US20100184770A1 - Compounds - Google Patents

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US20100184770A1
US20100184770A1 US12/065,775 US6577507A US2010184770A1 US 20100184770 A1 US20100184770 A1 US 20100184770A1 US 6577507 A US6577507 A US 6577507A US 2010184770 A1 US2010184770 A1 US 2010184770A1
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methyl
chlorophenyl
pyrrolidinyl
oxo
phthalazinyl
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Paul Martin Gore
Michael Joachim Kranz
Brian Edgar Looker
Sadie Vile
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Glaxo Group Ltd
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Glaxo Group Ltd
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Priority to US12/065,775 priority Critical patent/US20100184770A1/en
Assigned to GLAXO GROUP LIMITED reassignment GLAXO GROUP LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VILE, SADIE, GORE, PAUL MARTIN, KRANZ, MICHAEL JOACHIM, LOOKER, BRIAN EDGAR
Publication of US20100184770A1 publication Critical patent/US20100184770A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/02—Nasal agents, e.g. decongestants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D237/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings
    • C07D237/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D237/30—Phthalazines
    • C07D237/32—Phthalazines with oxygen atoms directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a class of compounds, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in the treatment of various inflammatory and/or allergic diseases, in particular inflammatory and/or allergic diseases of the respiratory tract.
  • Allergic rhinitis, pulmonary inflammation and congestion are medical conditions that are often associated with other conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • these conditions are mediated, at least in part, by inflammation associated with the release of histamine from various cells, in particular mast cells.
  • Allergic rhinitis also known as ‘hay fever’ affects a large proportion of the population worldwide.
  • the clinical symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis typically include nasal itching and irritation, sneezing and watery rhinorrhea, which is often accompanied by nasal congestion.
  • the clinical symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis are similar, except that nasal blockage may be more pronounced.
  • Either type of allergic rhinitis may also cause other symptoms, such as itching of the throat and/or eyes, epiphora and oedema around the eyes.
  • the symptoms of allergic rhinitis may vary in intensity from the nuisance level to debilitating.
  • H1 receptors are widely distributed throughout the CNS and periphery, and are involved in wakefulness and acute inflammation.
  • H2 receptors mediate gastric acid secretion in response to histamine.
  • H3 receptors are present on the nerve endings in both the CNS and periphery and mediate inhibition of neurotransmitter release [Hill et al., Pharmacol. Rev., 49:253-278, (1997)].
  • H4 receptor Recently a fourth member of the histamine receptor family has been identified, termed the H4 receptor [Hough, Mol. Pharmacol., 59:415-419, (2001)]. Whilst the distribution of the H4 receptor appears to be restricted to cells of the immune and inflammatory systems, a physiological role for this receptor remains to be identified.
  • H1 receptors in blood vessels and nerve endings are responsible for many of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, which include itching, sneezing, and the production of watery rhinorrhea.
  • Oral antihistamine compounds which are selective H1 receptor antagonists, such as chlorphenyramine, cetirizine, desloratidine and fexofenadine are effective in treating the itching, sneezing and rhinorrhea associated with allergic rhinitis.
  • Intranasal antihistamines which are selective H1 receptor antagonists, such azelastine and levocabastine are thought to have similar therapeutic effects to their oral counterparts. However, such compounds generally require twice daily administration and may still cause sedatation despite their local application.
  • a novel class of compounds have been identified that are H1 receptor antagonists.
  • the present invention provides, in a first embodiment, a compound of formula (I)
  • A represents N or CH;
  • R 1 and R 2 each independently represent halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, hydroxy or trifluoromethyl;
  • x and y each independently represent 0, 1 or 2;
  • m represents 0, n represents 2 and p represents 1; or m represents 1, n represents 0 and p represents 2;
  • R 3 represents a straight chain C 1-6 alkylene optionally substituted by one or two C 1-3 alkyl; and
  • R 4 represents a group of formula (I), (ii), (iii) or (iv) (i) —C(O)N(R 5 )R 6 in which
  • R 5 represents hydrogen or —C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 6 represents hydrogen; —C 1-6 alkyl (optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen and hydroxy); —C 1-6 alkyl-O—C 1-6 alkyl (optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen and hydroxy); C 3-7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected elected from halogen, hydroxy and C 1-3 alkyl); —C 1-3 alkylC 3-7 cycloalkyl (in which the C 1-3 alkyl is optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen and hydroxy, and the C 3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy and C 1-3 alkyl); aryl (optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano); —C 1-6 alkylaryl (in which
  • c represents 0 or 1 and d represents 2 or 3, or c represents 2 or 3 and d represents 0 or 1; and R 9 represents hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 10 represents hydrogen, or —C 1-6 alkyl (optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen and hydroxy); (optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen and hydroxy); aryl (optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano); or —C 1-6 alkylaryl (in which the C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from C 1-3 alkyl, halogen and hydroxy, and the aryl is optionally substituted by up to three substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, and cyano); or a salt thereof.
  • the compounds of the invention may be expected to be useful in the treatment of various diseases in particular inflammatory and/or allergic diseases, such as inflammatory and/or allergic diseases of the respiratory tract (for example allergic rhinitis) that are associated with the release of histamine from cells such as mast cells. Further, the compounds may show an improved profile in that they may possess one or more of the following properties:
  • Compounds having such a profile may be particularly suitable for intranasal delivery, and/or may be capable of once daily administration and/or further may have an improved side effect profile compared with other existing therapies.
  • the compounds may be more potent at the H1 receptor than at the H3 receptor, hERG and/or the alpha receptor, in particular the H3 receptor.
  • the activity at the H1 receptor may be at least about 10 fold greater (e.g. greater than 100 fold) than activity at the H3 receptor, hERG and/or the alpha receptor, in particular the H3 receptor.
  • R 1 and R 2 each independently represent halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, hydroxy or trifluoromethyl; x and y each independently represent 0, 1 or 2.
  • m represents 0, n represents 2 and p represents 1; or m represents 1, n represents 0 and p represents 2;
  • R 3 represents a straight chain C 1-6 alkylene optionally substituted by C 1-3 alkyl; and
  • R 4 represents a group C(O)NR 5 R 6 or —N(R 7 )C(O)R 8 in which R 5 represents hydrogen or —C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 6 represents hydrogen; —C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen; —C 1-6 alkyl-O—C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen; or —C 1-6 alkylaryl, in which the alkyl portion is optionally substituted by C 1-3 alkyl, and the aryl portion is optionally substituted by halogen, C 1-3
  • C(O)NR 5 R 6 is C(O)N(R 5 )R 6 .
  • R 4 represents —C(O)N(R 5 )R 6 .
  • R 4 represents N(R 7 )C(O)R 8 .
  • R 4 represents
  • R 4 represents
  • R 9 represents hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl (e.g. C 1-3 alkyl); in a further embodiment R 9 represents hydrogen.
  • R 4 represents
  • A represents CH.
  • A represents N.
  • R 2 represents halogen; in a further embodiment, R 2 represents chloro; in yet a further embodiment R 2 represents chloro substituted in the para position. In another embodiment when y is 1, R 2 is in the para position.
  • x is 0.
  • y is 1.
  • R 3 represents a straight chain C 1-3 alkylene optionally substituted by methyl.
  • Representative examples of R 3 include methlyene [—(CH 2 )—], ethylene [—(CH 2 ) 2 —], and propylene [—(CH 2 ) 3 —], each of which may be optionally substituted by methyl.
  • R 5 represents hydrogen or —C 1-3 alkyl, for example —C 1-2 alkyl.
  • R 6 represents hydrogen; —C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms); —C 1-3 alkyl-O—C 1-2 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms); or —CH 2 aryl.
  • R 6 represents hydrogen; —C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms); —C 1-3 alkyl-O—C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms); C 5-6 cycloalkyl; —C 1-3 alkyl C 5-6 cycloalkyl (for example —CH 2 C 5-6 cycloalkyl); or —C 1-3 alkyl aryl (for example CH 2 aryl).
  • R 6 represents —(C 1-3 alkyl) z Het in which z represents 0 or 1 and Het represents a 5 to 7 (for example a 5 to 6) membered saturated heterocyclic ring containing one O atom.
  • R 5 and R 6 together represent a 5 or 6 membered saturated heterocyclic ring optionally containing one O atom, for example a 6 membered saturated heterocyclic ring optionally containing one O atom.
  • R 7 represents hydrogen or methyl.
  • R 7 represents hydrogen
  • R 8 represents C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms); or —C 1-3 alkyl-O-methyl.
  • R 8 represents C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms); —C 1-3 alkyl-O-methyl; C 5-6 cycloalkyl; —C 1-3 alkylC 5-6 cycloalkyl (for example —CH 2 C 5-6 cycloalkyl); or —C 1-3 alkylaryl (for example CH 2 aryl).
  • halogen for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms
  • —C 1-3 alkyl-O-methyl for example by one or more fluoro atoms, for example by 3 fluoro atoms
  • C 5-6 cycloalkyl for example —C 1-3 alkylC 5-6 cycloalkyl
  • —C 1-3 alkylaryl for example CH 2 aryl
  • R 8 represents —(C 1-3 alkyl) z Het in which z represents 0 or 1 and Het represents a 5 to 7 (for example a 5 to 6) membered saturated heterocyclic ring containing one O atom.
  • R 9 represents hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl, for example hydrogen or methyl.
  • R 10 represents C 1-3 alkyl or C 1-3 alkyl-O-methyl.
  • Compounds of the invention include the compounds of Examples 1-84 including individual isomers thereof and isomeric mixtures (e.g. a racemate or a racemic mixture), and salts thereof (e.g. a pharmaceutically acceptable salt).
  • a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof with the proviso that the compound is not N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide, or a salt thereof.
  • C 1-6 alkyl may be a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain, unless otherwise indicated and C 1-6 alkoxy shall be interpreted similarly.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neo-pentyl and n-hexyl.
  • Particular alkyl and alkoxy groups are C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 alkoxy. When substituted, C 1-6 alkyl (e.g. C 1-3 alkyl) and C 1-6 alkoxy (e.g.
  • C 1-3 alkoxy may have up to three substituents, for example, one or two substituents, e.g. one substituent.
  • substituents on alkyl and/or alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, chloro, and/or fluoro.
  • C 1-6 alkylene include methlyene [—(CH 2 )—], ethylene [—(CH 2 ) 2 —], propylene, [—(CH 2 ) 3 —], butylene [—(CH 2 ) 4 —], pentylene [—(CH 2 ) 5 —] and hexylene [—(CH 2 ) 6 —].
  • C 3-7 cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon ring having from three to seven carbon atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. When substituted, C 3-7 cycloalkyl may have up to three substituents, for example, one or two substituents, e.g. one substituent. Representative substituents on cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, chloro, and fluoro.
  • aryl whether alone or as part of another group is used to describe single and fused aromatic hydrocarbon rings.
  • Representative aryl rings include phenyl and naphthyl.
  • a particular aryl ring is phenyl.
  • aryl When substituted, aryl may have up to three substituents, for example, one or two substituents, e.g. one substituent.
  • Representative substituents on aryl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyl and/or cyano.
