US20090173301A1 - Surface treated rocker arm shaft - Google Patents
Surface treated rocker arm shaft Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20090173301A1 US20090173301A1 US12/348,032 US34803209A US2009173301A1 US 20090173301 A1 US20090173301 A1 US 20090173301A1 US 34803209 A US34803209 A US 34803209A US 2009173301 A1 US2009173301 A1 US 2009173301A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- bearing surface
- shaft
- rocker arm
- core portion
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/02—Valve drive
- F01L1/04—Valve drive by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics or the like
- F01L1/047—Camshafts
- F01L1/053—Camshafts overhead type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2301/00—Using particular materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2303/00—Manufacturing of components used in valve arrangements
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention is generally directed to a surface treated rocker arm shaft for an internal combustion engine and is more specifically directed to a surface hardened rocker arm shaft having a case hardened and/or a highly polished surface that is capable of improved wear resistance and deterrence of crack initiation and propagation.
- Internal combustion engines, such as multi-cylinder diesel engines, typically include a crankshaft, a camshaft and a rocker arm shaft. The crankshaft is connected with a plurality of piston rods, which in turn are connected with a plurality of corresponding pistons. Reciprocating movement of the pistons within corresponding combustion cylinders causes rotation of the crankshaft. The crankshaft is typically interconnected with the camshaft via a gear set and thereby rotatably drives the camshaft during operation. The camshaft includes a plurality of cams, with each cam being associated with an inlet valve, and an exhaust valve or a fuel injector valve. More particularly, the rocker arm shaft carries a plurality of rocker arms, with each rocker arm having a roller follower that engages a corresponding cam on the camshaft. Rotation of the camshaft causes oscillatory pivotal movement of the rocker arms around the rocker arm shaft. The rocker arm shaft is subject to cyclic bending moments as a result of forces applied thereto by the roller follower and cam.
- Typically, rocker arm shafts are manufactured from a high strength through hardened steel such as AISI E52100. Through hardening of the steel imparts a high hardness throughout the entire shaft. The expense of some through hardened steels make them impractical for use as rocker arm shafts in typical internal combustion engines.
- In addition, the above mentioned cyclic bending moments can cause fatigue failure of the rocker arm shaft. Although the use of the through hardened steel can improve wear resistance, fatigue generated surface cracks can propagate inwardly through the core portion. Such propagation of the cracks through the core portion has resulted in catastrophic failure of the rocker arm shaft.
- According to one aspect of the present invention, a shaft for a rocker arm assembly for an internal combustion engine includes a substantially cylindrical outer surface at least a portion of which defines a bearing surface thereon and an interior core portion located radially inward of the outer surface. At least a portion of the outer surface has a hardness greater than that of the core portion, for providing wear resistance and deterring crack initiation and propagation.
- Rocker arm shafts having a bearing surface that has a hardness greater than that of the core portion can improve resistance to the initiation and propagation of surface cracks inwardly through the core portion.
- In one aspect of the present invention, the bearing surface has a Rockwell C scale hardness of at least 59. In another aspect of the present invention, the bearing surface, has a concentration of carbon and/or nitrogen at the outer surface. This concentration extends radially inward from the outer surface to a depth of about 0.063 inches.
- In yet another aspect of the present invention, the bearing surface has an arithmetic mean roughness of less than about 2.5 micro inches.
