US20090236569A1 - Crystalline metallic nano-particles and colloids thereof - Google Patents

Crystalline metallic nano-particles and colloids thereof Download PDF

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US20090236569A1
US20090236569A1 US12/442,050 US44205007A US2009236569A1 US 20090236569 A1 US20090236569 A1 US 20090236569A1 US 44205007 A US44205007 A US 44205007A US 2009236569 A1 US2009236569 A1 US 2009236569A1
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nano
particles
colloid
metals
electrical
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Maciej Jan Pike-Biegunski
Pawel BIEGUNSKI
Marcin Mazur
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Nano Tech Group Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/0004—Preparation of sols
    • B01J13/0043—Preparation of sols containing elemental metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
    • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
    • B22F1/0545—Dispersions or suspensions of nanosized particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/14—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes using electric discharge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a method of producing properties and applications of crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) and colloids thereof, manufactured using an electrical, non-explosive method of degrading metals and their alloys as well as the crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) themselves, and in particular their shape, composition, structure and characteristic properties.
  • the crux of the present invention is the manufacture of crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) and colloids thereof using an electrical, non-explosive method of degrading metals and their alloys, the properties and applications of crystalline metallic nano-particles and colloids thereof, as well as the crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) themselves, and in particular their shape, composition, structure and characteristic properties.
  • Polish Patent Nos. 365435, 371355 and 328182 describe an electro-explosive method of obtaining metallic colloids and their applications.
  • the present goal of the inventors is to create metallic nano-crystalline structures (nano-crystallites) and their colloids using an electrical, non-explosive method of degrading metals and their alloys.
  • the subject of the invention is a method of producing a colloid or its derivative, characterized in that the electrical conductor in the form of a solid is placed in a dispersion medium, subjected to electrical disintegration by a controlled current from a charged electrical condenser, wherein the process of electrical disintegration is non-explosive and the temperature of degradation of the conductor is lower than its melting temperature, and the electrically conducting substance forms the dispersed phase of the colloid produced.
  • the sizes of the nano-particles of the dispersed phase are contained in the statistical range from 20 to 80 Angstroms, and the sizes of the microparticles produced are larger than 80 Angstroms.
  • the nano-particles of the dispersed phase typically may vary in size from 2 to 8 nm, with an average value of 3.5 nm, wherein they assume the shape of platelets with a typical thickness of 3-5 atoms.
  • the degradation time of the metal conductor lasts around 4-5 microseconds and a plasma channel does not appear around the conductor.
  • the fragments of the metal conductor produced are nano-crystallites with an atomic crystal structure identical to the input material, and the content of melted metal particles or metallic spheroids is less than 50%, and preferentially no more than 10%.
  • the oscillogram of the current is sinusoidal, interrupted in time or during the second oscillation and is not a spike event.
  • the electrical current density may be from 1 kA to 50 kA.
  • the electrically conducting substance may be selected from a group containing chemically pure metals, metals contaminated with additives, alloys or solid-state mixtures of metals, alloys of metals and semiconductors or dielectrics.
  • the dispersion medium may be a liquid, gas, dispersed gas (gas at low pressure), a combination thereof or a vacuum.
  • the dispersion medium may contain at least one of the following components: water, gas, liquified gas, aerosols, gels, oils and organic liquids such as liquid hydrocarbons, crude oil, gasoline, fuel oil, heating oil, or a mixture thereof.
  • the colloid produced containing nano-particles may be introduced into another medium, preferentially a liquid or a gaseous one, or a polymerizing substance. Preferably, prior to placement in the other medium, at least a portion of the initial dispersion medium is removed.
  • the manufacturing process of the nanoparticles or colloids may be performed manually or using an automated method and appropriate equipment. The process may be performed continually or intermittently.
  • the electrical degradation may be performed in the target environment or in a colloid, preferentially obtaining one of the following systems: silver in vitamins, gold in sterile distilled water or physiological solutions, chromium-nickel in silicon oils, palladium in benzene or toluene, paraffin oil, crude oil or oil, silver and/or gold in an acetylsalicylic acid solution, silver in alcohol, gasoline, crude oil, refined oil or glycerine.
