US20080261246A1 - Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases type-1 (timp-1) as a cancer marker and postoperative marker for minimal residual disease or recurrent disease in patients with a prior history of cancer

Info

Abstract

Description

Claims

US20080261246A1

Publication number: US20080261246A1
Application number: US12/101,661
Authority: US
Inventors: Mads Nikolaj Holten-Andersen; Ib Jarle Christensen; Nils Brunner; Hans Jorgen Nielsen
Original assignee: Rigshospitalet; Hvidovre Hospital
Current assignee: Rigshospitalet; Hvidovre Hospital
Priority date: 1999-04-09
Filing date: 2008-04-11
Publication date: 2008-10-23
Also published as: DE60021068D1; CA2652131A1; US20090035794A1; NO329725B1; JP2002541481A; EP1171771B1; EP1619206A2; CA2366682C; US20110060529A1; NO20014869L; NO20014869D0; US7108983B1; ATE298890T1; AU771309B2; DE60021068T2; US7807379B2; AU3655600A; EP1619206A3; WO2000062070A3; JP2010266455A

The present invention describes a method for determining whether an individual is suffering from cancer by determining a parameter representing the TIMP-1 concentration in body fluid samples from the individual. The present invention furthermore describes a method for determining whether an individual is suffering from minimal residual disease or recurrent cancer after being treated for the primary cancer by determining a parameter representing the post-operative TIMP-1 concentration in body fluid samples from the individual. In addition, the invention describes the additive effect of combined post-operative measurements of plasma TIMP-1 and serum CEA.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/546,573, filed on Apr. 10, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference to the extent they are consistent with this application and invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a test to be used to screen large populations for the occurrence of cancer. Furthermore it relates to a method for monitoring colorectal cancer patients for the persistency of minimal residual disease (MRD) or for the recurrence of their cancer disease. The method is based on the measurement of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in body fluids either alone or in combination with other tumor markers, e.g. Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA). The invention permits the early identification of patients having colorectal cancer and furthermore permits the identification of patients who have persistent MRD or which patients will experience recurrence of colorectal cancer, either as local recurrence or as distant metastases. The method for identification of patients having primary colorectal cancer is highly specific, and patients with non-malignant conditions, such as inflammatory bowl diseases, are not detected. Measurement of another similar inhibitor, TIMP-2, does not demonstrate equivalent clinical value, indicating an additional level of specificity of the invention.
The test is based on the measurement of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 1 (TIMP-1), in various body fluids, including blood, plasma, serum, saliva, stool, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. TIMP-1 concentrations can be determined either as the total TIMP-1 concentration, the free TIMP-1 concentration, the concentration of complexes between TIMP-1 and Matrix Metallo-Proteinases (MMPs) and/or ratios and fractions thereof, hereafter referred to as TIMP-1 levels. According to the invention, Individuals with a high likelihood of having cancer, e.g. colorectal cancer can be identified by elevated TIMP-1 levels in their body fluids, while individuals with low TIMP-1 levels are unlikely to suffer from cancer, e.g. colon cancer. Also according to the invention, individuals with a prior diagnosis of cancer and who have a high likelihood of ater developing clinically manifest recurrent cancer, e.g. gastrointestinal cancer such as colon cancer, can be identified by elevated postoperative TIMP-1 levels in their body fluids, while individuals with low postoperative TIMP-1 levels are unlikely to suffer from or later develop different cancer. Thus, the invention can be used to identify individuals with a high probability of having early stage, non-symptomatic cancer, e.g. colon cancer or later developing recurrent colorectal cancer. The identified individuals should be further examined and if cancer, recurrent cancer or minimal residual disease (MRD) or both recurrent cancer and MRD are found, the patients should be offered surgery, irradiation, anti-neoplastic therapy or any combination thereof, thereby increasing the chance of cure and/or long term survival of the individual.

