation, and similar purification techniques.
- Re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.
- the base oil may alternatively be described as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines.
- the base oil may be further described as one or a combination of more than one of five base oil groups: Group I (sulphur content >0.03 wt %, and/or ⁇ 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group II (sulphur content less than or equal to 0.03 wt %, and greater than or equal to 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group III (sulphur content less than or equal to 0.03 wt %, and greater than or equal to 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index less than or equal to 120); Group IV (all polyalphaolefins (PAO's)); and Group V (all others not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV).
- PAO's polyalphaolefins
- the base oil is selected from the group consisting of API Group I, II, III, IV, V and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the base oil is selected from the group consisting of API Group II, III, IV, and combinations thereof. In still another embodiment, the base oil is further defined as an API Group II, III, or IV oil and includes a maximum of about 49.9 wt %, typically up to a maximum of about 40 wt %, more typically up to a maximum of about 30 wt %, even more typically up to a maximum of about 20 wt %, even more typically up to a maximum of about 10 wt % and even more typically up to a maximum of about 5 wt % of the lubricating oil an API Group I or V oil.
- Group II and Group II basestocks prepared by hydrotreatment, hydrofinishing, hydroisomerzation or other hydrogenative upgrading processes may be included in the API Group II described above.
- the base oil may include Fisher Tropsch or gas to liquid GTL oils. These are disclosed for example in U.S. 2008/0076687, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
- the base oil is typically present in the composition in an amount of from 70 to 99.9, from 80 to 99.9, from 90 to 99.9, from 75 to 95, from 80 to 90, or from 85 to 95, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the base oil may be present in amounts of greater than 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the amount of lubricating oil in a fully formulated lubricant is from about 80 to about 99.5 percent by weight, for example, from about 85 to about 96 percent by weight, for instance from about 90 to about 95 percent by weight.
- the weight percent of the base oil may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- the diphenylamine antioxidant is not particularly limited.
- the diphenylamine antioxidant is further defined as having the formula:
- each R′ is independently a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched chain alkyl radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl radical having 7 to 14 carbon atoms.
- the straight or branched chain alkyl radical has from 2 to 17, from 3 to 16, from 4 to 15, from 5 to 14, from 6 to 13, from 7 to 12, from 8 to 11, or from 9 to 10, carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may be branched or unbranched and may be further defined as, for example, a methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-ethylbutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methylheptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, 1-methylundecyl, dodecyl, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylhex
- R′ can include blends of alkyl groups that have even numbers of carbon atoms or odd numbers of carbon atoms, or both.
- R′ can include mixtures of C x /C y alkyl groups wherein x and y are odd numbers or even numbers. Alternatively, one may be an odd number and the other may be an even number.
- x and y are numbers that differ from each other by two, e.g. 6 and 8, 8 and 10, 10 and 12, 12 and 14, 14 and 16, 16 and 18, 7 and 9, 9 and 11, 11 and 13, 13 and 15, or 15 and 17.
- R′ can also include mixtures of 3 or more alkyl groups, each of which may include even or odd numbers of carbon atoms.
- the aralkyl radical may be further defined as a benzyl, alpha-methyl benzyl or cumyl group.
- the aralkyl radical has from 8 to 13, from 9 to 12, or from 10 to 11, carbon atoms.
- the diphenylamine antioxidant is an alkylated diphenylamine, for instance a nonylated diphenylamine.
- the diphenylamine antioxidant may be, for instance, an octylated/butylated diphenylamine produced by alkylating diphenylamine with a molar excess of diisobutylene as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,601, which is expressly incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
- the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant is further defined as including at least one octylated/butylated diphenylamine antioxidant and also including thiodiethylene bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]. It is also contemplated that the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant is also not particularly limited. In one embodiment, the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant is further defined as having the formula:
- x is a number from 0 to 6
- y is a number from 2 to 20 and R is a straight or branched chain alkyl radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- suitable alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-ethylbutyl groups.
- x is a number of from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, or from 3 to 4.
- y is a number of from 3 to 19, from 4 to 18, from 5 to 17, from 6 to 16, from 7 to 15, from 8 to 14, from 9 to 13, from 10 to 12, or from 11 to 12.
- the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant is further defined as an ester of di(lower)alkylhydroxphenyl alkanoic acid containing a sulfur atom as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,441,575 and 4,228,297, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
- a specific example is thiodiethylene bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate].
