US20090306054A1 - Integrase inhibitors - Google Patents

Integrase inhibitors Download PDF

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US20090306054A1
US20090306054A1 US12/299,885 US29988507A US2009306054A1 US 20090306054 A1 US20090306054 A1 US 20090306054A1 US 29988507 A US29988507 A US 29988507A US 2009306054 A1 US2009306054 A1 US 2009306054A1
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Inventor
Zhenhong R. Cai
Salman Y. Jabri
Haolun Jin
Rachel A. Lansdown
Samuel E. Metobo
Michael R. Mish
Richard M. Pastor
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Gilead Sciences Inc
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Gilead Sciences Inc
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Priority to US12/299,885 priority Critical patent/US20090306054A1/en
Assigned to GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. reassignment GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE REMOVE SERIAL NUMBER 12/298,987 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 022241 FRAME 0892. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: JIN, HAOLUN, JABRI, SALMAN Y., CAI, ZHENHONG R., LANSDOWN, RACHEL A., METOBO, SAMUEL E., MISH, MICHAEL R., PASTOR, RICHARD M.
Publication of US20090306054A1 publication Critical patent/US20090306054A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to compounds having antiviral activity, and more specifically, compounds having HIV-integrase inhibitory properties.
  • HIV infection and related diseases are a major public health problem worldwide.
  • a virally encoded integrase protein mediates specific incorporation and integration of viral DNA into the host genome. Integration is necessary for viral replication. Accordingly, inhibition of HIV integrase is an important therapeutic pursuit for treatment of HIV infection of the related diseases.
  • HIV-1 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes three enzymes which are required for viral replication: reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase.
  • drugs targeting reverse transcriptase and protease are in wide use and have shown effectiveness, particularly when employed in combination, toxicity and development of resistant strains have limited their usefulness (Palella, et al N. Engl. J. Med . (1998) 338:853-860; Richman, D. D. Nature (2001) 410:995-1001).
  • Integrase has emerged as an attractive target, because it is necessary for stable infection and homologous enzymes are lacking in the human host (LaFemina, et al J. Virol . (1992) 66:7414-7419).
  • the function of integrase is to catalyze integration of proviral DNA, resulting from the reverse transcription of viral RNA, into the host genome, by a stepwise fashion of endonucleolytic processing of proviral DNA within a cytoplasmic preintegration complex (termed 3′-processing or “3′-P”) with specific DNA sequences at the end of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) regions, followed by translocation of the complex into the nuclear compartment where integration of 3′-processed proviral DNA into host DNA occurs in a “strand transfer” (ST) reaction (Hazuda, et al Science (2000) 287:646-650; Katzman, et al Adv.
  • ST strand transfer
  • agents potently inhibit 3′-P and ST in extracellular assays that employ recombinant integrase and viral long-terminal-repeat oligonucleotide sequences often such inhibitors lack inhibitory potency when assayed using fully assembled preintegration complexes or fail to show antiviral effects against HIV-infected cells (Pommier, et al Adv. Virus Res . (1999) 52:427-458; Frarnet, et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . (1996) 93:9742-9747; Pommier, et al Antiviral Res . (2000) 47:139-148.
  • HIV integrase inhibitory compounds with improved antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties are desirable, including enhanced activity against development of HIV resistance, improved oral bioavailability, greater potency and extended effective half-life in vivo (Nair, V. “HIV integrase as a target for antiviral chemotherapy” Reviews in Medical Virology (2002) 12(3):179-193).
  • Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies and docking simulations (Buolamwini, et al Jour. Med. Chem . (2002) 45:841-852) of conformationally-restrained cinnamoyl-type integrase inhibitors (Artico, et al Jour. Med. Chem . (1998) 41:3948-3960) have correlated hydrogen-bonding interactions to the inhibitory activity differences among the compounds.
  • HIV integrase inhibitors which seek to block integration in extracellular assays and exhibit antiviral effects against HIV-infected cells (Anthony, et al WO 02/30426; Anthony, et al WO 02/30930; Anthony, et al WO 02/30931; WO 02/055079; Zhuang, et al WO 02/36734; U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,743; U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,806; U.S. Pat. No.
  • One aspect the invention provides a compound of formula (I):
  • a 2 and A 3 are each independently N or CR a ;
  • each R a is independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R b is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R c is H, R k , -M-R m , or -Q-R n ;
  • R d is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R e is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R f is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • M is branched C 2 -C 4 alkylene
  • Q is C 1 -C 4 alkylene
  • each R j is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R k is —SO 2 R r , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halo, hydroxy, carboxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, C( ⁇ O)NR aa R ab , —N(R aa )SO 2 R ab , —SO 2 R ab , C 1 -C 6 alkanoyl, C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, pyrrolidino, 2-oxopyrrolidino, or piperazino;
  • R m is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R n is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; or R n is a phenyl ring substituted with at least one group selected from hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, R f SO 2 NH—, or R f C( ⁇ O)NH—, and optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; or R n is a C 3 -C 6 carbocycle;
  • each R aa and R ab is independently H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • the invention provides a compound of the invention which is a compound of formula (II):
  • a 2 and A 3 are each independently N or CR a ;
  • each R a is independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R c is H, R k , or -Q-R n ;
  • R d is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R c is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • Q is C 1 -C 4 alkylene
  • Z is O or two hydrogens
  • each R j is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R k is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halo, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, or piperazino;
  • R n is a C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, a phenyl ring, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring, which phenyl ring or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R p is OH, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkanoyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, —C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , —C( ⁇ NR ak )R am , NH 2 , —N(R a )—C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , 4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyloxazole, or —N(R s )—S(O) 2 —R t , wherein each C 1 -C 4 alkyl of R p is substituted with —C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , —N(R ag )—C( ⁇ O)—R ah , or —N(R ag )—S(O) 2 —R ah ; and wherein each C 1 -C 4
  • R s is —S(O) 2 —R w , and R t is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R v ; or R s is C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with R u , and R t is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R v ; or R s is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R u , and R t is R z , NR x R x , or C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with R v ;
  • each R v is fluoro, chloro, phenyl, pyridyl, 1,4 diazepanyl, or piperazino, wherein each phenyl, pyridyl, 1,4-diazepanyl, and piperazino is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • each R u is independently dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, or a ring selected from C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, pyrrolidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, and piperazino, which ring is optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 4 alkyl; and
  • each R y is independently cyano, phenyl or pyridyl, wherein each phenyl or pyridyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • R z is phenyl which is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • each R a , and Ran is independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • the invention provides a compound of the invention which is a compound of formula (III):
  • R e is H, R k , or -L-Ar
  • R d is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R e is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R k is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halo, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperdino, or piperazino;
  • X is —C( ⁇ O)— or —S(O) 2 —;
  • Y is —CH 2 —, or —CH 2 —CH 2 —;
  • Ar is a C 3 -C 12 carbocycle, a substituted C 3 -C 12 carbocycle, C 6 -C 20 aryl, substituted C 6 -C 20 aryl, C 6 -C 20 heteroaryl, substituted C 6 -C 20 heteroaryl;
  • each R j is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • the invention provides a compound of the invention which is a compound of formula (II):
  • a 2 and A 3 are each independently N or CR a ;
  • each R a is independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R e is H, R k , or -Q-R n ;
  • R d is C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is substituted with Rj;
  • Q is C 1 -C 4 alkylene
  • R n is a C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, a phenyl ring, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring, which phenyl ring or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —C( ⁇ O)NR ac R ad , or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R p is —N(R ae )—S(O) 2 —R af ;
  • R w is C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R z is phenyl which is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • each R ae and R af is independently H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • the invention provides a compound of the invention which is a compound of formula (II):
  • a 2 and A 3 are each independently N or CR a ;
  • each R a is independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R c is H, R k , or -Q-R n ;
  • R d is C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is substituted with Rj;
  • R e is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • Q is C 1 -C 4 alkylene
  • each R j is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R k is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halo, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, or piperazino;
  • R n is a C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, a phenyl ring, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring, which phenyl ring or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, —C( ⁇ O)NR ac R ad , or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R p is H, NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , C 1 -C 4 alkyl, pyridyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole, or phenyl that is optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, CN, hydroxy, or trifluoromethyl, wherein any C 1 -C 4 alkyl of R p is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, cyano, —C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , or —NR ar R as ;
  • R w is C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R x is independently H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl-R y ; or NR x R x , taken together form a piperidino, morpholino, azetidino, pyrrolidino, or piperazino ring, which ring is optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 4 alkyl or halo;
  • each R y is independently cyano, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, phenyl or pyridyl, wherein each phenyl or pyridyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • R z is phenyl which is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • each R ac and R ad is independently H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • the invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier.
