US20100264906A1 - Apparatus and Methods Thereof for Power Consumption Measurement at Circuit Breaker Points - Google Patents

Apparatus and Methods Thereof for Power Consumption Measurement at Circuit Breaker Points Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100264906A1
US20100264906A1 US12/760,867 US76086710A US2010264906A1 US 20100264906 A1 US20100264906 A1 US 20100264906A1 US 76086710 A US76086710 A US 76086710A US 2010264906 A1 US2010264906 A1 US 2010264906A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
power line
spps
coupled
current
microcontroller
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US12/760,867
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English (en)
Inventor
Adi Shamir
Dan Wijsboom
David Almagor
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Panoramic Power Ltd
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Panoramic Power Ltd
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Publication date
Priority to US12/760,867 priority Critical patent/US20100264906A1/en
Application filed by Panoramic Power Ltd filed Critical Panoramic Power Ltd
Assigned to PANORAMIC POWER LTD. reassignment PANORAMIC POWER LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALMAGOR, DAVID, SHAMIR, ADI, WIJSBOOM, DAN
Publication of US20100264906A1 publication Critical patent/US20100264906A1/en
Priority to US13/301,453 priority patent/US9134348B2/en
Priority to US13/924,264 priority patent/US9720017B2/en
Priority to US14/211,587 priority patent/US9678114B2/en
Priority to US14/586,605 priority patent/US9720018B2/en
Priority to US14/841,117 priority patent/US9726700B2/en
Priority to US15/081,656 priority patent/US9678113B2/en
Priority to US15/081,666 priority patent/US9689901B2/en
Priority to US15/619,133 priority patent/US9964568B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D4/00—Tariff metering apparatus
    • G01D4/002—Remote reading of utility meters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
    • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
    • G01R15/18—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using inductive devices, e.g. transformers
    • G01R15/183—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using inductive devices, e.g. transformers using transformers with a magnetic core
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
    • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
    • G01R15/18—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using inductive devices, e.g. transformers
    • G01R15/186—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using inductive devices, e.g. transformers using current transformers with a core consisting of two or more parts, e.g. clamp-on type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
    • G01R19/16566—Circuits and arrangements for comparing voltage or current with one or several thresholds and for indicating the result not covered by subgroups G01R19/16504, G01R19/16528, G01R19/16533
    • G01R19/16576—Circuits and arrangements for comparing voltage or current with one or several thresholds and for indicating the result not covered by subgroups G01R19/16504, G01R19/16528, G01R19/16533 comparing DC or AC voltage with one threshold
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/22—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof using conversion of ac into dc
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/25—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof using digital measurement techniques
    • G01R19/2513—Arrangements for monitoring electric power systems, e.g. power lines or loads; Logging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
    • G01R21/06—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by measuring current and voltage
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
    • G01R22/06—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods
    • G01R22/061—Details of electronic electricity meters
    • G01R22/063—Details of electronic electricity meters related to remote communication
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
    • G01R22/06—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods
    • G01R22/08—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods using analogue techniques
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/20—Instruments transformers
    • H01F38/22—Instruments transformers for single phase ac
    • H01F38/28—Current transformers
    • H01F38/32—Circuit arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/20—Instruments transformers
    • H01F38/38—Instruments transformers for polyphase ac
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/20—Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/30—Smart metering, e.g. specially adapted for remote reading

Definitions

  • This invention generally relates to the measurement of power consumption and more specifically to non-intrusive and self-powered measurement of electrical current flow through a power line to enable analysis of power consumption on a per circuit breaker basis.
  • a main circuit breaker In a typical electricity distribution system, power is provided through a main circuit breaker and a device for measurement of the power consumption of the entire electrical network connected thereto. However, typically, the main power line is then connected to a plurality of circuit breakers, each feeding a smaller section of the electrical network with its specific power requirements.
  • the circuit breaker is adjusted to the amount of maximum current that may be used by this electrical sub-network. In industrial and commercial applications, hundreds of such circuit breakers may be installed, each controlling a section of the electrical network. Even in smaller locations, such as a house, it is not unusual to find tens of circuit breakers controlling various electrical sub-networks.
  • Non-intrusive measurement of current through a power line conductor has well known principles.
  • a current transformer (CT) of sorts is created that comprises the primary winding as the power line conductor and the secondary providing an output current inversely proportionate to the number of windings.
  • CT current transformer
  • Such systems are used for measuring currents in very high voltage or current environments, for example, as shown in Gunn et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,557,563. These types of apertures are useful for main power supplies.
  • Using such devices, or power meters for that matter is deficient for the purposes of measuring relatively low currents in an environment of a plurality of circuit breakers.