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a rocker arm assembly. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross sectional view of a valve actuating device and rocker arm assembly. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross sectional view of a rocker arm assembly. -
FIG. 4 is a side cross sectional view of the rocker arm assembly ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 5 illustrates the rocker arm assembly ofFIG. 3 with a portion of the shaft masked. -
FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic cross sectional view of the rocker arm assembly having a bearing surface having an outer surface treated with a surface finishing process. -
FIG. 1 illustrates a rocker arm assembly generally designated byelement number 1. Therocker arm assembly 1 includes a hollow shaft 2 having a longitudinal axis A and fourrocker arms 4 rotationally secured thereto. Therocker arms 4 rotationally and cyclically pivot with respect to the rocker arm shaft 2 about the longitudinal axis A as indicated by arrows marked P. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , a valve actuating device for an internal combustion engine is generally referred to as numeral 6. The valve actuating device 6 includes an intake valve 8 for selectively opening and closing anintake port 10 of acombustion chamber 12 defined in acylinder head 14 of an internal combustion engine. In addition, acamshaft 16 includes an intakevalve drive cam 18 for actuating the intake valve 8 and a pair ofrocker arms valve drive cam 18 to the intake valve 8. Therocker arm 17A is shown rotatably mounted on a solid cylindricalrocker arm shaft 19. -
FIGS. 3-4 illustrate a portion of arocker arm assembly 20 for use in overhead valve cylinder deactivation valve trains forming part of an internal combustion engine. Therocker arm assembly 20 includes tworocker arms 22 rotatably mounted on a solid, substantially cylindrical,rocker arm shaft 24 having a longitudinal axis A. During operation, therocker arms 22 cyclically pivot as illustrated by the arrow R about the axis A. Therocker arm shaft 24 includes anouter surface 26 at least a portion of which defines abearing surface 28 thereon. Each of therocker arms 22 includes a substantiallycylindrical inside wall 30 defining a bore extending therethrough. Theinside wall 30 rotatably engages acontact portion 29 of thebearing surface 28. Therocker arm shaft 24 is shown having acore portion 32 defined by theouter surface 26 and located radially inward of thebearing surface 28. Thebearing surface 28 has a surface hardness greater than that of thecore portion 32, for improved wear resistance and deterrence of crack initiation and propagation. - In one embodiment, the
rocker arm shaft 24 is manufactured from through hardened ASM 52100 steel and is further case hardened by carburization for increased wear resistance and deterrence of crack initiation and propagation. The carburization case hardening process includes one of gas diffusion, pack diffusion and liquid diffusion. In the carburization process therocker arm shaft 24, in particular thebearing surface 28 is exposed to a carbon rich atmosphere (e.g., carbon monoxide, carbon powder, or a molten carbon rich bath) for a predetermined period of time. During carburization the carbon rich atmosphere is at a temperature between approximately 1550° F. to 1750° F. The temperature and time are selected based on a desired surface hardness and penetration depth of the carbon. After carburization, therocker arm shaft 24 is cooled to a temperature of approximately 70° F. to achieve a desired surface hardness. Cooling can be accomplished by quenching in a liquid and/or by air cooling. The carburization process causes thebearing surface 28 to have a Rockwell hardness, C scale, of at least 59. - As illustrated in
FIGS. 3-4 the carburization process causes thebearing surface 28 and a portion of theshaft 24 radially inward therefrom to an effective case depth d, to have a carbon concentration greater than that of thecore 32. The effective case depth d is a distance from a case hardened exterior surface to a furthest point, interior to the case hardened exterior surface, at which the Rockwell hardness, C scale, is about 50. The effective case depth d is measured perpendicular to the bearing surface. In one embodiment, the case depth d is about 0.063 inch (1.6002 mm). - While the carburization process is described for hardening the
bearing surface 28, the present invention is not limited in this regard as the present invention is adaptable to other hardening processes including, but not limited to, nitriding wherein nitrogen is diffused into the bearing surface, carbonitriding wherein carbon and nitrogen are diffused into the bearing surface, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser beam hardening and electron beam hardening. - In addition, other surface treatment processes to provide wear and impact resistance and deter crack initiation and propagation can be used. Such a surface treatment process includes lapping-like scratching of the surface under extremely high compression of the surface to reduce slip planes, increase surface hardness, increase impact resistance, and increase surface compressive stresses by about twenty percent to a depth of about 0.012 inches. Surface roughness is reduced to less than 1 micro inch. For example, Mikronite Technologies, Inc. of Eatontown, N.J. has a Mikronite® brand surface treatment processes which can be employed.
