US20090255118A1 - Method of manufacturing mixers - Google Patents

Method of manufacturing mixers Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090255118A1
US20090255118A1 US12/120,797 US12079708A US2009255118A1 US 20090255118 A1 US20090255118 A1 US 20090255118A1 US 12079708 A US12079708 A US 12079708A US 2009255118 A1 US2009255118 A1 US 2009255118A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
unitary
mixer
swirler
unitary mixer
vanes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US12/120,797
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English (en)
Inventor
David Allen Kastrup
Marie Ann McMasters
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US12/120,797 priority Critical patent/US20090255118A1/en
Assigned to GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY reassignment GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KASTRUP, DAVID ALLEN, MCMASTERS, MARIE ANN
Priority to DE112009000728T priority patent/DE112009000728T5/de
Priority to GB1016945A priority patent/GB2471235A/en
Priority to PCT/US2009/039385 priority patent/WO2010008633A2/en
Priority to JP2011504087A priority patent/JP2011526976A/ja
Priority to CA2720255A priority patent/CA2720255A1/en
Publication of US20090255118A1 publication Critical patent/US20090255118A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
    • B23P6/002—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors
    • B23P6/007—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors using only additive methods, e.g. build-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
    • B23P6/002—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors
    • B23P6/005—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors using only replacement pieces of a particular form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/22—Fuel supply systems
    • F02C7/222—Fuel flow conduits, e.g. manifolds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C7/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
    • F23C7/002—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply the air being submitted to a rotary or spinning motion
    • F23C7/004—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply the air being submitted to a rotary or spinning motion using vanes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36—Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/38—Nozzles; Cleaning devices therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/02—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the air-flow or gas-flow configuration
    • F23R3/04—Air inlet arrangements
    • F23R3/10—Air inlet arrangements for primary air
    • F23R3/12—Air inlet arrangements for primary air inducing a vortex
    • F23R3/14—Air inlet arrangements for primary air inducing a vortex by using swirl vanes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/283—Attaching or cooling of fuel injecting means including supports for fuel injectors, stems, or lances
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/286—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply having fuel-air premixing devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
    • F23R3/34—Feeding into different combustion zones
    • F23R3/343—Pilot flames, i.e. fuel nozzles or injectors using only a very small proportion of the total fuel to insure continuous combustion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B22F2007/068—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts repairing articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P2700/00—Indexing scheme relating to the articles being treated, e.g. manufactured, repaired, assembled, connected or other operations covered in the subgroups
    • B23P2700/13—Parts of turbine combustion chambers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2213/00—Burner manufacture specifications
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/00018—Means for protecting parts of the burner, e.g. ceramic lining outside of the flame tube
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
    • F23D2900/14701—Swirling means inside the mixing tube or chamber to improve premixing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23R2900/00018—Manufacturing combustion chamber liners or subparts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/2496—Self-proportioning or correlating systems
    • Y10T137/2559—Self-controlled branched flow systems
    • Y10T137/265—Plural outflows
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
    • Y10T29/49318—Repairing or disassembling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
    • Y10T29/4932—Turbomachine making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49718—Repairing
    • Y10T29/49746—Repairing by applying fluent material, e.g., coating, casting

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to combustors, and more specifically to mixers used for enhancing fuel/air mixing in gas turbine engine combustors.
  • important design criteria for aircraft gas turbine engine combustion systems include provision for high combustion temperatures, in order to provide high thermal efficiency under a variety of engine operating conditions, as well as the minimization of undesirable combustion conditions that contribute to the emission of particulates, and to the emission of undesirable gases, and to the emission of combustion products that are precursors to the formation of photochemical smog.
  • combustor designs have been developed to meet those criteria. For example, one way in which the problem of minimizing the emission of undesirable gas turbine engine combustion products has been attacked is the provision of staged combustion.
  • a combustor is provided in which a first stage burner is utilized for low speed and low power conditions to more closely control the character of the combustion products.