  • the invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a booster agent and/or a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the following agents: another compound of the invention, an AIDS treatment agent, such as an HIV inhibitor agent, an anti-infective agent or an immunomodulator agent.
  • the HIV inhibitor agent may include an HIV-protease inhibitor, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or a mixture thereof.
  • the invention also includes methods of treating (for example, preventing, mediating, inhibiting, etc.) the proliferation of HIV virus, treating AIDS, delaying the onset of AIDS or ARC symptoms and generally inhibiting HIV integrase.
  • the methods comprise administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention (e.g. an amount effective to inhibit the growth of HIV infected cells of the mammal).
  • the activity of HIV integrase is inhibited by a method comprising the step of treating a mammal or sample suspected of containing HIV virus with a compound or composition of the invention.
  • the invention also includes processes and novel intermediates which are useful for preparing compounds of the invention. Some of the compounds of the invention are useful to prepare other compounds of the invention.
  • This invention also includes a method of increasing cellular accumulation, bioavailability or retention of drug compounds, thus improving their therapeutic and diagnostic value, by administering a phosphonate prodrug form of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention in part, provides compounds possessing improved anti-HIV and/or pharmaceutical properties.
  • phosphonate and “phosphonate group” mean a functional group or moiety within a molecule that comprises at least one phosphorus-carbon bond, and at least one phosphorus-oxygen double bond.
  • the phosphorus atom is further substituted with oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen substituents. These substituents may be part of a prodrug moiety.
  • phosphonate and “phosphonate group” include molecules with phosphonic acid, phosphonic monoester, phosphonic diester, phosphonamidate, phosphondiamidate, and phosphonthioate functional groups.
  • prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the drug substance, i.e. active ingredient, as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), photolysis, and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s).
  • a prodrug is thus a covalently modified analog or latent form of a therapeutically-active compound.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” refers to a compound that is metabolized in the host, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, by either enzymatic action or by general acid or base solvolysis, to form an active ingredient.
  • Typical examples of prodrugs of the compounds of the invention have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, esterified, deesterified, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated, photolyzed, hydrolyzed, or other functional group change or conversion involving forming or breaking chemical bonds on the prodrug.
  • Prodrug moiety means a labile functional group which separates from the active inhibitory compound during metabolism, systemically, inside a cell, by hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage, or by some other process (Bundgaard, H., “Design and Application of Prodrugs” in Textbook of Drug Design and Development (1991), P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Eds. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 113-191).
  • Enzymes which are capable of an enzymatic activation mechanism with the prodrug compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, amidases, esterases, microbial enzymes, phospholipases, cholinesterases, and phosphases.
  • Prodrug moieties can serve to enhance solubility, absorption and lipophilicity to optimize drug delivery, bioavailability and efficacy.
  • a “prodrug” is thus a covalently modified analog of a therapeutically-active compound.
  • prodrug moieties include the hydrolytically sensitive or labile acyloxymethyl esters —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)R 20 and acyloxymethyl carbonates —CH 2 OC( ⁇ O)OR 20 where R 20 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 substituted alkyl, C 6 -C 20 aryl or C 6 -C 20 substituted aryl.
  • the acyloxyalkyl ester was first used as a prodrug strategy for carboxylic acids and then applied to phosphates and phosphonates by Farquhar et al., (1983) J. Pharm. Sci. 72: 324; also U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • a prodrug moiety is part of a phosphonate group.
  • the acyloxyalkyl ester was used to deliver phosphonic acids across cell membranes and to enhance oral bioavailability.
  • a close variant of the acyloxyalkyl ester, the alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester (carbonate), may also enhance oral bioavailability as a prodrug moiety in the compounds of the invention.
  • An exemplary acyloxymethyl ester is pivaloyloxymethoxy, (POM)-CH 2 C( ⁇ O)C(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • An exemplary acyloxymethyl carbonate prodrug moiety is pivaloyloxymethylcarbonate (POC) —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • the phosphonate group may be a phosphonate prodrug moiety.
  • the prodrug moiety may be sensitive to hydrolysis, such as, but not limited to a pivaloyloxymethyl carbonate (POC) or POM group.
  • the prodrug moiety may be sensitive to enzymatic potentiated cleavage, such as a lactate ester or a phosphonamidate-ester group.
  • Exemplary phosphonate prodrug moieties include by way of example and not limitation groups of the structure A 5 as described herein.
  • Aryl esters of phosphorus groups are reported to enhance oral bioavailability (DeLambert et al (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37: 498). Phenyl esters containing a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate have also been described (Khamnei and Torrence, (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39:4109-4115). Benzyl esters are reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid. In some cases, substituents at the ortho-orpara-position may accelerate the hydrolysis. Benzyl analogs with an acylated phenol or an alkylated phenol may generate the phenolic compound through the action of enzymes, e.g.
  • proesters contain an ethylthio group in which the thiol group is either esterified with an acyl group or combined with another thiol group to form a disulfide. Deesterification or reduction of the disulfide generates the free thio intermediate which subsequently breaks down to the phosphoric acid and episulfide (Puech et al., (1993) Antiviral Res., 22: 155-174; Benzaria et al., (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39: 4958). Cyclic phosphonate esters have also been described as prodrugs of phosphorus-containing compounds (Erion et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,662).
  • Protecting group refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole.
  • the chemical substructure of a protecting group varies widely.
  • One function of a protecting group is to serve as intermediates in the synthesis of the parental drug substance.
  • Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection/deprotection are well known in the art. See: “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g. making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion.
  • Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, lipophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools.
  • Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.
  • hydroxyl protecting group refers to an easily removable group which is known in the art to protect a hydroxyl group against undesirable reaction during synthetic procedures and/or during biodelivery and which group can be selectively removed.
  • the use of hydroxy-protecting groups is well known in the art for protecting groups and many such protecting groups are known, for example, T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
  • Examples of hydroxy-protecting groups include, but are not limited to,
  • methyl ethers (methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl, (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl, guaiacolmethyl, t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl, siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydro-thiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropthiopyranyl S,S-dioxido, 1->(2-chloro
  • ethyl ethers (1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl);
  • Substituted benzyl ethers (p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2- and 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p,p′-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, ⁇ -naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4′-bromophenacyloxy)phenyldiphenylmethyl, 4,4′,4′′-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4
  • Silyl ethers trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsily, dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethyl-silyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl);
  • Esters (formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, p-poly-phenylacetate, 3-phenyl-propionate, 4-oxopentanoate (Levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate, pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenyl-benzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (Mesitoate));
  • Carbonates (methyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(triphenylphosphonio)ethyl, isobutyl, vinyl, allyl, p-nitrophenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-naphthyl, methyl dithiocarbonate);
  • Miscellaneous Esters (2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate (Tigloate), o-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, p-poly-benzoate, ⁇ -naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, N-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate); and
  • Sulfonates (sulfate, methanesulfonate (Mesylate), benzylsulfonate, Tosylate).
  • hydroxy protecting groups include substituted methyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, and esters including sulfonic acid esters, still more typically, trialkylsilyl ethers, tosylates and acetates.
  • amino protecting group refers to an easily removable group which is known in the art to protect an amino group against undesired reaction during synthetic procedures and/or during biodelivery and which group can be selectively removed.