  • Providing wireless telemetry on a singular basis, such as suggested by Gunn et al., and other prior art solutions, suffers from deficiencies when operating in a noisy environment.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit breaker equipped with a compatible self-powered power sensor deployed in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a self-powered sensor in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a first embodiment of the analog portion of the self-powered sensor in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a second embodiment of the analog portion of the self-powered sensor in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a third embodiment of the analog portion of the self-powered sensor in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a core with the secondary winding.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the two parts comprising the core.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a housing of a self-powered power sensor implemented in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the operation of a self-powered power sensor deployed in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a system configured in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of a self-powered sensor in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of a fourth embodiment of the analog portion of the self-powered sensor in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of a fifth embodiment of the analog portion of the self-powered sensor in accordance with the invention.
  • Apparatus and methods are provided for the measurement of power consumption at points of interest, such as circuit breakers, machines and the like. Accordingly, means are provided for measurement of power consumption for each electrical sub-network that is controlled by a circuit breaker.
  • Each apparatus is enabled to communicate its respective data, in an environment of a plurality of such apparatuses, to a management unit which is enabled to provide finer granularity power consumption profiles. Challenges of measuring relatively low supply currents, wireless operation in an environment of a large number of apparatuses, and self-powering are addressed.
  • FIG. 1 where an exemplary and non-limiting system 100 is equipped with a compatible self-powered power sensor (SPPS) 110 deployed in accordance with the invention.
  • SPPS self-powered power sensor
  • the SPPS 110 is designed to fit either above or below the circuit breaker 120 which is of standard size such that it fits into current circuit breaker closets without modification.
  • the SPPS 110 housing is designed, as discussed in further detail below, to wrap around the power line 130 leading to or going out of the circuit breaker 120 .
  • the SPPS 110 is designed to enable easy installation at an existing location or otherwise during construction when the entire electrical network is put in place.
  • the SPPS contains an electrical circuit the exemplary and non-liming circuit 200 which is shown in block diagram form in FIG. 2 .
  • the circuit 200 comprises an analog section 210 that is coupled to a microcontroller 220 .
  • the analog section comprises a current transformer 212 to transform current from the power line, for example power line 130 , to a lower current.
  • the power sensed there from is used for two purposes, the first is to provide the power needed for the operation of the SPPS 110 and the second is to sense the actual power consumption of the load connected to the power line 130 .
  • the current to pulse converter (C2PC) 214 is used to generate periodically a pulse that is provided to the microcontroller unit (MCU) 220 and enables the measurement of the power consumption. The more frequent the pulses the higher the power consumption.
  • the energy harvester 216 stores energy to be used as the power supply for the circuitry of SPPS 110 . It is further enabled to receive a discharge signal from the microcontroller 220 to enable intentional discharge of the energy harvester 216 and prevent overcharge. In one embodiment of the invention a Zener diode (not shown) is used to clamp the voltage to the desired level thereby preventing overcharge.
  • the circuit 200 further comprises a MCU 220 that is comprised of several components.
  • An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 225 that is coupled to a signal processor 224 which is further coupled to the media access control (MAC) 222 that supports the communication protocol of the SPPS.
  • the MAC 222 provides the data-link layer of the 7 layer standard model of a communication system. This involves the creation in hardware, software, firmware or combination thereof, of data frames, timing their transmission, received signal strength indication (RSSI), acknowledgements, clock synchronization etc.
  • a counter 227 is excited by an interrupt signal received from the analog section 210 and enables the counting of the number of pulses that, as noted above, is proportionate to the power consumed for a given unit of time.
  • A/D converter 226 is used to measure the output of the energy harvester 216 , and in one embodiment, under control of MCU 220 , to cause a discharge thereof as may be needed and as further explained below. In another embodiment, further explained herein below, it can be used to detect that the load connected to the measured power line was turned off.
  • a memory 230 is coupled to the MCU 220 that can be used as scratch pad memory 230 as well as memory for storage of the plurality of instructions that when executed by the MCU 220 executes the methods discussed herein.
  • Memory 230 may comprise random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), non-volatile memory (NVM), other memory types and combinations thereof.
  • a radio frequency (RF) transceiver 240 is coupled to the MCU 220 and to an antenna 250 to provide one or two-way communication with a management unit, discussed in more detail below.
  • the RF transceiver 240 supports transmission only, i.e., uplink communication.
  • the RF transceiver 240 may comprise a receiver portion to support features such as, and without limitation, sensing for a carrier signal, clock synchronization, acknowledgement, firmware download, and configuration download. Typically, this should be an unlicensed industrial scientific medical (ISM) band transceiver, operative, for example and without limitation, at 2.4 Ghz.
  • ISM industrial scientific medical
  • some form of spread-spectrum modulation technique may be used, for example and without limitation, direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), to enable better coexistence with other systems working in the same environment.
  • DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum
  • the communication rate should be high enough to enable coexistence of a couple of hundred SPPSs in the same electrical closet.
  • the power consumption of the RF transceiver 240 should be low enough to adhere with the energy harvesting limitations.