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in the Western world, with about 160,000 new cases yearly in the US. Forty to 50% of all colorectal cancer patients will be diagnosed with early stage disease (Dukes' stage A or B). Most of these patients with early stage colorectal cancer can be cured by surgery alone. Thus, risk of recurrence is closely related to stage of disease at time of primary surgery, with about a 100% relapse rate in Dukes' stage A and 25-30% in Dukes' stage B. Patients with Dukes' stage C colorectal cancer have a five-year relapse rate of 70% following surgery and are offered adjuvant chemotherapy. Following relapse, the risk of dying of the disease is significant. Thus, one way to improve survival is to increase the number of patients being diagnosed with early stage disease. Screening for colorectal cancer has been shown to improve survival, however, current tests suffer from a lack of compliance, from low sensitivity, and from the need for strict dietary restrictions. Thus, the development of new and improved tests for the early detection of colorectal cancer is needed.
Thus, 30-40 percent of patients who have undergone a complete resection of a colorectal malignancy will experience relapse with metastatic disease, which is usually fatal. Thus, hundreds of thousands of people with resected CRC are candidates for surveillance, as it is a commonly held clinical view that early detection of metastases and metachronous disease by relevant surveillance regimens may allow for interventions with the aim of improving overall survival, disease-free survival and quality of life.
The majority of recurrences of CRC occur within 5 years, and usually within 3 years following surgery. A tremendous effort has been put into the establishment of effective tests for the detection of recurrent disease at a stage when intervention is not futile. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tests, colonoscopies, chest x-rays, liver function tests, complete blood cell counts, fecal occult blood tests, computerized tomography (CT), ultrasonography, magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) are all methods that have been extensively reported on for the postoperative surveillance of CRC. Unfortunately, the results from randomised studies of such monitoring of CRC patients have varied widely and demonstrated minimal efficacy (Schoemaker, Gastroent, 1998; Ohlsson, Dis Col Rec, 1995; Makela, Arch Surg, 1996; Kjeldsen, Int J Color Dis, 1997). As a result hereof, considerable variation in clinical follow-up practice is evident (Virgo K S, Ann Surg, 1995) and expenses for 5-year follow-up of CRC patients have differed from $561 to $ 16,492 per patient (Virgo, JAMA, 1995).
The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has recommended against the use of liver function tests, fecal occult blood tests, complete blood counts, pelvic imaging, CT scanning and chest x-rays as means for regular postoperative monitoring of CRC. However, it was recommended that postoperative measurement of serum CEA is performed every 2 to 3 months for >2 years in patients with stage II or III disease where resection of liver metastases is clinically indicated (Benson, JCO, 2000). Of note, however, is the fact that approximately 30 percent of all CRC recurrences do not produce CEA (Safi, Cancer Detect Prev, 1993). Thus, it was stressed by the ASCO that new surveillance methods for the detection of CRC recurrences are needed (Benson, JCO, 2000). This statement has gained further weight as recent data has shown that chemotherapy of metastatic CRC can improve short-term survival and often improve the quality of life (Cunningham, Lancet, 1998) and that treatment of asymptomatic CRC yields better results than postponing treatment until the disease has become symptomatic (Nordic Gastr Tumor Adj Group, JCO, 1992).
Because metastatic disease is the main cause of cancer patient morbidity and mortality, molecules involved in the regulation of tumor invasion and metastasis are attractive as potential diagnostic/prognostic/monitoring targets. It is well established that proteolytic enzymes produced by cancer cells or by cells in the tumor stroma are involved in extracellular tissue degradation, leading to cancer cell invasion and metastasis. A number of enzymes have been associated with this process, the most thoroughly investigated being the metalloproteinases, such as the collagenases and stromelysins, and the serine proteases such as plasmin. Recently, data have been published indicating that these molecules, free or bound in complexes, are released from tumor tissue and find their way into the circulation.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) play a pivotal role in cancer growth and spread, contributing to enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix (Liotta et. al., 1991; Stetler-Stevenson et. al., 1993; MacDougall & Matrisian, 1995). The naturally occurring inhibitors of MMP's, tissue inhibitors of MMP's (TIMP's), form tight 1:1 stoichiometric complexes with the activated forms of the MMP's (Welgus et. al., 1985; Kleiner et. al., 1993), thereby inhibiting the catalytic activity of these enzymes (Stetler-Stevenson et. al., 1996; Goldberg et. al., 1992; Birkedal-Hansen et. al., 1993). While the balance between the matrix-degrading properties of MMP's and the inhibitory effect of TIMP's is closely regulated under normal physiological conditions (Matrisian, 1992; Thorgeirsson et. al., 1993; Birkedal-Hansen et. al., 1993), this balance might be disrupted in malignant tissue.
A number of enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of TIMP-1 (Kodama et. al., 1989; Cooksley et. al., 1990; Clark et. al., 1991) and TIMP-2 (Fujimoto et. al., 1993) have been described. These assays have been applied to body fluids, e.g. serum, plasma, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, but the number of samples tested has not been sufficient to establish normal ranges for TIMP levels in healthy individuals (Kodama et. al., 1989; Clark et. al., 1991). Furthermore, none of these assays have been sufficiently validated for technical performance or for clinical use. We have recently described and validated an ELISA for the quantitation of total TIMP-1 in plasma samples, and using this assay we could demonstrate that healthy blood donors have a very narrow range of total plasma TIMP-1 (Holten-Andersen et. al., Br. J. Cancer 1999). We have also recently developed and validated an ELISA for the quantitation of uncomplexed TIMP-1 in plasma (Holten-Andersen et. al., manuscript submitted)
In a study by Mimori et. al. (Mimori et. al., 1997) in which tumor tissue levels of TIMP-1 mRNA were studied in patients with gastric carcinoma, high tumor/normal tissue ratios of TIMP-1 mRNA were found to be associated with increased invasion and poor prognosis and Guillem et. al. (Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res; 34:A466, 1993) suggest a possible correlation between TIMP-1 RNA levels and poorly differentiated, invasive colorectal cancers. However, TIMP-1 protein levels in sera from prostate cancer patients and healthy donors (Baker et. al., 1994) showed a high degree of overlap. Similarly, a separate study of plasma from prostate cancer patients and healthy donors showed no difference in TIMP-1 levels between the two groups (Jung et. al., 1997).
We have recently published that preoperatively measured plasma levels of total TIMP-1 show highly significant association with colorectal cancer patient survival, i.e. patients with high TIMP-1 levels had a significantly shorter survival than those patients with low TIMP-1 levels (Holten-Andersen et. al., Clin. Cancer Res, 2000).
Furthermore, Nauro et. al. (J. Urol, vol. 1, no 3, September 1994, pp 228-231) found that serum TIMP-1 levels are significantly higher in metastatic bladder cancer patients compared to a healthy control group, whereas no results were presented about the TIMP-1 levels of pre-metastatic bladder cancers. TIMP-1 measurements in urine have also been described as being useful in the diagnosis of other cancers such as bladder cancer, liver cancer and renal cancer (Japanese patent application no. 8-136548). In none of these studies a correlation between the TIMP-1 level of patients with early stage bladder cancers and the TIMP-1 level of patients with cystitis have been included.
Measurements of TIMP-1 levels have also been shown to be useful in diagnosing diseases of the nervous system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,634.
Studies of TIMP-1 complexed with MMP-9 in plasma of patients with advanced gastrointestinal and gynaecological cancer (Zucker et. al., 1995) demonstrated significantly higher levels in blood samples from cancer patients with metastatic disease compared to healthy control individuals, and that patients with high levels of TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex had a shorter survival (Zucker et. al., 1995 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,634). However, this study did not include measurements of total or free TIMP-1, only the complex between TIMP-1 and one of the up to now approximately 24 identified MMP's. Furthermore, in this stud, no differences in complex levels were found between patients with breast cancer and healthy donors. Also, this study did not include patients with early stage cancer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a number of cancer types, there is a critical and unmet need for highly sensitive and specific markers for screening large populations for the presence of malignant disease. Such markers are able to identify individuals with a high probability of early stage cancer. These individuals should be further examined, and if cancer is found, they should subsequently be offered surgery, radiation, or adjuvant anti-neoplastic therapy or any combination thereof, e.g. both surgery and radiation, surgery and systemic anti-neoplastic therapy (chemotherapy).
Furthermore, in a number of cancer types, there is also a critical and unmet need for highly sensitive and specific markers for early detection of MRD or recurrent cancer disease. Such markers are able to identify individuals with a high risk of recurrent cancer. If positive test results are obtained, these individuals should be further examined, and if minimal residual disease (MRD) or recurrent cancer or both MRD and recurrent cancer is found, the patients should subsequently be offered surgery, radiation, systemic anti-neoplastic therapy or any combination hereof, e.g. both surgery and radiation, surgery and systemic anti-neoplastic therapy (chemotherapy).