  • Such protecting groups are described by Greene at pages 315-385. They include:
  • ethyl (2,2,2-trichoroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl, 1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl, 2-(2′- and 4′-pyridyl)ethyl, 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl, t-butyl, 1-adamantyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-isopropylallyl, cinnamyl, 4-nitrocinnamyl, 8-quinolyl, N-hydroxypiperidin
  • Photolytic Cleavage m-nitrophenyl, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl
  • Urea-Type Derivatives phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl, N′-phenylaminothiocarbonyl
  • Miscellaneous Carbamates (t-amyl, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, p-decyloxybenzyl, diisopropylmethyl, 2,2-dimethoxycarbonylvinyl, o-(N,N-dimethyl-carboxamido)benzyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl, di(2-pyridyl)methyl, 2-furanylmethyl, 2-Iodoethyl, Isobornyl, Isobutyl, Isonicotinyl, p-(p′-Methoxyphenylazo)benzyl, 1-methylcyclobutyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl,
  • Amides N-formyl, N-acetyl, N-choroacetyl, N-trichoroacetyl, N-trifluoroacetyl, N-phenylacetyl, N-3-phenylpropionyl, N-picolinoyl, N-3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl, N-benzoyl, N-p-phenylbenzoyl); Amides With Assisted Cleavage (N-o-nitrophenylacetyl, N-o-nitrophenoxyacetyl, N-acetoacetyl, (N′-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetyl, N-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl, N-3-(o-nitrophenyl)propionyl, N-2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propionyl, N-2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propionyl,
  • Cyclic Imide Derivatives N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinoyl, N-2,3-diphenylmaleoyl, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct, 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3-5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridonyl); N-Alkyl and N-Aryl Amines (N-methyl, N-allyl, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl, N-3-acetoxypropyl, N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyrrolin-3-yl), Quaternary Ammonium Salts, N-benzyl, N-d
  • N—N Derivatives N-nitro, N-nitroso, N-oxide
  • N—P Derivatives N-diphenylphosphinyl, N-dimethylthiophosphinyl, N-diphenylthiophosphinyl, N-dialkyl phosphoryl, N-dibenzyl phosphoryl, N-diphenyl phosphoryl
  • N—Si Derivatives; N—S Derivatives; N-Sulfenyl Derivatives N-benzenesulfenyl, N-o-nitrobenzenesulfenyl, N-2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl, N-pentachlorobenzenesulfenyl, N-2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenyl, N-triphenylmethylsulfenyl, N-3-nitropyridinesulfenyl;
  • N-sulfonyl Derivatives N-p-toluenesulfonyl, N-benzenesulfonyl, N-2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-pentamethylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,3,5,6,-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl, N-methanesulfonyl, N-.beta.-trimethylsilyl-
  • Protected compounds may also exhibit altered, and in some cases, optimized properties in vitro and in vivo, such as passage through cellular membranes and resistance to enzymatic degradation or sequestration. In this role, protected compounds with intended therapeutic effects may be referred to as prodrugs.
  • Another function of a protecting group is to convert the parental drug into a prodrug, whereby the parental drug is released upon conversion of the prodrug in vivo. Because active prodrugs may be absorbed more effectively than the parental drug, prodrugs may possess greater potency in vivo than the parental drug.
  • Protecting groups are removed either in vitro, in the instance of chemical intermediates, or in vivo, in the case of prodrugs.
  • exemplary protecting groups include by way of example and not limitation groups of the structure R X other than hydrogen.
  • physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX 4 + (wherein X is C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • an appropriate base such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX 4 + (wherein X is C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • Physiologically acceptable salts of a hydrogen atom or an amino group include salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids.
  • organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids
  • organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids
  • Physiologically acceptable salts of a compound having a hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na + and NX 4 + (wherein X is independently selected from the group consisting of H and a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group).
  • salts of active ingredients of the compounds of the invention will be physiologically acceptable, i.e. they will be salts derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base.
  • salts of acids or bases which are not physiologically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a physiologically acceptable compound. All salts, whether or not derived form a physiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present invention.
  • Alkyl is C 1 -C 18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms. Examples are methyl (Me, —CH 3 ), ethyl (Et, —CH 2 CH 3 ), 1-propyl ( n -Pr, n -propyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-propyl ( i -Pr, i -propyl, —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1-butyl ( n -Bu, n -butyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-1-propyl ( i -Bu, i -butyl, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-butyl ( s -Bu, s -butyl, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-2-propyl ( t -Bu, t -butyl, —C(CH 3 ).
  • Alkenyl is C 2 -C 18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp 2 double bond. Examples include, but are not limited to: ethylene or vinyl (—CH ⁇ CH 2 ), allyl (—CH 2 CH—CH 2 ), cyclopentenyl (—C 5 H 7 ), and 5-hexenyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ).
  • Alkynyl is C 2 -C 18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond. Examples include, but are not limited to: acetylenic (—C ⁇ CH) and propargyl (—CH 2 C ⁇ CH),
  • alkylene and alkyldiyl each refer to a saturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 1-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane.
  • Typical alkylene radicals include, but are not limited to: methylene (—CH 2 —), methylmethylene (—C(CH 3 )H—) 1,2-ethyl (—CH 2 CH 2 —), 1,3-propyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), 1,4-butyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and the like.
  • Alkenylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkene, i.e. double carbon-carbon bond moiety.
  • Typical alkenylene radicals include, but are not limited to: 1,2-ethylene (—CH ⁇ CH—).
  • Alkynylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkyne, i.e. triple carbon-carbon bond moiety.
  • Typical alkynylene radicals include, but are not limited to: acetylene (—C ⁇ C—), propargyl (—CH 2 C ⁇ C—), and 4-pentynyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C ⁇ CH—).
  • Aryl means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbon atoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system.
  • Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene, substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like.
  • Heteroaryl means a monovalent aromatic radical of one or more carbon atoms and one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, S and P, derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single atom of a parent aromatic ring system.
  • Heteroaryl groups may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, P and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, P and S).
  • Heteroaryl bicycles have 7 to 10 ring atoms (6 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S) arranged as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system; or 9 to 10 ring atoms (8 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of N and S) arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
  • the heteroaryl group may be bonded to the drug scaffold through a carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or other atom by a stable covalent bond.
  • Heteroaryl groups include, for example: pyridyl, dihydropyridyl isomers, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, s-triazinyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, thiofuranyl, thienyl, and pyrrolyl.
  • Arylalkyl refers to an acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp 3 carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl radical.
  • Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl, 2-naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and the like.
  • the arylalkyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the alkyl moiety, including alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, of the arylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • Substituted substituents such as “substituted alkyl”, “substituted aryl”, “substituted heteroaryl”, “substituted heterocyclic” and “substituted arylalkyl” mean alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic and arylalkyl respectively, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a substituent.
  • Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —X, —R, ⁇ O, —O ⁇ , —OR, —S ⁇ , —SR, —NR 2 , —NR 3 , ⁇ NR, —CX 3 , —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —N—C ⁇ O, —NCS, —NO, —NO 2 , ⁇ N 2 , —N 3 , NC( ⁇ O)R, —C( ⁇ O)R, —C( ⁇ O)NRR—S( ⁇ O) 2 O ⁇ , —S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —S( ⁇ O) 2 R, —OS( ⁇ O) 2 OR, —S( ⁇ O) 2 NR, —S( ⁇ O)R, —OP( ⁇ O)O 2 RR, —P( ⁇ O)O 2 RR—P( ⁇ O)(O ⁇ ) 2 , —P( ⁇ O)(OH
  • Heterocycle means a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring system including at least one N, O, S, or P. Heterocycle thus include heteroaryl groups. Heterocycle as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation these heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo A. “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; Katritzky, Alan R., Rees, C. W. and Scriven, E. “Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry” (Pergamon Press, 1996); and J. Am. Chem. Soc . (1960) 82:5566.
  • heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, bis-tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, bis-tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydr
  • carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline.
  • carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or 5-thiazolyl.
  • nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, 1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of a morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or ⁇ -carboline.
  • nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.
  • Carbocycle means a saturated or partially unsaturated ring system having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle.
  • Monocyclic carbocycles have 3 to 6 ring atoms, still more typically 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • Bicyclic carbocycles have 7 to 12 ring atoms, e.g. arranged as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
  • Examples of monocyclic carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl, and spiryl.
  • chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
  • stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
  • Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
  • Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one-another.
  • d and l or (+) and ( ⁇ ) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with ( ⁇ ) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
  • a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
  • these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
  • a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
  • a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
  • the terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
  • the invention also provides compounds of formula I, II, and III that are attached to one or more phosphonate groups or phosphonate prodrug groups.
  • Such compounds can be prepared by removing one or more hydrogen atoms from a compound of formula I, II, or III and by replacing that hydrogen atom with a group A 5 , wherein each A 5 is independently:
  • Y 1 is independently O, S, N(R x ), N(O)(R x ), N(OR x ), N(O)(OR x ), or N(N(R x ) 2 .