  • Yet another requirement of the RF transceiver 240 is to support a communication range sufficient to operate in an electrical closet, e.g., 3-4 meters metallic reach environment. In another embodiment of the invention the range may reach up to a few tens of meters in an indoor environment.
  • the RF transceiver 240 preferably uses a standard PHY layer supporting, for example and without limitations, IEEE 802.15.4, and/or communication protocol, for example and without limitation, Zigbee. Use of such standards enables easy integration with existing systems that already include wireless hardware, for example and without limitations, smart meters.
  • the energy stored in each pulse is larger than the energy required for wakeup and counting, hence enough energy is still available for charging the energy harvester 216 and/or enable transmission using the RF transceiver 250 .
  • the value of the counter 227 is proportional to the total charge which went through the primary line 130 , i.e., current integrated over time.
  • the value in the counter 227 as well as other parameters, are saved in the system's memory 230 .
  • the MCU 220 is enabled to periodically check for a condition to transmit.
  • Such a condition may be one or more of the following conditions: sufficient amount of energy exists, upon a certain time lapse from a previous transmission, upon collection of certain data such as significant or otherwise interesting data, and other relevant conditions. According to the principles of the inventions detection of the existence of sufficient amount of energy for transmission, for example, through the A/D converter 226 connected to the energy harvester 216 , it is possible to detect if its voltage reached a predetermined value.
  • the MCU 220 Upon determination that a transmission is to take place the MCU 220 prepares a message to be transmitted.
  • the message is typically a single packet of data that may contain various types of information and include the SPPS's unique identification (UID) which enables a management unit to positively associate the current data received with previous data handled by the management unit with respect of the SPPS.
  • the value of counter 227 value potentially multiplied by a calibration factor converting that value into a normalized charge unit relative to other sensors, for example, Ampere-Hour (AH), may be attached as part of the packet.
  • the calibration factor may be programmed to the SPPS 110 in the NVM of memory 230 during calibration of the circuit 200 , as part of final inspection during manufacturing. This ensures compensation against inaccuracies typical to the manufacturing process.
  • the calibration factor may be a fixed value for all units or a specific calibration factor unique to each unit. The later is useful for overcoming production tolerances of the SPPS.
  • Other information may include, without limitations, various SPPS status information, hardware version, software version, alerts such as overload, phase information, average current, temperature, time duration information, power off indication, e.g., upon identification that the load was turned off, and other system parameters. Such parameters may be saved until such time of transmission in memory 230 , and more specifically in a NVM portion of memory 230 .
  • a cyclic redundancy code (CRC) calculation, forward error correction (FEC), and/or data redundancy may be further added to a packet for data validation at the receiver side.
  • CRC cyclic redundancy code
  • FEC forward error correction
  • the device when the voltage of the harvesting circuitry is determined to be decreasing at a high rate, i.e., the power line load was turned off, the device transmits a message containing the last counter value as no energy may be available until the load is switched on again.
  • the MCU can implement a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) mechanism for the purpose of collision avoidance.
  • CSMA carrier sense multiple access
  • the receiver of the RF transceiver 240 is switched on.
  • the receiver senses whether there are currently other transmissions. This is particularly important in the environment in which the SPPS operates, which is an environment rich with SPPSs, possibly a few hundreds of them.
  • the receiver is disabled and the transmitter of the RF transceiver 240 is enabled for transmission to send the information message; otherwise, the receiver us disabled and the circuit 200 is caused to sleep for a random time interval, after which the circuit 200 wakes-up and the sequence of steps is repeated until the desired transmission is completed.
  • the transmitter after completion of transmission the transmitter is disabled and the receiver is enabled to receive an acknowledgement signal from the management unit.
  • the information messages are short enough and the intervals between transmissions are long enough so that collisions are highly unlikely. In such an embodiment the transmission of the information message may take place without pre-sensing of the air, thereby conserving energy.
  • the receiver after transmission the receiver is activated to receive a clock synchronization signal. This allows synchronization between the clocks of MCU 220 and the management server 1050 (see FIG. 10 ), and as further explained herein below.
  • sufficient amounts of energy are available in the circuit 200 for continuous or longer operation. This is possible in cases where the primary current is above a certain value.
  • the MCU 220 can then remain on and perform signal processing on the non-rectified signal coming directly from the current transformer 212 .
  • the gathered information may be therefore transmitted more frequently. This is useful for example for measurements relating to peak values, average currents, phase calculation, frequency shift calculation, transient and irregular current over short period of time, and total harmonic distortion (THD).
  • the reservoir voltage of energy harvester 216 is constantly measured by means of A/D converter 226 of MCU 220 , in order to prevent overcharge. If necessary a discharge of the energy harvester 216 is performed through an I/O port.
  • the voltage information further provides an indication of the available energy for keep-alive transmissions when no primary current exists. This may happen when the circuit breaker 120 tripped or was otherwise shutdown, or otherwise when no power is consumed by the electrical sub-network protected by the circuit breaker 120 .