  • a combination of first stage and second stage burners is provided for higher power outlet conditions while attempting to maintain the combustion products within the emissions limits.
  • TAPS twin annular premixing swirler
  • the TAPS mixer assembly includes a pilot mixer which is supplied with fuel during the entire engine operating cycle and a main mixer which is supplied with fuel only during increased power conditions of the engine operating cycle. Improvements in the main mixer of the assembly during high power conditions (i.e., take-off and climb) are disclosed in patent applications having Ser. Nos. 11/188,596, 11/188,598, and 11/188,470.
  • the mixers have swirler assemblies that swirl the air passing through them to promote mixing of air with fuel prior to combustion.
  • the swirler assemblies used in the combustors are complex structures having axial, radial or conical swirlers or a combination of them.
  • conventional manufacturing methods have been used to fabricate mixers having swirler components that are assembled or joined together using known methods to form the swirler assemblies. For example, in some mixers with complex vanes, individual vanes are first machined and then brazed into an assembly. Investment casting methods have been used in the past in producing some combustor swirlers. Other swirlers have been machined from raw stock. Electro-discharge machining (EDM) has been used as a means of machining the vanes in the swirlers.
  • EDM Electro-discharge machining
  • braze joints can increase the time needed to fabricate such mixers and can also complicate the fabrication process for any of several reasons, including: the need for an adequate region to allow for braze alloy placement; the need for minimizing unwanted braze alloy flow; the need for an acceptable inspection technique to verify braze quality; and, the necessity of having several braze alloys available in order to prevent the re-melting of previous braze joints.
  • numerous braze joints may result in several braze runs, which may weaken the parent material of the component. The presence of numerous braze joints can undesirably increase the weight and manufacturing cost of the mixer assemblies.
  • exemplary embodiments which provide a method for fabricating a mixer having a unitary construction, said method comprising the steps of determining three-dimensional information of the unitary mixer having at least one swirler, converting the three-dimensional information into a plurality of slices that each define a cross-sectional layer of the unitary mixer, and successively forming each layer of the unitary mixer by fusing a metallic powder.
  • Exemplary embodiments are disclosed, showing unitary mixers comprising an annular housing and a swirler having a unitary construction wherein unitary mixer is made by using a rapid manufacturing process.
  • the rapid manufacturing process is a laser sintering process.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a high bypass turbofan gas turbine engine.
  • FIG. 2 is a partial isometric view of a unitary mixer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention located on a fuel nozzle assembly.
  • FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a unitary mixer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an isometric cross sectional view of a unitary mixer according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 5 is a side cross sectional view of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention of a unitary mixer shown in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 6 is a frontal cross sectional view of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 7 is a frontal cross sectional view of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a unitary mixer according to an alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is an isometric cross sectional view of the alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 10 is a frontal cross sectional view of the alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 8 .
  • FIG. 11 is a frontal cross sectional view of the alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 8 .
  • FIG. 12 is a frontal cross sectional view of the alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 8 .
  • FIG. 13 is an isometric view of a unitary mixer according to an alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is an isometric cross sectional view of the alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 13 .
  • FIG. 15 is a frontal cross sectional view of the alternate exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 13 .
  • FIG. 16 is a flow chart showing an exemplary embodiment of a method for fabricating a mixer having a unitary construction.
  • FIG. 1 depicts in diagrammatic form an exemplary gas turbine engine 10 (high bypass type) having a longitudinal or axial centerline axis 12 therethrough for reference purposes.
  • Engine 10 preferably includes a core gas turbine engine generally identified by numeral 14 and a fan section 16 positioned upstream thereof.
  • Core engine 14 typically includes a generally tubular outer casing 18 that defines an annular inlet 20 .
  • Outer casing 18 further encloses and supports a booster 22 for raising the pressure of the air that enters core engine 14 to a first pressure level.
  • a high pressure, multi-stage, axial-flow compressor 24 receives pressurized air from booster 22 and further increases the pressure of the air.