  • the colloid formed may be non-ionic and/or stable and visible sedimentation does not occur in it.
  • the next subject of the invention are nano-particles of an electrically conducting substance, characterized in that they are non-ionic, crystalline fragments of an electrically conducting substance in the form of platelets with a typical size ranging from 2 to 8 nm, preferentially on average about 3.5 nm, and a typical thickness of about 3-5 atomic layers, preferentially with a homogenous metallic structure lacking chemical impurities and crystalline defects.
  • the electrically conducting substance is selected from a group containing chemically pure metals, metals contaminated (on purpose) with additives, alloys or solid-state mixtures of metals, alloys of metals and semiconductors or dielectrics.
  • the next subject of the invention is a colloid, characterized in that it contains:
  • a dispersed phase composed of nano-particles of an electrically conducting substance, in the form of non-ionic, crystalline fragments of an electrically conducting substance in the form of platelets with a typical size ranging from 2 to 8 nm, preferentially on average about 3.5 nm, and a typical thickness of about 3-5 atomic layers, preferentially with a homogenous metallic structure lacking chemical impurities and crystalline defects.
  • a dispersion medium being a liquid or a gas or a mixture thereof.
  • a colloid according to the invention may be additionally dispersed in a gas, liquid, vapour or a mixture thereof, or in a polymerizing substance or a polymer.
  • the electrically conducting substance is selected from a group containing chemically pure metals, metals intentionally contaminated with additives, alloys of metals, alloys of metals and semiconductors or dielectrics, or pseudoalloys.
  • the electrically conducting substance is a precious metal or its alloy.
  • a colloid according to the invention may be one of the following systems: silver in vitamins, gold in sterile distilled water or physiological solution, chromo-nickel in silicon oils, palladium in benzene or toluene, naphtha, crude oil or oil, silver and/or gold in an acetylsalicylic acid solution, silver in alcohol, gasoline, crude oil, or refined oil.
  • the next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particles according to the invention or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, in the manufacturing of products selected from amongst: pharmaceutical agents, household chemicals, industrial chemicals, agricultural agents and veterinary agents.
  • pharmaceutical agents are manufactured using a colloid containing a precious metal, preferentially silver, copper or gold or an alloy of the above metals with an addition of at least one substance selected from among gold, palladium, platinides, copper and other nonprecious metals.
  • the pharmaceutical agent produced may be a preparation selected from among: antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, anti-tumour preparations, and preferentially selected from among disinfectants, decontaminants, prophylactics or treatments.
  • the preparation produced may be in the form of an aqueous suspension containing nano-particles of silver, its alloys or other metals.
  • the next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particles according or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, in the manufacturing of electronic materials, in particular electrically-conducting glues, inks for printing electrical circuits, and elements of passive electrical circuits or greases for electrical contacts.
  • the next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particles according or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, in the production of paints, varnishes, fillers, putty, and other coatings or fillers with the following properties: antibacterial, antifungal, antimold, antiviral and antielectrostatic, or ones absorbing electromagnetic or ionizing radiation.
  • a colloid or its derivative contains a metal in order to be an efficient electrical conductor, preferentially copper and its alloys.
  • the next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particles according or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, in the manufacture of fuels, lubricants, enhancing additives thereof or catalysts for the enhancement and purification in fuel combustion such as: hydrocarbons or space rocket fuel.
  • a colloid or its derivative contains a platinide.
  • the next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particles according or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, in the manufacturing of a preparation for decontamination, disinfection, prophylaxis or treatment, for use in particular in one of the following disciplines: dermatology, eye medicine, laryngology, urology, gynaecology, rheumatology, oncology, surgery, veterinary medicine, dentistry, in particular in the treatment of halitosis, plant protection, food technology, in particular in the conservation and disinfection of food preparation and storage equipment, etc.
  • nano-particles Due to their unique properties, nano-particles, according to the present invention, can find numerous applications, particularly in the manufacturing of preparations for: conservation (e.g. of food or beverages); purifying water; non-antibiotic growth stimulants; the internal and external antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal protection of eggs (particularly chicken eggs), especially against various bacterial infections of Salmonella, Escherichia , (e.g. E. coli ), Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus (e.g. S.
