US20100304217A1

US20100304217A1 - Active material, method of manufacturing active material, and lithium-ion secondary battery

Info

Publication number: US20100304217A1
Application number: US12/784,893
Authority: US
Inventors: Hisashi Suzuki; Keitaro OTSUKI; Masayoshi Hirano
Original assignee: TDK Corp
Current assignee: TDK Corp
Priority date: 2009-05-28
Filing date: 2010-05-21
Publication date: 2010-12-02
Also published as: CN101901909B; CN101901909A; US20180190988A1; JP5510036B2; US10283773B2; JP2011009190A

Abstract

The present invention provides an active material which can increase the discharge capacity of a lithium-ion secondary battery as compared with the case using conventional LiMnPO₄as a positive electrode active material. The active material in accordance with the present invention contains a crystallite of LiMnPO₄, the crystallite having a size of 20 to 93 nm in a direction perpendicular to a (060) plane thereof.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an active material, a method of manufacturing an active material, and Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery.
2. Related Background Art
Materials having a general formula of Li_xA_yPO₄(where A is Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or the like, 0<x<2, and 0<y<1) with an olivine structure can reversibly intercalate and deintercalate lithium ions and thus function as a positive electrode active material of lithium-ion secondary batteries. Since Li_xA_yPO₄is superior to other active materials in terms of safety, its practical utilization has been studied (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2004-259470 and 2004-79276).
Using LiMnPO₄, in particular in Li_xA_yPO₄, as a positive electrode active material yields a high discharge voltage of about 4.1 V versus Li/Li⁺, whereby a high energy density can be expected (see the following prior art literatures).
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2006-40640 and 2007-119304.
Solution for next generation Lithium batteries. [online]. High Power Lithium Corporation, 2009. [retrieved on 2009-02-18]. Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://www.highpowerlithium.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=57>.
High Performance nano-sized LiMnPO₄systhesised via a Polyol method. [online]. High Power Lithium Corporation, 2008. [retrieved on 2009-02-18]. Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:hftp://www.highpowerlithium.com/images/stories/HPL_presentation/hpl%20poster%20imlb%202008.pdf>.
Advance in Li Ion cathodes for HEV: Lithium Manganese Phosphate. [online]. High Power Lithium Corporation, 2008. [retrieved on 2009-02-18]. Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://www.highpowerlithium.com/images/stories/HPL_presentation/hpl%20llibta%20presentation%202008.pdf>.
Manganese Phosphate: new high-Voltage Li-ion cathode. [online]. High Power Lithium Corporation, 2007. [retrieved on 2009-02-18]. Retrieved from the Internet: <URL:http://www.highpowerlithium.com/images/stories/HPL_presentation/hpl_llibta_—2007.pdf>.
Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 5(6) A135-A137 (2002)
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 156(2) A79-A83 (2009)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Even when LiMnPO₄described in the above-mentioned literatures is used as a positive electrode active material, however, a lithium-ion secondary battery having a discharge capacity large enough for practical use has been hard to achieve.
In view of the problems of the prior art mentioned above, it is an object of the present invention to provide an active material which can increase the discharge capacity of a lithium-ion secondary battery as compared with the case using conventional LiMnPO₄as a positive electrode active material, a method of manufacturing the active material, and lithium-ion secondary battery.
For achieving the above-mentioned object, the active material in accordance with the present invention contains a crystallite of LiMnPO₄, the crystallite having a size of 20 to 93 nm in a direction perpendicular to a (060) plane thereof. The lithium-ion secondary battery in accordance with the present invention comprises a positive electrode, the positive electrode has a positive current collector and a positive active material layer disposed on the positive current collector, the positive active material layer contains the active material in accordance with the present invention.
By using the active material in accordance with the present invention as a positive electrode active material, a lithium-ion secondary battery can increase its discharge capacity as compared with the case using conventional LiMnPO₄.
Preferably, in the active material in accordance with the present invention, the crystallite has a size of 75 to 210 nm in a direction perpendicular to a (210) plane thereof.
This makes it easier for the lithium-ion secondary battery to increase the discharge capacity remarkably.
The method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with the present invention comprises a hydrothermal synthesis step of irradiating a mixture containing a lithium source, a phosphate source, a manganese source, and water and having a pH of 7 to 9 with an electromagnetic wave, so as to heat the mixture under pressure such that the mixture reaches a crystal growth temperature T of 180° C. or higher.
The method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with the present invention directly heats the solvent and solute of the mixture by irradiation with an electromagnetic wave instead of conventional external heat sources such as thermostatic baths and heating furnaces, and thus can promote the generation and crystal growth of LiMnPO₄in the mixture. By stopping the irradiation with the electromagnetic wave, the method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with the present invention can cool the mixture more rapidly than methods using the conventional external heat sources, and thus is easier to stop the crystal growth of LiMnPO₄. Therefore, the method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with the present invention can finely divide the crystallite of LiMnPO₄, so as to control the size of the crystallite such that it falls within the range of 20 to 93 nm in a direction perpendicular to a (060) plane thereof.
Preferably, in the method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with the present invention, the crystal growth temperature T is 190 to 240° C. in the hydrothermal synthesis step.
By using the active material obtained at the crystal growth temperature T to 190 to 240° C. as a positive electrode active material, the lithium-ion secondary battery can remarkably increase the discharge capacity.
Preferably, in the method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with the present invention, the mixture is caused to reach the crystal growth temperature T at a heating rate of 5 to 50° C./min in the hydrothermal synthesis step.
By using the active material obtained at the heating rate of 5 to 50° C./min as a positive electrode active material, the lithium-ion secondary battery can remarkably increase the discharge capacity.
Preferably, after reaching the crystal growth temperature T, the mixture is held at the crystal growth temperature T for 300 min or less by irradiating the mixture with the electromagnetic wave in the hydrothermal synthesis step.
By using thus obtained active material as a positive electrode active material, the lithium-ion secondary battery can remarkably increase the discharge capacity.
The present invention can provide an active material which can increase the discharge capacity of a lithium-ion secondary battery as compared with the case using conventional LiMnPO₄as a positive electrode active material, a method of manufacturing the active material, and a lithium-ion secondary battery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a photograph of the active material of Example 22 in the present invention captured through a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