- Another process that can deter crack initiation and propagation and increase impact, wear and corrosion resistance is a process using abrasive or non-abrasive media with or without chemical solutions, applied by vibratory methods. Such a process can provide: 1) a superfinished surface, defined as having an ISO Standard No. 4287 Arithmetic Mean Roughness of less than or equal to 2.5 micro inches; 2) an isotropic surface, defined as a surface having no orientation to its surface irregularities; and 3) a specular brightness, defined as a surface in which a clear reflection of an object can be seen. For example, REM Chemicals, Inc. of Southington, Conn. has an Isotropic Superfinish (ISF®) process that can be employed.
- In one embodiment, the case hardened bearing
surface 28 ofFIG. 4 is treated with the Mikronite® and/or ISF® processes, either before or after carburization case hardening, such that the bearingsurface 28 has an Arithmetic Mean Roughness of less than or equal to 2.5 micro inches, a specular brightness and/or is isotropic. - The rocker arm assembly of
FIG. 5 is similar to that illustrated inFIGS. 3-4 . Therefore, like elements will be given like numbers preceded by thenumeral 1.FIG. 5 illustrates arocker arm assembly 120, including tworocker arms 122 rotatably mounted on a solid, substantially cylindrical,rocker arm shaft 124 having a longitudinal axis 1A. Therocker arm shaft 124 includes anouter surface 126 at least a portion of which defines abearing surface 128 on portions thereof as described below. Each of therocker arms 122 includes a substantially cylindricalinside wall 130 defining a bore extending therethrough. Theinside wall 130 rotatably engages the bearingsurface 128 in thecontact region 129. Therocker arm shaft 124 is shown having acore portion 132 defined by the outer surface and located radially inward of the bearingsurface 128. Thecontact region 129 of the bearingsurface 128 is case hardened by carburization to attain a surface hardness greater than that of thecore portion 132, for example a Rockwell hardness, C scale, of at least 59. In addition, portions of theouter surface 126 beyond thecontact region 129 are not case hardened and have a hardness about equal to that of thecore portion 132. The effective case depth Id of the case hardened surface of thecontact region 129 is about 0.063 inch (1.6002 mm). - Portions of the
outer surface 126 which do not require hardening are coated with amask 134 prior to initiation of the case hardening process. Themask 134 is made up of a substance impermeable to carbon, for example copper, to preclude diffusion of carbon into the portions of theouter surface 126 which do not require hardening. In one embodiment, themask 134 is deposited on the portions of theouter surface 126 which do not require hardening by an electro-chemical plating process. After case hardening, for example, carburizing, themask 134 is removed. Although themask 134 is described as being copper, the present invention is not limited in this regard as other coatings are also suitable including but not limited to water soluble coatings. - In another embodiment, the portions of the
outer surface 126 in thecontact region 129, illustrated inFIG. 5 , which are selectively case hardened and/or the portions of theouter surface 126 which do not require hardening, are treated with the Mikronite® and/or ISF® processes either before or after case hardening, such that the bearingsurface 128 and/orouter surface 126 has an Arithmetic Mean Roughness of less than or equal to 2.5 micro inches, a specular brightness and/or is isotropic. In one embodiment, amask 134, similar to that described above forFIG. 5 , can be applied to a portion of theouter surface 126, prior to treatment of therocker arm shaft 124 with the Mikronite® and/or ISF® processes for selectively surface treating therocker arm shaft 124. Themask 134 is removed after such treatment. - The rocker arm assembly of
FIG. 6 is similar to that illustrated inFIGS. 3-4 . Therefore, like elements will be given like numbers preceded by the numeral 2.FIG. 6 illustrates a rocker arm assembly 220, including tworocker arms 222 rotatably mounted on a solid, substantially cylindrical,rocker arm shaft 224 having alongitudinal axis 2A. Therocker arm shaft 224 includes anouter surface 226 at least a portion of which defines bearingsurface 228 thereon. Each of therocker arms 222 includes a substantially cylindricalinside wall 230 defining a bore extending therethrough which rotatably engages the bearingsurface 228 in thecontact region 229. Therocker arm shaft 224 is shown having a core portion 232 defined by theouter surface 226 and located radially inward of the bearingsurface 228. - Referring again to
FIG. 6 , at least a portion of the bearingsurface 228 has a ISO Standard No. 4287 Arithmetic Mean Roughness of less than or equal to 2.5 micro inches, providing a fine polished finish for improved wear resistance and for deterring crack initiation and propagation. In one embodiment the Arithmetic Mean Roughness is less than 1 micro inch. In one embodiment, the bearingsurface 228 is isotropic having no orientation to its surface irregularities. In one embodiment, the bearingsurface 228 has a specular brightness, defined as a surface in which a clear reflection of an object can be seen. In one embodiment, surface compressive stresses are increased by about twenty percent above pretreated conditions. Such increase in the surface compressive stresses is affected to a depth of about 0.012 inches. - While that above
rocker arm shafts - Although the present invention has been disclosed and described with reference to certain embodiments thereof, it should be noted that other variations and modifications may be made, and it is intended that the following claims cover the variations and modifications within the true scope of the invention.