  • the pressurized air flows to a combustor 26 , where fuel is injected into the pressurized air stream and ignited to raise the temperature and energy level of the pressurized air.
  • the high energy combustion products flow from combustor 26 to a first (high pressure) turbine 28 for driving the high pressure compressor 24 through a first (high pressure) drive shaft 30 , and then to a second (low pressure) turbine 32 for driving booster 22 and fan section 16 through a second (low pressure) drive shaft 34 that is coaxial with first drive shaft 30 .
  • the combustion products leave core engine 14 through an exhaust nozzle 36 to provide at least a portion of the jet propulsive thrust of the engine 10 .
  • Fan section 16 includes a rotatable, axial-flow fan rotor 38 that is surrounded by an annular fan casing 40 .
  • fan casing 40 is supported from core engine 14 by a plurality of substantially radially-extending, circumferentially-spaced outlet guide vanes 42 . In this way, fan casing 40 encloses fan rotor 38 and fan rotor blades 44 .
  • Downstream section 46 of fan casing 40 extends over an outer portion of core engine 14 to define a secondary, or bypass, airflow conduit 48 that provides additional jet propulsive thrust.
  • Air flow 50 enters gas turbine engine 10 through an inlet 52 to fan casing 40 .
  • Air flow 50 passes through fan blades 44 and splits into a first compressed air flow (represented by arrow 54 ) that moves through conduit 48 and a second compressed air flow (represented by arrow 56 ) which enters booster 22 .
  • second compressed air flow 56 The pressure of second compressed air flow 56 is increased and enters high pressure compressor 24 , as represented by arrow 58 .
  • combustion products 60 exit combustor 26 and flow through first turbine 28 .
  • Combustion products 60 then flow through second turbine 32 and exit exhaust nozzle 36 to provide at least a portion of the thrust for gas turbine engine 10 .
  • the combustor 26 includes an annular combustion chamber 62 that is coaxial with longitudinal axis 12 , as well as an inlet 64 and an outlet 66 . As noted above, combustor 26 receives an annular stream of pressurized air from a high pressure compressor discharge outlet 69 . A portion of this compressor discharge air flows into a mixer 100 , such as, for example, shown in FIG.2 . In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG.2 , air enters into the mixer 100 in a radial-circumferential direction (as represented by arrows 102 , 104 ) and in an axial direction (as represented by arrow 106 ).
  • Fuel is injected from a fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 to mix with the air and form a fuel-air mixture that is provided to combustion chamber 62 for combustion. Ignition of the fuel-air mixture is accomplished by a suitable igniter, and the resulting combustion gases 60 flow in an axial direction toward and into an annular, first stage turbine nozzle 72 .
  • Nozzle 72 is defined by an annular flow channel that includes a plurality of radially-extending, circumferentially-spaced nozzle vanes 74 that turn the gases so that they flow angularly and impinge upon the first stage turbine blades of first turbine 28 .
  • first turbine 28 preferably rotates high pressure compressor 24 via first drive shaft 30 .
  • Low pressure turbine 32 preferably drives booster 24 and fan rotor 38 via second drive shaft 34 .
  • Combustion chamber 62 is housed within engine outer casing 18 . Fuel is supplied into the combustion chamber by a fuel nozzle assembly 80 , shown in FIG. 2 . Fuel is supplied through fuel supply conduits located within a stem 82 to a fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 . The mixer 100 circumferentially surrounds the fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 . Primary (pilot) and secondary fuel is sprayed by the fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 , using conventional means.
  • FIG. 2 shows an isometric view of the exemplary embodiment of the mixer 100 having a unitary construction shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the term “unitary” is used in this application to denote that the associated component, such as the mixer 100 200 , 300 described herein, is made as a single piece during manufacturing. Thus, a unitary component has a monolithic construction for the entire component, and is different from a component that has been made from a plurality of component pieces that have been joined together to form a single component.