FIG. 2 is a photograph of the active material of Example 26 in the present invention captured through the scanning electron microscope (SEM).

FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of a lithium-ion secondary battery comprising a positive active material layer containing an active material in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Active Material

The active material in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is constituted by a crystallite of LiMnPO₄, while the crystallite has a size of 20 to 93 nm in a direction perpendicular to a (060) plane thereof. The “direction perpendicular to a (060) plane of the crystallite” will be referred to as “(060)-plane direction” hereinafter.
The “size of the crystallite” is an average value of crystallite sizes calculated according to the following Scherrer equation (1) from results of measurement by X-ray diffractometry (XRD):
D _hkl=(K·λ)(β cos θ) (1)
In equation (1), D_hklis the “size of the crystallite” in a direction perpendicular to an (hkl) plane of the crystallite, K is the Scherrer factor, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used for the XRD, β is the spread (half width or integral width) of a diffracted X-ray peak, and θ is the Bragg angle of the diffracted X-ray. In the following, the size of the crystallite in the (060) plane may also be abbreviated as “D₀₆₀” when appropriate.
In the crystallite of LiMnPO₄, lithium ions (Li⁺ ions) are retained along the (060)-plane direction, so that a conduction path of lithium ions is formed along the (060)-plane direction. The crystallite attains its optimal structure when its size in the (060) plane-direction is 20 to 93 nm. A lithium-ion secondary battery using the crystallite having thus optimized structure as a positive electrode active material yields a discharge capacity greater than that in the case using conventional LiMnPO₄.
When D₀₆₀is less than 20 nm, the amount of lithium ions retained by the crystallite becomes smaller, thereby making it harder to increase the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery. As D₀₆₀increases beyond 70 nm, the lithium ion conductivity tends to decrease gradually in the crystallite. When D₀₆₀exceeds 93 nm, the lithium ion conductivity remarkably decreases, whereby the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery is harder to increase.
D₀₆₀is preferably 20 to 70 nm, more preferably 53 to 57 nm. In this case, the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery tends to increase remarkably.
The size of the crystallite in a direction perpendicular to a (210) plane thereof is preferably 75 to 210 nm, more preferably 140 to 150 nm. In the following, the size of the crystallite in a direction perpendicular to a (210) plane thereof may be abbreviated as “D₂₁₀” when appropriate.
When D₂₁₀falls within the above-mentioned range, the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery tends to increase remarkably as compared with the case where D₂₁₀is outside of the range. Though the relationship between D₂₁₀and the discharge capacity is not completely clear, the inventors think that the form of the (060) plane of the crystallite is easier to deform when D₂₁₀is outside of the above-mentioned range than when not, whereby the crystallite tends to lose its lithium ion retention or conductivity, thus lowering the discharge capacity.
Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery
As illustrated in FIG. 3, The lithium-ion secondary battery 100 in accordance with this embodiment is equipped with a power generating element 30 comprising a planar positive electrode 10 and a planar negative electrode 20 opposing each other and a planar separator 18 disposed between and adjacent to the positive and negative electrodes; an electrolyte containing lithium ions; a case 50 accommodating them in a closed state; a negative electrode lead 62 having one end part electrically connected to the negative electrode 20 and the other end part projecting out of the case 50; and a positive electrode lead 60 having one end part electrically connected to the positive electrode 10 and the other end part projecting out of the case 50.
The negative electrode 20 has a negative electrode current collector 22 and a negative electrode active material layer 24 formed on the negative electrode current collector 22. The positive electrode 10 has a positive electrode current collector 12 and a positive electrode active material layer 14 formed on the positive electrode current collector 12. The separator 18 is placed between the negative electrode active material layer 24 and positive electrode active material layer 14.
The positive electrode active material layer 14 contains the above-mentioned active material in accordance with this embodiment.
Method of Manufacturing Active Material
The method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will now be explained. The method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with this embodiment comprises a hydrothermal synthesis step of irradiating a mixture containing a lithium source, a phosphate source, a manganese source, and water and having a pH of 7 to 9 with an electromagnetic wave, so as to heat the mixture under pressure such that the mixture reaches a crystal growth temperature T of 180° C. or higher. The method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with this embodiment can manufacture the active material in accordance with the previous embodiment.
Hydrothermal Synthesis Step
First, in the hydrothermal synthesis step, the above-mentioned lithium source, phosphate source, manganese source, and water are put into a reaction vessel, so as to prepare a mixture (aqueous solution) having them dispersed therein. For preparing the mixture, a mixture of the phosphate source, manganese source, and water may be refluxed at first before adding the lithium source thereto, for example. The reflux can form a complex of the phosphate and manganese sources.