  • halogen is used herein to describe, unless otherwise stated, a group selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, for example fluorine and chlorine.
  • Representative 5 to 7 membered saturated heterocyclic rings containing a nitrogen atom optionally containing one or two (e.g. one) further heteratoms independently selected from O and S include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidine, piperidine, homopiperidine, morpholine and thiomorpholine.
  • Representative 5 to 7 membered saturated heterocyclic rings containing one or two (e.g. one) heteratoms independently selected from O and S include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrothiophene (or thiolane), tetrahydrothiopyran (or thiane), hexahydrothiepin, hexahydrooxepin, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, oxathiolane, thioxane, tetrahydrooxathiepin.
  • compounds of formula (I) may possess one or more asymmetric carbon atoms so that optical isomers e.g. enantiomers or diastereoisomers may be formed.
  • the present invention encompasses all optical isomers of the compounds of formula (I) whether as individual isomers isolated such as to be substantially free of the other isomer (i.e. pure) or as mixtures thereof (i.e. racemates and racemic mixtures).
  • An individual isomer isolated such as to be substantially free of the other isomer (i.e. pure) may be isolated such that less than about 10%, particularly less than about 1%, for example less than about 0.1% of the other isomer is present.
  • Certain compounds of formula (I) may exist in one of several tautomeric forms. It will be understood that the present invention encompasses all tautomers of the compounds of formula (I) whether as individual tautomers or as mixtures thereof.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be in crystalline or amorphous form. Furthermore, a compound of formula (I) may exist in one or more polymorphic forms. Thus, the present invention includes within its scope polymorphic forms of the compounds of formula (I).
  • thermodynamically stable polymorphic form of a compound of formula (I) is of particular interest.
  • Polymorphic forms of compounds of formula (I) may be characterized and differentiated using a number of conventional analytical techniques, including but not limited to X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns, infrared (IR) spectra, Raman spectra, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
  • IR infrared
  • Raman spectra Raman spectra
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • TGA thermogravimetric analysis
  • NMR solid state nuclear magnetic resonance
  • the compounds of the present invention may be in the form of and/or may be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • suitable salts see Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid and base addition salts.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention, which upon administration to the recipient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of the invention, or an active metabolite or residue thereof.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be readily prepared by using a desired acid or base as appropriate.
  • the salt may precipitate from solution and be collected by filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt can be formed by reaction of a compound of formula (I) with a suitable inorganic or organic acid (such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, formic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, succinic, maleic, acetic, fumaric, citric, tartaric, benzoic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic or naphthalenesulfonic acid), optionally in a suitable solvent such as an organic solvent, to give the salt which is usually isolated for example by crystallisation and filtration.
  • a suitable inorganic or organic acid such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, formic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, succinic, maleic, acetic, fumaric, citric, tartaric, benzoic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic or naphthalenesulfonic acid
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of formula (I) can be for example a hydrobromide, hydrochloride, formate, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, succinate, maleate, acetate, fumarate, citrate, tartrate, benzoate, p-toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate or naphthalenesulfonate salt.
  • non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts eg. oxalates or trifluoroacetates
  • oxalates or trifluoroacetates may be used, for example in the isolation of compounds of the invention, and are included within the scope of this invention.
  • the invention includes within its scope all possible stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric forms of the salts of the compounds of formula (I).
  • solvates with the solvents in which they are reacted or from which they are precipitated or crystallized.
  • a solvate with water is known as a “hydrate”.
  • Solvents with high boiling points and/or solvents with a high propensity to form hydrogen bonds such as water, xylene, N-methyl pyrrolidinone and methanol may be used to form solvates.
  • Methods for identification of solvates include, but are not limited to, NMR and microanalysis.
  • solvates of the compounds of formula (I) are within the scope of the invention.
  • salts e.g. pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates e.g. hydrates, isomers and polymorphic forms of the compounds of the invention.
  • references hereinafter to compounds of the invention or to compounds of formula (I) means a compound of formula (I) as the free base, or as a salt e.g. a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and encompasses solvates, isomers and polymorphic forms of those compounds.
  • the present invention also provides processes for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) or salts thereof.
  • a compound of formula (I) wherein R 4 represents a group C(O)N(R 5 )R 6 may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (II)
  • R 5 and R 6 are as defined above for formula (I) under suitable coupling conditions.
  • the coupling reaction may typically be carried out using a suitable activating agent, for example O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-benzotriazolium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinylphosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) in the presence of a suitable base for example triethylamine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) in a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), optionally at an elevated temperature, for example at about 140 to 160° C. for approximately 10 to 40 min, as appropriate.
  • a suitable activating agent for example O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,
  • A represents CH.
  • L is a suitable leaving group [such as a halide (for example, chloro, bromo or iodo) or a sulfonate (for example mesylate, tosylate or triflate)] and P is a protecting group, such as an alkyl group (for example methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl) or benzyl; to give a protected derivative (IIa):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , n, m, p, x and y are as defined above for formula (I)
  • P is a protecting group, such as an alkyl group (for example methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl) or benzyl, followed by deprotection, to give a compound of formula (II).
  • the alkylation reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, for example, DMF in the presence of a suitable base, for example potassium carbonate, optionally at an elevated temperature such as about 80° C., for example in a microwave oven.
  • a suitable base for example potassium carbonate
  • the reaction may optionally contain an activating agent, such as sodium iodide.
  • the reaction may be carried out at room temperature, or lower.
  • P is a protecting group, such as an alkyl group (for example methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl) or aralkyl such as benzyl.
  • the alkylation reaction using a compound of formula (VI) may be carried out in a suitable solvent, for example DMF or tetrahydrofuran (THF), optionally at an elevated temperature, for example about 50 to 60° C.
  • Deprotection of a compound of formula (IIa) to give a compound of formula (II), when the protecting group P is an alkyl group (for example methyl or ethyl) or benzyl, is typically carried out by hydrolysis of the carboxylic acid ester, for example using sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide in a suitable aqueous solvent system, for example methanol/water or THF/water at room temperature (or optionally at an elevated temperature), optionally followed by purification on an ion exchange column (for example an SCX or aminopropyl column).
  • a suitable aqueous solvent system for example methanol/water or THF/water at room temperature (or optionally at an elevated temperature
  • an ion exchange column for example an SCX or aminopropyl column
  • deprotection may also be achieved by acid hydrolysis using a suitable acid such as trifluoroactetic acid (TFA) in dichloromethane (DCM) or hydrogen chloride (HCl) in dioxane.
  • a suitable acid such as trifluoroactetic acid (TFA) in dichloromethane (DCM) or hydrogen chloride (HCl) in dioxane.
  • deprotection may also be achieved by hydrogenolysis, for example using hydrogen over a suitable catalyst, such as palladium on carbon.
  • Compounds of formula (III) include, but are not limited to, ammonia, methylamine, (R)-( ⁇ )-2-aminobutane, hexylamine, dimethylamine, dihexylamine, 2-fluoroethylamine, 2,2-difluoroethylamine, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine, 2-aminoethanol, cyclopropylamine, cycloheptylamine, N-methylcyclohexylamine, N-(1-ethylpropyl)cycloheptylamine, (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-amine, aniline, 2-aminobenzonitrile, 2-fluoroaniline, 2-aminobenzotrifluoride, 3-amino-4-fluorobenzotrifluoride, N-hexylaniline, benzylamine, (5-phenylbutyl)methylamine hydrochloride, pyrrolidine, thiazolidine, morpho
  • Compounds of formula (V) include, but are not limited to, ethyl 2-bromoacetate, ethyl 7-bromoheptanoate and benzyl chloroacetate.
  • compounds of formula (V) in which L represents a sulfonate may be prepared by activation of a corresponding hydroxyl compound by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as by reaction with mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride or with truflic anhydride.
  • Examples of corresponding hydroxyl compounds include (+)-tert-butyl D-lactate and benzyl glycolate.
  • Compounds of formula (VI) include, but are not limited to, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and ethyl crotonate.
  • Compounds of formula (IV) may be prepared according to the methods described herein (see Schemes 1 and 2). Thus, compounds of formula (IV) wherein A represents CH may be prepared according to Scheme 1 below:
  • Boc represents tert-butoxycarbonyl and L represents a suitable leaving group such as a sulfonate e.g. mesylate or tosylate.
  • Reagents and Conditions i) elevated temperature such as about 180 to 250° C. e.g. about 240° C., suitable base e.g. sodium acetate (NaOAc), suitable solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP); ii) NH 2 NH 2 , hydrazine sulphate or hydrazine monohydrate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, optionally at an elevated temperature such as from about 80° C. to 90° C.; iii) when using a compound of formula (XV), reaction conditions are as follows: suitable solvent e.g. THF, appropriate azodicarboxylate e.g.
  • reaction conditions are as follows: suitable solvent such as butan-2-ol, suitable base e.g. cesium carbonate, at an elevated temperature such as from about 90° C. to 110° C.; iv) deprotection using an acid catalyst e.g. HCl or TFA, in a suitable solvent e.g. dioxane, iso-propyl alcohol or DCM, optionally at an elevated temperature such as from about 70° C. to 90° C.
  • suitable solvent such as butan-2-ol
  • suitable base e.g. cesium carbonate
  • an elevated temperature such as from about 90° C. to 110° C.
  • deprotection using an acid catalyst e.g. HCl or TFA in a suitable solvent e.g. dioxane, iso-propyl alcohol or DCM, optionally at an elevated temperature such as from about 70° C. to 90° C.
  • steps (iii) and (iv) may be performed sequentially, without isolation and purification of the Boc-protected intermediate.
  • Compounds of formula (XIII) are commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, Apollo, Fluorochem, Apin, Davos and/or Merck, and include, but are not limited to, phthalic anhydride, 3-chlorophthalic anhydride, 4-fluorophthalic anhydride, 3,6-dichlorophthalic anhydride, 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride and 4-methylphthalic anhydride and/or may be prepared using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • 3,6-dihydroxyphthalic anhydride may be prepared from 3,6-diacetoxyphthalic anhydride, which is commercially available from Wako.
  • C 1-6 alkyl substituted phthalic anhydrides may be prepared using methods well known to those skilled in the art from the commercially available bromide compounds. Such reactions may typically be carried out using the appropriate trialkylborane (for example, triethylborane and tributylborane are available for example from Sigma-Aldrich), with an appropriate palladium catalyst, such as [1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloropalladium at an appropriate elevated temperature e.g. 70-100° C., with a suitable base such as K 2 CO 3 , in a suitable solvent e.g. DMF.
  • an appropriate palladium catalyst such as [1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloropalladium at an appropriate elevated temperature e.g. 70-100° C.
  • a suitable base such as K 2 CO 3
  • a suitable solvent e.g. DMF.
  • Compounds of formula (XII) are commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich and/or Apollo, and include, but are not limited to, phenylacetic acid, 3-chlorophenylacetic acid, 4-methylphenylacetic acid, 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid and 2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid.
  • Compounds of formula (XIV) include benzalphthalide, 4-fluorobenzylidene phthalide, 3-(2-Bromo-benzylidene)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one and 4-chlorobenzylidene phthalide which are commercially available, for example, from Honeywell and/or Aldrich and/or Aurora Chemicals.