  • the unitary mixer 100 includes an annular main housing 120 (see FIG. 3 ) that radially surrounds the fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 (see FIG. 1 ) and defining an annular cavity between the housing 120 and the fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 .
  • a plurality of fuel injection ports introduce fuel into annular cavity between the housing 120 and the fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 .
  • the exemplary embodiment of the mixer 100 shown FIG. 2 comprises a swirler arrangement identified generally by numeral 130 .
  • Swirler arrangement 130 may be configured in any of several ways, such as, for example, shown in exemplary embodiments of unitary mixers 100 , 200 , 300 shown herein in FIG. 3 , FIG. 8 and FIG. 13 respectively.
  • the unitary mixer 100 (i.e., mixer 100 having a unitary construction) comprises a swirler arrangement 130 having at least one swirler, such as, for example, numeral item 140 shown in FIG. 3 .
  • unitary mixer 100 comprises a swirler arrangement 130 having three swirlers 140 , 160 , 180 , located in a housing 120 .
  • the unitary mixer 100 has an annular construction around an axis 111 having a radially inner hub 122 , a rim 124 located radially outwardly from the hub 122 .
  • the unitary mixer 100 has a mount system 125 comprising an annular flange 126 that is located at one end of the mixer.
  • the flange is used to locate the unitary mixer 100 within the annular combustor 26 .
  • At least one pair of tabs 128 may be located on the flange 126 .
  • the tabs 128 are used to orient and locate mixer 100 circumferentially in the combustor 26 and facilitates to react the mechanical and aerodynamic loads and moments induced in the mixer 100 .
  • Assembling of mixers circumferentially around annular combustors has been described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,062,920; 7,121,095; and 6,976,363, and the U.S. Patent Application publication US 2007/0028620A1.
  • the first swirler 140 comprises a plurality of axial vanes 142 that are arranged circumferentially around the mixer axis 111 .
  • the axial vanes 142 extend in the radial direction from the hub 122 to the rim 124 .
  • the axial vanes 142 extend generally in the axial direction with respect to the axis 111 from a first location 144 (entrance location) to a second location 146 (exit location). As seen in FIG.
  • the axial vanes 142 are arranged circumferentially around the mixer axis 111 such that circumferentially adjacent vanes 151 , 152 form passages 154 , 156 between them, through which air flows into the mixer 100 , as represented by air flow direction arrows 106 .
  • the swirler 140 comprises circumferentially adjacent axial vanes 151 and 152 that have different thickness variations in the axial direction such that a first flow passage 154 and a second flow passage 156 are formed on each side of the axial vanes 151 and 152 .
  • the first flow passage 154 has an orientation angle “A” and the second flow passage 156 has a second orientation angle “B” with respect to the mixer axis 111 .
  • the variation of the flow area in the axial direction for each of the flow passages 154 and 156 can be suitably designed by varying the thickness distribution of the adjacent vanes 151 and 152 .
  • the thickness distribution for the axial vanes 151 and 152 are such that the adjacent flow passages 154 and 156 have an alternating converging-diverging characteristic: i.e., flow passage 154 has a progressively smaller flow area (“converging”) in the axial direction and flow passage 156 has a progressively larger area (“diverging”) in the axial direction. It is known that subsonic air flowing through a converging flow path is accelerated whereas subsonic air flowing through a diverging flow path is decelerated.
  • varying the flow passage areas between adjacent flow passages 154 , 156 facilitates intense mixing of the air and fuel inside the mixer 100 . It is also possible to have other suitable geometric variations in the adjacent flow passages 154 , 156 , such as for example, a converging flow passage on one side of an axial vane 154 , 152 and a constant flow passage on the other side of the axial vane 154 , 152 . It is also possible to have different orientation angles “A” and “B” with respect to the axis 111 for two adjacent flow passages 151 and 152 . The exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS.
  • 3-7 comprises a swirler 140 having about 36 to 50 axial vanes 142 arranged in the circumferential direction, having two orientation angles “A” and “B”.