Any reaction vessel may be used as long as it can closely seal the inside thereof and is resistant to heat and pressure. The reaction vessel is constituted by a material having a property of transmitting therethrough an electromagnetic wave such as a microwave or carbon dioxide laser, which will be explained later, without absorbing it. In this embodiment, a reaction vessel made of a fluororesin such as polytetrafluoroethylene may be used, for example.
The pH of the mixture is adjusted to 7 to 9. D₀₆₀of the active material becomes greater than 93 nm and smaller than 20 nm when the pH of the mixture is too small and too large, respectively.
While various methods can be employed for adjusting the pH of the mixture to 7 to 9, adding an acidic or basic reagent to the mixture is preferred. Hydrochloric acid or the like may be used as the acidic reagent, while aqueous ammonia solution or the like may be used as the basic reagent. The amount of the acidic or basic reagent to be added may be adjusted appropriately according to the amount of the mixture and the kinds and compounding ratios of the lithium, phosphate, and manganese sources.
As the lithium source, at least one species selected from the group consisting of LiNO₃, Li₂CO₃, LiOH, LiCl, Li₂SO₄, and CH₃COOLi may be used, for example.
As the phosphate source, at least one species selected from the group consisting of H₃PO₄, NH₄H₂PO₄, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, and Li₃PO₄may be used, for example.
As the manganese source, at least one species selected from the group consisting of MnSO₄.5H₂O, MnCO₃, and Mn(CH₃COO)₂.4H₂O may be used, for example.
Two or more kinds of lithium sources, two or more kinds of phosphate sources, and two or more kinds of manganese sources may be used together.
Next, the reaction vessel is closed, and the mixture within the reaction vessel begins to be irradiated with an electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic wave passes through the reaction vessel, so as to reach the mixture. The electromagnetic wave causes an oscillating electromagnetic field which stimulates water, the lithium source, the phosphate source, or the manganese source to rotate or vibrate, thereby heating the mixture. This generates a vapor within the reaction vessel, which increases the pressure within the reaction vessel, thereby pressurizing the mixture. The mixture is continuously irradiated with the electromagnetic wave at least until the mixture reaches the crystal growth temperature T. As a consequence, the hydrothermal synthesis of the above-mentioned active material in accordance with this embodiment proceeds in the mixture.
Unlike methods indirectly heating the mixture within the reaction vessel by using external heat sources such as thermostatic baths and heating furnaces, the method of manufacturing an active material in accordance with this embodiment directly heats the mixture with an electromagnetic wave whose output and irradiation time can be adjusted freely. Therefore, as compared with the cases using external heat sources, this embodiment can substantially neglect influences of the thermal conduction and convection, so as to make it possible to heat and cool the mixture rapidly and uniformly and easy to control the temperature of the mixture. By heating the mixture rapidly and uniformly, this embodiment can promote the hydrothermal synthesis and crystal growth of LiMnPO₄. Cooling the mixture rapidly and uniformly can suppress excessive crystal growth, thereby making it possible to control the crystallite of LiMnPO₄such that its D₀₆₀falls within the range of 20 to 93 nm. Heating the mixture within the reaction vessel by using the conventional thermostat bath or heating furnace is harder to control the temperature of the mixture than the present invention, whereby the crystallite of LiMnPO₄may grow in excess so that its D₀₆₀exceeds 93 nm, for example.
Any electromagnetic wave may be used as long as it has a frequency which passes through the reaction vessel and stimulates at least one of water and the lithium, phosphate, and manganese sources in the mixture to rotate or vibrate. Specific examples of the electromagnetic wave include microwaves, lasers, and infrared rays, among which a microwave or laser is preferably used. The microwave may have a frequency of 2.45 GHz or 915 MHz, for example. The microwave having such a frequency is suitable for heating water in particular. As the laser, a carbon dioxide laser (CO₂laser) may be used, for example. The mixture within the reaction vessel may be irradiated with the electromagnetic wave by using a commercially available electromagnetic irradiation apparatus such as a microwave irradiation apparatus or carbon dioxide laser irradiation apparatus.
In the hydrothermal synthesis step, the crystal growth temperature T is adjusted to 180° C. or higher. Preferably, the crystal growth temperature T is controlled so as to fall within the range of 190 to 240° C. When the crystal growth temperature T is lower than 180° C., the active material is easier to lower its crystallinity, whereby its D₀₆₀may be less than 20 nm. As a result, the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery becomes smaller than that in the case where the crystal growth temperature T falls within the range mentioned above. When the crystal growth temperature T is too high, D₀₆₀tends to become so large that the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery may decrease.
Preferably, the mixture is caused to reach the crystal growth temperature T at a heating rate of 5 to 50° C./min in the hydrothermal synthesis step. When the heating rate is outside of the range of 5 to 50° C./min, the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery tends to become lower than that in the case where the heating rate falls within the range of 5 to 50° C./min. Using a pulsed wave as the electromagnetic wave makes it easier to control the heating rate.