  • Y 2 is independently a bond, O, N(R x ), N(O)(R x ), N(OR x ), N(O)(OR x ), N(N(R x ) 2 ), —S( ⁇ O)— (sulfoxide), —S( ⁇ O) 2 — (sulfone), —S-(sulfide), or —S—S-(disulfide).
  • M2 is 0, 1 or 2.
  • M12a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12.
  • M12b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12.
  • R y is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, or a protecting group.
  • two vicinal R y groups form a ring, i.e. a spiro carbon.
  • the ring may be all carbon atoms, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, or alternatively, the ring may contain one or more heteroatoms, for example, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, or tetrahydrofuryl.
  • R x is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 substituted alkyl, C 6 -C 20 aryl, C 6 -C 20 substituted aryl, or a protecting group, or the formula:
  • M1a, M1c, and M1d are independently 0 or 1.
  • M12c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
  • a linker may be interposed between the compound of formula I, II, or III, and each substituent A 5 .
  • the linker may be O, S, NR, N—OR, C 1 -C 12 alkylene, C 1 -C 12 substituted alkylene, C 2 -C 12 alkenylene, C 2 -C 12 substituted alkenylene, C 2 -C 12 alkynylene, C 2 -C 12 substituted alkynylene, C( ⁇ O)NH, C( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) 2 , C( ⁇ O)NH(CH 2 ) n , and (CH 2 CH 2 O) n , where n may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • Linkers may also be repeating units of alkyloxy (e.g.
  • polyethylenoxy, PEG, polymethyleneoxy) and alkylamino e.g. polyethyleneamino, JeffamineTM
  • diacid ester and amides including succinate, succinamide, diglycolate, malonate, and caproamide.
  • a 5 Specific embodiments of A 5 include where M2 is 0, such as:
  • Y 1 is oxygen
  • Y 2b is independently oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N(R x )) such as:
  • An embodiment of A 5 includes:
  • W 5 is a carbocycle such as phenyl or substituted phenyl
  • Y 2c is independently O, N(R y ) or S.
  • R 1 may be H and n may be 1.
  • W 5 also includes, but is not limited to, aryl and heteroaryl groups such as:
  • Another embodiment of A 5 includes:
  • Y 2b is O or N(R x ); M12d is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; R 1 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; and the phenyl carbocycle is substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups where R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or substituted alkyl.
  • a 5 include phenyl phosphonamidate amino acid, e.g. alanate esters and phenyl phosphonate-lactate esters:
  • Embodiments of R x include esters, carbamates, carbonates, thioesters, amides, thioamides, and urea groups:
  • the prodrug entity, PRD is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxycarbonyloxymethylene, and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkoxycarbonyloxymethylene.
  • the prodrug entity, PRD is selected from the group consisting of isopropoxycarbonyl, cyclobutoxycarbonyloxymethylene, pent-3-oxycarbonyloxymethylene, cyclopentyloxycarbonyloxymethylene and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethylene.
  • the prodrug entity, PRD is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxycarbonyloxymethylene, and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkoxycarbonyloxymethylene.
  • the prodrug entity, PRD is selected from the group consisting of isopropoxycarbonyl, cyclobutoxycarbonyloxymethytene, pent-3-oxycarbonyloxymethylene, cyclopentyloxycarbonyloxymethylene and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethylene.
  • Compounds of the invention bearing one or more prodrug moieties may increase or optimize the bioavailability of the compounds as therapeutic agents. For example, bioavailability after oral administration may be beneficial and may depend on resistance to metabolic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract or circulatory system, and eventual uptake inside cells. Prodrug moieties are considered to confer said resistance by slowing certain hydrolytic or enzymatic metabolic processes. Lipophilic prodrug moieties may also increase active or passive transport of the compounds of the invention across cellular membranes (Darby, G. Antiviral Chem . & Chemotherapy (1995) Supp. 1, 6:54-63).
  • Exemplary embodiments of the invention includes phosphonamidate and phosphoramidate (collectively “amidate”) prodrug compounds.
  • General formulas for phosphonamidate and phosphoramidate prodrug moieties include:
  • the phosphorus atom of the phosphonamidate group is bonded to a carbon atom of a compound of formula I, II, or III.
  • the nitrogen substituent R 5 may include an ester, an amide, or a carbamate functional group.
  • R 5 may be —CR 2 C( ⁇ O)OR′ where R′ is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 substituted alkyl, C 6 -C 20 aryl, C 6 -C 20 substituted aryl, C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl, or C 2 -C 20 substituted heteroaryl.
  • R 5 is —CR 2 CO 2 R 7 where R 6 and R 7 are independently H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl.
  • the nitrogen atom may comprise an amino acid residue within the prodrug moiety, such as a glycine, alanine, or valine ester (e.g. valacyclovir, see: Beauchamp, et al Antiviral Chem. Chemotherapy (1992) 3:157-164), such as the general structure:
  • R′ is the amino acid side-chain, e.g. H, CH 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , etc.
  • R k is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halo, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, or piperazino.
  • a specific value for R a is methyl.
  • a specific value for R b is methyl.
  • R c A specific value for R c is H.
  • R d is H
  • R d is or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is substituted with Rj;
  • R e is H
  • R e is or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is substituted with Rj;
  • a specific value for M is a branched C 2 alkylene.
  • a specific value for Q is —CH 2 —.
  • R j is 4-fluorophenyl.
  • R k is propyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, methyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, ethyl, 2-morpholinoethyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-fluoroethyl, or 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl.
  • R k is N-methylamino-carbonylmethyl, N,N-diethylaminocarbonylmethyl, 2-[N-(methylsulfonyl)-N-methylamino]ethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidono)ethyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl, methylsulfonyl, or acetylmethyl.
  • R m is 4-fluorophenyl.
  • R n is 4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl, 4-fluoro-2-methylsulfonylaminophenyl, 4-fluoro-2-acylaminophenyl, 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, 5-chloro-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-2-yl, 5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-methylisooxazol-5-yl, 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 5-trifluoromethylfur-2-yl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-pyridyl (N-oxide), or 3-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl.
  • R p is OH, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, NH 2 , N(R a )—C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , or —N(R s )—S(O) 2 —R t ; for each R x is independently H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl-R y ; or NR x R x , taken together form a piperidino or piperazino ring, which ring is optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 4 alkyl; and for each R y is independently phenyl or pyridyl, wherein each phenyl or pyridyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O)
  • a specific value for A 2 is CH and A 3 is N.
  • a specific value for A 2 is N and A 3 is CH.
  • R c is -Q-R n .
  • R k is ethyl, 2-morpholinoethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, methyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl.
  • a specific value for Q is —CH 2 —, and R n is 4-fluorophenyl.
  • R p A specific value for R p is OH.
  • R p is C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • R p N(R a )—C( ⁇ O)NR x R x ,
  • R p is —N(R s )—S(O) 2 —R t .
  • R s is —S(O) 2 —R w
  • R t is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R v
  • a specific value for R s is C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with R u
  • R t is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R v .
  • R s is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R u
  • R t is NR x R x or C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with R v .
  • R s is cyclopropylmethyl, 2-(2,5-dimethylpyrrolidino)ethyl, or 2-morpholinoethyl.
  • R t is 2-chloroethyl, benzyl, pyrid-4-ylmethyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-(4-ethylpiperazine-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(4-ethylsulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(4-acylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(4-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, N-(4-fluoro-2-methylaminocarbonylbenzyl)-N-methylamino, N-(4-fluoro-2-methoxycarbonylbenzyl)amino, N-(4-fluoro-2-carboxybenzyl)-N-methylamino, and N,N-diethylamino.
  • R p N-methyl-N-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)amino.