  • a 3-phase SPPS is implemented comprising three analog sections 210 each coupled to a single MCU 220 , which is further coupled to the transceiver ( 240 ) and an antenna ( 250 ).
  • the circuit is configured to handle three analog sections such that the single MCU 220 can handle the entire operation of a 3-phase SPPS. While a 3-phase SPPS is described it should be understood that a system comprising a plurality of analog sections maybe implemented, for a single phase or multiple phase SPPS, thereby reducing the costs of such a multi-power-line-sensor SPPS.
  • FIG. 3 depicting an exemplary and non-limiting circuit diagram 300 of a first embodiment of the analog portion 210 of the self-powered circuit 200 in accordance with the invention.
  • the primary winding of the current transformer 310 is the power line 130 and its AC current induces voltage and current in the current transformer 310 .
  • the induced current resonates with the resonance capacitor 320 to produce sufficient voltage to pass through the diode bridge 330 . In the case where Schottky diodes are used this voltage is approximately 0.3V.
  • a rectified DC current is provided which charges the sense capacitor 340 until it reaches a certain threshold V 1H .
  • the comparator 360 detects V 1H on the sense capacitor 340 , and produces a control signal to the DC/DC controller 370 which in turn activates the DC/DC switch 375 and boosts the voltage on the high capacitance reservoir capacitor 380 to a high voltage V 2 , typically up to 12V.
  • the control signal is also used as an interrupt to wake up the MCU 220 and raise a counter 227 .
  • Each discharge of the sense capacitor 340 represents a quantum of AH flowing through the main circuit.
  • the frequency of the pulses is proportional to the primary current and the number of pulses is therefore proportional to the total AH flowing through the main circuit.
  • the sense capacitor 340 is discharged through the DC/DC inductor 350 into the reservoir capacitor 380 .
  • the DC/DC control signal from the DC/DC controller 370 causes suspension of the discharge of the sense capacitor 340 , once the comparator 360 detects a low threshold V 1L , for example 0.5V, on the sense capacitor 340 .
  • the voltage of the reservoir capacitor 380 is regulated by the linear regulator 390 into a steady DC voltage, for example 3.3V or 2V as the case may be, which is supplied to the MCU 220 , RF Transceiver 240 , DC/DC controller 370 and the comparator 360 .
  • the reservoir capacitor 380 Upon startup of circuit 300 the reservoir capacitor 380 is charged by the sense capacitor 340 until enough energy is stored in the reservoir capacitor 380 that provides a sufficient voltage to activate the comparator 360 and the DC/DC controller 370 .
  • the advantages of using a DC/DC converter are twofold: enabling the boosting of the reservoir capacitor 380 into a high voltage, hence enabling an energy reservoir sufficient for many RF transmission cycles; and, enabling a relatively low V 1H /V 1L range, hence enabling the circuit 300 to operate at very low primary currents by producing, typically, only up to 1V at the sense capacitor 380 .
  • the voltage of the reservoir capacitor 380 is provided to the A/D converter 226 of the MCU 220 thereby enabling an intentional discharge to prevent overcharge.
  • Discharge is achieved by the MCU 220 through control of the I/O terminal of transistor 395 .
  • a Zener diode (not shown) is used for the purpose of overcharge control.
  • the A/D converter 226 is configured to detect if the load connected to the primary line was turned off and hence consumes zero current. In this case the voltage on the reservoir capacitor 380 drops at a high rate as no energy is supplied to the circuit 200 . The transmitter therefore transmits a single message indicating that power was turned off. The message may further contain the last counter value sampled prior to the reservoir energy depletion.
  • the non-rectified output of the current transformer 370 is coupled to the A/D converter 245 of the MCU 380 , for example using a small sense resistor (not shown) thus enabling additional signal processing and measurements when enough energy exists in the circuit 300 . For example, and without limitations, phase measurement or detection of irregular behavior may be achieved at such times.
  • the voltage on the CT 310 coil is kept low hence the magnetic core can be operated below its natural saturation point which increases the measurement accuracy.
  • the resonance capacitor 320 resonates with the current transformer coil in order to produce a sufficiently large voltage to pass through the diode rectifier. Since the magnetization curve of a typical core is non linear at low primary currents, the effective inductance of the core varies with primary current. In one embodiment of the invention, it is beneficial to select the resonance capacitor's value so that maximum resonance is achieved at low primary currents. This produces the required voltage swing to pass through the diode bridge even at very low primary currents.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary and non-limiting circuit diagram 400 of a second embodiment of the analog portion 205 of the self-powered sensor 110 in accordance with the invention.
  • the circuit is simpler then the circuit 300 as it does not use a DC/DC controller.
  • the comparator 450 activates the switches 452 and 454 . Activation of the switch 452 enables charging the reservoir capacitor 470 directly from the sense capacitor 440 .