Since proteinases and their receptors and inhibitors seem to play a pivotal role in the basic mechanisms leading to cancer invasion, these molecules may be expressed at a very early time point in the carcinogenic process such as the invasion and metastasis process. As many of these molecules exert their biological action extracellularly, they may be present at elevated levels in body fluids, even in patients with early stage invasive malignant disease. Moreover, since these molecules are involved in the more basic features of malignant progression, e.g. invasion and metastasis, it should be investigated whether which forms of cancer that display an increase in these molecules and furthermore in patients with minimal residual disease after the primary treatment.
The present invention relates to a method to aid in the diagnosis of primary colorectal cancer and furthermore to aid in the diagnosis of MRD or recurrent cancer or a situation of both MRD and recurrent cancer in a patient, said method comprising determining the amount of total, complexed and/or free TIMP-1 levels and ratios and fractions thereof in body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, faeces or cerebrospinal fluid. These measurements can be combined with measurements of CEA or other markers of recurrent colorectal cancer and additive diagnostic effect may thus be obtained.
Gastrointestinal cancers such as colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach (Gastric) cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer or bladder cancer are preferred types of cancer wherein the present method can be applied.
An aspect of the present invention relates to a method for determining whether an individual is likely to have cancer, the method comprising determining a first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples, and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having cancer if the parameter is at or beyond a discriminating value and indicating the individual as unlikely of having cancer if the parameter is not at or beyond the discriminating value.
A further aspect of the present invention relates to a method for determining whether an individual is likely to have MRD or recurrent gastrointestinal cancer, such as colorectal cancer, the method comprising determining a first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples, and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having MRD or recurrent cancer or both MRD and recurrent cancer if the parameter is at or beyond a discriminating value and indicating the individual as unlikely of having recurrent cancer or MRD if the parameter is not at or beyond the discriminating value.
The parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 may be the concentration proper of TIMP-1. TIMP-1 exists both in free form and in the form of complexes with MMPs, and it has been found that an important parameter is the total concentration of TIMP-1, that is, the sum of the TIMP-1 in free form and the TIMP-1 in complex forms. It will be understood that the other expressions than the concentration proper can represent the concentration, such as, e.g., the concentration multiplied by a factor, or similar expressions, and that such other representations can be used equally well for the purpose of the present invention provided the corresponding adjustments are made.
The discriminating value is a value which has been determined by measuring the parameter in both a healthy control population and a population with known cancer thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies the cancer population with either a predetermined specificity or a predetermined sensitivity based on an analysis of the relation between the parameter values and the known clinical data of the healthy control population and the cancer patient population, such as it is apparent from the detailed discussion in the examples herein. The discriminating value determined in this manner is valid for the same experimental setup in future individual tests.
In the case of identifying individuals who is likely to have MRD or recurrent gastrointestinal cancer, the discriminating value is a value which has been determined by measuring the parameter in both a healthy control population and a population with known MRD or recurrent cancer thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies the cancer population with either a predetermined specificity or a predetermined sensitivity based on an analysis of the relation between the parameter values and the known clinical data of the healthy control population and the cancer patient population, such as it is apparent from the detailed discussion in the examples herein. The discriminating value determined in this manner is valid for the same experimental setup in future individual tests.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below.
The present invention relates in general to a method for determining whether an individual is likely to have minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer after being treated for the primary cancer, said primary cancer being the possible progenitor to the minimal residual disease or recurrent cancer, the method comprising determining a first parameter representing the post-operative concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples, and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer if the parameter is at or beyond a discriminating value and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease or recurrent cancer if the parameter is not at or beyond the discriminating value.
In a preferred embodiment the discriminating value is a value which has been determined by measuring said at least one first parameter in both a healthy control population and in a population with known minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies the minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer population with a predetermined specificity or a predetermined sensitivity.
In an equally preferred embodiment the discriminating value is a value which has been determined by measuring said at least one first parameter in a healthy control population, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies individuals with increased plasma TIMP-1 values (e.g., above or equal to the 95^thpercentile of healthy control individuals). The term “95^thpercentile of healthy control individuals”, as used herein, indicates the TIMP-1 value which dichotomises the individuals so that 5% thereof have higher TIMP-1 levels and 95% lower TIMP-1 levels.
In an additional embodiment the present invention relates to a method for determining whether an individual is likely to have minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer after being treated for the primary cancer, said primary cancer being the possible progenitor to the minimal residual disease or recurrent cancer, the method comprising determining the post-operative level of a first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in one or more body fluid samples, and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer if the first parameter is below a discriminating value where this discriminating value is the pre-operative level of said first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in one or more body fluid samples and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease or recurrent cancer if the first parameter is not below this discriminating value.
The phrase “below the discriminating value” is meant to identify the situation where the post-operative level of said first parameter is more than at least 0.001, at least 0.01, at least 0.1 or at least 1% below the pre-operative level.
Furthermore the post-operative level of said first parameter may be obtained after the operation, such as at least 1 day post-operatively, such as 5 days post-operatively, e.g. 1 week post-operatively, e.g. 2 weeks post-operatively, e.g. 1 month post-operatively, e.g. 1.5 month post-operatively, e.g. 2 months post-operatively, e.g. 3 months post-operatively, e.g. 4 months post-operatively, e.g. 5 months post-operatively, e.g. 6 months postoperatively, e.g. 7 months post-operatively, such as 8 months post-operatively.
It is obvious that the determination of TIMP-1 level with advantage can be performed at several time points at intervals as part of the monitoring of a cancer patient after the treatment for primary cancer for as long as it is found relevant, and that this recurrent determination of the TIMP-1 level can be performed according to any one of the herein described embodiments.
In a preferred embodiment the first parameter determined is the total concentration of TIMP-1.
In a further preferred embodiment the at least one first parameter determined is the value obtained by combining the concentration of total TIMP-1 with the concentration of free TIMP-1, alternatively the at least one first parameter determined may be the value obtained by combining the concentration of total TIMP-1 with the concentration of a complex between TIMP-1 and a specific MMP or the at least one first parameter determined may be the value obtained by combining the concentration of free TIMP-1 with the concentration of a complex between TIMP-1 and a specific MMP. The combined values are obtained by performing logistic regression analysis.
A special embodiment of the present invention is the method which comprises additionally determining at least one second parameter, the second parameter representing the concentration of an additional marker different from any form of TIMP-1, in a body fluid sample from the individual.
This results in a method wherein the first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples and the at least one second parameter different from any form of TIMP-1 are combined to result in a combined parameter and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer if the combined parameter is at or beyond a discriminating value and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer if the combined parameter is not at or beyond the discriminating value.
Again, the combined values are obtained by performing logistic regression analysis.