- the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant is also not particularly limited. In one embodiment, the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant is further defined as having the formula:
- R 1 is an aryl radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms or an aryl radical having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and substituted by one, two or three straight or branched chain alkyl radicals each having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
- aryl radical has from 7 to 11, from 8 to 10, or from 9 to 10, carbon atoms. Suitable non-limiting examples include phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl groups.
- the aryl radical may have from 7 to 19, from 8 to 18, from 9 to 17, from 10 to 16, from 11 to 15, from 12 to 14, or from 12 to 13, carbon atoms.
- the one, two, or three straight or branched chain alkyl radicals can be as described above relative to R′.
- Alkylated phenyl-alpha-naphthalylamine antioxidants are described as starting materials in U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,647, incorporated by reference.
- a particular example is octylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.
- the phenyl-alpha-naphthalylamine antioxidant and/or sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant is further defined as having the aforementioned formula wherein each R′ is independently a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched chain alkyl radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl radical having 7 to 14 carbon atoms.
- the (C) at least one antioxidant includes the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant and the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant is further defined as having the aforementioned formula wherein x is a number from 0 to 6, y is a number from 2 to 20 and R is a straight or branched chain alkyl radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant is further defined as having the aforementioned formula wherein each R′ is independently a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched chain alkyl radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl radical having 7 to 14 carbon atoms.
- the (C) at least one antioxidant includes the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant and the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant is further defined as having the aforementioned formula wherein R1 is an aryl radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms or an aryl radical having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and substituted by one, two or three straight or branched chain alkyl radicals each having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
- the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant is further defined as including at least one octylated/butylated diphenylamine antioxidant.
- the (C) at least one antioxidant includes the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant, and the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant is further defined as octylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.
- the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant and the (C) at least one antioxidant are present in a weight ratio of from about 9:1 to about 1:9, respectively.
- (B) and (C) may be present in weight ratios of about (8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, or 1:1) to about (1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, or 1:1).
- the weight ratio is from about 8:2 to about 2:8, from about 7:3 to about 3:7, from about 6:4 to about 4:6 or about 1:1.
- ratios described above are not limiting and may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- the combination of (B) and (C) is present in amounts of from about 0.3 to about 7 parts by weight, of from about 0.9 to about 3.5 parts by weight, of from about 0.5 to 2, of from about 0.5 to 3, or less than about 2.1, parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the combination of (B) and (C) is present in amounts of about 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 or about 7 weight percent, based on a total weight of the composition and not the combination of biodiesel fuel and the composition.
- the amounts described above are not limiting and may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- the (C) at least one antioxidant includes both the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant and the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant. In another embodiment, the (C) at least one antioxidant includes the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant. In still another embodiment, the (C) at least one antioxidant consists essentially of the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant. In still a further embodiment, the (C) at least one antioxidant is free of the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant. Alternatively, the (C) at least one antioxidant can include the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant. The (C) at least one antioxidant may consist essentially of the phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine antioxidant. The (C) at least one antioxidant may also be free of the sulfur containing phenolic antioxidant.
- the composition can additionally include one or more additives to improve various chemical and/or physical properties.
- the one or more additives include anti-wear additives, metal passivators, rust inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressors, dispersants, detergents, and antifriction additives.
- Such composition is commonly referred to as an engine oil.
- the anti-wear additive first introduced above is not particularly limited and may be any known in the art.
- the anti-wear additive is selected from the group of ZDDP, zinc dialkyl-dithio phosphates, and combinations thereof.
- the anti-wear additive may include sulfur- and/or phosphorus- and/or halogen-containing compounds, e.g.
- the anti-wear additive is typically present in the composition in an amount of from 0.1 to 20, from 0.5 to 15, from 1 to 10, from 5 to 10, from 5 to 15, from 5 to 20, from 0.1 to 1, from 0.1 to 0.5, or from 0.1 to 1.5, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the anti-wear additive may be present in amounts of less than 20, less than 15, less than 10, less than 5, less than 1, less than 0.5, or less than 0.1, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the anti-wear additive may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- the composition may include other antioxidants as well.
- Suitable, non-limiting, antioxidants include alkylated monophenols, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-( ⁇ -methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6(1′-methylundec-1′-y
- suitable antioxidants includes alkylthiomethylphenols, for example 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol, 2,6-didodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol, and combinations thereof.
- Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)adipate, and combinations thereof, may also be utilized.