Claims (17)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/348,032 US20090173301A1 (en) | 2008-01-09 | 2009-01-02 | Surface treated rocker arm shaft |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US1993608P | 2008-01-09 | 2008-01-09 | |
US12/348,032 US20090173301A1 (en) | 2008-01-09 | 2009-01-02 | Surface treated rocker arm shaft |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20090173301A1 true US20090173301A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
Family
ID=40568591
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/348,032 Abandoned US20090173301A1 (en) | 2008-01-09 | 2009-01-02 | Surface treated rocker arm shaft |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20090173301A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2078831A3 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20060067824A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-03-30 | O'hara Stephen J | Turbocharger with titanium component |
WO2012082230A1 (en) * | 2010-12-18 | 2012-06-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Rocker shaft shim |
US20140091063A1 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-03 | Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. | System for hardening a cylindrical metal component |
CN111719109A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2020-09-29 | 东科克诺尔商用车制动技术有限公司 | Method for solving breakage of optical axis and threads of rocker shaft of steering gear |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009007342A1 (en) * | 2009-02-04 | 2010-08-05 | Hella Kgaa Hueck & Co. | Method and device for determining an applicable lane marking |
CN102242649A (en) * | 2011-07-26 | 2011-11-16 | 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司 | Rock arm shaft |
Citations (20)
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US4491500A (en) * | 1984-02-17 | 1985-01-01 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method for refinement of metal surfaces |
US4705594A (en) * | 1986-11-20 | 1987-11-10 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Composition and method for metal surface refinement |
US4818333A (en) * | 1987-08-03 | 1989-04-04 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Metal surface refinement using dense alumina-based media |
US4854025A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1989-08-08 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Method of producing a turbine rotor |
US4906327A (en) * | 1989-05-04 | 1990-03-06 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method and composition for refinement of metal surfaces |
US5005544A (en) * | 1990-02-06 | 1991-04-09 | Spangler Earl M | Rocker shaft support system for internal combustion engine |
US5051141A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1991-09-24 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Composition and method for surface refinement of titanium nickel |
US5158623A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1992-10-27 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method for surface refinement of titanium and nickel |
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US20040000280A1 (en) * | 2002-06-27 | 2004-01-01 | Griffin Joseph Traywick | Positional fixing of a shaft |
US20040074871A1 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2004-04-22 | Jerry Holland | Nonabrasive media with accellerated chemistry |
US20050238275A1 (en) * | 2003-01-31 | 2005-10-27 | Takeyuki Yoshiba | Needle bearing, shaft, compressor for car air-conditioner, and planetary gear mechanism for automatic transmission |
US6962134B1 (en) * | 2004-08-05 | 2005-11-08 | General Motors Corporation | Rocker arm shaft retainer and assembly |
US6968819B2 (en) * | 2004-01-09 | 2005-11-29 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Variable valve actuating device |
US7093574B2 (en) * | 2002-03-05 | 2006-08-22 | Gm Daewoo Auto & Technology | Rocker arm shaft for an automobile engine |
Family Cites Families (5)
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US6230676B1 (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2001-05-15 | Toledo Technologies Inc. | Interchangeable rocker arm assembly |
JP2004060797A (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2004-02-26 | Koyo Seiko Co Ltd | Roller member and its manufacturing method |
DE10306865B3 (en) * | 2003-02-19 | 2004-08-12 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Manufacturing method for hardened shaft used in automobile drive transmission has shaft straightened before hardening process |