  • the switch 454 changes the comparator 450 thresholds. When the sense capacitor 440 is discharged to 2.2V the comparator disengages the capacitors, i.e., transfer of energy to the reservoir capacitor 470 ceases.
  • the voltage on the reservoir capacitor 470 is regulated to, for example, 2V, the voltage which is the V CC voltage of the MCU 220 and the RF transceiver 240 .
  • the internal voltage regulator of the MCU 220 may be used since the voltage range is minimal.
  • the MCU 220 is capable of waking up and drawing current for pulse counting and transmission as described above.
  • the MCU 220 enables the reservoir capacitor 470 to be charged to a peak voltage of, for example, 2.2V. Overcharge is prevented by intentional discharge as described in the previous embodiment.
  • a Zener diode (not shown) is used for the purpose of overcharge control.
  • An optional small auxiliary battery 460 is used in order to feed the comparator 450 , provide initial operating energy when the reservoir capacitor 470 is not fully charged, and provide enough energy for low frequency, for example once per day, keep-alive transmissions when no primary current exists. Keep alive transmissions are important in order to notify the system of the existence of the sensor even when no primary current exists.
  • FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary and non-limiting circuit diagram 500 of a third embodiment of the analog portion 205 of the self-powered sensor 110 in accordance with the invention.
  • this embodiment of the analog portion 205 there is only one large sense capacitor 540 and no reservoir capacitor nor a DC/DC controller.
  • the reason for using lesser components in the circuits shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is to reduce the component count and thereby reduce the bill-of-materials (BOM) of the solution.
  • the sense capacitor 540 also functions as the energy source for, typically, a single transmission. Therefore, the sense capacitor 540 of this embodiment is designed with a rather large capacitance, for example 1 mF.
  • the comparator 550 detects when the sense capacitor 540 is charged, for example, up to 4V, and opens the switch 552 towards the linear regulator 570 .
  • the linear regulator 570 provides a regulated voltage, for example a 3V output, thereby allowing the MCU 220 to draw current resulting in discharge of the sense capacitor 540 .
  • Due to the activation of switch 554 discharge to a lower reference voltage, for example 3V, is detected by the comparator 550 and discharge is stopped.
  • the MCU 220 is enabled to perform operations which discharge the sense capacitor 540 to perform the counting operation and transmission when needed.
  • the MCU 220 is further enabled to measure the voltage of the sense capacitor and discharges it down to a lower voltage, for example 3V, intentionally when performing operations that do not consume the entire energy.
  • An optional battery 560 is used to provide a reference voltage to the comparator 550 , as well as to allow keep-alive transmissions when the primary current is below a minimum detectable current.
  • a Zener diode (not shown) is used for the purpose of overcharge control.
  • a linear regulator is not used and the MCU's internal regulator regulates the input voltage.
  • power measurement is done by measuring the voltage change rate on the sense capacitor, e.g., capacitors 540 , 440 or 340 .
  • the sense capacitor voltage is measured by A/D 226 .
  • the MCU 220 then lets the capacitor discharge through a resistor, for example resistor 395 , for a fixed period of time, during which the MCU 220 can be set to a low power mode.
  • the voltage level of the sense capacitor is measured after the elapse of the fixed period of time, and the voltage difference ( ⁇ V) between the two measurements is calculated.
  • ⁇ V consists of a negative fixed part, i.e., the voltage discharge through resistor 395 , plus a positive variable part proportionate to the charge rate of the capacitor due to the primary current flow.
  • the SPPS 110 Key to the operation of the SPPS 110 is that it is capable of addressing several critical challenges to its successful operation. Three key issues are the minimum power detection of the current transformer 212 , the power balance of the circuit 200 , and wireless coexistence in an environment of a plurality of SPPSs 110 that may include several hundreds of SPPSs. In order for an SPPS 110 to be a useful device it is necessary that it be capable of detecting as low as possible currents flowing through the primary lead 130 . The design must take into consideration the limited space typically available for an apparatus such as, but not limited to, SPPS 110 that must fit dimension restrictions of the circuit breaker 120 . In other embodiments of the invention other size restrictions may apply, however these should not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention. Inductance of the secondary winding is approximately:
  • N is the number of windings
  • ⁇ r is the relative permeability of the magnetic material, such as, and not limited to, strip wound iron
  • ⁇ 0 is the permeability of free space
  • A is the cross section of the core, further discussed with respect of FIGS. 6 and 7 below
  • l is the effective length of the core.
  • the impedance is decreased by a factor of 1/(X L ⁇ X C ) where X L is the impedance of the core and X C Is the impedance of the resonance capacitor.
  • the minimum detectable current may be decreased by increasing either N or A. However, it is essential to ensure that the entire core, and its respective secondary winding, fit in the size constraints of SPPS 110 , and an increase of N or A may have a material effect thereon.