Preferably, after reaching the crystal growth temperature T, the mixture is held at the crystal growth temperature T for 300 min or less by irradiating the mixture with the electromagnetic wave. In other words, it will be preferred if the irradiation of the mixture with the electromagnetic wave is stopped within 300 min from the time when the mixture reaches the crystal growth temperature T by irradiating the mixture with the electromagnetic wave. The time elapsed since the mixture reached the crystal growth temperature T by irradiating the mixture with the electromagnetic wave until the irradiation of the mixture held at the crystal growth temperature T with the electromagnetic wave is stopped will be referred to as “time t” in the following.
When the time t is longer than 300 min, D₀₆₀tends to become greater than that in the case where the time t is 300 min or less, thereby decreasing the discharge capacity.
The time t may be 0 min. That is, the irradiation of the mixture with the electromagnetic wave may be stopped at the time when the mixture reaches the crystal growth temperature T. For example, “0 min” can be defined as the time elapsed since a CPU determined that the mixture reached the crystal growth temperature T in an electromagnetic irradiation apparatus for controlling the temperature of the mixture by using the CPU until an output power supply for the electromagnetic wave is actually turned off in response to an instruction to turn off the output power supply from the CPU.
The pressure applied to the mixture (the internal pressure of the reaction vessel) in the hydrothermal step, which is uniquely determined by the temperature of the aqueous solution (mixture), is preferably adjusted to 0.2 to 6 MPa. When the pressure applied to the mixture is too low, the finally obtained active material tends to lower its crystallinity, thereby reducing the capacity density of the active material and the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery. When the pressure applied to the mixture is too high, the reaction vessel tends to require excessive resistance to pressure, thereby increasing the cost for manufacturing the active material. These tendencies can be suppressed when the pressure applied to the mixture falls within the range mentioned above. The pressure within the reaction vessel can be measured by a pressure sensor provided with the commercially available electromagnetic irradiation apparatus and controlled by an automatic pressure control system, for example.
Heat-Treatment Step
Preferably, the mixture after the hydrothermal synthesis step is heat-treated in this embodiment. This can promote the reaction of the lithium, phosphate, and manganese sources that failed to react in the hydrothermal synthesis step and the crystal growth of LiMnPO₄that has not grown the crystal sufficiently.
The heat-treatment temperature is preferably 400 to 800° C. When the heat-treatment temperature is too low, the crystal growth of LiMnPO₄tends to become insufficient, thereby lowering the capacity density of the active material. When the heat-treatment temperature is too high, the crystal growth of LiMnPO₄tends to proceed in excess, so as to increase D₀₆₀, thereby making it harder to increase the discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery. These tendencies can be suppressed when the heat-treatment temperature falls within the range mentioned above.
Preferably, the heat-treatment time for the mixture is 0.5 to 20 hr. Preferably, the mixture is heat-treated in a nitrogen, argon, air, or vacuum atmosphere.
The mixture obtained by the hydrothermal synthesis step may be heated for about 1 to 30 hr at about 60 to 150° C. before being heat-treated. This heating removes impurities such as surplus moisture and organic solvents from the mixture, thereby turning the mixture into a dry powder. Heat-treating the dried mixture can prevent the active material from taking impurities therein and homogenize particle forms.
Preferably, a carbon source or carbon particle is added to the mixture after the hydrothermal synthesis step before the heat treatment. This allows at least a part of the active material surface to carry the carbon material. As a result, the electrical conductivity of thus obtained active material can be improved. The carbon source or carbon particle may be added before the hydrothermal synthesis step.
Examples of substances constituting the carbon particle include activated carbon, carbon black, graphite, hard carbon, and soft carbon, among which carbon black is preferably used. This makes it easier to improve the electrical conductivity of the active material. Using acetylene black as carbon black makes it easier to improve the electrical conductivity of the active material.
While preferred embodiments of the active material and method of manufacturing the active material have been explained in the foregoing, the present invention is not limited thereto.
For example, the active material of the present invention can also be used as an electrode material for electrochemical devices other than the lithium-ion secondary battery. Examples of such electrochemical devices include secondary batteries other than the lithium-ion secondary battery, e.g., metallic lithium secondary batteries (using an electrode containing the active material of the present invention as an cathode and a metallic lithium or a lithium alloy such as lithium aluminum as an anode), and electrochemical capacitors such as lithium capacitors. These electrochemical devices can be used for power supplies for self-propelled micromachines, IC cards, and the like and decentralized power supplies placed on or within printed boards.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will now be explained more specifically with reference to examples and comparative examples, but will not be limited to the following examples.