  • Compounds of formula (XV) are commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich and/or Fluka, and include (R)-1-BOC-2-pyrrolidinemethanol, (S)-1-BOC-2-pyrrolidinemethanol and 1-BOC-4-hydroxypiperidine.
  • Compounds of formula (XVa) may be prepared from the commercially available alcohol (XV) by activation, using methyl sulfonyl chloride or tosyl chloride. The reaction is typically carried out in a suitable solvent such as methyl iso-butyl ketone, with a suitable base e.g. triethylamine, optionally at a lowered temperature for example at about 0° C.
  • Boc represents tert-butoxycarbonyl and L represents a suitable leaving group such as a sulfonate e.g. mesylate or tosylate.
  • Reagents and conditions i) Sodium methoxide, THF/methanol (MeOH); ii) a) suitable activating agent such as carbonyl diimidazole or oxalyl chloride, suitable solvent such as DMF, appropriate elevated temperature such as at approximately 50° C., b) appropriate base for example NaH, c) compound of formula (XVIII); iii) suitable acid catalyst for example TFA, appropriate solvent such as DCM; iv) H 2 NNH 2 .H 2 O, in an appropriate solvent for example ethanol, catalytic amount of acid such as acetic acid; v) when using a compound of formula (XV), reaction conditions are as follows: suitable solvent e.g.
  • reaction conditions are as follows: suitable solvent such as butan-2-ol, suitable base e.g. cesium carbonate, at an elevated temperature such as from about 90° C. to 110° C.; yl) deprotection using an acid catalyst e.g. HCl or TFA in a suitable solvent e.g. dioxane, iso-propyl alcohol or DCM, optionally at an elevated temperature such as from about 70° C. to 90° C.
  • suitable solvent such as butan-2-ol
  • suitable base e.g. cesium carbonate
  • an elevated temperature such as from about 90° C. to 110° C.
  • yl deprotection using an acid catalyst e.g. HCl or TFA in a suitable solvent e.g. dioxane, iso-propyl alcohol or DCM, optionally at an elevated temperature such as from about 70° C. to 90° C.
  • pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic anhydride is available from Sigma-Aldrich.
  • 2-methyl-pyridine-4,5-dicarboxylic anhydride may be prepared according to the methods described by Werner, W. Graefe, U., Ihn, W., Tresselt, D., Winter, S., Paulus, E., Tetrahedron, 53(1):109-118 (1997), see compound 4.
  • 3-Methoxypyridine-4,5-dicarboxylic anhydride may be prepared according to the methods disclosed by Krapcho, A. P., Maresch, M. J., Gallagher, C.
  • 2-Methyl-3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride may be prepared according to the methods described by Moriconi, E. J. and Spano, F. A., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 86(1):38-46, (1964), see compound 14.
  • Reagents and conditions i) dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal, suitable solvent such as toluene, elevated temperature, e.g. about 80° C., for approximately 18 hours.
  • Dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal is commercially available, for example, from Sigma-Aldrich.
  • Compounds of formula (XIX) are commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich and/or Apollo, and include, but are not limited to, phenylacetic acid, 3-chlorophenylacetic acid, 4-methylphenylacetic acid, 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid, 2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid.
  • a compound of formula (I) wherein R 4 represents N(R 7 )C(O)R 8 may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (VII)
  • R 8 is as defined above for formula (I) and L is a suitable leaving group, for example hydroxy or chloro.
  • L is chloro
  • the reaction may typically be carried out in a suitable solvent such as DCM in the presence of a suitable base such as triethylamine, at room temperature.
  • a suitable base such as triethylamine
  • the reaction may typically be carried out in a suitable solvent such as N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF), with an appropriate base, e.g.
  • DMF N,N′-dimethylformamide
  • a suitable activating agent such as O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytrispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBop) or 2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU).
  • TBTU O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate
  • PyBop benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytrispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate
  • HATU 2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexa
  • T3P® propane phosphonic acid anhydride
  • CDI 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole
  • A represents CH.
  • L is a suitable leaving group (for example, chloro, bromo or iodo) or a sulfonate (for example mesylate, tosylate or triflate).
  • a suitable leaving group for example, chloro, bromo or iodo
  • a sulfonate for example mesylate, tosylate or triflate
  • the alkylation reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, for example methyl ethyl ketone or 3-pentanone, in the presence of a suitable base, for example potassium carbonate or triethylamine, optionally at an elevated temperature, for example from about 80° C. to 100° C., to give the phthalimide intermediate compound (IVa), which may be isolated if desired.
  • a suitable solvent for example methyl ethyl ketone or 3-pentanone
  • a suitable base for example potassium carbonate or triethylamine
  • Deprotection may then be achieved by hydrazine or hydrazine monohydrate in a suitable solvent for example ethanol, optionally at elevated temperature, for example at from about 80° C. to 120° C.
  • a suitable solvent for example ethanol
  • ethanolamine may be used, optionally in a suitable solvent such as 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran.
  • a compound of formula (VII) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV) with a compound of formula (XI):
  • L is a suitable leaving group as defined above for formula (X) and R 3 is as defined above for formula (I) and R represents C 1-6 alkyl (e.g. tert-butyl) or benzyl.
  • Suitable reaction conditions include a suitable solvent, for example methyl ethyl ketone, in the presence of a suitable base, for example potassium carbonate, optionally at an elevated temperature, for example about 80° C.
  • a suitable solvent for example methyl ethyl ketone
  • a suitable base for example potassium carbonate
  • Compounds of formula (IX) are commercially available, and include 2-(2-bromoethyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, N-(bromomethyl)phthalimide, N-(3-bromopropyl)phthalimide, N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimide, N-(5-bromopentyl)phthalimide and N-(6-bromohexyl)phthalimide.
  • Compounds of formula (X) are commercially available, and include methyl iodide, iodoethane, 1-iodopropane, 1-iodobutane, 2-iodobutane, 1-iodopentane and 1-iodohexane.
  • Compounds of formula (XI) are commercially available, and include 2-(Boc-amino)ethyl bromide, 3-(Boc-amino)propyl bromide, 4-(Boc-amino)butyl bromide, 5-(Boc-amino)pentyl bromide and 6-(Boc-amino)hexyl bromide.
  • R 10 is as defined above for formula (I).
  • the reaction may typically be carried out in a suitable solvent such as DMF by first reacting a compound of formula (II) with a suitable activating agent such as TBTU or oxalyl chloride optionally at an elevated temperature, followed by reaction with a compound of formula (XX) in the presence of an appropriate base such as triethylamine or diisoproplethylamine at an elevated temperature for example at about 80 to 100° C. for example using a microwave oven.
  • a suitable solvent such as DMF
  • Compounds of formula (XX) are commercially available for example, from Apollo, Alfa Aesar, Maybridge, Tuger Scientific and/or Fulcrum Scientific and include N-hydroxy-3-(methyloxy)propanimidamide, N-hydroxy-2-methylpropanimidamide, N-hydroxypropanimidamide, N-hydroxy-2-(methoxyloxy)ethanimidamide, N-hydroxybutanimidamide.
  • R 10 is as defined hereinabove.
  • Reagents and Conditions i) suitable solvent such as ethanol, toluene or THF, optionally with the addition of an appropriate base such as aqueous sodium carbonate, triethylamine, or sodium methoxide when the compound (XXII) is in the form of a salt.
  • suitable solvent such as ethanol, toluene or THF
  • an appropriate base such as aqueous sodium carbonate, triethylamine, or sodium methoxide when the compound (XXII) is in the form of a salt.
  • Compounds of formula (XXI) are commercially available, for example, from Aldrich and/or Apollo and/or Alfa Aesar and/or ABCR and/or Betapharma and include, but are not limited to, acetonitrile, hexanenitrile, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, trifluoroacetonitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propionitrile benzonitrile, 2-chlorobenzonitrile, 2-chloro-6-methylbenzonitrile, 4-pentylbenzonitrile, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile, isophthalonitrile, 4-phenylbutyronitrile and 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-propionitrile.
  • the compound of formula (XXII) (hydroxylamine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and hydroxylamine hydrate) is commercially available, for example, from Aldrich.
  • AO represents an activated hydroxyl group such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • the reaction may typically be carried out in a suitable solvent, such as DMF, with an appropriate base, e.g. sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and in the presence of a suitable activating agent such as sodium iodide.
  • a suitable solvent such as DMF
  • an appropriate base e.g. sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate)
  • a suitable activating agent such as sodium iodide.
  • the reaction is usually heated, for example using a microwave oven at an appropriate elevated temperature, for example at about 140 to 160° C. for approximately 10 to 40 min, as appropriate.
  • AO represents an activated hydroxyl group such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • suitable solvent such as DCM
  • appropriate base e.g. triethylamine
  • activating agent for example methanesulfonyl chloride or tosylsulfonyl chloride (both commercially available, for example, from Aldrich).
  • (S)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone may be prepared according to methods disclosed by Hanessian, S., et al., J. Org. Chem., 58(19):5032-5034, (1993), see Chart 1.
  • 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone may be prepared according to methods disclosed by Otto, A., et al., Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 10(17):3381-3389, (1999), see compound 7a.
  • 6-(hydroxymethyl)-piperidin-2-one may be prepared according to methods disclosed by Synthetic Comm., 26(4):687-696, (1996).
  • 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-piperidinone may be prepared according to methods disclosed by Mohammad, T., et al., J. Label. Compds. and Radiopharmaceuticals, 28(9):1087-1092, (1990).
  • 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-piperidinone may be prepared according to methods disclosed by Lerchner, A., et al., Chemistry—A European Journal, 12(32):8208-8219, (2006), see compound 30.
  • 3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-piperidinone may be prepared according to methods disclosed by Smith, R. D., et al., J. Med. Chem., 24:104, (1981), see compound 2a.
  • 7-hydroxymethyl-azepan-2-one may be prepared according to methods disclosed in International Patent Application WO 2006/103255 A1, see Compound F1.
  • Hexahydro-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2H-azepin-2-one may be prepared according to methods disclosed in Can. J. Chem., 49(10):1648-1658, (1971).
  • Hexahydro-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2H-azepin-2-one may be prepared according to methods disclosed by Cummings, W. A. W. et al., J. Chem. Soc., 4591-4604, (1964), see compound (VIII).
  • a compound of formula (I) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV)
  • R 3 and R 4 are as defined about for formula (I) and L is a suitable leaving group (for example, chloro, bromo or iodo) or a sulfonate (for example mesylate, tosylate or triflate).
  • L is a suitable leaving group (for example, chloro, bromo or iodo) or a sulfonate (for example mesylate, tosylate or triflate).
  • the reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, for example methyl ethyl ketone, in the presence of a suitable base, for example potassium carbonate, triethylamine, or N,N-diisopropylethylamine, optionally at an elevated temperature, for example at about 80° C.
  • a suitable solvent for example methyl ethyl ketone
  • a suitable base for example potassium carbonate, triethylamine, or N,N-diisopropylethylamine
  • Compounds of formula (XXV) may be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art and/or by methods described herein, and/or are commercially available.