In the embodiment where at least one second parameter is combined with measurement of TIMP-1, the discriminating value of the combined parameter may be a value which has been determined by determining said combined parameter in both a healthy control population and a population with known minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies the population with minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer with a predetermined specificity or a predetermined sensitivity.
Furthermore, the discriminating value of the combined parameter may be a value which has been determined by measuring said combined parameter in a healthy control population, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies individuals with increased values of the combined parameter (e.g. above or equal to the 95^thpercentile of healthy control individuals). Thus, the individuals with increased combined parameter values are those having combined parameter values equal to or greater than 95% of the combined parameter values in the healthy control individuals.
A further embodiment of the present invention is a method wherein the first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples and the at least one second parameter different from any form of TIMP-1 are combined to result in a combined parameter and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer if the post-operative level of the combined parameter is below the pre-operative level of said combined parameter and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease and/or recurrent cancer if the post-operative level of the combined parameter is not below the pre-operative level of said combined parameter.
The phrase “below the discriminating value” is meant to identify the situation where the post-operative level of the combined parameter is more than at least 0.001, at least 0.01, at least 0.1 or at least 1% below the pre-operative level of said combined parameter.
Again, the post-operative level of said combined parameter may be obtained after the operation, such as at least 1 day post-operatively, such as 5 days post-operatively, e.g. 1 week post-operatively, e.g. 2 weeks post-operatively, e.g. 1 month post-operatively, e.g. 1.5 month post-operatively, e.g. 2 months post-operatively, e.g. 3 months post-operatively, e.g. 4 months post-operatively, e.g. 5 months post-operatively, e.g. 6 months postoperatively, e.g. 7 months post-operatively, such as 8 months post-operatively.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one second parameter determined is a parameter representing the concentration of a tumour marker where the tumour marker is selected from the group consisting of CEA, soluble u-PAR, cathepsin B, cathepsin H, HER2-neu, CA15-3 and YKL-40, 19.9 and CA24. In a more preferred embodiment, the at least one second parameter determined is the concentration of CEA.
In general, the method of the present invention relates to the situation where the individual may be a member of a population already identified as having an increased risk of developing recurrent cancer.
It is obvious that the determination of the TIMP-1 level or the determination of the combination of TIMP-1 level and the level of a non-TIMP-1 marker may be performed at several time points at intervals as part of a monitoring of a cancer patient after the treatment for primary cancer.
The determination of the concentration of the markers, either TIMP-1 or any of the non-TIMP-1 markers may performed by means of an immuno assay, such as ELISA, or an activity assay, such as zymography.
“Sensitivity” is defined as the proportion of positives (i.e. individuals having a parameter representing the concentration of a marker, such as TIMP-1, in body fluid samples higher than a predefined diagnostic level) that are correctly identified by the described method of the invention as having MRD and/or recurrent cancer. “Specificity” is defined as the proportion of negatives (i.e. individuals having a parameter representing the concentration of a marker, such as TIMP-1, in body fluid samples lower than a predefined diagnostic level) that are correctly identified by the described method as not having the disease.
The invention may be used both for an individual and for an entire population.
In the specific experimental setups described herein, the concentration threshold of total TIMP-1 useful as a discriminating value was found to be 134 microgram/L of total TIMP-1 which is the 95^thpercentile of healthy donors. Other experimental setups and other parameters will result in other values (specificities/sensitivities) which can be determined in accordance with the teachings herein.
An important point is that the present invention is not directed to such a single, precise value of TIMP-1 concentration representing the discriminating value. A relevant discriminating value of the TIMP-1 concentration can be selected from ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves which are disclosed e.g. in FIG. 13. These curves give the correlation between sensitivity and specificity and the sensitivity/specificity for any selected total TIMP-1 threshold value can be derived from the curves. A threshold value resulting in a high sensitivity results in a lower specificity and vice versa. For example, if one wishes to detect all colorectal cancers with a high degree of certainty, then the specificity will be lower and some false positives are likely to be included. If one wishes to be relatively certain that only malignant colorectal cancers will be detected, then a number of non-malignant colorectal cancers are likely not to be identified.
Each individual diagnostic department or a person thus can determine which level of sensitivity/specificity is desirable and how much loss in specificity is tolerable. The chosen discriminating value could be dependent on other diagnostic parameters used in combination with our claimed method by the individual diagnostic department, e.g. the use of coloscopy.
The method can be applied to an unselected population, but more appropriately to a population already identified as having an increased risk of developing cancer, e.g. individuals with a genetic disposition, individuals who have been exposed to carcinogenic substances, or individuals with cancer-predisposing non-malignant diseases. In the case of colorectal cancer, the population selected for the invention could represent individuals with a prior polyp, individuals with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, individuals with one or more family members with colorectal cancer, or individuals with a prior resection of an early colorectal cancer.
When an individual has been identified as having high TIMP-1 levels in his or her body fluid, the individual should be referred for further examination. If a cancer is found, the patient could be offered surgery, radiation or adjuvant anti-neoplastic therapy aiming at curing the patient of cancer.
In the case of identifying individuals who is likely to have MRD or recurrent gastrointestinal cancer, the method can be applied to all patients who have had primary treatment for colorectal cancer.
When an individual who is likely to have MRD or recurrent gastrointestinal cancer has been identified as having high TIMP-1 levels in his or her body fluid, the individual should be referred for further examination. If MRD and/or a recurrent cancer is found, the patient could be offered surgery, radiation and/or systemic anti-neoplastic therapy or any combination thereof aiming at curing the patient of cancer.
Example 1 describes the preparation and validation of an assay that measures total TIMP-1 with high analytical sensitivity and specificity. It is described that healthy blood donors have a very narrow range of plasma total TIMP-1.
In Example 2, the formatting of a TIMP-1:MMP-9 ELISA is described. The format, execution, and validation of this assay are similar to those for total MMP-1, except that a polyclonal antibody against MMP-9 is used in the capture step. By substituting the MMP-9 antibody with an antibody against another MMP, complexes between TIMP-1 and other MMP's can be quantitated.
In Example 3, the formatting of a TIMP-1 assay which exclusively measures free TIMP-1, is described. This assay utilizes a monoclonal anti-TIMP-1 antibody (MAC 19) which only recognises TIMP-1 in its uncomplexed form. Thus, this assay will measure the amount of free TIMP-1 in a sample. The execution and validation of this assay are similar to the assay for total TIMP-1.
By subtracting the free TIMP-1 concentration from the total TIMP-1 concentration in a biological sample, the concentration of all complexed forms of TIMP-1 can be determined. It should be emphasized, however, that TIMP-1 can form complexes with many of the MMP's and therefore, subtracting one type of complex from the total amount of TIMP-1 will only provide information on the fraction of TIMP-1 not being complexed to this specific MMP.
In Example 4, it is shown that patients suffering from colorectal cancer have significantly elevated total TIMP-1 levels in their preoperative plasma samples. A percentile plot of the total TIMP-1 levels in plasma from all colorectal cancer patients and from healthy blood donors shows that a total TIMP-1 concentration of 119.1 μg/L is the 90^thcentile of the healthy donors. Using this cut-off, 68% of the colorectal cancer patients were identified as having elevated plasma TIMP-1 levels. When analyzing the colon cancer patients separately, it was shown that total TIMP-1 measurements in plasma identified 75% of the colon cancer patients (diagnostic sensitivity) with a 90% diagnostic specificity (10% of the healthy blood donors were classified as being high). Similarly, it was shown for the rectal cancer patients alone, that total TIMP-1 measurements in plasma identified 60% of the rectal cancer patients with a 90% diagnostic specificity. If a higher or lower sensitivity or specificity is desired, the cut-off value can be changed. This is illustrated in FIG. 13 showing ROC curves of total TIMP-1 in plasma from colorectal cancer patients. In addition, ROC curves are included for the individual groups of colon and rectal cancer patients. Any other information which can be derived from these ROC curves falls within the scope of the present invention.
An independent prospective study, including preoperative plasma samples from 64 patients with colon (n=43) or rectal (n=21) cancer confirmed the data obtained from the above described study (FIG. 15). An additional study of 180 healthy blood donors and 20 colorectal cancer patients, using different antibodies (Anti TIMP-1 11E/C6, Anti-TIMP-1 RRU-T6) in an automated immunoassay, further corroborated the previous clinical results. Moreover, the absolute values generated from the automated assay showed a high degree of correlation to those obtained by the assay described in Example 1 (r=0.9).