  • LCD-type in the manufacturing of protective preparations for plants; antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal protection of public spaces; production of paints, varnishes and coatings which reflect or absorb electromagnetic radiation, particularly microwaves; in the manufacturing of cosmetic and personal care preparations, e.g. rejuvenating preparations; in the manufacturing of anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoid preparations; in the manufacturing of orally administered preparations, both those meant for ingestion as well as those meant for oral rinsing, preparations in the form of liquids, lotions and gels and solid preparations; in the manufacturing of injectable preparations; in the manufacturing of preparations for aiding healing; in the manufacturing of antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal preparations or ones possessing combined properties, e.g.
  • antibacterial-antifungal, antibacterial-antiviral, antibacterial-antifungal-antiviral in the manufacturing of preparations for use in veterinary medicine, animal care and rearing; in the manufacturing and conservation of beverages; in the manufacturing of filters, including cigarette filters; in the manufacturing of antistatic preparations and materials; in the manufacturing of photovoltaic and electrovoltaic cells; in the manufacturing of batteries and accumulating batteries; in the manufacturing of preparations containing an electrically conductive material or its alloy, which may contain other additives in the form of nano-particles; in antibacterial and antifungal applications, medicine, sanitization, disinfection, applications requiring bactericides or fungicides, antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis, plant protection, domestic animal protection, food conservation, cosmetics, wound dressings, antibacterial wound dressings, medical and cosmetic gels, wound dressing and regenerative gels (i.e.
  • FIG. 1 presents photographs (A, B, C and D) which show images of metal fragments produced using explosive metal degradation.
  • SEM Sccanning Electron Microscope, 50,000 ⁇ magnification. Spheroids with diameters of about 200 nm and about 50 nm are visible.
  • FIG. 2 shows a direct photographic image of a reactor in which explosive degradation of wire was performed. A plasma region is visible in the photograph. FIG. 2 illustrates explosive degradation of wire with a visible plasma channel.
  • FIG. 3 presents an oscilloscope readout of the (oscillograph) condenser current charging the circuit in which the explosive degradation of wire occurs.
  • Current amperage as a function of time is independent of the RLC value in the circuit.
  • the oscillogram presents a “spike surge” which occurs very briefly in conjunction with the time constant of the LC circuit. Oscillogram of the explosion. The explosion lasts for less than 0.5 microseconds.
  • FIG. 4 presents an oscillogram of a condenser current discharged via a jumper.
  • Condenser current amperage is dependent on RLC circuit constants.
  • This oscillogram shows the graph of a current altering sinusoidally with an exponentially decreasing amplitude.
  • the oscillation frequency is the known function of induction (L) and circuit capacity (C).
  • FIG. 5 presents an image of metal fragments produced via the non-explosive degradation of wire (TEM—Transmission Electron Microscopy).
  • the silver platelets are so thin, that the graphite substrate of the carbon substrate membrane is “visible” through them.
  • FIG. 6 presents the non-explosive degradation of wire in a water reactor.
  • the direct image is an analog photographic record from a reactor in which the non-explosive degradation of wire was taking place.
  • Plasma is not visible in the photograph. Tracks formed by metal fragments ejected from the wire are visible. A characteristic brush pattern occurs. Bubbles of water vapour and gasses dissolved in water (oxygen, nitrogen) are also visible, resulting from an ultrasonic cavitational effect.
  • FIG. 7 presents an oscillogram of a current in connection with the non-explosive degradation of wire.
  • the current in this case is a root (square root) of the functions of the constant values of the circuit (RLC).
  • the point at which the current is lost corresponds to the time of degradation.
  • Oscillograph of non-explosive degradation the duration of the event is about 4-5 microseconds (compare to the explosion above, less than 0.5 microseconds).
  • FIG. 8 presents magnified crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) using TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy.
  • the silver platelets are so thin, that the graphite substrate of the carbon substrate membrane is “visible” through them.