Example 1

Hydrothermal Synthesis Step

LiOH.H₂O, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, and MnSO₄.5H₂O were dissolved in water and mixed, so as to prepare an aqueous solution. The respective concentrations of LiOH.H₂O, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, and MnSO₄.5H₂O were adjusted to 0.3 M, 0.1 M, and 0.1 M. Water used was not subjected to any deaeration operation such as removal of dissolved oxygen in particular. The pH of the aqueous solution was 9.5. Concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to the aqueous solution, so as to adjust the pH of the aqueous solution to 8.0. Subsequently, the aqueous solution was left for 2 days in the air. Oxygen in the aqueous solution and oxygen in the air were presumed to have oxidized Mn²⁺ in the solution gradually during the 2 days.
After being left for the 2 days, the aqueous solution was sealed closely in a pressure-resistant vessel made of polytetrafluoroethylene. Then, using a commercially available microwave irradiation apparatus, the aqueous solution within the pressure-resistant vessel began to be irradiated with a microwave. The irradiation with the microwave generated steam within the pressure-resistant vessel, so as to pressurize the aqueous solution and cause it to reach a crystal growth temperature T. The microwave had the maximum output of 1000 W and a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The crystal growth temperature T was adjusted to 190° C. The microwave was emitted in pulses. The hydrothermal synthesis step using the microwave will be referred to as “microwave hydrothermal synthesis step” hereinafter.
In the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step, the heating rate at which the aqueous solution was caused to reach the crystal growth temperature T was adjusted to 10° C./min. The time t elapsed since the aqueous solution was caused to reach the crystal growth temperature T by being irradiated with the microwave until the irradiation of the aqueous solution with the electromagnetic wave was stopped after continuously holding the aqueous solution at the crystal growth temperature T was 5 min. That is, the microwave irradiation was stopped after the aqueous solution having reached the crystal growth temperature T was continuously kept at the crystal growth temperature T for 5 min.
After stopping the irradiation with the microwave, the aqueous solution was naturally cooled to 160° C. in the microwave irradiation apparatus. After being naturally cooled, the pressure-resistant vessel was taken out of the apparatus and cooled with water.
Analysis by Powder X-Ray Diffractometry
The liquid taken out of the water-cooled pressure-resistant vessel was filtered and washed with water, so as to yield the active material of Example 1, which was then dried at 80° C. The dried active material was analyzed by the powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD). As a result of the analysis, it was seen that LiMnPO₄was generated alone by the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step in Example 1. D₀₆₀and D₂₁© of LiMnPO₄were also measured. Table 1 represents the results.
Heat-Treatment Step
For 1 hr, LiMnPO₄of Example 1 obtained by the hydrothermal synthesis step and carbon black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K. under the product name of DAB-50) were subjected to alternating steps of mixing and milling them at 550 rpm for 1 min and stopping mixing and pulverizing them for 1 min, so as to prepare a positive electrode material. The mixing ratio between LiMnPO₄and carbon black was adjusted such that LiMnPO₄:carbon black=80 parts by mass:10 parts by mass. For mixing and milling, a planetary ball mill manufactured by Retsch GmbH (type: PM-100) was used. Zirconia balls were used as media for mixing and milling. The mixed and milled positive electrode material was heat-treated in an argon gas flow. In the heat treatment, the temperature of the positive electrode material was raised to 700° C. in 1 hr, held at 700° C. for 1 hr, and then naturally cooled to room temperature.
Making of a Half Cell
A positive electrode coating material was prepared by adding 90 parts by mass of the heat-treated positive electrode material and 10 parts by mass of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) to NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). The ratios of LiMnPO₄, carbon black, and PVDF, which were solids in the positive electrode coating material, were adjusted such that LiMnPO₄:carbon black:PVDF=80 parts by mass:10 parts by mass:10 parts by mass.