  • R p is C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkanoyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, —C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , —C( ⁇ NR ak )R am , or 4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyloxazole, wherein each C 1 -C 4 alkyl of R p is substituted with —C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , —N(R ag )—C( ⁇ O)—R ah , or —N(R ag )—S(O) 2 —R ah ; and wherein each C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl and C 2 -C 6 alkynyl of R p is optionally substituted with phenyl, hydroxy, C 3 -C 6
  • R p is 2-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl)-2-methylethoxy, allyl, piperidinocarbonyl, 4,4-difluoropiperidinocarbonyl, N-cyclopropyl-N-(2-cyanoethyl)aminocarbonyl, 2-[N-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl, N-methylaminocarbonyl, N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)aminocarbonyl, acetyl, piperidinocarbonylmethyl, morpholinocarbonylmethyl, 2-cyclopropylethynyl, azetidinocarbonyl, 4-fluoropiperidinocarbonyl, pyrrolidinocarbonyl, 3,3-difluoropyrrolidinocarbonyl, ethynyl, 1-hydroximino
  • R c is 4-fluorobenzyl, or methyl.
  • a specific value for X is —C( ⁇ O)—.
  • a specific value for X is —S(O) 2 —.
  • a specific value for Y is —CH 2 —.
  • a specific value for Y is —CH 2 —CH 2 —.
  • R c is 3-chloro-4,6-difluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluoro-2-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl)benzyl, or 4-fluoro-2-(N-methylaminocarbonyl)benzyl.
  • R d is 4-fluorobenzyl.
  • the invention provides a compound of formula (I):
  • a 2 and A 3 are each independently N or CR a ;
  • each R a is independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R b is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R e is H, R k , -M-R m , or -Q-R n ;
  • R d is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R e is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R f is H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • M is branched C 2 -C 4 alkylene
  • Q is C 1 -C 4 alkylene
  • each R j is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R k is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halo, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, morpholino, thiomoipholino, piperidino, or piperazino;
  • R m is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R n is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; or R n is a phenyl ring substituted with at least one group selected from hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, R f SO 2 NH—, or R f C( ⁇ O)NH—, and optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; or R n is a C 3 -C 6 carbocycle
  • a 2 and A 3 are each independently N or CR a ;
  • each R a is independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R c is H, R k , or -Q-R n ;
  • R d is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • R e is H, halo, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl that is optionally substituted with Rj;
  • Q is C 1 -C 4 alkylene
  • Z is O or two hydrogens
  • each R j is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R k is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halo, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, or piperazino;
  • R n is a C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, a phenyl ring, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring, which phenyl ring or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with one or more F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R p is OH, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, NH 2 , N(R a )—C( ⁇ O)NR x R x , or —N(R s )—S(O) 2 —R t ;
  • R s is —S(O) 2 —R w , and R t is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R v ; or R s is C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with R u , and R t is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R v ; or R s is C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R u , and R t is R z , NR x R x , or C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with R v ;
  • each R v is fluoro, chloro, phenyl, pyridyl, 1,4 diazepanyl, or piperazino, wherein each phenyl, pyridyl, 1,4-diazepanyl, and piperazino is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • each R u is independently dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, or a ring selected from C 3 -C 6 carbocycle, pyrrolidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, and piperazino, which ring is optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 4 alkyl; and
  • R w is C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • each R x is independently H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl-R y ; or NR x R x taken together form a piperidino or piperazino ring, which ring is optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • each R y is independently phenyl or pyridyl, wherein each phenyl or pyridyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • R z is phenyl which is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-S(O) 2 —, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R a , or —C( ⁇ O)OR a ;
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMC are critical components of the mechanism against infection.
  • PBMC may be isolated from heparinized whole blood of normal healthy donors or buffy coats, by standard density gradient centrifugation and harvested from the interface, washed (e.g. phosphate-buffered saline) and stored in freezing medium.
  • PBMC may be cultured in multi-well plates. At various times of culture, supernatant may be either removed for assessment, or cells may be harvested and analyzed (Smith R.
  • the compounds of this embodiment may further comprise a phosphonate or phosphonate prodrug.
  • the phosphonate or phosphonate prodrug has the structure A 5 as described herein.
  • the compounds of this embodiment demonstrate improved intracellular half-life of the compounds or intracellular metabolites of the compounds in human PBMC when compared to analogs of the compounds not having the phosphonate or phosphonate prodrug.
  • the half-life is improved by at least about 50%, more typically at least in the range 50-100%, still more typically at least about 100%, more typically yet greater than about 100%.
  • the intracellular half-life of a metabolite of the compound in human PBMCs is improved when compared to an analog of the compound not having the phosphonate or phosphonate prodrug.
  • the metabolite may be generated intracellularly, or it is generated within human PBMC.
  • the metabolite may be a product of the cleavage of a phosphonate prodrug within human PBMCs.
  • the phosphonate prodrug may be cleaved to form a metabolite having at least one negative charge at physiological pH.
  • the phosphonate prodrug may be enzymatically cleaved within human PBMC to form a phosphonate having at least one active hydrogen atom of the form P—OH.
  • the compounds of the invention may exist in many different protonation states, depending on, among other things, the pH of their environment. While the structural formulae provided herein depict the compounds in only one of several possible protonation states, it will be understood that these structures are illustrative only, and that the invention is not limited to any particular protonation state—any and all protonated forms of the compounds are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.
  • the compounds of this invention optionally comprise salts of the compounds herein, especially pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic salts containing, for example, Na + , Li + , K + , Ca +2 and Mg +2 .
  • Such salts may include those derived by combination of appropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions or ammonium and quaternary amino ions with an acid anion moiety, typically a carboxylic acid.
  • the compounds of the invention may bear multiple positive or negative charges. The net charge of the compounds of the invention may be either positive or negative. Any associated counter ions are typically dictated by the synthesis and/or isolation methods by which the compounds are obtained.
  • Typical counter ions include, but are not limited to ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, halides, acetate, trifluoroacetate, etc., and mixtures thereof. It will be understood that the identity of any associated counter ion is not a critical feature of the invention, and that the invention encompasses the compounds in association with any type of counter ion. Moreover, as the compounds can exists in a variety of different forms, the invention is intended to encompass not only forms of the compounds that are in association with counter ions (e.g., dry salts), but also forms that are not in association with counter ions (e.g., aqueous or organic solutions).
  • counter ions e.g., dry salts
  • counter ions e.g., aqueous or organic solutions
  • Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound of this invention.
  • metal salts which are prepared in this way are salts containing Li + , Na + , and K + .
  • a less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by addition of the suitable metal compound.
  • salts may be formed from acid addition of certain organic and inorganic acids, e.g., HCl, HBr, H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 or organic sulfonic acids, to basic centers, typically amines, or to acidic groups.
  • the compositions herein comprise compounds of the invention in their unionized, as well as zwitterionic form, and combinations with stoichiometric amounts of water as in hydrates.
  • the salts of the parental compounds with one or more amino acids are included within the scope of this invention.
  • the amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, e.g., lysine, arginine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine.
  • the compounds of the invention can also exist as tautomeric, resonance isomers in certain cases.
  • the structures shown herein exemplify only one tautomeric or resonance form of the compounds.
  • hydrazine, oxime, hydrazone groups may be shown in either the syn or anti configurations.
  • the corresponding alternative configuration is contemplated as well. All possible tautomeric and resonance forms are within the scope of the invention.
  • One enantiomer of a compound of the invention can be separated substantially free of its opposing enantiomer by a method such as formation of diastereomers using optically active resolving agents ( Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (1962) by E. L. Eliel, McGraw Hill; Lochmuller, C. H., (1975) J. Chromatogr., 113:(3) 283-302).
  • Separation of diastereomers formed from the racemic mixture can be accomplished by any suitable method, including: (1) formation of ionic, diastereomeric salts with chiral compounds and separation by fractional crystallization or other methods, (2) formation of diastereomeric compounds with chiral derivatizing reagents, separation of the diastereomers, and conversion to the pure enantiomers. Alternatively, enantiomers can be separated directly under chiral conditions, method (3).
  • diastereomeric salts can be formed by reaction of enantiomerically pure chiral bases such as brucine, quinine, ephedrine, strychnine, ( ⁇ -methyl- ⁇ phenylethylamine (amphetamine), and the like with asymmetric compounds bearing acidic functionality, such as carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid.
  • the diastereomeric salts may be induced to separate by fractional crystallization or ionic chromatography.
  • addition of chiral carboxylic or sulfonic acids such as camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, or lactic acid can result in formation of the diastereomeric salts.
  • the substrate to be resolved may be reacted with one enantiomer of a chiral compound to form a diastereomeric pair
  • a diastereomeric pair Eliel, E. and Wilen, S. (1994) Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 322).