The clinical value of a marker for cancer screening is related to its ability to detect early stages of disease, potentially impacting survival. It was shown that total TIMP-1 was as efficient a screening marker in early stage colorectal cancer (Dukes' stages A and B) as it was in the total population of colorectal cancer patients (FIG. 14), Thus, screening with total TIMP-1 will result in more patients being diagnosed with early stage cancer. In a similar manner, any information that can be derived from FIG. 14 falls within the scope of the present invention.
By dividing the colon cancer patients into two groups, patients with left-sided and right-sided tumors respectively, it was evident that measurement of total TIMP-1 was especially useful in identifying those patients with early stage, right-sided colon cancer lesions (FIG. 14).
The specificity or a given cancer screening test is based on the efficiency of the test to identify only those patients suffering from cancer while patients suffering from non-malignant diseases should not be identified as false positive subjects. In the case of colorectal cancer, it is important that the test in question can distinguish between malignant and non-malignant diseases of the colon and rectal. This is particularly important for diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, since patients with these diseases are at higher risk of developing cancer.
In Example 5 it is shown that total TIMP-1 levels are significantly higher in patients with colorectal cancer than in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), showing that total TIMP-1 can be used to screen for colorectal cancer in a population of patients with IBD. That TIMP-1 is not increased in non-malignant diseases is supported by a recent paper, (Keyser et. al., 1999), demonstrating that patients with rheumatoid arthritis do not have increased plasma TIMP-1 levels. Also, by comparing total TIMP-1 levels among patients with IBD (excluding patients with clinically assessed acute active disease, n=4) and healthy blood donors, no significant differences in total plasma TIMP-1 levels were found (p=0.56), showing that these non-malignant diseases do not give false positive test results.
In Example 6, the additive effect of the measurement of an additional colorectal cancer marker is described. Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA) was measured in all cancer patient and healthy blood donor samples. Combining CEA and the TIMP-1 levels measured by the assay described in Example 1, it could be shown that while CEA alone gives 35% sensitivity at a 98% specificity, the sensitivity of the combination of CEA and total TIMP-1 as determined by logistic regression analysis increased to 57%, without sacrificing specificity.
In Example 7 it is shown that patients suffering from colorectal cancer have significantly elevated free TIMP-1 levels in their preoperative plasma samples. A percentile plot including the free TIMP-1 levels from the colorectal cancer patients as well as free TIMP-1 levels from healthy blood donors, showed that colorectal cancer patients had significantly elevated free TIMP-1 levels as compared to blood donors p=0.02. A ROC curve was created (FIG. 18) for these patients and donors and it was seen that free TIMP-1 gave an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.61.
In Example 8, the use of the TIMP-1: MMP-9 complex assay as an aid for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer is described.
TIMP-1 is known to exist either as the free molecule or in complex with MMP's, preferentially MMP-9. Measuring total TIMP-1, complexed TIMP-1 and free TIMP-1 will make it possible to validate each of these species for their potential diagnostic value. In addition, it will be possible to calculate ratios or any derived algorithm between the different species which might provide additional diagnostic value.
In Example 9, the diagnostic value of the combination of total and free TIMP-1 is described.
The data shows that combining by logistic regression analysis the free TIMP-1 measurements with the total TIMP-1 measurements, a significant increase in the AUC was demonstrated. Any information that can be derived from FIG. 18 falls within the scope of the present invention.
The specificity of a given cancer screening test is based on the efficacy of the test to identify only those patients suffering from cancer while patients suffering from non-malignant diseases should not be identified as false positive. However, it would be desirable that the test was specific for a specific type of cancer, e.g. colon cancer, instead of being a pan-cancer marker.
In Example 10, total plasma TIMP-1 values in preoperative blood samples from a cohort of 322 patients with primary breast cancer (stage I and II) as compared with total TIMP-1 levels in 108 healthy blood donors are described. It was shown that the breast patients had a median, total TIMP-1 level of 88.3 μg/L, while the healthy donors had a median plasma concentration of total TIMP-1 of 88.9 μg/L. The difference between these values is not clinically significant, supporting the specificity of TIMP-1 levels for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. However, it should be studied whether elevated plasma TIMP-1 levels are found in patients with early stage non-colorectal cancer.
In Example 11, total TIMP-1 levels in patients with metastatic breast cancer are described.
Of note, total TIMP-1 in plasma from women with metastatic breast cancer had a median value of 236 μg/L, significantly higher than levels in healthy blood donors. This shows the potential of using plasma TIMP-1 levels for the management of breast cancer patients.
In Example 12, the concentrations of TIMP-2 in preoperative plasma samples from patients with colorectal cancer are described.
TIMP-2 is another tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases with a high degree of homology to TIMP-1. Using a specific immunoassay for TIMP-2, concentrations of this inhibitor were determined in plasma samples from colorectal cancer patients and in healthy blood donors. No significant differences in plasma TIMP-2 levels were found between the two populations, supporting the unique value of TIMP-1 as an aid for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
In Example 13, it is shown that a proportion of patients who have previously had surgery for primary colorectal cancer may have elevated plasma TIMP-1 levels 6 month post-surgery.
Example 14 shows that as an alternative to a fixed plasma TIMP-1 threshold value, patients with a high likelihood of MRD or recurrent cancer can also be identified as those patients who do not show a significant decrease in plasma TIMP-1 levels between the pre-operative plasma sample and the post-operative plasma sample.
In Example 15, it is shown that the post-operative information on recurrence probability obtained by measuring plasma TIMP-1 6 months postoperatively, is independent of Dukes classification, since statistically significant information on survival can be obtained in each of Dukes stage A+B and C disease.
In Example 16, it is shown that statistically significant information on metastasis-free survival and overall survival can be obtained by measuring plasma TIMP-1 and serum CEA 6 months post-operatively. However, the information obtained by simultaneous measuring plasma TIMP-1 and serum CEA is additive, e.g. significant additive information is gained when combining these to serological markers.
The clinical value of a marker for monitoring cancer patients is related to its ability to detect recurrence of the disease at an early time point when the patients still have no symptoms or clinical signs of disease recurrence. From the metastasis-free survival curves and the overall survival curves presented, it can be deduced that plasma TIMP-1 measurements yields highly statistically significant information on recurrence probability several months before clinically evident recurrence is observed. Thus, using TIMP-1, either alone or in combination with CEA, will result in more patients being identified at an early time point as having high probability of disease recurrence and these patients might be offered systemic anti-cancer therapy. The benefit to the patient is that treatment can be introduced at an early time point where the tumor burden is still limited.
The specificity of a given cancer monitoring test is based on the efficiency of the test to identify only those patients suffering from recurrent cancer while patients suffering from non-malignant diseases should not be identified as false positive subjects. In the case of colorectal cancer, it is important that the test in question can also distinguish between malignant and non-malignant diseases of the colon and rectal. This is particularly important for diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, since patients with these diseases are at higher risk of developing cancer.
In Example 17 it is shown that total TIMP-1 levels are significantly higher in patients with recurrent colorectal cancer than in patients with inflammatory bowl diseases (IBD), showing that total TIMP-1 can be used to monitor for colorectal cancer recurrence in a population of patients with IBD. That TIMP-1 is not increased in non-malignant diseases is supported by a recent paper, (Keyser et. al., 1999), demonstrating that patients with rheumatoid arthritis do not have increased plasma TIMP-1 levels. Also, by comparing total TIMP-1 levels among patients with IBD (excluding patients with clinically assessed acute active disease, n=4) and healthy blood donors, no significant differences in total plasma TIMP-1 levels were found (p=0.56), showing that these non-malignant diseases do not give false positive test results. In a recent paper by Holten-Andersen et. al., 2002, it was shown that patients (n=322) with primary breast cancer do not present with elevated plasma-TIMP-1 levels.
TIMP-1 is known to exist either as the free molecule or in complex with MMP's, preferentially MMP-9. Measuring total TIMP-1, complexed TIMP-1 and free TIMP-1 will make it possible to validate each of these species for their potential monitoring value. In addition, it will be possible to calculate ratios or any derived algorithm between the different species which might provide additional monitoring value.