The positive electrode coating material was applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 μm. The applied positive electrode coating material was dried and then pressed under pressure, so as to yield a positive electrode. Subsequently, a Li foil was cut into a predetermined size, which was then attached to a copper foil (having a thickness of 15 μm), so as to yield a negative electrode. The positive and negative electrodes were laminated with a separator made of a macroporous polyethylene film interposed therebetween, so as to yield a multilayer body (matrix). As outer lead terminals, an aluminum foil (4 mm (W)×40 mm (L)×80 μm (T)) and a nickel foil (4 mm (W)×40 mm (L)×80 μm (T)) were ultrasonically welded to the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. Polypropylene (PP) having grafted with maleic anhydride beforehand was wound about and thermally bonded to each of the outer lead terminals. This aims to improve the sealability between each outer terminal and an outer package. Prepared as the outer package of the battery was one made of an aluminum laminate material having a structure of PET(12)/Al(40)/PP(50). PET and PP refer to polyethyleneterephthalate and polypropylene, respectively. The parenthesized numbers represent thicknesses of their corresponding layers. Here, an envelope was made such that PP faces the inside.
Thus obtained multilayer body was put into the outer package of the battery, 1-M LiPF₆/EC+DEC (with a volume ratio of 30:70) was injected therein, and the outer package of the battery was heat-sealed in vacuum, so as to make an electrode evaluation half cell of Example 1.
Measurement of the Discharge Capacity
Using the half cell of Example 1, the discharge capacity (unit: mAh/g) at a discharge rate of 0.1 C (the current value by which constant-current discharging completed in 10 hr) was measured. Table 1 represents the measured results. The discharge capacity represented in Table 1 was the discharge capacity per gram of the active material. In the measurement, assuming that LiMnPO₄as the positive electrode active material had a nominal capacity of 171 mAh/g, the charging and discharging was carried out at 0.1 C. The upper charge voltage and the lower discharge voltage were set to 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li⁺) and 2.0 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), respectively. The charging was effected until the positive electrode reached the upper charge voltage and the charge current decayed to 1/20 C. The measurement temperature was 25° C.

Examples 2 to 24 and 27 to 34

The active materials and half cells of Examples 2 to 24 and 27 to 34 were made as in Example 1 except that the crystal growth temperature T, heating rate, and time t in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step were adjusted to their corresponding values listed in Table 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step generated LiMnPO₄alone as an active material in each of Examples 2 to 24 and 27 to 34, too. FIG. 1 illustrates a photograph of LiMnPO₄of Example 22 taken through an SEM.

Example 25

In Example 25, the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step was carried out with the aqueous solution whose pH was adjusted to 7.0 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid dropwise thereto. The crystal growth temperature T, heating rate, and time t in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step in Example 25 were adjusted to their corresponding values listed in Table 1. Except for these matters, the active material and half cell of Example 25 were made as in Example 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step generated LiMnPO₄alone as an active material in Example 25, too.

Examples 26 and 36

In Examples 26 and 36, the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step was carried out with the aqueous solution whose pH was adjusted to 9.0 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid dropwise thereto. The crystal growth temperature T, heating rate, and time t in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step in Examples 26 and 36 were adjusted to their corresponding values listed in Table 1. Except for these matters, the active materials and half cells of Examples 26 and 36 were made as in Example 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step generated LiMnPO₄alone as an active material in Examples 26 and 36, too. FIG. 2 illustrates a photograph of LiMnPO₄of Example 26 taken through the SEM.