  • the SPPS 110 an operative device it is essential to ensure that a sufficient amount of power may be made available through the operation of the circuits discussed hereinabove. Following is an exemplary and non-limiting analysis thereof. Firstly it is essential to understand the energy requirements of each of the key components: the transmission cycle, the counting cycle and the logic operation. Failure to address these issues may result in non-operative circuits. In all cases the assumption is for a 3V operation. For the transmission cycle a transmission current of 20 mA is used for a period of 5 mSec. A processing current of 1 mA is used during a 10 mSec period of wakeup and processing.
  • the total energy has to be supplied reliably by the power supply circuit, for example, circuit 300 .
  • sense capacitor for example sense capacitor 340
  • reservoir capacitor for example reservoir capacitor 380
  • the sense capacitor for example sense capacitor 320
  • the reservoir capacitor for example reservoir capacitor 380
  • the available power in is 200 ⁇ W.
  • the power out is a combination of the continuous logic operation, the counting process and the transmissions.
  • the continuous logic operation requires 150 ⁇ W as shown above.
  • the counting processing requires 15 ⁇ J for a period of 375 mSec which is equivalent to 40 ⁇ W.
  • 360 ⁇ J are required every 60 seconds which are 6 ⁇ W.
  • the total power consumption is therefore 196 ⁇ W which is less than the 200 ⁇ W available as explained herein above. It should be noted that a higher primary current results in an improved power balance that enables an increase of the transmission frequency, performing continuous signal processing, storing energy for times when no primary current exists, and combinations thereof.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show schematic diagrams 600 and 700 of a core with the secondary winding and the core separated into two parts.
  • the core is comprised of two parts 610 and 620 that are separable from each other, however, as shown in FIG. 7 , are designed so as to ensure that when they are assembled they provide good magnetic flow through the core by reducing the air-gap between the two parts to minimum, for example 10 ⁇ m. While an exemplary shape of the two portions of the core is shown these are merely for explanation purposes and other designs are possible to achieve the required results. It is essential, as explained herein above, that the core fit in the dimensions allotted in the SPPS 110 so that it can properly fit in an electricity closet in conjunction with a circuit breaker.
  • the secondary windings 630 of the current transformer 212 are wound on one of the sections of the core, for example, section 610 which is the stationary section that is placed in the exemplary and non-limiting housing 800 shown with respect of FIG. 8 .
  • these may be two windings connected in series, of two independent secondary windings (see FIG. 6 ).
  • the moveable section of the core for example section 620 , is placed in section 810 of the housing 800 which is separable from section 820 of the housing, in which section 610 is placed. When separating section 810 from section 820 it is possible to place them around power line 130 so that when the sections 810 and 820 are reconnected the power line 130 is placed within the core perimeter thereby completing the current transformer 212 .
  • Each SPPS 110 is assigned a unique identification (ID), for example a MAC address that maybe 16 bytes in length, that is placed on the housing 800 at, for example, location 840 .
  • ID a unique identification
  • the MAC address is read by a technician installing the system for configuration purposes.
  • machine readable code is provided, e.g., barcode, to enable automatic reading using a reader.
  • a core comprising of two sections is described hereinabove, it should be noted that other implementations for a core are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • a single section core is used and in such a case the primary line must be inserted through the hole in the core. It may require disconnection of the line and threading it through the core for mounting the SPPS device.
  • An exemplary and non-limiting flowchart 900 depicted in FIG. 9 describes the operation of a SPPS deployed in accordance with the invention.
  • the SPPS for example, SPPS 110
  • S 920 a count is performed in accordance with the principles described herein above, which may include the discharge of the sense capacitor, for example capacitor 320 .
  • S 930 it is checked whether there is sufficient energy to perform a transmission and is so execution continues with S 940 ; otherwise, execution continues with S 910 .
  • S 940 it is checked whether it is time to transmit by the SPPS 110 and if so execution continues with S 950 ; otherwise, execution continues with S 910 .
  • S 950 SPPS 110 senses the environment for another transmission to avoid transmission collisions as discussed herein above.
  • S 960 it is checked if it is possible to transmit and if so execution continues with S 980 ; otherwise, in S 970 a random wait period is determined and execution then continues with S 930 .
  • S 980 the information gathered by the SPPS 110 is transmitted, the information transmitted contains data as discussed herein above.
  • S 990 it is checked whether the operation should continue and if so execution continues with S 910 ; otherwise, execution terminates.
  • An optional step may be added after transmission is complete for the purpose of reception of feedback information from the unit receiving the information sent by the transmitter. Such feedback information may include, but is not limited to, acknowledge information and/or synchronization information.
  • the system comprises a plurality of SPPS 1010 communicatively coupled to a communication link 1020 .
  • the SPPS 1010 may be placed in an electrical closet before or after respective circuit breakers or, at the input to specific power consuming units.