FIGURE LEGENDS

FIG. 1: Kinetic assay for TIMP-1. Progress curves for the change in absorbance at 405 nm produced by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate by solid-phase bound alkaline phosphatase immunoconjugate. The data shown are generated by 4 individual assay wells treated with 4 different concentrations of purified recombinant TIMP-1; 10 μg/L (∇-∇), 2.5 μg/L (Δ-Δ), 0.63 μg/L (□-□) and 0.16 μg/L (◯-◯). The lines shown have been fitted by simple linear regression.

FIG. 2: TIMP-1 standard curve. Absorbance units for triplicate TIMP-1 standards in the range of 0 to 5 μg/L are collected automatically over 60 minutes, with readings taken at 405 nm every 10 min. Progress curves are computed for each well and the rates obtained are fitted to a standard curve using a four-parameter equation of the form y=d+[(a−d)/(1+(x/c)^b)]. In the example shown, the four derived parameters had the following values: a=1.87, b=1.11, c=3.35, d=73.5. The correlation coefficient for the fitted curve is >0.999.

FIG. 3: Recovery of signal from standard TIMP-1 added in increasing concentration to assay dilution buffer (□-□), a 1:100 dilution of EDTA plasma pool (Δ-Δ), a 1:100 dilution of citrate plasma pool (∇-∇) and a 1:100 dilution of heparin plasma pool (◯-◯). The values shown are the means of triplicates. The correlation coefficient for each fitted curve is greater than 0.99.

FIG. 4: Western blotting of immunoabsorbed patient plasma sample. Lane 1: standard TIMP-1; lane 2: eluate of patient citrate plasma sample diluted 1:10 and immunoabsorbed with sheep polyclonal anti-TIMP-1. Bands of non-reduced standard TIMP-1 and TIMP-1 isolated from plasma sample both appear just below 30 kDa.

FIG. 5 a: Percentiles plot for the level of TIMP-1 (μg/L) measured in citrate plasma (◯) and EDTA plasma (A) from the same individual in a set of 100 volunteer blood donors.

FIG. 5 b: Linear regression plot for the level of TIMP-1 in citrate plasma samples compared with EDTA plasma samples from the same 100 individuals. The equation of the fitted line is y=0.93x, with a regression coefficient of 0.99.

FIG. 6: Percentiles plot for the levels of TIMP-1 (μg/L) measured in two sets of citrate plasma samples obtained by the same procedure from volunteer blood donors at different times. 100 samples from May=97 (Δ) and 94 samples from September=96 (□).

FIG. 7: Percentile plot for the levels of TIMP-1 (μg/L) measured in 194 citrate plasma samples from volunteer blood donors and stratified by sex into 107 males (Δ) and 87 females (◯).

FIG. 8: Graphical illustration of the TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex ELISA.

FIG. 9: Graphical illustration of the free TIMP-1 ELISA.

FIG. 10: A plate was coated with the polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody. Different concentrations of TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex, free MMP-9, free TIMP-1 and a blank control were added. Only TIMP-1:MMP-9 complexes and free MMP-9 were bound by the capture polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody. MAC19 was then added for antigen detection. Neither TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex nor free MMP-9 were detected by MAC19, defining the specificity of this antibody for free TIMP-1.

FIG. 11: A plate was coated with the polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody. Different concentrations of TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex, free MMP-9, free TIMP-1 and a blank control were added. Only TIMP-1:MMP-9 complexes and free MMP-9 were bound by the capture polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody. MAC15 was then added for antigen detection. Only TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex bound by the capture polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody was detected by MAC15. Free MMP-9 was not detected by MAC15.

FIG. 12: Recovery of signal in the free TIMP-1 assay from standard TIMP-1 added in increasing concentration to assay dilution buffer (□-□), a dilution of EDTA plasma pool (Δ-Δ), a dilution of citrate plasma pool (∇-∇), and a dilution of heparin plasma pool (◯-◯). The values shown are the means of triplicates. The correlation coefficient for each fitted curve is greater than 0.99.

FIG. 13: ROC curves for total TIMP-1 in all colorectal cancer patients, in rectal cancer patients separately and in colon cancer patients separately. As healthy control subjects, a cohort of 108 healthy blood donors was used. (Number in parenthesis=Area under curve)

FIG. 14: ROC curves for total TIMP-1 in all colorectal cancer patients with Dukes' A or B disease. In addition, ROC curves for Dukes' A or B patients with colon cancer or with right sided colon cancer is included. (Number in parenthesis=Area under curve)

FIG. 15: ROC curve for total TIMP-1 from an independent set of 64 colorectal cancer patients compared to 108 healthy blood donors is shown. (AUC=Area under curve)

FIG. 16: Box plot showing total TIMP-1 concentrations in plasma from healthy blood donors, from patients with Crohn's Disease, from patients with ulcerative colitis and from patient's with colorectal cancer. Medians, 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th centiles are shown.

FIG. 17: ROC curves for total TIMP-1, CEA and for the combination of total TIMP-1 and CEA in patients with right colon cancer patients and 108 healthy blood donors. (Number in parenthesis=Area under curve)

FIG. 18: ROC curves for plasma free TIMP-1, for plasma total TIMP-1 and for the combination hereof in 64 CRC patients and 108 donors. (Number in parenthesis=Area under curve)

FIG. 19: ROC curve for 322 primary breast cancer patients and 108 blood donors. (AUC=Area under curve)

FIG. 20: Percentiles plot for the level of total TIMP-1 (μg/L) measured by ELISA in 19 EDTA plasma samples from female breast cancer patients (◯) and 87 healthy blood donors (Δ).

FIG. 21: Percentile plot of total TIMP-1 in colorectal cancer patients as measured 6 months postoperatively and in healthy control subjects.

FIG. 22: Univariate survival analysis for total TIMP-1 in colorectal cancer patients d. Preoperative and postoperative plasma TIMP-1 levels were scored as low or high based on the 95^thpercentile of plasma TIMP-1 in an age matched healthy control group.

FIG. 23: Univariate survival curves. The patients were dichotomised using the 95^thpercentile of plasma TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors. Patient samples: 6 months post-operative plasma TIMP-1 level. The Figure shows the survival curves for Dukes A+B patients and for Dukes C patients, respectively.