  • Examples of compounds of formula (XXV) which are commercially available, for example from Apollo, Aldrich, include 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-iodoethyl)acetamide, N1-(3-chloropropyl)-3-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-(2-chloroethyl)benzamide, N1-(2-chloroethyl)-4-methylbenzamide, N-(bromoacetyl)-2′-chloroacetaniline, N1-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-bromoacetamide, N1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-bromopropanamide and N1-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)-3-bromopropan
  • compounds of formula (XXV) in which L represents a sulfonate may be prepared by activation of a corresponding hydroxyl compound by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as by reaction with mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride.
  • corresponding hydroxyl compounds include 4-(trifluoroacetamido)-1-butanol, 5-(trifluoroacetamido)-1-pentanol, 6-(trifluoroacetamido)-1-hexanol, which are commercially available, for example, from Aldrich.
  • a compound of formula (I) in which R 3 is ethylene and R 4 represents —C(O)N(R 5 )R 6 may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV)
  • R 4 represents —C(O)N(R 5 )R 6 and Y and Z each independently represent C 1-3 alkyl.
  • the reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, such as DMF or THF at an elevated temperature, for example about 70 to 90° C.
  • a suitable solvent such as DMF or THF at an elevated temperature, for example about 70 to 90° C.
  • Compounds of formula (XXVI) may be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art and/or by methods described herein, and/or are commercially available.
  • Examples of compounds of formula (XXVI) which are commercially available, for example, from Apollo, Aldrich, and/or ABCR chemicals, include crotonamide, 3-methyl-but-2-enoicacid-(4-chloro-phenyl)-amide, 3-methyl-but-2-enoicacid-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-amide, 3-methyl-but-2-enoicadid-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amide, N-benzylacrylamide, N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-(isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide, N-methyl acrylamide, and N-(n-butoxymethyl)acrylamide.
  • G a compound of formula (I), may be prepared by interconversion from other compounds of formula (I).
  • Interconversions include, but are not limited to alkylation and deprotection, under standard conditions well known to those skilled in the art.
  • an alkylation reaction may be carried out between a compound of formula (I) and a C 1-6 alkyl, activated to substitution by means of a leaving group such as halogen or an activated hydroxyl group, such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • the reaction usually takes place in the presence of a suitable base such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine or sodium carbonate, in an appropriate solvent such as 2-butanone or DMF, optionally at an appropriate elevated temperature such as at about 80° C.
  • a salt of a compound of formula (I) may be prepared by exchange of counterions, or precipitation of said salt from the free base.
  • Suitable amine protecting groups include sulphonyl (e.g. tosyl), acyl (e.g. acetyl, 2′,2′,2′-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl) and arylalkyl (e.g.
  • benzyl which may be removed using an acid such as hydrogen chloride in dioxane or trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or reductively by hydrogenolysis of a benzyl group or reductive removal of a 2′,2′,2′-trichloroethoxycarbonyl group using zinc in acetic acid, as appropriate.
  • suitable amine protecting groups include trifluoroacetyl (—COCF 3 ), which may be removed by base catalysed hydrolysis or a solid phase resin bound benzyl group, such as a Merrifield resin bound 2,6-dimethoxybenzyl group (Ellman linker), which may be removed by acid catalysed hydrolysis, for example with trifluoroacetic acid.
  • Compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof may be useful for the treatment of various inflammatory and/or allergic diseases.
  • Compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be useful for the prophylaxis of various inflammatory and/or allergic diseases.
  • diseases in which a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may have potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory and/or anti-allergic effects include diseases of the respiratory tract such as bronchitis (including chronic bronchitis), asthma (including allergen-induced asthmatic reactions), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sinusitis and allergic rhinitis (seasonal and perennial).
  • diseases of the respiratory tract such as bronchitis (including chronic bronchitis), asthma (including allergen-induced asthmatic reactions), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sinusitis and allergic rhinitis (seasonal and perennial).
  • the compounds of the invention may be of use in the treatment of nephritis, skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, allergic dermatitis and hypersensitivity reactions. Also, the compounds of the invention may be useful in the treatment of insect bites and stings.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be of use in the treatment of nasal polyposis, conjunctivitis or pruritis.
  • a disease of particular interest is allergic rhinitis.
  • diseases in which histamine may have a pathophysiological role include non-allegic rhinitis, and also diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as intestinal inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) and intestinal inflammatory diseases secondary to radiation exposure or allergen exposure.
  • intestinal inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) and intestinal inflammatory diseases secondary to radiation exposure or allergen exposure.
  • compounds of formula (I) may be useful as therapeutic agents.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in therapy is thus provided, as a further aspect of the invention, a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in therapy.
  • a compound which which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy) butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of any of the above diseases.
  • a compound which which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy) butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of any of the above diseases.
  • a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of inflammatory and/or allergic diseases which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of inflammatory and/or allergic diseases which method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compounds of formula (I) are usually formulated in a suitable pharmaceutical composition.
  • suitable pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared using standard procedures.
  • the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof optionally with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients.
  • composition which comprises a compound which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof optionally with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients.
  • a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which may be prepared by admixture, suitably at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, may be suitable for topical administration (which includes epicutaneous, inhaled, intranasal or ocular administration), enteral administration (which includes oral or rectal administration) or parenteral administration (such as by injection or infusion).
  • topical administration which includes epicutaneous, inhaled, intranasal or ocular administration
  • enteral administration which includes oral or rectal administration
  • parenteral administration such as by injection or infusion
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof suitable for topical administration, particularly suitable for intranasal administration.
  • compositions may be in the form of solutions or suspensions (aqueous or non-aqueous), tablets, capsules, oral liquid preparations, powders, granules, lozenges, lotions, creams, ointments, gels, foams, reconstitutable powders or suppositories as required by the route of administration.
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may contain from about 0.1% to 99% (w/w), such as from about 10 to 60% (w/w) (based on the total weight of the composition), of the compound of formula (I) or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, depending on the route of administration.
  • the dose of the compound used in the treatment of the aforementioned diseases will vary in the usual way with the seriousness of the diseases, the weight of the sufferer, and other similar factors.
  • suitable unit doses may be about 0.05 to 1000 mg, for example about 0.05 to 200 mg, and such unit doses may be administered more than once a day, for example two or three times a day or as desired. Such therapy may extend for a number of weeks or months.
  • the proportion of the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a topical composition will depend on the precise type of composition to be prepared and the particular route of administration, but will generally be within the range of from about 0.001 to 10% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition. Generally, however for most types of preparations the proportion used will be within the range of from about 0.005 to 1% (w/w), such as about 0.01 to 1% (w/w), for example about 0.01 to 0.5% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition. However, in powders for inhalation the proportion used will generally be within the range of from about 0.1 to 5% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition.
  • compositions suitable for intranasal or inhaled administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, solutions, suspensions, drops, gels or dry powders, optionally with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients such as aqueous or non-aqueous vehicles, thickening agents, isotonicity adjusting agents, antioxidants and/or preservatives.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients such as aqueous or non-aqueous vehicles, thickening agents, isotonicity adjusting agents, antioxidants and/or preservatives.
  • the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may typically be in a particle-size-reduced form, which may be prepared by conventional techniques, for example, micronisation and milling.
  • the size-reduced (e.g. micronised) compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be defined by a D 50 value of about 0.5 to 10 microns, such as of about 2 to 4 microns (for example as measured using laser diffraction).
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are suitable for intranasal administration.
  • Intranasal compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may permit the compound(s) to be delivered to all areas of the nasal cavities (the target tissue) and further, may permit the compound(s) to remain in contact with the target tissue for longer periods of time.
  • a suitable dosing regime for intranasal compositions would be for the patient to inhale slowly through the nose subsequent to the nasal cavity being cleared. During inhalation the composition would be administered to one nostril (for example, as a spray or drops) while the other is manually compressed. This procedure would then be repeated for the other nostril.
  • one or two sprays per nostril would be administered by the above procedure up to two or three times each day, ideally once daily.
  • Of particular interest are intranasal compositions suitable for once daily administration.
  • compositions may optionally contain one or more suspending agents, one or more preservatives, one or more wetting agents and/or one or more isotonicity adjusting agents as desired.
  • Compositions suitable for intranasal administration may optionally further contain other excipients, such as antioxidants (for example sodium metabisulphite), taste-masking agents (such as menthol) and sweetening agents (for example dextrose, glycerol, saccharin and/or sorbitol).
  • the suspending agent if included, will typically be present in the intranasal composition in an amount of between about 0.1 and 5% (w/w), such as between about 1.5% and 2.4% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition.
  • suspending agents include Avicel®, carboxymethylcellulose, veegum, tragacanth, bentonite, methylcellulose and polyethylene glycols, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose or carboxy methylcellulose sodium.
  • Suspending agents may also be included in compositions suitable for inhaled, ocular and oral administration as appropriate.
  • intranasal compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be protected from microbial or fungal contamination and growth by inclusion of a preservative.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable anti-microbial agents or preservatives may include quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g. benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimide and cetylpyridinium chloride), mercurial agents (e.g. phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric acetate and thimerosal), alcoholic agents (e.g. chlorobutanol, phenylethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol), antibacterial esters (e.g.
  • esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid include chelating agents such as disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and other anti-microbial agents such as chlorhexidine, chlorocresol, sorbic acid and its salts (such as potassium sorbate) and polymyxin.
  • chelating agents such as disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)
  • other anti-microbial agents such as chlorhexidine, chlorocresol, sorbic acid and its salts (such as potassium sorbate) and polymyxin.
  • examples of pharmaceutically acceptable anti-fungal agents or preservatives may include sodium benzoate.
  • the preservative if included, may be present in an amount of between about 0.001 and 1% (w/w), such as about 0.015% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition. Preservatives may be included in compositions suitable for other routes of administration as appropriate.
  • compositions which contain a suspended medicament may include a pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agent which functions to wet the particles of medicament to facilitate dispersion thereof in the aqueous phase of the composition.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agent which functions to wet the particles of medicament to facilitate dispersion thereof in the aqueous phase of the composition.
  • wetting agents include fatty alcohols, esters and ethers, such as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Polysorbate 80).
  • the wetting agent may be present in intranasal compositions in an amount of between about 0.001 and 0.05% (w/w), for example about 0.025% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition.
  • Wetting agents may be included in compositions suitable for other routes of administration, e.g. for inhaled and/or ocular administration, as appropriate.
  • An isotonicity adjusting agent may be included to achieve isotonicity with body fluids e.g. fluids of the nasal cavity, resulting in reduced levels of irritancy.
  • body fluids e.g. fluids of the nasal cavity, resulting in reduced levels of irritancy.
  • isotonicity adjusting agents include sodium chloride, dextrose, xylitol and calcium chloride.
  • An isotonicity adjusting agent may be included in intranasal compositions in an amount of between about 0.1 and 10% (w/w), such as about 5.0% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition.
  • Isotonicity adjusting agents may also be included in compositions suitable for other routes of administration, for example in compositions suitable for inhaled, ocular, oral liquid and parenteral administration, as appropriate.