US20050061600A1 (en) * | 2003-09-22 | 2005-03-24 | Holland Ronald A. | Automatic dual-function clutch |
JP2006144848A (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-06-08 | Jtekt Corp | Bearing for rocker arm |
-
2009
- 2009-01-02 US US12/348,032 patent/US20090173301A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-01-09 EP EP09150266A patent/EP2078831A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4491500A (en) * | 1984-02-17 | 1985-01-01 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method for refinement of metal surfaces |
US4854025A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1989-08-08 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Method of producing a turbine rotor |
US4705594A (en) * | 1986-11-20 | 1987-11-10 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Composition and method for metal surface refinement |
US4818333A (en) * | 1987-08-03 | 1989-04-04 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Metal surface refinement using dense alumina-based media |
US4906327A (en) * | 1989-05-04 | 1990-03-06 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method and composition for refinement of metal surfaces |
USRE34272E (en) * | 1989-05-04 | 1993-06-08 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method and composition for refinement of metal surfaces |
US5158629A (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1992-10-27 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Reducing surface roughness of metallic objects and burnishing liquid used |
US5005544A (en) * | 1990-02-06 | 1991-04-09 | Spangler Earl M | Rocker shaft support system for internal combustion engine |
US5051141A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1991-09-24 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Composition and method for surface refinement of titanium nickel |
US5158623A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1992-10-27 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method for surface refinement of titanium and nickel |
US5335638A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1994-08-09 | Suzuki Motor Corporation | Evaporated fuel controller |
US5507685A (en) * | 1993-08-25 | 1996-04-16 | Hoffman; Steve E. | Method for surface finishing of difficult polish surfaces |
US5848929A (en) * | 1997-03-24 | 1998-12-15 | H Technology | Centrifugal finisher with fixed outer vessel and rotatable inner vessel |
US6227942B1 (en) * | 1999-04-21 | 2001-05-08 | H-Semitran Llc | Ferrofluidic finishing |
US20040074871A1 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2004-04-22 | Jerry Holland | Nonabrasive media with accellerated chemistry |
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US7093574B2 (en) * | 2002-03-05 | 2006-08-22 | Gm Daewoo Auto & Technology | Rocker arm shaft for an automobile engine |
US20040000280A1 (en) * | 2002-06-27 | 2004-01-01 | Griffin Joseph Traywick | Positional fixing of a shaft |
US20050238275A1 (en) * | 2003-01-31 | 2005-10-27 | Takeyuki Yoshiba | Needle bearing, shaft, compressor for car air-conditioner, and planetary gear mechanism for automatic transmission |
US6968819B2 (en) * | 2004-01-09 | 2005-11-29 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Variable valve actuating device |
US6962134B1 (en) * | 2004-08-05 | 2005-11-08 | General Motors Corporation | Rocker arm shaft retainer and assembly |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20060067824A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-03-30 | O'hara Stephen J | Turbocharger with titanium component |
WO2012082230A1 (en) * | 2010-12-18 | 2012-06-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Rocker shaft shim |
US8915224B2 (en) | 2010-12-18 | 2014-12-23 | Caterpillar Inc. | Rocker shaft shim |
US20140091063A1 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-03 | Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. | System for hardening a cylindrical metal component |
CN111719109A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2020-09-29 | 东科克诺尔商用车制动技术有限公司 | Method for solving breakage of optical axis and threads of rocker shaft of steering gear |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2078831A2 (en) | 2009-07-15 |
EP2078831A3 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
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