FIG. 24: Univariate metastasis-free survival curves. The patients were dicotomized into four groups according to their 6 months postoperative plasma TIMP-1 level and serum CEA level. Group 1: low TIMP-1 and low CEA; Group 2: high TIMP-1 and low CEA; Group 3: low TIMP-1 and high CEA; Group 4: high TIMP-1 and high CEA. The patients were dichotomised using the 95^thpercentile of plasma TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors and 5 ng/ml of CEA

FIG. 25: Univariate overall survival curves. The patients were dicotomized into four groups according to their 6 months postoperative plasma TIMP-1 level and serum CEA level. Group 1: low TIMP-1 and low CEA; Group 2: high TIMP-1 and low CEA; Group 3: low TIMP-1 and high CEA; Group 4: high TIMP-1 and high CEA. The patients were dichotomised using the 95^thpercentile of plasma TIMP-1 levels in healthy blood donors and 5 ng/ml of CEA

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Preparation of an ELISA to Quantitate Total TIMP-1 concentrations in human Plasma

This example describes the preparation and validation of an ELISA that measures total TIMP-1 levels in plasma. In addition, this example provides information on TIMP-1 levels in different plasma preparations as well as in healthy blood donors of both sexes.

Materials and Methods:

Blood Donors

Blood samples were initially obtained from 94 apparently healthy volunteer blood donors, comprising 51 males aged 19 to 59 years (median: 41 years) and 43 females aged 20 to 64 years (median: 36 years). In a subsequent collection, 100 donor samples were obtained, comprising 56 males aged 19 to 59 years (median 42: years) and 44 females aged 20 to 60 years (median: 36.5 years). Informed consent was obtained from all donors, and permission was obtained from the local Ethical Committees.

Blood Collections and Plasma Separation

Peripheral blood was drawn with minimal stasis (if necessary a maximum of 2 min stasis with a tourniquet at maximum+2 kPa was acceptable) into pre-chilled citrate, EDTA, or heparin collection tubes (Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.), mixed 5 times by inversion, and immediately chilled on ice. As soon as possible (no later than 1.5 h after collection) the plasma and blood cells were separated by centrifugation at 4° C. at 1,200×g for 30 min, and stored frozen at −80° C. prior to assay. Plasma pools were made with freshly collected samples from at least ten donors, aliquoted and stored frozen at −80° C. For analysis, the samples were quickly thawed in a 37° C. water bath at and then placed on ice until needed.

Total TIMP-1 ELISA

A sensitive and specific sandwich ELISA was prepared, using TIMP-1 antibodies developed at the Strangeways Laboratories (Hembry et. al., 1985). A sheep polyclonal anti-TIMP-1 antiserum (Hembry et. al., 1985; Murphy et. al., 1991) was used for antigen capture, and a murine monoclonal anti-TIMP-1 IgG1 (MAC-15) (Cooksley et. al., 1990) for antigen detection. A rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin/alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Catalog number D0314, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) was the secondary detection reagent. The latter conjugate was supplied preabsorbed against human IgG, thus eliminating cross-reactivity with IgG in the plasma samples. As the monoclonal detection antibody MAC-15 recognises both free TIMP-1 and TIMP-1 in complex with MMP's (Cooksley et. al., 1990), the total TIMP-1 content captured by the sheep polyclonal anti-TIMP-1 antiserum was quantitated by the ELISA.
96-well microtiter plate-(Maxisorp, Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated for 1 h at 37° C. with 100 μL/well of polyclonal sheep anti-TIMP-1 (4 mg/L) in 0.1 mol/L carbonate buffer, pH 9.5. The wells were then rinsed twice with 200 μL/well of SuperBlockJ solution (Pierce Chemicals, Rockford Ill.) diluted 1:1 with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The microtiter plates were stored for up to 14 days at −20° C. On the day of analysis, the plates were thawed at room temperature and washed 5 times in PBS containing 1 g/L Tween.
A series of purified, recombinant human TIMP-1 standards were used to calibrate each plate. Standards were prepared by serially diluting a stock solution of purified TIMP-1. Standard concentrations were 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.313 and 0.156 μg/L. Included on each plate was a blank containing only sample dilution buffer, and 2 controls made from a 1:100 dilution of a citrate plasma pool. One control was added as the first sample on the plate and the second control was added as the last. All plasma samples were diluted 1:100 in sample buffer consisting of 50 mol/L phosphate, pH 7.2, 0.1 mol/L NaCl, 10 g/L bovine serum albumin (Fraction V, Boehringer-Mannheim, Penzberg, Germany), and 1 g/L Tween 20. A total of 100 μL/well of each standard, blank, control, and patient sample was incubated on the plate for 1 h at 30° C. All standards, blanks, controls, and samples were run in triplicate on each plate for every assay. After primary incubation, the wells were washed 5 times, then treated for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of purified MAC-15 monoclonal antibody (0.5 mg/L) in sample dilution buffer. After another 5 washes the wells were incubated for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins(Ig)/alkaline phosphatase conjugate diluted 1:2000 in sample dilution buffer. Following 5 washes with washing solution and 3 washes with distilled water, 100 μL of freshly made p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) substrate solution (1.7 g/L in 0.1 mol/L Tris.HCl, pH 9.5, 0.1 mol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L MgCl₂) was added to each well. The plate was placed in a Ceres 900J plate reader (Bio-Tek Instruments, Winooski, Vt.) at 23° C. with the yellow color development automatically monitored. Readings were taken at 405 nm against an air blank every 10 min. for one hour. KinetiCalc II software was used to analyze the data by calculating the rate of color formation for each well (linear regression analysis), generating a 4-parameter fitted standard curve, and calculating the TIMP-1 concentration of each plasma sample.

Recovery Experiments

The recovery of TIMP-1 signal was measured following addition to 1:100 dilutions of citrate, EDTA or heparin plasma pools. Purified TIMP-1 was added to plasma pools to give final concentrations in the range of 0 to 10 μg/L. The recovery in each case was calculated from the slope of the line representing TIMP-1 signal as a function of concentration, where 100% recovery was defined as the slope obtained when TIMP-1 was diluted in sample dilution buffer.

Immunoblotting

Citrate plasma from a patient with a high level of TIMP-1 in blood (634 μg/L, determined by ELISA), was diluted 1:10 and added to protein A-Sepharose column pre-incubated with polyclonal sheep anti-TIMP-1. Following 5 cycles, bound proteins were eluted from the column and 50 μL of the resulting eluate run on 12% SDS-gel electrophoresis (Ready GelJ, Bio-Rad). A mixture of low molecular weight (Pharmacia) and high molecular weight markers (Bio-Rad) and 50 μL of TIMP-1 standard (100 μg/L) in Laemmli Sample Buffer were also run on the gel. Proteins were transferred electrophoretically from the gel onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore). The membrane was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with 10% skim milk powder in TBS. Following washing, the membrane was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with 20 ml of MAC-15 (5 mg/L). The membrane was then washed and incubated for an additional hour at room temperature with 20 ml of rabbit anti-mouse Ig/alkaline phosphatase conjugate diluted 1:1000. Finally the membrane was washed and color developed by the addition of a phosphate substrate solution (NBT/BCIP).