- 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone,
- hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers for example 2,2′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-thiobis (4-octylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4′-bis-(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide, and combinations thereof, may also be used.
- 2,2′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2,2′-thiobis (4-octylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol),
- alkylidenebisphenols for example 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis [4-methyl-6-( ⁇ -methylcyclohexyl)phenol], 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2′-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2′-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis[6-( ⁇ -methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2′-methylenebis[6-( ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)-4-methylphenol
- O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds for example 3,5,3′,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′-dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithiol terephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, isooctyl-3,5di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy benzylmercaptoacetate, and combinations thereof, may also be utilized.
- 3,5,3′,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′-dihydroxydibenzyl ether octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-
- Hydroxybenzylated malonates for example dioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-malonate, di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-malonate, di-dodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, and combinations thereof are also suitable for use as antioxidants.
- Triazine Compounds, for example 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,2,3-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-ter
- antioxidants include aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, for example 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, 1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol, and combinations thereof.
- aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds for example 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, 1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol, and combinations thereof.
- Benzylphosphonates for example dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, diethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy3-methylbenzylphosphonate, the calcium salt of the monoethyl ester of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid, and combinations thereof, may also be utilized.
- acylaminophenols for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.
- Esters of [3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and combinations thereof, may also be used.
- esters of ⁇ -(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and combinations thereof, may be used.
- Esters of 13-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and combinations thereof, may also be used.
- esters of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and combinations thereof, may be utilized.
- suitable antioxidants include those that include nitrogen, such as amides of ⁇ -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid e.g. N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine.
- nitrogen such as amides of ⁇ -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid e.g. N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl
- antioxidants include aminic antioxidants such as N,N′-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-N′-pheny
- antioxidants includes aliphatic or aromatic phosphites, esters of thiodipropionic acid or of thiodiacetic acid, or salts of dithiocarbamic or dithiophosphoric acid, 2,2,12,12-tetramethyl-5,9-dihydroxy-3,7,1trithiatridecane and 2,2,15,15-tetramethyl-5,12-dihydroxy-3,7,10,14-tetrathiahexadecane, and combinations thereof.
- sulfurized fatty esters, sulfurized fats and sulfurized olefins, and combinations thereof may be used. It is also contemplated that the antioxidant may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the one or more antioxidants are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from 0.1 to 2, 0.5 to 2, 1 to 2, or 1.5 to 2, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the one or more antioxidants may be present in amounts of less than 2, less than 1.5, less than 1, or less than 0.5, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the one or more antioxidants may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- one or more metal deactivators can be included in the composition.
- suitable, non-limiting examples of the one or more metal deactivators include benzotriazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 4- or 5-alkylbenzotriazoles (e.g. tolutriazole) and derivatives thereof, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzotriazole and 5,5′-methylenebisbenzotriazole; Mannich bases of benzotriazole or tolutriazole, e.g.
- alkoxyalkylbenzotriazoles such as 1-(nonyloxymethyl)benzotriazole, 1-(1-butoxyethyl)benzotriazole and 1-(1-cyclohexyloxybutyl)tolutriazole, and combinations thereof.
- the one or more metal deactivators include 1,2,4-triazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 3-alkyl(or aryl)-1,2,4-triazoles, and Mannich bases of 1,2,4-triazoles, such as 1-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl-1,2,4-triazole; alkoxyalkyl-1,2,4-triazoles such as 1-(1-butoxyethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; and acylated 3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles, imidazole derivatives, for example 4,4′-methylenebis(2-undecyl-5-methylimidazole) and bis[(N-methyl)imidazol-2-yl]carbinol octyl ether, and combinations thereof.
- 1,2,4-triazoles and derivatives thereof for example 3-alkyl(or aryl)-1,2,4-triazoles, and Mannich bases of 1,2,4-triazoles, such as 1-[
- the one or more metal deactivators include sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, for example 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and derivatives thereof; and 3,5-bis[di(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-2-one, and combinations thereof.
- Even further non-limiting examples of the one or more metal deactivators include amino compounds, for example salicylidenepropylenediamine, salicylaminoguanidine and salts thereof, and combinations thereof. It is also contemplated that the metal deactivator may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the one or more metal deactivators are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.1, from 0.05 to 0.01, or from 0.07 to 0.1, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the one or more metal deactivators may be present in amounts of less than 0.1, of less than 0.7, or less than 0.5, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the one or more metal deactivators may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- one or more rust inhibitors and/or friction modifiers can be included in the composition.