  • the intranasal compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be buffered by the addition of suitable buffering agents such as sodium citrate, citric acid, phosphates such as disodium phosphate (for example the dodecahydrate, heptahydrate, dihydrate and anhydrous forms) or sodium phosphate and mixtures thereof. Buffering agents may also be included in compositions suitable for other routes of administration as appropriate.
  • suitable buffering agents such as sodium citrate, citric acid, phosphates such as disodium phosphate (for example the dodecahydrate, heptahydrate, dihydrate and anhydrous forms) or sodium phosphate and mixtures thereof.
  • Buffering agents may also be included in compositions suitable for other routes of administration as appropriate.
  • compositions for administration topically to the nose or lung for example, for the treatment of rhinitis include pressurised aerosol compositions and aqueous compositions delivered to the nasal cavities by pressurised pump.
  • Compositions which are non-pressurised and adapted to be administered topically to the nasal cavity are of particular interest. Suitable compositions contain water as the diluent or carrier for this purpose.
  • Aqueous compositions for administration to the lung or nose may be provided with conventional excipients such as buffering agents, tonicity modifying agents and the like. Aqueous compositions may also be administered to the nose by nebulisation.
  • a fluid dispenser may typically be used to deliver a fluid composition to the nasal cavities.
  • the fluid composition may be aqueous or non-aqueous, but typically aqueous.
  • Such a fluid dispenser may have a dispensing nozzle or dispensing orifice through which a metered dose of the fluid composition is dispensed upon the application of a user-applied force to a pump mechanism of the fluid dispenser.
  • Such fluid dispensers are generally provided with a reservoir of multiple metered doses of the fluid composition, the doses being dispensable upon sequential pump actuations.
  • the dispensing nozzle or orifice may be configured for insertion into the nostrils of the user for spray dispensing of the fluid composition into the nasal cavity.
  • a fluid dispenser of the aforementioned type is described and illustrated in WO05/044354 the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • the dispenser has a housing which houses a fluid discharge device having a compression pump mounted on a container for containing a fluid composition.
  • the housing has at least one finger-operable side lever which is movable inwardly with respect to the housing to cam the container upwardly in the housing to cause the pump to compress and pump a metered dose of the composition out of a pump stem through a nasal nozzle of the housing.
  • the fluid dispenser is of the general type illustrated in FIGS. 30-40 of WO05/044354.
  • an intranasal composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • an intranasal composition comprising a compound which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • such an intranasal composition is benzalkonium chloride-free.
  • Inhaled administration involves topical administration to the lung, such as by aerosol or dry powder composition.
  • Aerosol compositions suitable for inhaled administration may comprise a solution or fine suspension of the compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent.
  • Aerosol compositions suitable for inhalation can be either a suspension or a solution and generally contain a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a suitable propellant such as a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon or mixtures thereof, such as hydrofluoroalkanes, e.g. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane or a mixture thereof.
  • the aerosol composition may optionally contain additional excipients well known in the art such as surfactants or cosolvents.
  • Aerosol compositions may be presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which may take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device or inhaler.
  • the sealed container may be a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve (metered dose inhaler), which is intended for disposal once the contents of the container have been exhausted.
  • Dry powder inhalable compositions may take the form of capsules and cartridges of, for example, gelatine, or blisters of, for example, laminated aluminium foil, for use in an inhaler or insufflator.
  • Such compositions may be formulated comprising a powder mix of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • a composition suitable for inhaled administration may be incorporated into a plurality of sealed dose containers (e.g. comprising the dry powder composition) mounted longitudinally in a strip or ribbon inside a suitable inhalation device.
  • the container is rupturable or peel-openable on demand and the dose of e.g. the dry powder composition may be administered by inhalation via the device such as the DISKUSTM device, marketed by GlaxoSmithKline.
  • the DISKUSTM inhalation device is for example described in GB 2242134 A, and in such a device, at least one container for the composition in powder form (the container or containers may, for example, be a plurality of sealed dose containers mounted longitudinally in a strip or ribbon) is defined between two members peelably secured to one another; the device comprises: a means of defining an opening station for the said container or containers; a means for peeling the members apart at the opening station to open the container; and an outlet, communicating with the opened container, through which a user can inhale the composition in powder form from the opened container.
  • Aerosol compositions are typically arranged so that each metered dose or “puff” of aerosol contains about 20 ⁇ g-2000 ⁇ g, particularly about 20 ⁇ g-500 ⁇ g of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Administration may be once daily or several times daily, for example 2, 3, 4 or 8 times, giving for example 1, 2 or 3 doses each time.
  • the overall daily dose with an aerosol will be within the range of about 100 ⁇ g-10 mg, such as between about 200 ⁇ g-2000 ⁇ g.
  • the overall daily dose and the metered dose delivered by capsules and cartridges in an inhaler or insufflator will generally be double those with aerosol compositions.
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is suitable for epicutaneous administration.
  • An epicutaneous composition to be applied to the affected area e.g. the skin, by one or more application per day may be in the form of, for example, an ointment, a cream, an emulsion, a lotion, a foam, a spray, an aqueous gel, or a microemulsion.
  • Such compositions may optionally contain one or more solubilising agents, skin-penetration-enhancing agents, surfactants, fragrances, preservatives or emulsifying agents.
  • Ointments, creams and gels may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agent and/or solvents.
  • bases may thus, for example, include water and/or an oil such as liquid paraffin or a vegetable oil such as arachis oil or castor oil, or a solvent such as polyethylene glycol.
  • Thickening agents and gelling agents which may be used according to the nature of the base include soft paraffin, aluminium stearate, cetostearyl alcohol, polyethylene glycols, woolfat, beeswax, carboxypolymethylene and cellulose derivatives, and/or glyceryl monostearate and/or non-ionic emulsifying agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilising agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents or thickening agents.
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is suitable for ocular administration.
  • Such compositions may optionally contain one or more suspending agents, one or more preservatives, one or more wetting/lubricating agents and/or one or more isotonicity adjusting agents.
  • ophthalmic wetting/lubricating agents may include cellulose derivatives, dextran 70, gelatin, liquid polyols, polyvinyl alcohol and povidone such as cellulose derivatives and polyols.
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is suitable for oral administration.
  • Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose form, and may contain conventional excipients, such as binding agents, fillers, tabletting lubricants, disintegrants and acceptable wetting agents.
  • the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspension, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be in the form of a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), preservatives, and, if desired, conventional flavourings or colorants.
  • a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is suitable for parenteral administration.
  • Fluid unit dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration may be prepared utilising a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a sterile vehicle which may be aqueous or oil based. The compound, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, may be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. In preparing solutions, the compound may be dissolved for injection and filter sterilised before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing. Optionally, adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservatives and buffering agents may be dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the composition may be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum.
  • the lyophilised parenteral composition may be reconstituted with a suitable solvent just prior to administration.
  • Parenteral suspensions may be prepared in substantially the same manner, except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved, and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration.
  • the compound may be sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspension in a sterile vehicle.
  • a surfactant or wetting agent may be included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may also be used in combination with or include one or more other therapeutic agents, for example other antihistaminic agents for example H4 or H3 receptor antagonists, anticholinergic agents, anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids (e.g. fluticasone propionate, fluticasone furoate, beclomethasone dipropionate, mometasone furoate, triamcinolone acetonide, budesonide and the steroid disclosed in WO02/12265); or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g.
  • chemokine antagonists e.g. CCR3, CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, CCR8, CXCR1, CXCR2
  • IKK antagonists e.g. IKK antagonists
  • iNOS inhibitors tryptase and elastase inhibitors
  • beta-2 integrin antagonists e.g. beta-2 integrin antagonists and adenosine 2a agonists
  • beta adrenergic agents e.g.
  • the other therapeutic agent(s) may be used in the form of salts, (e.g. as alkali metal or amine salts or as acid addition salts), or prodrugs, or as esters (e.g. lower alkyl esters), or as solvates (e.g. hydrates) to optimise the activity and/or stability and/or physical characteristics (e.g. solubility) of the therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic agents may be used in optically pure form.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with one or more (such as one or two, e.g. one) other therapeutically active agents, optionally with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients.
  • a combination comprising a compound which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl ⁇ -4-(methyloxy)butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more (such as one or two, e.g. one) other therapeutically active agents (such as those described herein), optionally with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients.
  • one or more such as one or two, e.g. one
  • other therapeutically active agents such as those described herein
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an H3 and/or H4 antagonist.
  • histamine receptor antagonists which may be used alone, or in combination with an H1 receptor antagonist include antagonists (and/or inverse agonists) of the H4 receptor, for example, the compounds disclosed in Jablonowski et al., J. Med. Chem. 46:3957-3960 (2003), and antagonists (and/or inverse agonists) of the H3 receptor, for example the compounds described in WO2004/035556, the compounds described in WO2006/125665 and the compounds described in WO2006/090142.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a ⁇ 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist.
  • ⁇ 2 -adrenoreceptor agonists include salmeterol (which may be a racemate or a single enantiomer, such as the R-enantiomer), salbutamol (which may be a racemate or a single enantiomer such as the R-enantiomer), formoterol (which may be a racemate or a single diastereomer such as the R,R-diastereomer), salmefamol, fenoterol, carmoterol, etanterol, naminterol, clenbuterol, pirbuterol, flerbuterol, reproterol, bambuterol, indacaterol, terbutaline and salts thereof, for example the xinafoate (1-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate) salt of salmeterol, the sulfate salt or free base of salbutamol or the fumarate salt of formoterol.
  • combinations for example the
  • ⁇ 2 -adrenoreceptor agonists include those described in WO 02/066422, WO 02/070490, WO 02/076933, WO 03/024439, WO 03/072539, WO 03/091204, WO 04/016578, WO 2004/022547, WO 2004/037807, WO 2004/037773, WO 2004/037768, WO 2004/039762, WO 2004/039766, WO01/42193 and WO03/042160.
  • ⁇ 2 -adrenoreceptor agonists examples include:
  • the ⁇ 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist may be in the form of a salt formed with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid selected from sulfuric, hydrochloric, fumaric, hydroxynaphthoic (for example 1- or 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic), cinnamic, substituted cinnamic, triphenylacetic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, naphthaleneacrylic, benzoic, 4-methoxybenzoic, 2- or 4-hydroxybenzoic, 4-chlorobenzoic and 4-phenylbenzoic acid.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid selected from sulfuric, hydrochloric, fumaric, hydroxynaphthoic (for example 1- or 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic), cinnamic, substituted cinnamic, triphenylacetic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, naphthaleneacrylic, benzoic, 4-meth
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • Anti-inflammatory agents include corticosteroids.
  • Suitable corticosteroids which may be used in combination with the compounds of formula (I) are those oral and inhaled corticosteroids and their pro-drugs which have anti-inflammatory activity. Examples include methyl prednisolone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, fluticasone propionate, 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-17 ⁇ -[(4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carbonyl)oxy]-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (fluticasone furoate), 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-11
  • Corticosteroids of particular interest may include fluticasone propionate, 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-17 ⁇ -[(4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carbonyl)oxy]-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-17 ⁇ -(2,2,3,3-tetramethycyclopropylcarbonyl)oxy-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-cyano methylester, 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-1,0-hydroxy-16 ⁇
  • the corticosteroid is 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (fluticasone furoate) or mometasone furoate.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a corticosteroid, such as fluticasone propionate or 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (fluticasone furoate) or mometasone furoate, in particular 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (fluticasone furoate).