  • the orientation angles “A” and “B” preferably have values of approximately 65 degrees and 50 degrees respectively, and the flow passage 154 converges about 80% in the axial direction and the flow passage 156 diverges about 50% in the axial direction.
  • the exemplary embodiment of a unitary mixer 100 shown in FIGS. 3-7 comprises a second swirler 160 that is located axially aft from the first swirler 140 .
  • a cross sectional view of the second swirler 160 perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • second swirler 160 includes a plurality of radial vanes 162 for swirling the air flowing therebetween.
  • the second swirler 160 having radial vanes 162 is preferably oriented substantially radially to centerline axis 111 through mixer 100 .
  • radial vanes 162 are substantially uniformly spaced circumferentially and a plurality of substantially uniform passages 176 are defined between adjacent radial vanes such as, for example, items 171 , 172 in FIG. 6 .
  • radial vanes 162 are shown as being substantially uniformly spaced circumferentially, thereby defining a plurality of substantially uniform passages therebetween, it will further be understood that swirler 160 may include radial vanes 162 having different configurations so as to shape the passages 176 in a desirable manner, such as, for example, as disclosed in the '595 patent application identified hereinabove.
  • FIG. 6 radial vanes 162 are substantially uniformly spaced circumferentially and a plurality of substantially uniform passages 176 are defined between adjacent radial vanes such as, for example, items 171 , 172 in FIG. 6 .
  • swirler 160 may include radial vanes 162 having different configurations so as to shape the passages 176 in a desirable manner, such as, for
  • the second swirler 160 has about 36 to 50 radial vanes 162 .
  • Radial vanes 162 are oriented such that the flow passage formed between two adjacent radial vanes 171 , 172 has an orientation angle “C” with respect to a line 115 perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 and passing through the center 175 of the passage where air flow 104 enters the mixer 100 .
  • the orientation angle “C” is preferably between about 30-70 degrees.
  • the exemplary embodiment of a unitary mixer 100 shown in FIGS. 3-7 comprises a third swirler 180 that is located axially aft from the second swirler 160 .
  • a cross sectional view of the second swirler 180 perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • third swirler 180 includes a plurality of radial vanes 182 for swirling the air flowing therebetween.
  • the third swirler 180 having radial vanes 182 is preferably oriented generally in the radial-tangential direction with respect to centerline axis 111 through mixer 100 .
  • radial vanes 182 are substantially uniformly spaced circumferentially and a plurality of substantially uniform passages 196 are defined between adjacent radial vanes such as, for example, items 191 , 192 in FIG. 7 .
  • swirler 180 may include radial vanes 182 having different configurations so as to shape the passages 196 in a desirable manner.
  • the third swirler 180 has about 30 to 50 radial vanes 182 .
  • Radial vanes 182 are oriented such that the flow passage formed between two adjacent radial vanes 191 , 192 has an orientation angle “D” with respect to a line 117 perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 and passing through the center 195 of the passage where air flow 102 enters the mixer 100 .
  • the orientation angle “D” is preferably between about 0-60 degrees.
  • second swirler 160 will be swirled in a first direction and air flowing through third swirler 180 will preferably be swirled in a direction opposite the first direction. This is accomplished by appropriately choosing the orientation angles “C” and “D” for the air flow passages 176 and 196 respectively. In this way, an intense mixing of air and fuel is accomplished within combustor having an enhanced total kinetic energy.
  • swirlers 140 , 160 and 180 By properly configuring swirlers 140 , 160 and 180 , an intense mixing region can be substantially centered within annular cavity around the fuel nozzle tip assembly 68 .
  • the configuration of the vanes in swirlers 140 , 160 and 180 may be altered to vary the swirl direction of air flowing therethrough and not be limited to the exemplary swirl directions indicated hereinabove.
  • the axial length of radial vanes 182 of the third swirler 180 is preferably greater than the axial length of radial vanes 162 of the second swirler 160 . Accordingly, a relatively greater amount of air flows through third swirler 180 than through second swirler 160 due to the greater passage area therefor.