- Suitable, non-limiting examples of the one or more rust inhibitors and/or friction modifiers include organic acids, their esters, metal salts, amine salts and anhydrides, for example alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids and their partial esters with alcohols, diols or hydroxycarboxylic acids, partial amides of alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids, 4-nonylphenoxyacetic acid, alkoxy- and alkoxyethoxycarboxylic acids such as dodecyloxyacetic acid, dodecyloxy(ethoxy)acetic acid and the amine salts thereof, and also N-oleoylsarcosine, sorbitan monooleate, lead naphthenate, alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, for example dodecenylsuccinic anhydride, 2-carboxymethyl-1-do
- rust inhibitors and/or friction modifiers include nitrogen-containing compounds, for example, primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines and amine salts of organic and inorganic acids, for example oil-soluble alkylammonium carboxylates, and also 1-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-3-(4-nonylphenoxy)propan-2-ol, and combinations thereof.
- nitrogen-containing compounds for example, primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines and amine salts of organic and inorganic acids, for example oil-soluble alkylammonium carboxylates, and also 1-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-3-(4-nonylphenoxy)propan-2-ol, and combinations thereof.
- non-limiting examples of the one or more rust inhibitors and/or friction modifiers include heterocyclic compounds, for example: substituted imidazolines and oxazolines, and 2-heptadecenyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazoline, phosphorus-containing compounds, for example: Amine salts of phosphoric acid partial esters or phosphonic acid partial esters, and zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenum-containing compounds, such as molydbenum dithiocarbamate and other sulphur and phosphorus containing derivatives, sulfur-containing compounds, for example: barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonates, calcium petroleum sulfonates, alkylthio-substituted aliphatic carboxylic acids, esters of aliphatic 2-sulfocarboxylic acids and salts thereof, glycerol derivatives, for example: glycerol monooleate, 1-(alkylphenoxy)
- the one or more rust inhibitors and friction modifiers are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from 0.05 to 0.5, 0.01 to 0.2, from 0.05 to 0.2, 0.1 to 0.2, 0.15 to 0.2, or 0.02 to 0.2, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the one or more rust inhibitors and friction modifiers may be present in amounts of less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2, less than 0.1, less than 0.5, or less than 0.1, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the one or more rust inhibitors and friction modifiers may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- one or more viscosity index improvers can be included in the composition.
- suitable, non-limiting examples of the one or more viscosity index improvers include polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, vinylpyrrolidone/methacrylate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polybutenes, olefin copolymers, styrene/acrylate copolymers and polyethers, and combinations thereof. It is also contemplated that the viscosity index improvers may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the one or more viscosity index improvers are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from 1 to 1, from 2 to 8, from 3 to 7, from 4 to 6, or from 4 to 5, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the one or more viscosity index improvers may be present in an amount of less than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1, part by weight per 100 parts b eight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the one or more viscosity index improvers may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- one or more pour point depressants can be included in the composition.
- suitable, non-limiting examples of the pour point depressants include polymethacrylate and alkylated naphthalene derivatives, and combinations thereof. It is also contemplated that the pour point depressants may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the one or more pour point depressants are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from 0.1 to 1, from 0.5 to 1, or from 0.7 to 1, part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the one or more pour point depressants may be present in amounts of less than 1, less than 0.7, or less than 0.5, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the one or more pour point depressants may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- one or more dispersants can be included in the composition.
- suitable, non-limiting examples of the one or more dispersants include polybutenylsuccinic amides or -imides, polybutenylphosphonic acid derivatives and basic magnesium, calcium and barium sulfonates and phenolates, succinate esters and alkylphenol amines (Mannich bases), and combinations thereof. It is also contemplated that the dispersants may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the one or more dispersants are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5, from 0.5 to 4.5, from 1 to 4, from 1.5 to 3.5, from 2 to 3, or from 2.5 to 3, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the one or more dispersants may be present in an amount of less than 5, 4.5, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, or 1, part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the one or more dispersants may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- one or more detergents can be included in the composition.
- suitable, non-limiting examples of the one or more detergents include overbased or neutral metal sulphonates, phenates and salicylates, and combinations thereof. It is also contemplated that the detergents may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the one or more detergents are not particularly limited in amount in the composition but are typically present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5, from 0.5 to 4.5, from 1 to 4, from 1.5 to 3.5, from 2 to 3, or from 2.5 to 3, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the one or more detergents may be present in an amount of less than 5, 4.5, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, or 1, part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the one or more detergents may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- the composition is substantially free of water, e.g. includes less than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1, weight percent of water.