  • Diastereomeric compounds can be formed by reacting asymmetric compounds with enantiomerically pure chiral derivatizing reagents, such as menthyl derivatives, followed by separation of the diastereomers and hydrolysis to yield the free, enantiomerically enriched xanthene.
  • a method of determining optical purity involves making chiral esters, such as a menthyl ester or Mosher ester, ⁇ -methoxy- ⁇ -(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetate (Jacob III. (1982) J. Org. Chem. 47:4165), of the racemic mixture, and analyzing the NMR spectrum for the presence of the two atropisomeric diastereomers.
  • Stable diastereomers can be separated and isolated by normal- and reverse-phase chromatography following methods for separation of atropisomeric naphthyl-isoquinolines (Hoye, T., WO 96/15111).
  • a racemic mixture of two asymmetric enantiomers can be separated by chromatography using a chiral stationary phase ( Chiral Liquid Chromatography (1989) W. J. Lough, Ed. Chapman and Hall, New York; Okamoto, (1990) “Optical resolution of dihydropyridine enantiomers by High-performance liquid chromatography using phenylcarbamates of polysaccharides as a chiral stationary phase”, J. of Chromatogr. 513:375-378).
  • Enantiomers can be distinguished by methods used to distinguish other chiral molecules with asymmetric carbon atoms, such as optical rotation and circular dichroism.
  • agents currently administered parenterally to a patient are not targeted, resulting in systemic delivery of the agent to cells and tissues of the body where it is unnecessary, and often undesirable. This may result in adverse drug side effects, and often limits the dose of a drug (e.g., cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer or anti-viral drugs) that can be administered.
  • a drug e.g., cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer or anti-viral drugs
  • oral administration can result in either (a) uptake of the drug through the cellular and tissue barriers, e.g. blood/brain, epithelial, cell membrane, resulting in undesirable systemic distribution, or (b) temporary residence of the drug within the gastrointestinal tract.
  • a major goal has been to develop methods for specifically targeting agents to cells and tissues. Benefits of such treatment include avoiding the general physiological effects of inappropriate delivery of such agents to other cells and tissues, such as uninfected cells.
  • Intracellular targeting may be achieved by methods and compositions which allow accumulation or retention of biologically active agents inside
  • the compounds of the invention may be prepared by a variety of synthetic routes and methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the invention also relates to methods of making the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds may be prepared by any of the applicable techniques of organic synthesis. For example, known techniques are elaborated in: “Compendium of Organic Synthetic Methods”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Vol. 1, Ian T. Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1971; Vol. 2, Ian T. Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1974; Vol. 3, Louis S. Hegedus and Leroy Wade, 1977; Vol. 4, Leroy G. Wade, jr., 1980; Vol. 5, Leroy G. Wade, Jr., 1984; and Vol. 6, Michael B.
  • protecting groups to mask reactive functionality and direct reactions regioselectively (Greene, et al (1991) “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons).
  • useful protecting groups for the 8-hydroxyl group and other hydroxyl substituents include methyl, MOM (methoxymethyl), trialkylsilyl, benzyl, benzoyl, trityl, and tetrahydropyranyl. Certain aryl positions may be blocked from substitution, such as the 2-position as fluorine.
  • a number of methods are available for the conversion of phosphonic acids into amidates and esters.
  • the phosphonic acid is either converted into an isolated activated intermediate such as a phosphoryl chloride, or the phosphonic acid is activated in situ for reaction with an amine or a hydroxy compound.
  • the conversion of phosphonic acids into phosphoryl chlorides is accomplished by reaction with thionyl chloride, for example as described in J. Gen. Chem. USSR, 1983, 53, 480, Zh. Obschei Khim., 1958, 28, 1063, or J. Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 6144, orby reaction with oxalyl chloride, as described in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 3251, or J. Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 6144, or by reaction with phosphorus pentachloride, as described in J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 329, or J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38, 1372.
  • the resultant phosphoryl chlorides are then reacted with amines or hydroxy compounds in the presence of a base to afford the amidate or ester products.
  • Phosphonic acids are converted into activated imidazolyl derivatives by reaction with carbonyl diimidazole, as described in J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1991, 312, or Nucleosides Nucleotides 2000, 19, 1885.
  • Activated sulfonyloxy derivatives are obtained by the reaction of phosphonic acids with trichloromethylsulfonyl chloride, as described in J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 4958, or with triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride, as described in Tet. Lett., 1996, 7857, or Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 663.
  • the activated sulfonyloxy derivatives are then reacted with amines or hydroxy compounds to afford amidates or esters.
  • the phosphonic acid and the amine or hydroxy reactant are combined in the presence of a diimide coupling agent.
  • a diimide coupling agent The preparation of phosphonic amidates and esters by means of coupling reactions in the presence of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide is described, for example, in J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., 1991, 312, or J. Med. Chem., 1980, 23, 1299 or Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 1987, 52, 2792.
  • the use of ethyl dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide for activation and coupling of phosphonic acids is described in Tet. Lett., 2001, 42, 8841, or Nucleosides Nucleotides, 2000, 19, 1885.
  • the agents include Aldrithiol-2, and PYBOP and BOP, as described in J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 5214, and J. Med. Chem., 1997, 40, 3842, mesitylene-2-sulfonyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (MSNT), as described in J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 4958, diphenylphosphoryl azide, as described in J. Org.
  • Phosphonic acids can be converted into amidates and esters by means of the Mitsonobu reaction, in which the phosphonic acid and the amine or hydroxy reactant are combined in the presence of a triaryl phosphine and a dialkyl azodicarboxylate.
  • the procedure is described in Org. Lett., 2001, 3, 643, or J. Med. Chem., 1997, 40, 3842.
  • Phosphonic esters can also be obtained by the reaction between phosphonic acids and halo compounds, in the presence of a suitable base.
  • the method is described, for example, in Anal. Chem., 1987, 59, 1056, or J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., I, 1993, 19, 2303, or J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38, 1372, or Tet. Lett., 2002, 43, 1161.
  • Representative compounds of the invention were tested for biological activity by methods including anti-HIV assay, measuring inhibition of HIV-integrase strand transfer catalysis, and cytotoxicity.
  • a compound of the invention can be determined using pharmacological models which are well known in the art.
  • the compounds of the present invention demonstrate inhibition of integration of HIV reverse-transcribed DNA, there may be other mechanisms of action whereby HIV replication or proliferation is affected.
  • the compounds of the invention may be active via inhibition of HIV-integrase or other enzymes associated with HIV infection, AIDS, or ARC.
  • the compounds of the invention may have significant activity against other viral diseases.
  • the specific assays embodied herein are not intended to limit the present invention to a specific mechanism of action.
  • the HIV Integrase assay is carried out in Reacti-Bind High Binding Capacity Streptavidin coated plates (Pierce # 15502) in 100 ⁇ l reactions. The wells of the plate are rinsed once with PBS. Each well is then coated at room temperature for 1 h with 100 ⁇ l of 0.14 ⁇ M Donor DNA with the following sequence:
  • 3′processing of the Donor DNA is started by adding 80 ⁇ l of Integrase/buffer mixture (25 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 12.5 mM DTT, 93.75 mM NaCl, 12.5 mM MgCl 2 , 1.25% Glycerol, 0.3125 uM integrase) to each well. 3′processing is allowed to proceed for 30 min at 37° C., after which, 10 ⁇ l of test compound and 10 ⁇ l of 2.5 uM DIG-labeled Target DNA with the following sequence:
  • IC 50 determinations eight concentrations of test compounds in a 1/2.2 dilution series are used.
  • MT-2 cells For the antiviral assay utilizing MT-2 cells, 50 ⁇ l of 2 ⁇ test concentration of 5-fold serially diluted compound in culture medium with 10% FBS was added to each well of a 96-well plate (9 concentrations) in triplicate. MT-2 cells were infected with HIV-IIIb at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i) of 0.01 for 3 hours. Fifty microliters of infected cell suspension in culture medium with 10% FBS ( ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells) was then added to each well containing 50 ⁇ l of diluted compound. The plates were then incubated at 37° C. for 5 days.
  • MT-4 cells For the antiviral assay utilizing MT-4 cells, 20 ⁇ l of 2 ⁇ test concentration of 5-fold serially diluted compound in culture medium with 10% FBS was added to each well of a 384-well plate (7 concentrations) in triplicate. MT-4 cells were next mixed with HUV-IIIb at an m.o.i. of 0.1 and 20 ⁇ l of virus/cell mixture ( ⁇ 2000 cells) was immediately added to each well containing 20 ⁇ l of diluted compound. The plates were then incubated at 37° C. for 5 days.