  • a corticosteroid such as fluticasone propionate or 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇
  • a combination comprising a compound which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and 6 ⁇ ,9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (fluticasone furoate).
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a glucocorticoid agonist.
  • Non-steroidal compounds having glucocorticoid agonism that may possess selectivity for transrepression over transactivation and that may be useful in combination therapy include those covered in the following patent application and patents: WO03/082827, WO98/54159, WO04/005229, WO04/009017, WO04/018429, WO03/104195, WO03/082787, WO03/082280, WO03/059899, WO03/101932, WO02/02565, WO01/16128, WO00/66590, WO03/086294, WO04/026248, WO03/061651, WO03/08277, WO06/000401, WO06/000398 and WO06/015870.
  • Anti-inflammatory agents include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's).
  • NSAID's include sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (e.g. theophylline, PDE4 inhibitors or mixed PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors), leukotriene antagonists, inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis (eg. montelukast), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) inhibitors (e.g. oral iNOS inhibitors), IKK antagonists, tryptase and elastase inhibitors, beta-2 integrin antagonists and adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists (e.g. adenosine 2a agonists), cytokine antagonists (e.g.
  • PDE phosphodiesterase
  • leukotriene antagonists inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis (eg. montelukast), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) inhibitors (e.g
  • chemokine antagonists such as a CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, or CCR8 antagonists
  • iNOS inhibitors include those disclosed in WO93/13055, WO98/30537, WO02/50021, WO95/34534 and WO99/62875.
  • PDE4-specific inhibitor useful in this embodiment may be any compound that is known to inhibit the PDE4 enzyme or which is discovered to act as a PDE4 inhibitor, and which are only PDE4 inhibitors, not compounds which inhibit other members of the PDE family, such as PDE3 and PDE5, as well as PDE4.
  • Compounds which may be of interest include 6-( ⁇ 3-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl ⁇ sulfonyl)-8-methyl-4- ⁇ [3-(methyloxy)phenyl]amino ⁇ -3-quinolinecarboxamide (Example 399 of International Patent Application WO04/103998), cis-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-carboxylic acid, 2-carbomethoxy-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one and cis-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol].
  • cis-4-cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid also known as cilomilast
  • salts, esters, pro-drugs or physical forms which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,438 issued 3 Sep. 1996.
  • PDE4 inhibitors include AWD-12-281 from Elbion (Hofgen, N. et al., 15th EFMC Int. Symp. Med. Chem ., (September 6-10, Edinburgh) 1998, Abst. P. 98; CAS reference No.
  • a combination comprising a compound which is N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and 6-( ⁇ 3-[(dmethylamino)carbonyl]phenyl ⁇ sulfonyl)-8-methyl-4- ⁇ [3-(methyloxy)phenyl]amino ⁇ -3-quinolinecarboxamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an anticholinergic agent.
  • Anticholinergic agents are those compounds that act as antagonists at the muscarinic receptors, in particular those compounds which are antagonists of the M 1 or M 3 receptors, dual antagonists of the M 1 /M 3 or M 2 /M 3 , receptors or pan-antagonists of the M 1 /M 2 /M 3 receptors.
  • Exemplary compounds for administration via inhalation include ipratropium (for example, as the bromide, CAS 22254-24-6, sold under the name Atrovent), oxitropium (for example, as the bromide, CAS 30286-75-0) and tiotropium (for example, as the bromide, CAS 136310-93-5, sold under the name Spiriva).
  • revatropate for example, as the hydrobromide, CAS 262586-79-8) and LAS-34273 which is disclosed in WO01/04118.
  • Exemplary compounds for oral administration include pirenzepine (for example, CAS 28797-61-7), darifenacin (for example, CAS 133099-04-4, or CAS 133099-07-7 for the hydrobromide sold under the name Enablex), oxybutynin (for example, CAS 5633-20-5, sold under the name Ditropan), terodiline (for example, CAS 15793-40-5), tolterodine (for example, CAS 124937-51-5, or CAS 124937-52-6 for the tartrate, sold under the name Detrol), otilonium (for example, as the bromide, CAS 26095-59-0, sold under the name.
  • pirenzepine for example, CAS 28797-61-7
  • darifenacin for example, CAS 13
  • trospium chloride for example, CAS 10405-02-4
  • solifenacin for example, CAS 242478-37-1, or CAS 242478-38-2, or the succinate also known as YM-905 and sold under the name Vesicare.
  • compositions comprising a combination as defined above optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.
  • the individual compounds of such combinations may be administered either sequentially in separate pharmaceutical compositions as well as simultaneously in combined pharmaceutical compositions. Additional therapeutically active ingredients may be suspended in the composition together with a compound of formula (I). Appropriate doses of known therapeutic agents will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
  • DIPEA N,N-Diisopropylethylamine
  • Pd/C Palladium on activated carbon
  • PyBOP Benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophospate
  • RT Retention time s.g Specific gravity
  • TBTU 0-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,NAetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate
  • TFA Trifluoroacetic acid
  • Flash silica gel refers to Merck Art No. 9385; silica gel refers to Merck Art No. 7734.
  • SCX cartridges are Ion Exchange SPE columns where the stationary phase is polymeric benzene sulfonic acid. These are used to isolate amines.
  • SCX2 cartridges are Ion Exchange SPE columns where the stationary phase is polymeric propylsulfonic acid. These are used to isolate amines.
  • LCMS was conducted on a Supelcosil LCABZ+PLUS column (3.3 cm ⁇ 4.6 mm ID) eluting with 0.1% formic acid and 0.01 M ammonium acetate in water (solvent A) and 0.05% formic acid 5% water in MeCN (solvent B), using the following elution gradient 0.0-7 min 0% B, 0.7-4.2 min 100% B, 4.2-5.3 min 0% B, 5.3-5.5 min 0% B at a flow rate of 3 mlmin ⁇ 1 .
  • the mass spectra were recorded on a Fisons VG Platform spectrometer using electrospray positive and negative mode (ES+ve and ES-ve).
  • the Flashmaster II is an automated multi-user flash chromatography system, available from Argonaut Technologies Ltd, which utilises disposable, normal phase, SPE cartridges (2 g to 100 g). It provides quaternary on-line solvent mixing to enable gradient methods to be run. Samples are queued using the multi-functional open access software, which manages solvents, flow-rates, gradient profile and collection conditions.
  • the system is equipped with a Knauer variable wavelength UV-detector and two Gilson FC204 fraction-collectors enabling automated peak cutting, collection and tracking.
  • Mass directed autopreparative (MDAP) HPLC was conducted on a Waters FractionLynx system comprising of a Waters 600 pump with extended pump heads, Waters 2700 autosampler, Waters 996 diode array and Gilson 202 fraction collector on a 10 cm ⁇ 2.54 cm internal diameter ABZ+column, eluting with 0.1% formic acid in water (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in MeCN (solvent B), using an appropriate elution gradient over 15 min at a flow rate of 20 mlmin ⁇ 1 and detecting at 200-320 nm at room temperature.
  • Mass spectra were recorded on Micromass ZMD mass spectrometer using electro spray positive and negative mode, alternate scans.
  • the software used was MassLynx 3.5 with OpenLynx and FractionLynx options.
  • Reactions are routinely monitored by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as TLC, LCMS and/or HPLC. Such methods are used to assess whether a reaction has gone to completion, and reaction times may be varied accordingly.
  • XRPD analysis is performed on a PANalytical X′Pert Pro X-ray powder diffractometer, model X′ Pert Pro PW3040/60, serial number DY1850 using an X′Celerator detector.
  • the acquisition conditions are: radiation: Cu K, generator tension: 40 kV, generator current: 45 mA, start angle: 2.000° 20, end angle: 39.997° 2 ⁇ , step size: 0.0167° 20, time per step: 31.75 seconds.
  • the sample is prepared using flush Silicon wafer. The margin of error is approximately ⁇ 1° 2 ⁇ for each of the peak assignments.
  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry is performed on a TA instruments Q1000 Differential Scanning Calorimeter equipped with a refrigerated cooling system by weighing compound into an aluminium pan and crimping a pan lid onto the top of the pan. Slight variations in the observed peaks may be expected based on the specific instrument and pan configuration employed, the analyst's sample preparation technique, and the sample size. Some margin of error is present in the peak assignment reported above. The margin of error is approximately ⁇ 5° C. for the peak maximum and ⁇ 10 J/g for the heat of fusion.
  • Step 1 (0.571 g, 2.11 mmol) and N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-D-prolinol (commercially available, for example, from Fluke), (0.650 g, 3.23 mmol) in dry THF (10 ml) at ⁇ 15° C.
  • the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred at 20° C. for 23 h.
  • MeOH (20 ml) was then added and the solvents were removed in vacuo.
  • the resultant residue was purified by Flashmaster II chromatography (70 g silica cartridge) eluted with 0-50% EtOAc-cyclohexane gradient over 40 min. The solvents were removed in vacuo to afford the title compound (1.05 g).
  • LCMS RT 3.71 min.
  • 1,1′-(Azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (commercially available, for example, from Fluka) (2.52 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (50 ml) with stirring.
  • 1,1,1-Trifluoroethanol (commercially available, for example, from Aldrich) (2.50 g, 25 mmol) and 1,1-dimethylethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (commercially available, for example, from Aldrich) (773 ⁇ l, 5 mmol) were added, and the stirring was continued at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • Tributyl phosphine (commercially available, for example, from Fluka) (2.5 ml, 10.0 mmol) was added dropwise, causing, precipitation of solid material. Further toluene (20 ml) was added, but precipitate remained. The resulting slurry was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen overnight. The reaction mixture was treated with MeOH (10 ml), causing dissolution of the remaining solid. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give a white solid (approximately 6.4 g).
  • Methyl 4-(methyloxy)butanoate (commercially available, for example, from Aldrich) (8.2 ml, 60 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (60 ml) and treated with 2 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (60 ml), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove the MeOH. The aqueous mixture was partitioned between DCM (100 ml) and water (40 ml). The layers were separated and the aqueous washed with further DCM (100 ml). The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 1-2 using 5 M HCl (24 ml), and extracted with DCM (2 ⁇ 100 ml).
  • reaction mixture was stirred at ⁇ 5° C. for 10 min and then warmed to room temperature. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was poured into a saturated solution of ammonium chloride (100 ml). This was extracted using EtOAc (3 ⁇ 100 ml). The combined organics were washed with water (2 ⁇ 100 ml) and brine (2 ⁇ 100 ml). The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in DCM (5 ml and applied to a silica cartridge (100 g). This was eluted using a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in cyclohexane over 60 min.
  • Example 8 is the same compound as Example 1
  • Example 2 The following Examples were prepared by a generally similar method to that described herein in Example 1 using 4-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)butanoic acid, formate salt (1:1) (for example, as prepared for Intermediate 10) and the appropriate amine.