- the composition may include less than 0.5 or 0.1 weight percent of water or may be free of water.
- the weight percent of the water may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- the instant invention also provides an additive concentrate package which includes one or more metal deactivators, one or more antioxidants, one or more anti-wear additives, and the one or more alkylethercarboxylic acid corrosion inhibitor of this invention.
- the additive concentrate package may include one or more additional additives as described above.
- the additive package may be included in the composition in amounts of from 0.1 to 1, from 0.2 to 0.9, from 0.3 to 0.8, from 0.4 to 0.7, or from 0.5 to 0.6, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the weight percent of the additive concentrate package may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- Some of the compounds described above may interact in the lubricant composition, so the components of the lubricant composition in final form may be different from those components that are initially added or combined together.
- Some products formed thereby, including products formed upon employing the composition of this invention in its intended use, are not easily described or describable. Nevertheless, all such modifications, reaction products, and products formed upon employing the composition of this invention in its intended use, are expressly contemplated and hereby included herein.
- Various embodiments of this invention include one or more of the modification, reaction products, and products formed from employing the composition, as described above.
- the composition may include biodiesel fuel.
- the composition may be diluted with biodiesel fuel.
- the terminology “diluted with biodiesel fuel” typically described the lubricant composition including, or being contaminated with, at least 1 weight percent of the biodiesel fuel.
- the composition is typically contaminated with the biodiesel fuel as a result of “blow by” during operation of diesel engines. Fuel dilution into engine oil typically cannot be easily prevented.
- the terminology “diluted with” refers to the composition being diluted with the biodiesel fuel during operation of a diesel engine.
- the composition is protected against dilution with the biodiesel in that the components (i.e., the antioxidants (B) and (C)) minimize the negative effects that typically result from dilution of engine oils with biodiesel fuel.
- the terminology “dilution” refers to contamination of the composition with biodiesel fuel. Dilution or contamination typically occurs at about 1 weight percent of biodiesel fuel in the composition.
- composition is diluted or contaminated with from about 1 to 50, from about 5 to 50, from about 10 to 40, from about 10 to 30, from about 20 to 30, from about 5 to 30, from about 5 to 10, from about 5 to 15, from about 5 to 20, from about 5 to 25, from about 5 to 35, from about 5 to 40, or from about 5 to 50, weight percent of biodiesel fuel.
- the weight percent of the biodiesel fuel may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- Biodiesel fuel typically includes lower alkyl fatty acid esters, prepared, for example, by transesterifying trigycerides with lower alcohols, e.g. methanol or ethanol.
- a typical biodiesel fuel is the fatty acid methyl ester of rapeseed oil or of soy oil.
- Sources for biodiesel fuel include vegetable and animal sources. Recycled cooking oil may be a source of biodiesel fuel.
- Various types of biodiesel fuel and their preparation are taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,578,090, 5,713,965, 5,891,203, 6,015,440, 6,174,501 and 6,398,707, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. It is also contemplated that the biodiesel fuel may be as described in U.S. Prov. Ser. No. 61/231,468, filed on Aug. 5, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the biodiesel fuel includes lower alkyl esters of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated straight chain fatty acids of from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, derived from vegetable or oleaginous seeds.
- the terminology “lower alkyl ester” describes C 1 -C 5 esters, in particular methyl and ethyl esters.
- Mixtures of methyl esters of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated C 13 -C 22 fatty acids are typically referred to as “biodiesel” or “fatty acid methyl esters” (FAME).
- Biodiesel derived from vegetable sources such as soy, rapeseed, corn, palm, coconut or sunflower oils are typically referred to in the art as First Generation biodiesel fuels.
- Second Generation biodiesel fuels are typically derived from non-food sources such as jatropha, algae, yeast, used cooking oil, animal fat (tallow) or castor oil.
- Third Generation biodiesel fuels are typically derived from further sources such as wood/lignocelluloses or biomass.
- the biodiesel fuel of this invention may include one or more of the aforementioned types.
- the biodiesel fuel includes at least one fatty acid methyl ester of a vegetable or oleaginous seed oil.
- the biodiesel fuel includes 100 wt % of lower alkyl fatty acid esters or a combination of lower alkyl fatty acid esters combined with traditional petroleum diesel fuel.