  • the protocol was similar to that of the antiviral assay in MT-2 cells, except that uninfected cells and a 3-fold serial dilution of compounds were used.
  • the protocol is similar to that of the antiviral assay in MT-4 cells, except that no virus was added.
  • the compounds of the invention have an IC 50 of less than or equal to about 1 ⁇ M.
  • Certain specific compounds of the invention have an IC 50 of less than or equal to about 60 nM, while other compounds have an IC 50 of less than or equal to about 25 nM.
  • the compounds of the invention typically have an EC 50 of less than or equal to about 1 ⁇ M.
  • Certain specific compounds of the invention have an EC 50 of less than or equal to about 60 nM, while other compounds of the invention have an IC 50 of less than or equal to about 25 nM.
  • Certain compounds of the invention have an IC 50 of between >0 ⁇ M and about 1 ⁇ M, and an EC 50 of between >0 ⁇ M and about 1 ⁇ M.
  • Other compounds of the invention have an IC 50 of between >0 ⁇ M and about 60 nM and an EC 50 of between >0 ⁇ M and about 60 nM. While other compounds of the invention have an IC 50 of between >0 ⁇ M and about 25 nM and an EC 50 of between >0 ⁇ M and about 25 nM.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated with conventional carriers, diluents and excipients, which will be selected in accord with ordinary practice. Tablets will contain excipients, glidants, fillers, binders, diluents and the like. Aqueous formulations are prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally will be isotonic. Formulations optionally contain excipients such as those set forth in the “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients” (1986) and include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like.
  • Compounds of the invention and their physiologically acceptable salts may be administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated, suitable routes including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ocular, buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural).
  • suitable routes including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ocular, buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural).
  • the preferred route of administration may vary with for example the condition of the recipient.
  • the formulations both for veterinary and for human use, of the present invention comprise at least one active ingredient, as above defined, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (excipients, diluents, etc.) thereof and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) administration.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.
  • the formulations are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in an amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w (including active ingredient(s) in a range between 0.1% and 20% in increments of 0.1% w/w such as 0.6% w/w, 0.7% w/w, etc), preferably 0.2 to 15% w/w and most preferably 0.5 to 10% w/w.
  • the active ingredients may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG400) and mixtures thereof.
  • the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogs.
  • the oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilid emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
  • the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax
  • the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
  • Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include TweenTM 60, SpanTM 80, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • the choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations is very low.
  • the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
  • Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active ingredient.
  • the active ingredient is preferably present in such formulations in a concentration of 0.5 to 20%, advantageously 0.5 to 10% particularly about 1.5% w/w.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.
  • Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 20 and 500 microns in increments of 5 microns such as 30 microns, 35 microns, etc), which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
  • Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as for example a nasal spray or as nasal drops include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient.
  • Formulations suitable for aerosol administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents such as pentamidine for treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient.
  • formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • the present invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one active ingredient as above defined together with a veterinary carrier.
  • Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials which are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ingredient. These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route.
  • Controlled release formulations adapted for oral administration in which discrete units comprising one or more compounds of the invention can be prepared according to conventional methods.
  • Controlled release formulations may be employed for the treatment or prophylaxis of various microbial infections particularly human bacterial, human parasitic protozoan or human viral infections caused by microbial species including Plasmodium, Pneumocystis , herpes viruses (CMV, HSV 1, HSV 2, VZV, and the like), retroviruses, adenoviruses and the like.
  • the controlled release formulations can be used to treat HIV infections and related conditions such as tuberculosis, malaria, pneumocystis pneumonia, CMV retinitis, AIDS, AIDS-related complex (ARC) and progressive generalized lymphadeopathy (PGL), and AIDS-related neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, and tropical spastic paraparesis.
  • human retroviral infections that may be treated with the controlled release formulations according to the invention include Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I and IV and HIV-2 infections.
  • HTLV Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus
  • the invention accordingly provides pharmaceutical formulations for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of the above-mentioned human or veterinary conditions and microbial infections.
  • the compounds of the invention may be employed in combination with other therapeutic agents for the treatment or prophylaxis of the infections or conditions indicated above.
  • further therapeutic agents include agents that are effective for the treatment or prophylaxis of viral, parasitic or bacterial infections or associated conditions or for treatment of tumors or related conditions include 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, AZT), 2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC), 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydroadenosine (D4A), 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine (D4T), carbovir (carbocyclic 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydroguanosine), 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine, 5-fluorothymidine, (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (BV
  • the compounds of the invention may be employed in combination with booster agents.
  • One aspect of the invention provides the use of an effective amount of a booster agent to boost the pharmacokinetics of a compound of the invention.
  • An effective amount of a booster agent for example, the amount required to boost an HIV integrase inhibitor of the invention, is the amount necessary to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of the compound when compared to its profile when used alone.
  • the inventive compound possesses a better efficacious pharmacokinetic profile than it would without the addition of the boosting agent.
  • the amount of booster agent used to boost the integrase inhibitor potency of the inventive compound is, preferably, subtherapeutic (e.g., dosages below the amount of booster agent conventionally used for therapeutically treating HIV infection in a patient).
  • a boosting dose for the compounds of the invention is subtherapeutic for treating HIV infection, yet high enough to effect modulation of the metabolism of the compounds of the invention, such that their exposure in a patient is boosted by increased bioavailability, increased blood levels, increased half life, increased time to peak plasma concentration, increased/faster inhibition of HIV integrase and/or reduced systematic clearance.
  • An example of a boosting agent is Ritonavir® (ABBOTT Laboratories).
  • the compounds of the invention are preferably administered in an oral dosage form.
  • the inventive compounds (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) are useful for the treatment of AIDS.
  • the compounds (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) are useful for therapy. They are useful as a medicament.
  • the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the invention are useful in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a viral infection (e.g. HIV).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be used in the treatment of AIDS.
  • Still another aspect of this invention is to provide a kit for the treatment of disorders, symptoms and diseases where integrase inhibition plays a role, comprising two or more separate containers in a single package, wherein a compound, salt or composition of the invention is placed in combination with one or more of the following: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (excipient, diluent, etc.), a booster agent, and a therapeutically effective amount of another inventive compound, salt or composition thereof, an AIDS treatment agent, such as an HIV inhibitor agent, an anti-infective agent or an immunomodulator agent.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier excipient, diluent, etc.
  • a booster agent a therapeutically effective amount of another inventive compound, salt or composition thereof
  • an AIDS treatment agent such as an HIV inhibitor agent, an anti-infective agent or an immunomodulator agent.
  • the compounds can be made though a variety of synthetic routes. Generic procedures known in the art, such as those disclosed in WO/2004035577, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety, may be applied to synthesize a number of compounds of the invention.
  • the compound (2) (20 mg) was dissolved in 1 mL of DCM and treated with TFA (100 ⁇ l) and triethylsilane (200 ⁇ l). After stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature, the reaction mixture was azeotroped with toluene once. The resulting residue was then purified by reverse-phase prep HPLC to provide 11.5 mg of (3), as the TFA salt.
  • Phenol 119 was made in a similar fashion as described elsewhere.
  • the solid (8) (30 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in 1 mL of THF. Amine (5eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours under nitrogen. The reagent and solvent were removed under reduced pressure evaporation. The residue was solidified with hexane to give desired intermediates. The deprotection of DPM group at C8-OH to desired compounds was carried out as in Example 2. The resulting residue was then purified by reverse-phase prep HPLC.
  • Phenol 124 was made in a similar fashion as described elsewhere.
  • Phenol 125 was made in a similar fashion as described elsewhere
  • Phenol 133 was made in a similar fashion as described elsewhere
  • Bisphenol 141 was made in a similar fashion as described elsewhere.