  • the relative axial lengths of swirlers 180 and 160 may be varied as desired to alter the distribution of air therethrough, so the sizes depicted are only illustrative.
  • FIGS. 8-12 An alternative exemplary embodiment of a unitary mixer 200 is shown in FIGS. 8-12 . It will be seen in FIGS. 8-12 that the exemplary unitary mixer 200 comprises a swirler arrangement 230 having first, second and third swirlers 240 , 260 and 280 , respectively.
  • FIG. 9 shows an isometric cross sectional view of the unitary mixer 200 .
  • the first swirler 240 is a radial swirler, which is different from the axial swirler 140 shown in FIG. 3 and described previously herein.
  • a cross sectional view of the first swirler 240 taken perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 is shown in FIG. 10 .
  • the second swirler 260 is located axially aft from the first swirler 240 , and is a radial swirler generally similar to the radial swirler 160 shown in FIG. 6 described previously herein.
  • a cross sectional view of the second swirler 260 taken perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 is shown in FIG. 11 .
  • the third swirler 280 is located axially aft from the second swirler 260 , and is a radial swirler generally similar to the radial swirler 180 shown in FIG. 7 described previously herein.
  • a cross sectional view of the third swirler 280 taken perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 is shown in FIG. 12 . It will be understood that, as shown in FIGS.
  • air flowing through the first swirler 240 will be swirled in a first direction and air flowing through the second swirler 260 will preferably be swirled in a direction opposite the first direction, and the air flowing through the third swirler 280 will preferably be swirled in a direction opposite the second direction This is accomplished by appropriately choosing the orientation angles for the air flow passages 254 , 276 and 296 respectively.
  • radial vanes 242 , 262 and 282 are shown in FIGS.
  • swirlers 240 , 260 and 280 may include radial vanes 242 , 262 , 282 having different configurations so as to shape the air flow passages between circumferentially adjacent radial vanes in a desirable manner.
  • the unitary mixer 200 has a mount system 225 comprising an annular flange 226 and at least one pair of tabs 228 used to locate the unitary mixer 200 within the annular combustor 26 as described previously herein.
  • FIGS. 13-15 Another alternative exemplary embodiment of a unitary mixer 300 is shown in FIGS. 13-15 .
  • the exemplary unitary mixer 300 comprises a swirler arrangement 330 .
  • a cross sectional view of the swirler 330 perpendicular to the mixer axis 111 is shown in FIG. 15 .
  • the swirler 330 comprises radial vanes 382 arranged circumferentially around the mixer axis 111 . Adjacent radial vanes 382 form a flow passage 396 between them. Air flows into the unitary mixer 300 through these passages in a generally radial-tangential direction, as represented by an arrow 302 in FIG. 15 .
  • the orientation angles for these radial vanes are similar to those for the radial vanes in the unitary mixers 100 , 200 described previously herein.
  • radial vanes 382 are shown in FIG. 15 as being substantially uniformly spaced circumferentially, thereby defining a plurality of substantially uniform passages 396 therebetween, it will further be understood that swirler 330 may include radial vanes 382 having different configurations so as to shape the air flow passages between circumferentially adjacent radial vanes in a desirable manner.
  • the unitary mixer 300 has a mount system 325 comprising an annular flange 326 and at least one pair of tabs 328 used to locate the unitary mixer 300 within the annular combustor 26 as described previously herein.
  • swirler arrangements may be utilized in the unitary mixers 100 , 200 and 300 , as disclosed in patent applications entitled, “Mixer Assembly For Combustion Chamber Of A Gas Turbine Engine Having A Plurality Of Counter-Rotating Swirlers” having Ser. No. 11/188596, “Swirler Arrangement For Mixer Assembly Of A Gas Turbine Engine Combustor Having Shaped Passages” having Ser. No. 11/188595, and “Mixer Assembly For Combustor Of A Gas Turbine Engine Having A Main Mixer With Improved Fuel Penetration” having Ser. No. 11/188598.