  • the non-explosive method of metal and alloy degradation according to the present invention turns out to be better and more effective than the known, explosive method of metal (wire) degradation.
  • non-explosive method produced nano-crystallites and their non-ionic colloids with highly desirable physicochemical and utilitarian properties.
  • the non-explosive degradation process of metals being the subject of the present application, is a great step forward in the amelioration improvement of nano-particle production, in relation to the explosive method.
  • M J Pike-Biegunski who performed his research for many years in the US, published there a series of papers dealing with the explosive degradation of wires (also called “rozpadem pr ⁇ kowym” in literature). (Literature 1, 2, 3, 4). After 1997, in Poland, M J Pike-Biegunski published reports on the topic of the explosive degradation of wires (Literature 5, 6, 7). He also submitted a series of inventions to the American and Polish patent offices (Literature 8, 9). In describing the phenomenon of wire explosions, M J Pike-Biegunski used a quantum model. In this area, this was the first attempt in the world to view this phenomenon in these terms, and likewise the technologies of producing nano-materials based on it. (Literature 5)
  • Plasma causes oxidation, thus significantly degrading nanoparticles.
  • spheroids have the smallest possible active surface area.
  • a typical wire explosion occurs in a small volume over a very short time.
  • considerable large energy is released.
  • an exploding wire 1 mm in diameter and 10 cm in length, occupies a volume of 0.1 cm 3 .
  • the explosion volume examined photographically is about 10 cm 3
  • the energy of the discharged condenser at 5000 V is 125 Joules.
  • the experiment shows that the time of explosion is very short, lasting usually a fraction of a microsecond.
  • the forces of such an explosion reach many Megawatts energy level, contributing to a very large amplitude explosive wave.
  • Such a “detonation” wave can destroy even a thick-walled stainless steel reactor.
  • FIG. 3 shows an oscillogram of the current accompanying the wire explosion. It shows that such an oscillogram shows a “spike event” characterised by the fact that a great electrical current flows through a wire in an extremely short time and that the plasma channel is appearing around it. The force of such a current event released into the plasma channel is immense and amounts to many Megawatts.
  • FIG. 4 shows an oscillatory current graph of a diminishing amplitude. This oscillogram was recorded for the condenser discharge into a so-called “jumper” load.
  • the subject of the present invention is the replacement of the explosive production process used hereto by a non-explosive process.
  • the present invention facilitates a radical technology improvement.
  • the non-explosive nano-particle manufacturing process differs significantly from the explosive process. This improvement is based on the greatly decreased energy used in the manufacturing process.
  • electrical energy is released only into the interior of the metal.
  • plasma, melting, spheroid generation and detonation none of the following occurs: plasma, melting, spheroid generation and detonation.
  • the explosion occurs as the result of the interaction between hot plasma and the surrounding liquid.
  • the temperature of the wire itself is also greatly decreased in the present invention. This temperature is purposefully much lower than the metal's melting temperature.
  • a plasma channel does not appear around the wire.
  • the geometry of the resultant nano fragments is flat (platelets or flakes), and the atomic structure is crystalline, FCC.
  • FIG. 5 presents a TEM image of silver fragments formed non-explosively.
  • This image demonstrates small, flat metallic structures only several atoms thick, nearly transparent to the electrons in TEM, the electron transmission microscope.
  • the silver atoms are arranged in parallel rows (FCC crystalline structure).
  • the diameter of such a nano particle is on average only a few nanometres. (1 nm is about 3-4 intra-atomic distances).
  • the active surface area of the nano preparations according to the novel technology reported here is over 100 m 2 /g (square meters per gram of metal used). Attached is a report from the Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Literature 8.
  • FIG. 6 shows photographs of the degradation of wire in the reactor. A wire is visible emitting metallic fragments forming a characteristic brush image.
  • FIG. 7 shows an oscillogram of the non-explosive degradation.
  • this oscillogram represents only a curve section of the natural discharge of a condenser through a jumper, in contrast to the oscillogram shown previously. See FIG. 4 .