- the biodiesel fuel includes from about 2 to about 98 weight percent fatty acid ester and from about 98 to about 2 weight percent petroleum diesel fuel.
- the biodiesel fuel includes from about 10 to about 90 weight percent fatty acid ester and from about 90 to about 10 weight percent diesel.
- the biodiesel fuel includes from about 25 to about 75 weight percent fatty acid ester and from about 75 to about 25 weight percent diesel fuel. The invention is not limited to those amounts described above.
- the weight percent of the lower alkyl fatty acid esters and/or diesel fuel may be any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above and/or may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc.
- the base oil is further defined as an API Group II base oil
- said (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant is further defined as an octylated/butylated diphenylamine
- said (C) at least one antioxidant comprises octylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, and (B) and (C) are present in a combined amount of from about 0.5 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of said base oil.
- This invention also provides a method of improving the performance of the composition.
- the method includes the steps of providing the (A) base oil, providing the (B) at least one diphenylamine antioxidant, providing the (C) at least one antioxidant, and combining (A), (B), and (C) to form the lubricant composition.
- the base oil has an initial oxidation value measured according to ASTM D 6186. Typically, this value is measured in the absence of (B) and (C). More specifically, the base oil is evaluated according to ASTM D 6186 to determine an initial oxidation value that represents a pristine condition of the base oil as originally designed and commercially sold (typically without any of the antioxidants (B) and (C) or any other extraneous additives not already present in the base oil as commercially sold). In other embodiments, the base oil can be evaluated according to SAE 940793 in conjunction with, or instead of, ASTM D 6186. The test procedure for SAE 940793 is described in the SAE paper of the same title.
- an intermediate oxidation value can be determined, if desired, using one or both methods described above.
- the intermediate oxidation value can be determined if the composition is diluted with, or includes, biodiesel fuel.
- the intermediate oxidation value is typically only measured for analytical purposes.
- the amount of biodiesel fuel added to the composition is not particularly limited. Due to the tendency of the biodiesel fuel to oxidize and form oxidative by-products, the intermediate oxidation values are lower than the initial oxidation values and represent a degraded condition that is harmful to the diesel engines in which such base oils could be used.
- intermediate oxidation values are not typically measured in working diesel engines and conditions that would give rise to such intermediate oxidation values are preferably avoided all together in working engines because if the base oil was degraded to such a degree in a working engine, failure of the oil, and damage to the engine could result. To avoid this situation, premature replacement of the oil would be needed.
- the lubricant composition is evaluated when it includes up to about 6 wt % of the biodiesel fuel and has a final oxidation value measured according to ASTM D 6186 that is equal to or greater than the initial oxidation value of the base oil. It is to be understood that the composition is not limited to including up to about 6 wt % but is merely evaluated at this amount in one embodiment. In other words, and as described above, the amount of biodiesel fuel in the composition can vary. Typically, the amount is from 0.5 to 6, from 1 to 5.5, from 1.5 to 5, from 2 to 4.5, from 2.5 to 4, or from 3 to 3.5, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- the biodiesel may be present in an amount from about 1 to 50, from about 5 to 50, from about 10 to 40, from about 10 to 30, from about 20 to 30, from about 5 to 30, from about 5 to 10, from about 5 to 15, from about 5 to 20, from about 5 to 25, from about 5 to 35, from about 5 to 40, or from about 5 to 50, parts by weight of the biodiesel fuel per 100 parts by weight of the composition.
- any value or range of values, both whole and fractional, within those ranges and values described above may be utilized.
- the biodiesel fuel may be present in amounts that vary from the values and/or range of values above by ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 25%, ⁇ 30%, etc. Varying the amount of biodiesel fuel in the composition changes the intermediate oxidation value. Typically, increased amounts of biodiesel fuel decrease the intermediate oxidation value.
- the composition is diluted with the biodiesel fuel in a lubricant sump of a diesel engine.
- the final oxidation value can then be measured using one or both methods also described above.
- the final oxidation value can be measured using the same amount of the biodiesel fuel in the composition as described above. In other words, even if the intermediate value is not determined, the same amounts of biodiesel fuels can be used to determine the final oxidation value.
- the final oxidation value is determined when up to about 6 wt % of the biodiesel fuel is present in the composition in addition to (A), (B), and (C).