  • the management server is equipped with a transceiver enabling the communication with the plurality of SPPS 1010 using one or more of the communication schemes discussed herein above.
  • the communication bridge 1020 is configured to communicate with those SPPSs 1010 it is configured to operate with, using for identification their respective MAC addresses.
  • the communication bridge 1020 is coupled to a network 1020 which may be, but is not limited to, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metro area network (MAN), the Internet, the world wide web (WWW), the likes and combinations thereof.
  • the communication link can be, but is not limited to, a WLAN (Wireless LAN), for example 802.11 also known as WiFi, a wireless sensor area network, for example 802.15.4 also known as Zigbee, power line communication (PLC), or a cellular to modem network such as GPRS or CDMA.
  • the communication bridge aggregates the data from the plurality of sensors 1010 - 1 to 1010 -N prior to sending it to the network.
  • a database 1040 to accumulate data collected by the communication bridge 1020 .
  • the communication bridge 1020 may be placed in each closet and aggregate a plurality of SPPS 110 communications.
  • the communication bridge 1020 is responsible for the phase calculation discussed in more detail herein below.
  • a management server 1050 that based on the data accumulated in database 1040 may provide a client 1060 processed information respective of the collected data as well as communicate with other application software, for example building management systems (BMSs).
  • BMSs building management systems
  • the minimum number of winding in the secondary coil is 500.
  • the communication bridge 1020 is enabled to provide information with respect to a phase and enable the system to calculate a phase shift. Knowledge of the phase shift between current and voltage is used to calculate the power factor (cos ⁇ ), hence determine more accurately the real active power flowing through the power line.
  • MCU 220 may become operative in continuous mode, for as long as such sufficient energy is available, or until operation is complete.
  • AD converter 225 MCU 220 detects the peak current of the current transformer 212 . The time of the peak relative to a clock synchronized between the sensor and the bridge unit is recorded and, when appropriate, transmitted to the communication bridge 1020 , according to the principles discussed hereinabove.
  • communication bridge 1020 is further enabled to detect the peak of the power supply voltage nearest to the sensors by at least a peak detector (not shown) coupled to the communication bridge 1020 and to a reference power line. The time of the peak of is recorded by the communication bridge 1020 continuously. As the clocks of the communication bridge 1020 and circuit 200 are synchronized, as further discussed hereinabove, it is now possible for the communication bridge 1020 , upon receiving information from the circuit 200 respective of the measure peak and time, to determine the phase shift between the reference power line voltage and the current measurement made by the circuit 200 .
  • a peak detector enables the system to become agnostic to the differences in the utility grid frequency, e.g., 60 Hz for the USA versus 50 Hz in Europe, as well as to any other error or change in the supply voltage frequency.
  • FIG. 11 where an exemplary and non-limiting second embodiment of a SPPS 1100 is shown.
  • a key difference may be observed in the microcontroller 220 that does not receive a pulse as an interrupt signal as was shown in the previously described embodiments, for example in FIG. 2 . Similar components to those of FIG. 2 are not further discussed herein, unless necessary for clarity.
  • the notable change is in the analog section 1110 that comprises a current transformer 212 , an energy harvester 216 , a switch 1114 and a sense resistor 1112 . In normal operation the switch 1114 is positioned to enable energy harvesting by the energy harvester 216 .
  • the switch 1114 Periodically, for example under the control of the microcontroller 220 , the switch 1114 is activated to short the secondary winding of transformer 212 through the sense resistor 1112 , typically having a low resistance.
  • the voltage on the sense resistor 1112 is sampled by the ADC 225 .
  • the switch 1114 is toggled between the two positions to enable energy harvesting most of the time in a first position, and measurement of the voltage periodically when in the second position.
  • the sampling is averaged over a number of cycles and divided by the resistance value of the sense resistor 1112 to provide the current value.
  • the current value is then multiplied by a time interval to obtain the total charge value, for example, in Ampere Hours.
  • a calibration factor as discussed herein above, can also be used with respect of system 1100 .
  • the analog section may be implemented as shown in the exemplary and non-limiting circuit diagram 1200 of FIG. 12 .
  • the switches 1210 and 1220 connected between the resonance capacitor 320 and the bridge rectifier 330 are off, so that the harvesting capacitor 380 is charged.
  • the voltage of the harvesting capacitor 380 is limited to avoid overcharge as discussed in detail herein above with respect to other embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 12 represents an embodiment close to the one shown in FIG. 5 but embodiments similar to the ones shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , in terms of the harvesting circuitry, are also possible.
  • the microcontroller 220 switches the transistors 1210 and 1220 using their respective I/O ports.