  • the condenser discharge current exhibits only the initial oscillation fragment shown in FIG. 4 . This is explained by the fact that in the case of a thin wire, during the first oscillation the conductor is fragmented and the discharge circuit is broken; therefore the electricity ceases to flow. The absence of plasma does not allow further oscillations to be sustained through the plasma channel. It is also visible on the time axis that at the point at which the graph breaks off the wire degradation process is finished. This duration of such a novel, non explosive process lasts typically about several microseconds.
  • the desirable biocidal properties are greatly improved.
  • Such properties are connected with both the atomic structure of the formed particles and with the active surface of the nano-preparation.
  • TEM studies in this case show nano-particles exhibiting an FCC cubic structure characterized by several nanometer-range surface measurements. These particles are in the form of flakes barely several atoms thick.
  • the nano-particle product formed has an immense active surface area. It should also be noted that we have preferentially removed the danger of catastrophic reactor failure from the explosion typically assisting in the wire degradation process. Thus the safety of the process has been greatly increased.
  • the amount of electrical energy delivered to the wire has been significantly reduced.
  • energies in the range of several dozen to thousands of Joules are used in devices destined for the explosive degradation of wire
  • the present invention uses from a fraction of a Joule to several Joules of energy only.
  • the process duration is limited to fractions of microseconds. This time is independent of the RLC circuit parameters.
  • the degradation time is elongated and typically lasts from several to several dozen microseconds. The duration of the non-explosive degradation is a function of the electrical parameters of the RLC circuit.
  • the present invention is based on the determination of radically new conditions for the degradation of wire under which all of the condenser's energy is used for the intended purpose. Thus, it is used to disperse the metal in a liquid. This eliminates deleterious side effects such as melting of metallic fragments, formation of plasma and detonation. Preferentially, the active surface area of the product formed is increased (by at least two orders of magnitude). This amounts to over 100 square meters per gram of metal.
  • Crystalline Metallic Nano-Particles (Nano-Crystallites) and their Parameters, Particularly: Shape, Composition, Structure and Characteristic Properties.
  • Crystalline metallic nano-particles called nano-crystallites by the authors, are produced as a result of the non-explosive, electrical degradation of metal (for example silver or gold wire).
  • Nano-crystallites produced according to the present invention take the shape of tiny leaves or flakes with regular sides (as in a crystal) and exhibit astonishing thinness, on average of several atoms in dimension.
  • Nano-crystallites possess the greatest achievable active surface.
  • Nano-crystallites produced according to the present invention are practically flat structures, since their “third dimension” is reduced to the minimum possible thickness, on average several atoms. This results in the least (practically) possible active surface which for silver is about 100 m 2 per gram.
  • Nano-crystallites as described above, are very durable and stable. In the case of silver, they do not react with most chemical compounds, not even with most acids. Royal water (aqua regia) is needed to dissolve them.
  • Nano-crystallites are photostable, which means they do not react to sunlight. In particular, under sunlight, they do not undergo almost any chemical reactions.
  • Nano-crystallites as described above, usually possess a diameter of about 35 Angstroms (see histogram) and a thickness of about 10 Angstroms. The non-explosive, electrical disintegration of metals and their alloys results in nano-crystallites of the above diameter, whereas the remaining 20% are larger, though of the same thickness. Nano-crystallites, as above, are practically “transparent” to TEM electrons.
  • Nano-crystallites due to their geometry (platelets) adhere extremely easily to most solid surfaces.
  • Nano-crystallites as above, are mono-crystals. Each platelet forms a mono-crystal.
  • Nano-crystallites are free of all surface contaminants typical for a similar nano-particle products obtained via methods other than that described by the present invention, particularly by chemical production processes.
  • FIGS. 8A , 8 B, 8 C, 8 D, 8 E Illustrations: FIGS. 8A , 8 B, 8 C, 8 D, 8 E.
  • a majority (80%) is comprised of structures with a diameter of about 35 Angstroms (see histogram);
  • FIGS. 8 a - 8 e are photographs of flat nano-particles.
  • the preparation for TEM consisted of pipetting two drops of the “Nano-Silver 04-21-06” liquid onto a copper grid (3 mm diameter) coated with a perforated carbon membrane (No. S147-4H, Agar Scientific). The estimated volume of one drop was 14 ⁇ l (volume of a 1.5 mm sphere).