Example 35

In the hydrothermal synthesis step, Example 35 used a carbon dioxide gas laser instead of the microwave (1 kW at CW), and an autoclave made of stainless steel instead of the pressure-resistant vessel made of polytetrafluoroethylene. The crystal growth temperature T, heating rate, and time t in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step in Example 35 were adjusted to their corresponding values listed in Table 1. Except for these matters, the active material and half cell of Example 35 were made as in Example 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step generated LiMnPO₄alone as an active material in Example 35, too.

Comparative Example 1

In Comparative Example 1, the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step was carried out with the aqueous solution whose pH was adjusted to 6.5 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid dropwise thereto. The crystal growth temperature T, heating rate, and time t in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step in Comparative Example 1 were adjusted to their corresponding values listed in Table 1. Except for these matters, the active material and half cell of Comparative Example 1 were made as in Example 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that Mn₅(PO₃(OH))₂(PO₄)₂(H₂O)₄was generated as an impurity in addition to LiMnPO₄in the active material of Comparative Example 1.

Comparative Example 2

In Comparative Example 2, no concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to the aqueous solution before carrying out the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step. That is, Comparative Example 2 carried out the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step by using the aqueous solution whose pH was 9.5. The crystal growth temperature T, heating rate, and time t in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step in Comparative Example 2 were adjusted to their corresponding values listed in Table 1. Except for these matters, the active material and half cell of Comparative Example 2 were made as in Example 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that Mn₅(PO₃(OH))₂(PO₄)₂(H₂O)₄and Li_0.48Mn_0.89O₂were generated as impurities in addition to LiMnPO₄in the active material of Comparative Example 2.

Comparative Example 3

Comparative Example 3 carried out the hydrothermal synthesis step by heating an autoclave made of stainless steel closely sealing the aqueous solution therein in a thermostat bath. The crystal growth temperature T, heating rate, and time t in the hydrothermal synthesis step in Comparative Example 3 were adjusted to their corresponding values listed in Table 1. Except for these matters, the active material and half cell of Comparative Example 3 were made as in Example 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step generated LiMnPO₄alone as an active material in Comparative Example 3, too.

Comparative Example 4

The active material and half cell of Comparative Example 4 were made as in Example 1 except that the crystal growth temperature T in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step was adjusted to the value represented in Table 1. As a result of the analysis by XRD, it was seen that the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step generated LiMnPO₄alone as an active material in Comparative Example 4, too.
D₀₆₀and D₂₁₀of LiMnPO₄and the discharge capacity per gram of the active material were determined in each of Examples 2 to 36 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 as in Example 1. Table 1 lists the results.

TABLE 1

		Crystal	Heating	Time			Discharge
		growth temp.	rate	t	D₀₆₀	D₂₁₀	capacity
pH	Heating means	T(° C.)	(° C./min)	(min)	(nm)	(nm)	(mAh/g)

Example 1	8.0	microwave	190	10	5	20	132	132
Example 2	8.0	microwave	190	10	0	20	128	130
Example 3	8.0	microwave	190	10	60	20	133	135
Example 4	8.0	microwave	190	10	300	21	136	136
Example 5	8.0	microwave	200	10	0	30	131	132
Example 6	8.0	microwave	200	10	5	31	133	134
Example 7	8.0	microwave	200	10	60	33	136	134
Example 8	8.0	microwave	200	10	300	35	140	135
Example 9	8.0	microwave	210	10	0	39	135	133
Example 10	8.0	microwave	210	10	5	40	137	134
Example 11	8.0	microwave	210	10	60	42	139	135
Example 12	8.0	microwave	210	10	300	44	143	136
Example 13	8.0	microwave	220	10	0	50	138	135
Example 14	8.0	microwave	220	10	5	52	140	136
Example 15	8.0	microwave	220	10	60	53	143	137
Example 16	8.0	microwave	220	10	300	56	148	136
Example 17	8.0	microwave	230	10	0	52	140	138
Example 18	8.0	microwave	230	10	5	53	141	139
Example 19	8.0	microwave	230	10	60	53	145	140
Example 20	8.0	microwave	230	10	300	55	147	140
Example 21	8.0	microwave	240	10	0	53	142	140
Example 22	8.0	microwave	240	10	5	54	144	142
Example 23	8.0	microwave	240	10	60	54	146	143
Example 24	8.0	microwave	240	10	300	57	150	143
Example 25	7.0	microwave	220	10	60	90	200	130
Example 26	9.0	microwave	220	10	60	20	80	135
Example 27	8.0	microwave	180	10	300	20	75	120
Example 28	8.0	microwave	250	10	0	93	205	123
Example 29	8.0	microwave	220	10	315	91	210	121
Example 30	8.0	microwave	220	3	5	55	215	110
Example 31	8.0	microwave	220	5	5	53	172	121
Example 32	8.0	microwave	220	20	5	50	138	131
Example 33	8.0	microwave	220	50	5	50	135	124
Example 34	8.0	microwave	220	54	5	48	121	115
Example 35	8.0	CO₂laser	220	10	60	50	140	135
Example 36	9.0	microwave	180	50	300	20	70	110
Comparative Example 1	6.5	microwave	220	10	60	101	228	100
Comparative Example 2	9.5	microwave	220	10	60	10	58	105
Comparative Example 3	8.0	thermostat bath	220	—	60	200	300	80
Comparative Example 4	8.0	microwave	170	10	0	15	100	100