- the final oxidation value of the composition tends to be equal to or greater than the initial oxidation value of the (A) base oil. This indicates that the antioxidants (B) and (C) of this invention at least restore the pristine quality of the base oil to at least its original condition even after degradation/dilution with/addition of the biodiesel fuel and oxidative by-products formed therefrom.
- the antioxidants (B) and (C) of this invention improve the quality of the base oil (even after degradation/dilution with/addition of the biodiesel fuel and oxidative by-products formed therefrom) to a level that is even better and more preferred than its original quality.
- the final oxidation value may be within (i.e., ⁇ ) about, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1, percent of the initial oxidation value.
- the (A) base oil has an initial oxidation value measured in the absence of (B) and (C) and measured according to ASTM D 6186, wherein the lubricant composition has a final oxidation value measured when comprising (A), (B) and (C) and up to about 6 wt % of a biodiesel fuel and measured according to ASTM D 6186, and wherein the final oxidation value of the lubricant composition is equal to or greater than the initial oxidation value of the (A) base oil.
- the composition includes from 0.3 to 7 parts by weight of the (B) and (C) antioxidants per 100 parts by weight of the lubricant composition.
- the composition includes from 0.9 to 3.5 parts by weight of the (B) and (C) antioxidants per 100 parts by weight of the lubricant composition. In another related embodiment, the composition includes less than about 2.1 parts by weight of the (B) and (C) antioxidants per 100 parts by weight of the lubricant composition.
- Mixture A is an 80/20 weight ratio of a mixture of octylated/butylated diphenylamine and thiodiethylene bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate].
- Mixture B is an 80/20 weight ratio of a mixture of octylated/butylated diphenylamine and octylated phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.
- Comparative Mixture C is a diisobutylene reaction product of a mixture of diphenylamine and phenothiazine as prepared according to Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,759.
- Comparative Mixture D is a 1/1 weight ratio of a mixture of octylated/butylated diphenylamine and 3-(3,5-di-tetrabutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid isooctyl ester.
- Comparative Mixture E is a 1/1 weight ratio of a mixture of octylated/butylated diphenylamine and 4,4-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol).
- a 15W-40 oil (i.e., heavy duty diesel engine oil; HDEO) is independently evaluated according to ASTM D 6186 and SAE 940793 to determine an initial oxidation value that represents a pristine condition of the oil as originally designed and commercially sold. It is to be understood that the 15W-40 oil, in this instance, can alternatively be described as one embodiment of a generic “base oil” introduced above. Subsequently, samples the 15W-40 oil are contaminated with 2 or 6 wt % of varying types of aged biodiesel fuels (i.e., soy methyl ester, rapeseed methyl ester, palm methyl ester, or coconut methyl ester).
- the samples are again independently evaluated according to ASTM D 6186 and SAE 940793 to determine intermediate oxidation values. Due to the tendency of the aged biodiesel fuels to oxidize and form oxidative by-products, the intermediate oxidation values are lower than the initial oxidation values and represent a degraded condition that is harmful to the diesel engines in which such 15W-40 oils could be used.
- compositions A and B (of this invention) and Comparative Compositions C-E, each of which includes various amounts of the respective Mixtures.
- these Compositions are then independently evaluated according to ASTM D 6186 and SAE 940793 to determine final oxidation values.
- the various amounts of the Mixtures A and B and the Comparative Mixtures C-E are added to the samples of the 15W-40 oils/biodiesel fuels to increase the intermediate oxidation values up to at least pristine condition.
- ASTM D 6186 and SAE 940793 are utilized to determine a quantity of the Mixtures needed to be used such that the final oxidation values of the Compositions are equal to or even greater than the initial oxidation values of the oil itself. Said even a different way, these tests are used to determine how much of the Mixtures are needed to return the 15W-40 oil to its pristine condition or to a condition that is even better than the pristine/original condition. A condition that is even better than the pristine/original condition is represented by a final oxidation value that is higher than the initial oxidation value.
- ASTM D 6186 is a Standard Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Oils by Pressure Differential Scanning calorimetry (PDSC).
- PDSC Pressure Differential Scanning calorimetry
- ASTM D 6186 is conducted at 150 psi and used to evaluate thin film oxidation. Oxidation induction time is measured at isothermal conditions at 200° C. via high pressure differential scanning calorimetry.
- SAE 940793 is also described as a Viscosity Increase Test (VIT) and is described in SAE Paper #940793.