  • the studies were performed using a JEM2000EX TEM using a 200 keV electron beam. Images were recorded on photographic film which were then scanned on a Super Colorscan 8000 from Nikon.
  • the TEM images showed crystalline particles settled on the carbon holder, the matrix. There was a clear division of particles in two size ranges: micron-sized and nanometer-sized.
  • Diffraction images ( FIG. 1 a ) of the micron particles showed “point” reflections arranged in concentric rings. The diameters of these rings were measured and compared to standard values corresponding to the structure of crystalline silver.
  • Diffraction images ( FIG. 1 b ) from areas containing nano-particles showed two diffuse rings, whose radii correspond to distances between vertices with the Miller indices ⁇ 111 ⁇ and ⁇ 222 ⁇ .
  • the occurrence of diffuse rings is evidence of the fact that the size of the diffusing objects is less than 10 nm.
  • Nano-particle sizes were examined using TEM images and the dark field technique based on the electrons forming the first diffraction ring. The result was presented on a frequency plot of the occurrence of particles according to size. It was assumed that the particles are spherical.
  • FIG. 2 presents TEM images with overlaid rings, whose diameters were taken to be particle diameters.
  • Particle sizes ranged from 2 to 8 nm, with an average value of 3.5 nm (see histogram, FIG. 9 ).
  • a 400 000 ⁇ magnified image shows individual nano-particles with visible systems of parallel straight lines. The distances between the lines are indicative of type ⁇ 111 ⁇ silver.
  • the nano-particles have a defect-free, crystalline structure with centered vertices. Well-formed side surfaces can be observed in 18 nm particles.
  • the TEM studies showed that the studied liquid contains silver particles with an average diameter of 3.5 nm (see histogram, FIG. 9 ) and larger particles of several microns.
  • nano-crystallites and their colloids can find many potential applications. These applications are determined by the properties of metals (or their alloys) from which the nano-crystallites are produced. Example indicated applications are connected with the antibacterial and antifungal properties of silver and copper, as well as with the antiviral activity of platinides as well as their catalytic properties.
  • precious and semi-precious metal nano-crystallites and their colloids encompasses: antibacterial and antifungal applications, medicine, sanitization, disinfection, applications requiring bactericides or fungicides, antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis, plant protection, domestic animal protection, food conservation, cosmetics, wound dressings, antibacterial wound dressings, medical and cosmetic gels, wound dressing and regenerative gels (i.e.
  • coli Pseudomonas or Streptococus , protection of consumable and agricultural eggs through inoculation with silver; production of bacteria-free eggs (i.e. Salmonella ) and by the same token ones safe for consumers and with increased shelf-life, production of antibacterial and antifungal paints, varnishes, and construction materials.
  • bacteria-free eggs i.e. Salmonella
  • Other applications are also possible, such as immunostimulants, food supplements, fuel additives for increasing their energy yield and shelf-life, fuel additives for decreasing the pollutants produced during combustion, lubricant additives for improving their mechanical properties, anti-viral agents, and nano-biotics.

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PL380649A PL380649A1 (pl) 2006-09-21 2006-09-21 Koloid, jego pochodna oraz nanocząsteczki substancji elektroprzewodzącej, sposób ich otrzymywania oraz zastosowania
PLP.380649 2006-09-21
PCT/PL2007/000067 WO2008035996A2 (en) 2006-09-21 2007-09-20 Cristalline metalic nano- articles and colloids thereof

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US8802151B2 (en) 2009-03-24 2014-08-12 Basf Se Preparation of shaped metal particles and their uses
US20120168669A1 (en) * 2011-01-03 2012-07-05 Imra America, Inc Composite nanoparticles and methods for making the same
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US8802234B2 (en) * 2011-01-03 2014-08-12 Imra America, Inc. Composite nanoparticles and methods for making the same
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US8624212B2 (en) * 2012-06-11 2014-01-07 Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Radiation resistant clothing

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PL380649A1 (pl) 2008-03-31
WO2008035996A3 (en) 2008-09-18
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