As Table 1 represents, by irradiating the aqueous solution having a pH of 7 to 9 with the microwave or carbon dioxide laser, each of Examples 1 to 36 carried out the hydrothermal synthesis step of heating the aqueous solution under pressure such that the aqueous solution reached the crystal growth temperature T of 180° C. or higher. As a result, it was seen that Examples 1 to 36 yielded the active materials each containing a crystallite of LiMnPO₄and exhibiting D₀₆₀of 20 to 93 nm in LiMnPO₄by the hydrothermal synthesis step.
In Examples 1 to 36 each containing a crystallite of LiMnPO₄and exhibiting D₀₆₀of 20 to 93 nm in LiMnPO₄, the discharge capacity per gram of the active material was seen to be greater than that in any of the comparative examples.
Comparative Example 1 carrying out the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step by using the aqueous solution having a pH of less than 7 was seen to yield D₀₆₀greater than 93 nm and a discharge capacity smaller than that in any of the examples.
Comparative Example 2 carrying out the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step by using the aqueous solution having a pH exceeding 9 was seen to yield D₀₆₀falling short of 20 nm and a discharge capacity smaller than that in any of the examples.
Comparative Example 3 carrying out the hydrothermal synthesis step by heating the autoclave made of stainless steel closely sealing the aqueous solution therein in the thermostat bath instead of using the microwave was seen to yield D₀₆₀greater than 93 nm and a discharge capacity smaller than that in any of the examples.
Comparative Example 4 setting the crystal growth temperature T in the microwave hydrothermal synthesis step to less than 180° C. was seen to yield D₀₆₀falling short of 20 nm and a discharge capacity smaller than that in any of the examples.
Comparing Examples 4 and 27 with each other and Examples 21 and 28 with each other proved that adjusting the crystal growth temperature T to 190 to 240° C. yielded the discharge capacity greater than that in the case where the crystal growth temperature T was outside of the range of 190 to 240° C.
Comparing Examples 30 to 34 with each other proved that the heating rate of 5 to 50° C./min yielded the discharge capacity greater than that in the case where the heating rate was outside of the range of 5 to 50° C./min.
Comparing Examples 16 and 29 with each other proved that the time t of 300 min or less reduced D₀₆₀and increased the discharge capacity as compared with the case where the time t was longer than 300 min.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

- 10 . . . positive electrode; 20 . . . negative electrode; 12 . . . positive electrode current collector; 14 . . . positive electrode active material layer; 18 . . . separator; 22 . . . negative electrode current collector; 24 . . . negative electrode active material layer; 30 . . . multilayer body; 50 . . . case; 60, 62 . . . lead; 100 . . . lithium-ion secondary battery

Claims

1. An active material containing a crystallite of LiMnPO₄,

the crystallite having a size of 20 to 93 nm in a direction perpendicular to a (060) plane thereof.

2. An active material according to claim 1, wherein the crystallite has a size of 75 to 210 nm in a direction perpendicular to a (210) plane thereof.

3. A lithium-ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode;

wherein the positive electrode has a positive current collector and a positive active material layer disposed on the positive current collector;

wherein the positive active material layer contains the active material according to claim 1.

4. A method of manufacturing an active material, the method comprising a hydrothermal synthesis step of irradiating a mixture containing a lithium source, a phosphate source, a manganese source, and water and having a pH of 7 to 9 with an electromagnetic wave, so as to heat the mixture under pressure such that the mixture reaches a crystal growth temperature T of 180° C. or higher.

5. A method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 4, wherein the crystal growth temperature T is 190 to 240° C. in the hydrothermal synthesis step.

6. A method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 4, wherein the mixture is caused to reach the crystal growth temperature T at a heating rate of 5 to 50° C./min in the hydrothermal synthesis step.

7. A method of manufacturing an active material according to claim 4, wherein, after reaching the crystal growth temperature T, the mixture is held at the crystal growth temperature T for 300 min or less by irradiating the mixture with the electromagnetic wave in the hydrothermal synthesis step.