- VIT Viscosity Increase Test
- iron (III) acetylacetonate degradation catalyst is added to 30 grams of the 15W-40 oil in a glass oxidation tube. The tube is heated to 160 C in an oil bath and oxygen is bubbled through the 15W-40 oil. Samples are withdrawn periodically to determine the increase in kinematic viscosity of the 15W-40 oil. These measurements are plotted and the time to 375% viscosity increase is determined by graphic interpolation. More specifically, SAE 940793 is conducted to determine viscosity increase and bulk oxidation test 160° C. with soluble iron catalyst.
- the biodiesel described above is a methyl ester of soy, rapeseed, palm, or coconut oil and is aged for 20 hours at 110° C. under an air flow of 15 mL/min. This ageing is done to simulate oxidative degradation during combustion in diesel engines.
- Table 1 below sets forth the weight percent of the Mixtures needed to restore the original ASTM D 6186 value of the 15W-40 oil when the various biodiesel fuels are added to the 15W-40 oil at 2 or 6 weight percent.
- Table 2 below sets forth the weight percent of the Mixtures needed to restore the original viscosity (VIT; SAE 0407930) of the 15W-40 oil when the various biodiesel fuels are added to the 15W-40 oil at 2 or 6 weight percent.
- the data set forth represents a summary of a larger data set that is set forth in the line graphs of FIGS. 1-16 .
- Mixture C is not evaluated.
- Some of the methyl ester contamination of the HDEO is relatively mild relative to oxidative impact.
- the methyl esters associated with the mild impact tend to be more oxidatively stable due to the decreased unsaturation of their compositions. As a result, these methyl esters present less of a practical problem relative to contamination.
- the 15W-40 oils including these methyl esters are returned to their original conditions using less than 1 wt % of the Mixtures. Such results are indicated in the above tables as “ ⁇ 1.”
- the data set forth above generally indicates that the impact of adding 6 weight percent of the biodiesel fuels to the 15W-40 oil and Mixtures of this invention results in a reduction of about 45 minutes of the oxidation induction time.
- the data set forth above also indicates that the impact of adding 2 weight percent of the biodiesel fuels to the 15W-40 oil and Mixtures results in a reduction of about 24 minutes of the oxidation induction time.
- the data also indicates the impact of adding 6 weight percent of the biodiesel fuels to the 15W-40 oil and Mixtures of this invention results in a reduction of 81 hours to reach a 375% viscosity increase at 160° C.
- the data indicates that the impact of adding 2 weight percent of the biodiesel fuels to the 15W-40 oil and Mixtures of this invention results in a reduction of 70 hours to reach a 375% viscosity increase at 160° C. Accordingly, the data evidences that the Mixtures of this invention are superior at protection engine oil contaminated with biodiesel against oxidation.
- any ranges and subranges relied upon in describing various embodiments of the present invention independently and collectively fall within the scope of the appended claims, and are understood to describe and contemplate all ranges including whole and/or fractional values therein, even if such values are not expressly written herein.
- One of skill in the art readily recognizes that the enumerated ranges and subranges sufficiently describe and enable various embodiments of the present invention, and such ranges and subranges may be further delineated into relevant halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, and so on.
- a range “of from 0.1 to 0.9” may be further delineated into a lower third, i.e., from 0.1 to 0.3, a middle third, i.e., from 0.4 to 0.6, and an upper third, i.e., from 0.7 to 0.9, which individually and collectively are within the scope of the appended claims, and may be relied upon individually and/or collectively and provide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.
- a range such as “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “no more than,” and the like, it is to be understood that such language includes subranges and/or an upper or lower limit.
- a range of “at least 10” inherently includes a subrange of from at least 10 to 35, a subrange of from at least 10 to 25, a subrange of from 25 to 35, and so on, and each subrange may be relied upon individually and/or collectively and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.
- an individual number within a disclosed range may be relied upon and provides adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.
- a range “of from 1 to 9” includes various individual integers, such as 3, as well as individual numbers including a decimal point (or fraction), such as 4.1, which may be relied upon and provide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope of the appended claims.
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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MX2012001473A (es) | 2012-03-26 |
CN102498194A (zh) | 2012-06-13 |
KR20130028033A (ko) | 2013-03-18 |
WO2011017555A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
CA2770098A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
AU2010279331A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
RU2012108102A (ru) | 2013-09-10 |
JP2013501134A (ja) | 2013-01-10 |
EP2462211A1 (en) | 2012-06-13 |
BR112012002608A2 (pt) | 2016-03-29 |
AR078233A1 (es) | 2011-10-26 |
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