  • Example 25 was prepared from formic acid-4-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)-N-[2-(methyloxy)ethyl]butanamide (1:1) (for example, as prepared for Example 24) using SCX-2 cartridge and eluting with 0.880 ammonia in MeOH and then adding excess HCl and drying.
  • Examples 28 to 30 were prepared by a generally similar method to that described herein in Example 1 using ((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)acetic acid trifluoroacetate (for example, as prepared for Intermediate 12) and the appropriate amine.
  • the mixture was then evaporated, to a small volume and the residue applied to silica cartridge (120 g). This was eluted using a gradient 0-10% DCM/MeOH in DCM.
  • the product containing fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness. This contained an impurity, therefore, the material was taken up into DCM (300 ml) and washed with 1N NaOH (2 ⁇ 50 ml), water (2 ⁇ 100 ml) and the organic layer separated passed through phase separator.
  • the filtrate was evaporated to dryness and purified on silica cartridge (100 g) eluting with 7% MeOH in DCM isocratically.
  • the product containing fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness.
  • the DSC thermogram plots the differential rate of heating in watts per second against temperature.
  • a DSC thermogram of N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide (as prepared in Preparation (b)) is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • a melting endotherm was observed at an onset temperature of 126° C.
  • the cartridge was washed with MeOH and then eluted with 10% 0.880 ammonia in MeOH.
  • the appropriate basic fractions were combined and the solvent removed in vacuo.
  • the residue was purified by MDAP HPLC and the appropriate fractions combined.
  • the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was re-dissolved in DCM and treated with excess formic acid to ensure isolation of the formate salt of the product.
  • the solvent and excess formic acid were removed using a stream of nitrogen to give the title compound (27 mg, 56%).
  • the reaction mixture was applied to a SCX cartridge (70 g, pre-washed with MeOH). The cartridge was washed with MeOH and then eluted with 10% 0.880 ammonia in MeOH. The appropriate basic fractions were combined and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by MDAP and the appropriate fractions combined. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue re-dissolved in DCM and treated with excess trifluoroacetic acid to convert the product to the trifluoroacetate salt. The solvent and excess acid were removed using a stream of nitrogen to give the title compound (97 mg, 74%).
  • the DSC thermogram plots the differential rate of heating in watts per second against temperature.
  • a DSC thermogram of N-[2-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]-4-(methyloxy)butanamide tartrate salt (as prepared in Example 34d) is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • a melting endotherm was observed at an onset temperature of 137° C.
  • the acid chlorides used were:
  • the acid chlorides used were:
  • Example 5 The following Examples were prepared by a generally similar method to that described herein in Example 50 using 2- ⁇ [(2R)-1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl ⁇ -4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1(2H)-phthalazinone (for example, as prepared for Intermediate 19) and the appropriate carboxylic acid.
  • Oxalyl chloride (commercially available, for example, from Aldrich)(0.022 ml, 0.25 mmol) was added to a solution of dry DMF (0.030 ml, 0.38 mmol) in dry DCM (0.5 ml). After 5 min a solution of 3-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)propanoic acid as the triethylamine salt (for example, as prepared for Intermediate 4) (103 mg, 0.242 mmol) in dry DCM (1 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for a further 5 min.
  • N-Hydroxybutanimidamide (commercially available, for example, from Alfa Aesar, Apollo, Maybridge, Fulcrum Scientific and/or Tyger Scientific) (14 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added as a solution in DMF (0.5 ml) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was transferred to a microwave vial, adding further DMF (0.5 ml), and the sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 5 min in a Smith CreatorTM microwave oven. Further triethylamine (66 ⁇ l, 0.47 mmol) was added and the re-sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 5 min in a Smith CreatorTM microwave oven, then left to stand at room temperature overnight.
  • N-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanimidamide (commercially available, for example, from Alfa Aesar) (10 mg, 0.10 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and left to stand at room temperature overnight.
  • the mixture was transferred to a microwave vial, adding further DMF (0.5 ml) and pyridine (8 ⁇ l, 0.10 mmol), and the sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 2 min in a Smith CreatorTM microwave oven. Further pyridine (100 ⁇ l, excess), was added and the re-sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 5 min, then 5 min further, then to 90° C. for 5 min in a Smith CreatorTM microwave oven, then left to stand at room temperature.
  • Triethylamine (66 ⁇ l, 0.47 mmol) was added and the re-sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 5 min in a Smith CreatorTM microwave oven, then left to stand at room temperature overnight. Further triethylamine (35 ⁇ l, 0.25 mmol) was added and the re-sealed vial was heated to 85° C. for 1 h. Further triethylamine (35 ⁇ l, 0.25 mmol) was added and the re-sealed vial was heated to 85° C. for 2 h. Further triethylamine (35 ⁇ l, 0.25 mmol) was added and the re-sealed vial was heated to 85° C.
  • N-Hydroxybutanimidamide (commercially available, for example, from Alfa Aesar, Apollo, Maybridge Fulcrum Scientific and/or Tyger Scientific) (10 mg, 0.10 mmol) was added as a solution in DMF (0.5 ml) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was transferred to a microwave vial, adding further DMF (0.5 ml) and triethylamine (42 ⁇ l, 0.30 mmol), and the sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 15 min in a Smith CreatorTM microwave oven. Further triethylamine (42 ⁇ l, 0.30 mmol), was added and the re-sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 30 min.
  • This process of adding further triethylamine and heating at 80° C. or 85° C. in a Smith CreatorTM microwave oven was repeated several times (30 min, 45 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1 h, 2 h, 1 hr, 1 h, totalling 8 h heating), with the reaction being left to stand at room temperature in between, and the progress being judged by LCMS analysis.
  • the reaction mixture was applied to an SCX-2 cartridge (20 g, pre-washed with MeOH). The cartridge was washed with MeOH and then eluted with 10% aqueous 0.880 ammonia in MeOH. The appropriate basic fractions were combined and the solvent removed in vacuo.
  • Example 64 The following Examples were prepared by a generally similar method to that described herein in Example 64 using 3-((2R)-2- ⁇ [4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-oxopyrido[3,4-c]pyridazin-2(1H)-yl]methyl ⁇ -1-pyrrolidinyl)propanoic acid, partial triethylamine salt (for example, as prepared for Intermediate 30) and the appropriate amine:
  • the reaction mixture was shaken and stood at room temperature for 2 h.
  • the mixture was transferred to a microwave vial, adding pyridine (0.1 ml), and the sealed vial was heated to 130° C. for 2 min in a CEMTM microwave oven. This was reheated for a further 2′ min at 120° C. in a CEMTM microwave oven.
  • the reaction mixture was purified by MDAP HPLC and the appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated. The residue was re-dissolved in chloroform and applied to an aminopropyl SPE cartridge (0.5 g), pre-conditioned with chloroform (2 ml). The product was eluted with chloroform and ethyl acetate-MeOH (10%), and the product was isolated after concentrating under a stream of nitrogen.
  • N-Hydroxypropanimidamide (commercially available, for example, from Alfar Aesar, Tyger Scientific and/or Fulcrum Scientific) (35 ⁇ l, 0.037 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was shaken and stood at room temperature for 2 h.
  • the mixture was transferred to a microwave vial, adding pyridine (0.1 ml), and the sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 1 min (100 W) in a CEMTM microwave oven. Reheated thermally at 60° C., and repeated heating at 80° C. for a further 2 min at 80° C. (50 W) in a CEMTM microwave oven. This reheating was repeated for a further 5 min at 80° C.
  • N-hydroxy-2-(methyloxy)ethanimidamide (commercially available, for example, from Tyger Scientific and/or Fulcrum Scientific) (40 ⁇ l, 0.037 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was shaken and stood at room temperature for 2 h.
  • the mixture was transferred to a microwave vial, adding pyridine (0.1 ml), and the sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 1 min (100 W) in a CEMTM microwave oven. Reheated thermally at 60° C., and repeated heating at 80° C. for a further 2 min at 80° C. (50 W) in a CEMTM microwave oven. This reheating was repeated for a further 5 min at 80° C.
  • N-hydroxybutanimidamide (commercially available, for example, from Alfa Aesar, Apollo, Maybridge, Tyger Scientific and/or Fulcrum Scientific) (3.82 mg, 0.037 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was shaken and stood at room temperature for 2 h.
  • the mixture was transferred to a microwave vial, adding pyridine (0.1 ml), and the sealed vial was heated to 80° C. for 2 min (50 W) in a CEMTM microwave oven. Repeated heating at 80° C. for a total of 10 min at 80° C. (50 W) in a CEMTM microwave oven.
  • the reaction mixture was purified by MDAP and the appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the compounds of the invention may be tested for in vitro and/or in vivo biological activity in accordance with the following or similar assays.
  • the histamine H1 cell line is seeded into non-coated black-walled clear bottom 384-well tissue culture plates in alpha minimum essential medium (Gibco/Invitrogen, cat no. 22561-021), supplemented with 10% dialysed foetal calf serum (Gibco/Invitrogen cat no. 12480-021) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco/Invitrogen cat no 25030-024) and is maintained overnight at 5% CO 2 , 37° C.
  • alpha minimum essential medium Gibco/Invitrogen, cat no. 22561-021
  • dialysed foetal calf serum Gibco/Invitrogen cat no. 12480-021
  • 2 mM L-glutamine Gibco/Invitrogen cat no 25030-024
  • Functional antagonism is indicated by a suppression of histamine induced increase in fluorescence, as measured by the FLIPRTM system (Molecular Devices). By means of concentration effect curves, functional affinities are determined using standard pharmacological mathematical analysis.
  • histamine H1 receptor expressing CHO cells are seeded into non-coated black-walled clear bottom 96-well tissue culture plates as described above.
  • growth medium is removed from each well, washed with 200 ⁇ l PBS and is replaced with 50 ⁇ l loading dye (250 ⁇ M Brilliant Black, 1 ⁇ M Fluo-4 diluted in Tyrodes buffer+probenecid (145 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM D-glucose, 1.2 mM MgCl 2 , 1.5 mM CaCl 2 , 2.5 mM probenecid, pH adjusted to 7.40 with NaOH 1.0 M)). Cells are incubated for 45 min at 37° C. The loading buffer is removed and the cells are washed as above, and 90 ⁇ l of Tyrodes buffer+probenecid is added to each well.
  • 50 ⁇ l loading dye 250 ⁇ M Brilliant Black, 1 ⁇ M Fluo-4 diluted in Tyrodes buffer+probenecid (145 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM D-glucose, 1.2
  • the resultant concentration response curves are analysed by non-linear regression using a standard four parameter logistic equation to determine the histamine EC 50 , the concentration of histamine required to produce a response of 50% of the maximum response to histamine.
  • cells are cultured overnight in non-coated black-walled clear bottom 96-well tissue culture plates, are washed with PBS and are incubated with a concentration of antagonist chosen to give an approximate DR in the range 30-300. Following the 30 min antagonist incubation period, the cells are washed two or three times with 200 ⁇ l of PBS and then 100 ⁇ l Tyrodes buffer is added to each well to initiate antagonist dissociation. Following incubation for predetermined times, typically 30-270 min at 37° C., the cells are then washed again with 200 ⁇ l PBS and are incubated with 100 Tyrodes buffer containing Brilliant Black, probenecid and Fluo-4 for 45 min at 37° C., as described above.