  • Dimethyl ester 146 (65 mg, 0.196 mmol, 1 equiv., its synthesis has previously been described in WO 2005/077050A2) and imide 145 (49 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1 equiv.) and were dissolved in dry THF (1 mL) and dry methanol (100 ⁇ L) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. To this was added NaH (20 mg, 0.49 mmol, 2.5 equiv, 60% in mineral oil). The mixture stirred until bubbling ceased, then refluxed for 24 hours. HCl (aq) (2 mL, 6 N) was added to the mixture while in an ice bath, stirring for 15 minutes. 10 mL diethyl ether was added, and the precipitate was filtered, and washed with diethyl ether and H 2 O, then dried under vacuum at 100° C. with no further purification to afford the desired product 147 as a solid.
  • diethyl ester 148 (210 mg, 0.89 mmol, 1 equiv.) has previously been described in WO89/08103 is dissolved in dry THF (9 mL, 0.1 M). To this was added imide 145 (201 mg, 0.97 mmol, 2.2 equiv.) and cooled to ⁇ 78° C. before LiHMDS (1.97 mL, 1.97 mmol, 2.2 equiv.) was added slowly over 15 min. The bath was removed and the reaction allowed to stir for 45 min. HCl (aq) (2 mL, 6 N) was added to the mixture while in an ice bath, stirring for 15 minutes and the mixture concentrated in vacuo. 30 mL diethyl ether was added, and the precipitate was filtered, and washed with diethyl ether and H 2 O, then dried under vacuum at 100° C. with no further purification to afford the desired product 149 as a solid.
  • Phenol 102 (5.42 g, 11.13 mmol, 1 equiv.) in DMF (45 mL, 0.2 M) was treated with TEA (4.65 mL, 16.88 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and DMAP (680 mg, 5.56 mmol, 0.5 equiv.).
  • TIPSCl (3.54 g, 16.88 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) was slowly added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h under a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and quenched with water (100 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL).
  • Imide 105 (5.08 g, 7.04 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in DMF (70 ml, 0.1 M) and cooled to 0° C. before being treated with Cs 2 CO 3 (3.4 g, 10.56 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). It was stirred for 5 min. before iodomethane (703 ⁇ l, 11.26 mmol, 1.6 equiv.) was added. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate then quenched with water. The organic layer was washed with water, saturated NaHCO 3 , and brine. The solution was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo with no further purification to afford the methylated crude product 106 (4.84 g, 94% mass recovery).
  • Lactam 109 (185 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1 equiv.) is dissolved in DMF (3.5 mL, 0.1 M) and cooled in an ice bath to 0° C. before sodium hydride (16.5 mg, 0.41 mmol, 1.3 equiv., 60% mineral oil) and stirred for 5 minutes under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • Iodomethane (28 ⁇ L, 0.45 mmol, 1.3 equiv.) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir for 30 minutes at 0° C. The reaction was quenched with water and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine before being dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo.
  • the crude residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (7/3—Ethyl acetate/Hexane) to afford the desired product 110 (110 mg, 70%).
  • Phenol 153 (375 mg, 0.75 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in 1, 2 dichloroethane (7.5 mL, 0.1 M) and to this was added diphenyldiazomethane (290 mg, 1.50 mmol, 2 equiv.) and heated at 70° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel chromatography using 4/1 Hexanes Ethyl acetate to obtain compound 154.
  • Imide 154 (120 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in THF (5 mL) and under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. was added LiBH 4 (20 mg, 0.89 mmol, 5 equiv., 0.5 M). The reaction was allowed to stir for 1 hour and then quenched with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 5 mL). The organic layer was washed several times with water (2 ⁇ 10 mL), brine solution (10 mL). It was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to obtain crude 155 (90 mg).
  • Imide 160 (5.50 g, 7.63 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in THF (25 mL, 0.3 M) and under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. was slowly added LiBH 4 (5.72 mL, 11.44 mmol, 1.5 equiv., 2 M in THF) over 15 min. The bath was removed and to the reaction was added anhydrous MeOH (620 ⁇ L, 15.25 mmol, 2 equiv.) before being heated to 80° C. The reaction was allowed to reflux for 1 hour and then cooled and quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed several times with water (2 ⁇ 50 mL), brine solution (10 mL). It was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to obtain lactam 161 (5.0 g, y. 93%).
  • LiBH 4 5.72 mL, 11.44 mmol, 1.5 equiv.,
  • Lactam 161 (50 mg, 0.069 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in TFA (3 mL) and heated to 85° C. for an hour. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and azeotroped with toluene (2 ⁇ 5 mL). The resulting compound, 162, was washed and sonicated with Ethyl ether/MeOH (3/1, 50 mL) before being filtered and dried.
  • Lactam 161 (2.5 g, 3.53 mmol, 1 equiv) was stirred in DMF (24 mL, 0.15 M) and treated with Cs 2 CO 3 (2.30 g, 7.07 mmol, 2 equiv.). It was stirred for 10 min. before ethyl iodide (430 ⁇ L, 5.30 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) was added and allowed to stir for an hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate then quenched with water. The organic layer was washed with water, saturated NH 4 Cl and brine. The solution was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo with no further purification to afford the product 163 (4.84 g, 94% mass recovery).
  • Lactam 164 is prepared in a manner similar to as described above
  • the common intermediate 12 (100 mg, 1.0eq, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (1.4 mL) and TEA (59 uL, 3.0 eq, 0.42 mmol) was added.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to ⁇ 10° C. and mesyl chloride (11 uL, 1.0eq, 0.14 mmol) was added via syringe.
  • the reaction stirred at ambient temperature overnight and LC/MS showed the reaction to be complete.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue was dissolved in EtOAc.
  • the reaction was quenched with water and the layers separated. The organics were washed with saturated bicarbonate, water, and brine and dried over Na 2 SO 4 .
  • the solvent was removed to yield a dark red film as compound 13 (160 mg).
  • Lactam 166 is prepared in a manner as described above for compound 75.
  • Lactam 170 is prepared in a manner as described above for compound 75.
  • Lactam 171 is prepared in a manner as described above for compound 76.
  • Lactam 172 is prepared in a manner as described above for compound 75.
  • Phenol 169 is prepared in a manner as described above for compound 76.
  • the intermediate lactam 50 mg (0.08 mmol, 1 equiv), was dissolved in 3 mL DMF, and Cs 2 CO 3 (130 mg, 0.40 mmol, 5 equiv) followed by MeI (0.08 mmol, 5 ⁇ l, 1 equiv) was added.
  • the reaction was stirred for 1 h at rt, by which time the reaction had gone to completion as judged by LC/MS analysis.
  • the reaction was then filtered to remove solids and diluted with EtOAc, then washed 3 ⁇ with water and dried over Na 2 SO 4 to furnish 30 mg of methylated product 4 that required no additional purification.
  • Triethylamine (15 mL, 10.89 g, 107.6 mmol) was added to a suspension of 203 (9.16 g, 26 mmol) in 175 mL of anhydrous DMF, affecting dissolution.
  • a single addition of TIPS-Cl caused the reaction to thicken significantly.
  • Evaluation (LCMS) of the reaction after 5 min. indicated the complete absence of 203 and only a trace of 204.
  • the in situ generated 5,8-bis TIPS protected 3 was hydrolyzed by the addition of DMF/Water 9:1 v/v (5 mL, 0.89 eq. based upon initial excess of TIPS-Cl).
  • Ethyl acetate 400 mL was used to back extract the aqueous wash before the combined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with 2 ⁇ 350 mL of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and 400 mL of brine. Drying, Na 2 SO 4 , filtration, and evaporation in vacuo afforded 205 after vacuum drying, 11.15 g.
  • Triflate protected phenol 216 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq) dissolved in toluene/ethanol/water (2/1/0.5 mL, 0.3M) in microwave vessel.
  • Cs 2 CO 3 (2.5 mmol, 2.5 eq) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (0.015 mmol, 0.15 eq) were added followed by the 4-fluorophenyl boronic acid (0.15 mmol, 1.5 eq).
  • the purified TIPS protected intermediate was dissolved in THF/TFA and stirred at room temperature to remove the TIPS protecting group.
  • LC/MS after one hour showed complete deprotection of the phenol.
  • Reaction mixture was concentrated en vacuo.
  • the residue was redissolved in DMSO and purified by reverse phase HPLC.
  • the purified product 217 was lyophilized to a powder and characterized by LC/MS and NMR.

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CN112142714A (zh) * 2019-06-27 2020-12-29 山东润博生物科技有限公司 一种灭草烟的合成方法
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US8008287B2 (en) 2011-08-30
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