  • switches 1210 and 12220 are operated simultaneously in opposite phases. Although measurement is preformed on a single resistor 300 rather than two, the use of the two switches and two resistors is in order to prevent DC load on the transformer 212 . This is required to avoid saturation and distortion of the measurement results. It would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one switch conducts in the positive part of the cycle, and the other switch conducts in the negative part of the cycle. It should be noted however that topologies using a single switch which can symmetrically conduct in both directions are possible, for example, by using a pair of MOSFET transistors connected in series. When the switches are active the current flows through the appropriate sense resistor instead of charging the harvesting capacitor 380 .
  • the sense resistors have a low impedance relative to the self resistance of the transformer coil. This enables a close to short circuit current flow, keeping the voltage across the resistor low enough thus maintaining minimal flux across the core and avoiding saturation of the transformer 212 .
  • the MCU 220 waits a certain time interval, typically a couple of hundreds of milliseconds, or switch to an off/power save mode, before performing the measurement, in order to allow for the resonance capacitor to discharge. This ensures high accuracy and better linearity of the measurement results.
  • a first secondary coil used to measure the voltage using the ADC 225 while the second secondary coil (see prior descriptions of FIGS. 6 and 8 ) is used for the purpose of energy harvesting, thereby eliminating the need for switching at the expense of a potential increase in size of the SPPS.
  • the resistance of a thin, e.g., 0.1 mm, copper wire with 1000 windings at typical dimensions of the SPPS is approximately 100 ⁇ .
  • a voltage doubler 1340 is used.
  • the bridge rectifier described herein above with respect to all of the other embodiments can be replaced by a voltage multiplier.
  • the voltage multiplier may be a voltage doubler, tripler, quadrupler or any other type of passive voltage multiplier topology, without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • the exemplary and non-limiting circuit 1300 shows a simple implementation of a voltage doubler 1340 .
  • the voltage on the harvesting capacitor 380 is double the voltage on the transformer 310 after resonance.
  • the use of a voltage multiplier is advantageous at the lower current range.
  • the voltage multiplier simplifies the grounding of the circuit as a common ground can be connected to the harvesting capacitor and the sensing resistor, whereas when using the bridge rectifier a differential voltage measurement needs to be made.
  • the software is preferably implemented as an application program tangibly embodied on a program storage unit or computer readable medium.
  • the application program may be uploaded to, and executed by, a machine comprising any suitable architecture.
  • the machine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units (“CPUs”), a memory, and input/output interfaces.
  • CPUs central processing units
  • the computer platform may also include an operating system and microinstruction code.
  • the various processes and functions described herein may be either part of the microinstruction code or part of the application program, or any combination thereof, which may be executed by a CPU, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.
  • peripheral units may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage unit and a printing unit.
  • the circuits described hereinabove may be implemented in a variety of manufacturing technologies well known in the industry including but not limited to integrated circuits (ICs) and discrete components that are mounted using surface mount technologies (SMT), and other technologies.
  • ICs integrated circuits
  • SMT surface mount technologies
  • the scope of the invention should not be viewed as limited by the types of packaging and physical implementation of the SPPS 110 or the communication bridge 1020 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)
  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
  • Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
US12/760,867 2009-04-16 2010-04-15 Apparatus and Methods Thereof for Power Consumption Measurement at Circuit Breaker Points Abandoned US20100264906A1 (en)

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US12/760,867 US20100264906A1 (en) 2009-04-16 2010-04-15 Apparatus and Methods Thereof for Power Consumption Measurement at Circuit Breaker Points
US13/301,453 US9134348B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2011-11-21 Distributed electricity metering system
US13/924,264 US9720017B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2013-06-21 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
US14/211,587 US9678114B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2014-03-14 Apparatus and methods thereof for error correction in split core current transformers
US14/586,605 US9720018B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2014-12-30 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
US14/841,117 US9726700B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2015-08-31 Method for operation of a self-powered power sensor (SPPS) having a reservoir capacitor
US15/081,666 US9689901B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2016-03-25 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
US15/081,656 US9678113B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2016-03-25 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
US15/619,133 US9964568B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2017-06-09 Apparatus and methods thereof for error correction in split core current transformers

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US12/760,867 US20100264906A1 (en) 2009-04-16 2010-04-15 Apparatus and Methods Thereof for Power Consumption Measurement at Circuit Breaker Points

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US13/924,264 Continuation US9720017B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2013-06-21 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
US14/586,605 Continuation US9720018B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2014-12-30 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points

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US14/586,605 Active US9720018B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2014-12-30 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
US15/081,656 Active US9678113B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2016-03-25 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
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US15/081,656 Active US9678113B2 (en) 2009-04-16 2016-03-25 Apparatus and methods thereof for power consumption measurement at circuit breaker points
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US9678113B2 (en) 2017-06-13
US20160231361A1 (en) 2016-08-11
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GB201307220D0 (en) 2013-05-29
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US20150112618A1 (en) 2015-04-23
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US20160209451A1 (en) 2016-07-21
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US9720017B2 (en) 2017-08-01
US20130285645A1 (en) 2013-10-31

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