  • Rapid Manufacturing methods such as, for example, Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
  • DMLS Direct Metal Laser Sintering
  • Use of rapid manufacturing methods such as DMLS provides the capability to produce unitary mixers 100 , 200 , 300 having complex swirlers 130 , 230 , 330 and vane shapes that previously could not be produced using conventional machining or even EDM machining using multiple custom electrodes due to insufficient access on the inner diameter of the parts.
  • the DMLS process uses powdered metal technology.
  • the part being manufactured is modeled in a three-dimensional CAD model and geometrical data is broken into layers as small as 0.0004 inches. Conventional CAD software can be used for this purpose.
  • Metal powder is deposited per the geometry definition defined for a specific layer.
  • a laser is then used to sinter the powder to the layers underneath the current layer.
  • Platforms and/or columns are used as a base for the first layer of powder and for support for large voids in the geometry. After completing the DMLS process, the platforms and/or support columns can be machined off using conventional machining methods.
  • Use of rapid manufacturing processes, such as the DMLS process provides the capability of producing complex unitary mixers, such as items 100 , 200 , 300 shown herein, having complex three-dimensional swirlers with swept aerodynamic vane shapes, with reduced part-to-part variability.
  • the exemplary embodiment of a unitary mixer 100 shown in FIG. 3 and the alternative embodiments of the unitary mixer 200 , 300 shown in FIGS. 8 and 13 can be made using rapid manufacturing processes such as Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Laser Net Shape Manufacturing (LNSM), electron beam sintering and other known processes in rapid manufacturing.
  • DMLS is a preferred method of rapid manufacturing unitary mixers such as the items 100 , 200 , 300 described herein.
  • FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a rapid manufacturing method 500 for fabricating unitary mixers such as items 100 , 200 , 300 shown in FIGS. 3 , 8 and 13 , and described herein.
  • Method 500 includes fabricating unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS).
  • DMLS is a known manufacturing process that fabricates metal components using three-dimensional information, for example a three-dimensional computer model, of the component.
  • the three-dimensional information for the unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 is converted into a plurality of slices, each slice defining a cross section of the unitary mixer for a predetermined height of the slice.
  • the unitary mixer is then “built-up” slice by slice, or layer by layer, until finished.
  • Each layer of the unitary mixer is formed by fusing a metallic powder using a laser.
  • method 500 includes the step 505 of determining three-dimensional geometric and other information of the unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 (shown in FIG. 3 , FIG. 8 and FIG. 13 ) and the step 210 of converting the three-dimensional information into a plurality of slices that each define a cross-sectional layer of the unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 .
  • the unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 is then fabricated using DMLS, or more specifically, each layer of the unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 is successively formed (step 515 ) by fusing a metallic powder using laser energy.
  • Each layer has a size between about 0.0005 inches and about 0.001 inches.
  • Unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 may be fabricated using any suitable laser sintering machine.
  • suitable laser sintering machines include, but are not limited to, an EOSINT.RTM. M 270 DMLS machine, a PHENIX PM250 machine, and/or an EOSINT.RTM. M 250 Xtended DMLS machine, available from EOS of North America, Inc. of Novi, Mich.
  • the metallic powder used to fabricate the unitary mixer 100 , 200 , 300 is preferably a powder including cobalt chromium, but may be any other suitable metallic powder, such as, but not limited to, HS188 and INCO625.
  • the metallic powder can have a particle size of between about 10 microns and 74 microns, preferably between about 15 microns and about 30 microns.
  • a EOSINT 270 laser sintering system using a 200 W Ytterbium Fiber laser in an Argon atmosphere was used.