  • fractional receptor occupancy (DR-1)/DR.
  • the decrease in receptor occupancy over time approximates to a straight line and is analysed by linear regression. The slope of this straight line fit is used as an index of the dissociation rate of the antagonist.
  • the dose ratios for antagonist treated cells and for antagonist treated and washed cells at each time point are used to calculate a relative dose ratio (rel DR) which is also used as an index of antagonist duration. Antagonists with long duration of action produce rel DR values close to 1, and antagonists with short duration of action produce rel DR values that approaches the dose ratio value obtained for antagonist treatment alone.
  • the histamine H3 cDNA is isolated from its holding vector, pcDNA3.1 TOPO (InVitrogen), by restriction digestion of plasmid DNA with the enzymes BamH1 and Not-1 and is ligated into the inducible expression vector pGene (InVitrogen) digested with the same enzymes.
  • the GeneSwitchTM system (a system where in transgene expression is switched off in the absence of an inducer and switched on in the presence of an inducer) is performed as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,364,791; 5,874,534; and 5,935,934. Ligated DNA is transformed into competent DH5 ⁇ E.
  • coli host bacterial cells and is plated onto Luria Broth (LB) agar containing ZeocinTM (an antibiotic which allows the selection of cells expressing the sh ble gene which is present on pGene and pSwitch) at 50 ⁇ gml ⁇ 1 .
  • Colonies containing the re-ligated plasmid are identified by restriction analysis.
  • DNA for transfection into mammalian cells is prepared from 250 ml cultures of the host bacterium containing the pGeneH3 plasmid and is isolated using a DNA preparation kit (Qiagen Midi-Prep) as per manufacturers guidelines (Qiagen).
  • CHO K1 cells previously transfected with the pSwitch regulatory plasmid (InVitrogen) are seeded at 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells per T75 flask in Complete Medium, containing Hams F12 (GIBCOBRL, Life Technologies) medium supplemented with 10% v/v dialysed foetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, and hygromycin (100 ⁇ gml ⁇ 1 ), 24 h prior to use. Plasmid DNA is transfected into the cells using Lipofectamine plus according to the manufacturer's guidelines (InVitrogen). 48 h post transfection, cells are placed into complete medium supplemented with 500 ⁇ gml ⁇ 1 ZeocinTM.
  • Approximately 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells are examined for receptor expression by staining with a rabbit polyclonal antibody, 4a, raised against the N-terminal domain of the histamine H3 receptor, are incubated on ice for 60 min, followed by two washes in sorting medium. Receptor bound antibody is detected by incubation of the cells for 60 min on ice with a goat anti rabbit antibody, conjugated with Alexa 488 fluorescence marker (Molecular Probes). Following two further washes with Sorting Medium, cells are filtered through a 50 ⁇ M FilconTM (BD Biosciences) and then are analysed on a FACS Vantage SE Flow Cytometer fitted with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit. Control cells are non-induced cells treated in an analogous manner.
  • a rabbit polyclonal antibody, 4a raised against the N-terminal domain of the histamine H3 receptor
  • Positively stained cells are sorted as single cells into 96-well plates, containing Complete Medium containing 500 ⁇ gml ⁇ 1 ZeocinTM and are allowed to expand before reanalysis for receptor expression via antibody and ligand binding studies.
  • One clone, 3H3, is selected for membrane preparation.
  • the cell pellet is resuspended in 10 volumes of homogenisation buffer (50 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 1 mM ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), pH 7.4 with KOH, supplemented with 10 ⁇ 6 M leupeptin (acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-arginal; Sigma L2884), 25 ⁇ gml ⁇ 1 bacitracin (Sigma B0125), 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M pepstain A (Sigma)).
  • HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid
  • EDTA mM ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
  • KOH pH 7.4 with KOH
  • 10 ⁇ 6 M leupeptin acet
  • the cells are then homogenised by 2 ⁇ 15 second bursts in a 1 litre glass Waring blender, followed by centrifugation at 500 g for 20 min. The supernatant is then spun at 48,000 g for 30 min. The pellet is resuspended in homogenisation buffer (4 ⁇ the volume of the original cell pellet) by vortexing for 5 sec, followed by homogenisation in a Dounce homogeniser (10-15 strokes). At this point the preparation is aliquoted into polypropylene tubes and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
  • the plate is centrifuged for 5 min at 1500 rpm and counted on a Viewlux counter using a 613/55 filter for 5 minplate ⁇ 1 .
  • Data is analysed using a 4-parameter logistic equation. Basal activity is used as minimum, i.e. histamine not added to well.
  • Female Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs 150-250 g are sensitised twice daily for 5 days (week 1) with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 or Alum) in physiological saline, 25 ⁇ l/nostril. Solution is made up at 20 ⁇ g/ml OVA, 180 mg/ml Alum. During weeks 2 and 3 animals receive 25 ⁇ l/nostril of OVA (5 mg/ml) once daily. During Week 4 guinea pigs will be entered into study but are continually sensitized as per weeks 2 and 3 until the day before dosing with compound or vehicle.
  • OVA ovalbumin
  • Al(OH) 3 or Alum aluminium hydroxide
  • test compound Pretreatment with test compound is performed at various times prior to histamine challenge. Efficacy dose-response curves are determined 1 hr and/or 3 hr after dosing whereas duration of action may be studied up to 7 days post dose. Test compounds are formulated as solutions in 0.9% sterile saline or suspensions in 0.9% sterile saline/tween80.
  • Guinea pigs were anaesthetised with isoflurane (5%, 2-31/min O 2 ), placed in a supine position, and 25 ⁇ l of test compound or vehicle dosed into each nostril using a Gilson pipette. After dosing, animals remain supine for at least 30 seconds during recovery from anaesthesia.
  • guinea pigs are dosed with atropine sulphate (Sigma A0257, dissolved in saline), 1 mg/kg i.p. Animals are then placed into whole body plethysmograph systems (Buxco® Electronics) where the parameter PenH area under curve (AUC) is recorded as outlined in HAMELMANN, E., SCHWARZE, J., TAKEDA, K., OSHIBA, A., LARSEN, L., IRVIN, C. G. & GELFAND, E. W. (1997) Noninvasive measurement of airway responsiveness in allergic mice using barometric plethysmography. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156, 766-775.
  • AUC parameter PenH area under curve
  • guinea pigs are re-anaesthetised with isoflurane and dosed with either 10 mM or 15 mM histamine or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), (25 ⁇ l per nostril).
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • On recovery from anaesthesia animals are returned to the individual plethysmograph chambers and 4 ⁇ 10 min consecutive PenH AUC recordings are made. These recordings are summed to give a cumulative AUC over 40 mins post histamine challenge for each animal. Data are analysed using ANOVA with post-hoc Fishers LSD test (general linear models, Statistica®) and finally Hochberg adjustment. Inhibition of histamine-induced congestion is determined by statistically significant differences between the mean responses of compound pre-treated groups compared to the vehicle pre-treated, histamine-challenged group.
  • Compounds are dosed intravenously at a nominal dose level of 1 mgkg ⁇ 1 to male CD Sprague Dawley rats. Compounds are formulated in 5% DMSO/45% PEG200/50% water. Blood samples are taken under terminal anaesthesia with isoflurane at 5 min post-dose and the brains are also removed for assessment of brain penetration. Blood samples are taken directly into heparinised tubes. Blood samples are prepared for analysis using protein precipitation and brain samples are prepared using extraction of drug from brain by homogenisation and subsequent protein precipitation. The concentration of parent drug in blood and brain extracts is determined by quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis using compound-specific mass transitions.
  • a loading dose of the compounds is given to male CD Sprague Dawley rats at a nominal dose level of 0.4 mgkg ⁇ 1 .
  • the compounds are then infused intravenously for 4 h at a nominal dose level of 0.1 mgkg ⁇ 1 h ⁇ 1 .
  • Compounds are formulated in 2% DMSO/30% PEG200/68% water.
  • Serial or terminal blood samples are taken at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 h post dose. The final blood sample is collected under terminal anaesthesia with isoflurane and the brains are also removed for assessment of brain penetration.
  • Blood samples are taken directly into heparinised tubes. Blood samples are prepared for analysis using protein precipitation and brain samples are prepared using extraction of drug from brain by homogenisation and subsequent protein precipitation. The concentration of parent drug in blood and brain extracts is determined by quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis using compound-specific mass transitions.
  • Compounds are dosed to male CD Sprague Dawley rats by single intravenous or oral administration at a nominal dose level of 1 mgkg ⁇ 1 and 3 mgkg ⁇ 1 respectively.
  • Compounds are formulated in 5% DMSO/45% PEG200/50% water.
  • An intravenous profile is obtained by taking serial or terminal blood samples at 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 7 h post dose (for some studies 12 and 24 h samples may be taken).
  • An oral profile is obtained by taking serial or terminal blood samples at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 12 Fi post dose (for some studies 24 and 30 h samples may be taken). Blood samples are taken directly into heparinised tubes.
  • Blood samples are prepared by protein precipitation and subjected to quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS using compound-specific mass transitions.
  • Drug concentration-time profiles are generated and non-compartmental PK analysis used to generate estimates of half-life, clearance, volume of distribution and oral bioavailability.
  • Compounds are dosed to male Beagle dogs by single intravenous or oral administration at a nominal dose level of 1 mgkg ⁇ 1 and 2 mgkg ⁇ 1 respectively. The study is carried out according to a crossover design such that the same dog is used for both dosing events and the dosing events occurred 1 week apart. Compounds are formulated in 5% DMSO/45% Peg200/50% water.
  • An intravenous profile is obtained by taking serial blood samples at 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h post dose (for some studies 24 h samples may be taken).
  • An oral profile is obtained by taking serial blood samples at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h post dose. Blood samples are taken directly into heparinised tubes.
  • Blood samples are prepared by protein precipitation and subjected to quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS using compound-specific mass transitions.
  • Drug concentration-time profiles are generated and non-compartmental PK analysis used to generate estimates of half-life, clearance, volume of distribution and oral bioavailability.
  • Compound of Examples 1-34c, 35, 36a, 36b, 37-46, 49-80 and 82-84 had an average pKi (pKb) at H1 of greater than approximately 6.5.
  • Compound of Examples 1-29, 31-35, 36a, 36b, 37-46, 49-80 and 82-84 had an average pKi (pKb) at H1 of greater than approximately 7.5.
  • Compound of Examples 1-34c, 35, 36a, 36b, 37-46, 49-80 and 82-84 had average pA2 values of greater than approximately 8.

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WO2008074803A2 (en) 2008-06-26
WO2008074803A8 (en) 2009-05-14
EP2091538B1 (en) 2010-03-03
AR064424A1 (es) 2009-04-01
ES2341813T3 (es) 2010-06-28
JP2010513393A (ja) 2010-04-30
WO2008074803A3 (en) 2008-09-18
TW200831493A (en) 2008-08-01
ATE459358T1 (de) 2010-03-15
EP2091538A2 (en) 2009-08-26
DE602007005167D1 (de) 2010-04-15

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