  • SLS Selective Laser Sintering
  • SLM Selective Laser Melting
  • 3D printing such as by inkjets and laserjets
  • SLS Sterolithography
  • SLS Direct Selective Laser Sintering
  • EBS Electron Beam Sintering
  • EBM Electron Beam Melting
  • LENS Laser Engineered Net Shaping
  • LNSM Laser Net Shape Manufacturing
  • DMD Direct Metal Deposition
  • SFF Solid Free Form Fabrication
  • the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the element(s)/component(s)/etc.
  • the terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional element(s)/component(s)/etc. other than the listed element(s)/component(s)/etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
  • Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)
  • Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
  • Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
  • Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
US12/120,797 2008-04-11 2008-05-15 Method of manufacturing mixers Abandoned US20090255118A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/120,797 US20090255118A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-05-15 Method of manufacturing mixers
DE112009000728T DE112009000728T5 (de) 2008-04-11 2009-04-03 Mischer für Brenner und Verfahren zum Herstellen
GB1016945A GB2471235A (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-03 Mixer for combuster and method of manufacturing
PCT/US2009/039385 WO2010008633A2 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-03 Mixer for combustor and method of manufacturing
JP2011504087A JP2011526976A (ja) 2008-04-11 2009-04-03 燃焼器のミキサ及び製造方法
CA2720255A CA2720255A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-03 Mixer for combustor and method of manufacturing

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US4411608P 2008-04-11 2008-04-11
US12/120,797 US20090255118A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-05-15 Method of manufacturing mixers

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US20090255118A1 true US20090255118A1 (en) 2009-10-15

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US12/120,797 Abandoned US20090255118A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-05-15 Method of manufacturing mixers
US12/120,785 Active 2030-06-20 US8061142B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-05-15 Mixer for a combustor
US12/182,485 Active 2030-11-19 US8210211B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Method of manufacturing a unitary conduit for transporting fluids
US12/182,469 Active US7841368B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Unitary conduit for transporting fluids
US12/182,526 Abandoned US20090256003A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Method of manufacturing a fuel distributor
US12/182,500 Active 2031-02-02 US8336313B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Fuel distributor
US12/200,956 Active 2031-01-22 US8171734B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-08-29 Swirlers
US12/200,960 Abandoned US20090255119A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-08-29 Method of manufacturing a unitary swirler
US12/262,237 Abandoned US20090255261A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-10-31 Method of manufacturing a unitary venturi
US12/262,225 Abandoned US20090255260A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-10-31 Venturi
US12/418,889 Abandoned US20090255116A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-06 Method of repairing a fuel nozzle
US12/418,875 Abandoned US20090256007A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-06 Repairable fuel nozzle
US12/418,901 Abandoned US20090255102A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-06 Repair of fuel nozzle component

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US12/120,785 Active 2030-06-20 US8061142B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-05-15 Mixer for a combustor
US12/182,485 Active 2030-11-19 US8210211B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Method of manufacturing a unitary conduit for transporting fluids
US12/182,469 Active US7841368B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Unitary conduit for transporting fluids
US12/182,526 Abandoned US20090256003A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Method of manufacturing a fuel distributor
US12/182,500 Active 2031-02-02 US8336313B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-07-30 Fuel distributor
US12/200,956 Active 2031-01-22 US8171734B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-08-29 Swirlers
US12/200,960 Abandoned US20090255119A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-08-29 Method of manufacturing a unitary swirler
US12/262,237 Abandoned US20090255261A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-10-31 Method of manufacturing a unitary venturi
US12/262,225 Abandoned US20090255260A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2008-10-31 Venturi
US12/418,889 Abandoned US20090255116A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-06 Method of repairing a fuel nozzle
US12/418,875 Abandoned US20090256007A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-06 Repairable fuel nozzle
US12/418,901 Abandoned US20090255102A1 (en) 2008-04-11 2009-04-06 Repair of fuel nozzle component

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (13) US20090255118A1 (de)
JP (7) JP5779499B2 (de)
CA (7) CA2720241C (de)
DE (7) DE112009000753B4 (de)
GB (7) GB2471233B (de)
WO (3) WO2009148682A2 (de)

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