Results:

ELISA Performance

Development of color in each well progressed as a linear function of time for all concentrations of total TIMP-1 in these experiments (FIG. 1), with correlation coefficients for the fitted lines typically greater than 0.99. The standard curve for the rates plotted against the TIMP-1 concentration consisted of the linear and upper curved regions (over the range of 0 to 5 μg/L) of a sigmoidal curve, and the correlation coefficient for the 4-parameter fit was typically better than 0.999 (FIG. 2). The rate with no TIMP-1 (read against an air blank) was 1.21±0.15 (mean ±SD) milliabsorbance units/min (n=29), while the rate with 10 μL standard TIMP-1 was 50.3±6.01 milliabsorbance units/min (n=29). The limit of detection for the assay, defined as the concentration of TIMP-1 corresponding to a signal 3 SD above the mean for the TIMP-1 blank, was 0.089 μg/L. This value was 130% of the mean of the measured concentrations of TIMP-1 in healthy citrate plasma samples. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) for 16 replicates of a control citrate plasma pool was 5.3%, and the inter-assay CV for 29 successive assays of the plasma pool (run on different days) was 6.20%. This plasma pool had a TIMP-1 concentration of 57.8 μg/L, corresponding to the 22nd centile of the normal individuals.
Recovery of recombinant TIMP-1 after dilution in plasma Specific recovery was determined by addition of increasing concentrations of purified TIMP-1 to a panel of plasma pool replicates, followed by subsequent measurement of signal. Recovery was 104% in citrate plasma, 101% in diluted EDTA plasma, and 87% in diluted heparin plasma (FIG. 3). Thus the recovery of TIMP-1 signal from an internal standard was acceptable for all preparations of plasma

Dilution Curves for Total Plasma TIMP-1 Signal

Serial dilutions of citrate, EDTA and heparin plasma pools were made to test for linear reduction in TIMP-1 signal. Citrate, EDTA and heparin plasmas all gave good linearity of signal as a function of dilution. The 1% plasma dilution which was chosen for subsequent determinations lay well within the range of this linear dilution curve.

Immunoblotting of Total Plasma TIMP-1

A Western blot of an immunoabsorbed patient plasma sample showed a clear band of 28 kDa (FIG. 4, lane 2), corresponding to free, uncomplexed TIMP-1 (FIG. 4, lane 1). No bands were found at the expected higher molecular weights corresponding to complexes between MMP's and TIMP-1, e.g. MMP-2:TIMP-1, 100 kDa. This indicates either that the major part of TIMP-1 was present in the plasma as the free form, or that complexes were dissociated during SDS-PAGE. Although the sample was left both unreduced and unheated in order to preserve any complexes present in the plasma sample, it has been reported that MMP:TIMP complexes may be unstable in SDS-PAGE (Wilhelm et. al., 1989; Stetler-Stevenson et. al., 1989; Moll et. al., 1990), even under non-reducing conditions (Moutsiakis et. al., 1992).
Total TIMP-1 in Citrate and EDTA Plasma from the Same Healthy Donor
A collection of citrate and EDTA plasma samples taken simultaneously from 100 healthy donors was available for this study. These samples were not specifically collected as platelet-poor plasma. However, a small, representative number of samples, prepared as platelet-poor plasma, did not differ significantly in total TIMP-1 values. The percentile plots for total TIMP-1 levels in these samples are shown in FIG. 5 a. The values in each set approximated a normal distribution. Citrate plasma TIMP-1 levels ranged between 55.0 and 90.3 μg/L (10th to 90th percentile) with a mean of 69.2±13.1 μg/L. Similarly, EDTA plasma TIMP-1 levels ranged from 58.0 to 91.8 μg/L with a mean of 73.5±14.2 μg/L. For both citrate and EDTA plasma, the mean TIMP-1 levels were in close proximity to the median levels (Table 1). A paired means comparison showed that the level of TIMP-1 in citrate plasma was significantly lower by 4.34 μg/L (95% CI 2.34-6.33; (p<0.0001) than the EDTA plasma level from the same individual. However, it is likely that this difference may be due to the variability in sampling procedure during plasma collection. EDTA plasma tubes contained dry anticoagulant material, while citrate plasma tubes contained a small amount of liquid citrate buffer which gave a small and variable systematic dilution error (×9/10). The level of TIMP-1 in citrate plasma correlated with that in EDTA plasma from the same individuals. The linear regression plot in FIG. 5 b shows a regression coefficient of 0.99 with a slope of the fitted line of 0.93, perhaps illustrating this small dilution error. A non-parametric Spearman's rank test for the data set gave a rho value of 0.62 and p<0.0001.

Total TIMP-1 Levels in Citrate Plasma

A total of 194 citrate plasma samples from healthy blood donors were assayed, comprising 94 samples taken during one collection and 100 samples taken 9 months later from a different set of donors. FIG. 6 shows the percentile plots for TIMP-1 levels measured in these two independent groups. The reference range for TIMP-1 levels in citrate plasma from the first collection was 53.3 to 77.7 μg/L (10th to 90th percentile) with a mean of 65.4±10.1 μg/L which was indistinguishable from the median (Table 1). and approximating a normal distribution. The mean TIMP-1 level for the second collection was 69.2±13.1 μg/L (reference range 55.0 to 90.3 μg/L). An unpaired means comparison showed that TIMP-1 levels in the two sets of samples taken during two different periods differed only by 3.82 μg/L (95% CI: 0.50-7.14 μg/L; p=0.024). Moreover, no significant difference was apparent between the controls (n=8) included in each set of assays (mean difference 0.36 μg/L; 950% CI: 1.71-2.44 μg/L; p=0.69). The mean TIMP-1 level for all 194 citrate plasma samples was 67.3±11.8 μg/L, close to the median of 66.1 μg/L, with levels again approximating a normal distribution (reference range 54.0 to 82.7 μg/L).

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF TOTAL TIMP-1 LEVELS DETERMINED
IN BLOOD FROM HEALTHY DONORS:

		Number	Mean ±		Reference
	Date of	of	SD	Median	range*
Blood fraction	sampling	samples	(μg/L)	(μg/L)	(μg/L)

Citrate plasma	Sept. 96	94	65.4 ± 10.1	65.6	53.3-77.7
Citrate plasma	May 97	100**	69.2 ± 13.1	67.0	55.0-90.3
Citrate plasma	96 + 97	194	67.3 ± 11.8	66.1	54.0-82.7
EDTA plasma	May 97	100**	73.5 ± 14.2	71.2	58.0-91.8

*The reference range is defined as the 10th to 90th percentile.
**These samples were collected from the same donors.

Tests for Correlations to Gender and Age of the Donor

In these studies, the control values measured in each assay had a CV of 2.70%. Percentiles for TIMP-1 levels in 194 citrate plasma samples calculated according to gender are shown in FIG. 7. The mean TIMP-1 value for 107 male donors was 70.4±12.0 μg/L (median 69.4 μg/L) with a reference range from 56.2 to 86.6 μg/L, while the mean TIMP-1 value for 87 female donors in this set was 63.5±10.5 μg/L (median: 62.0 μg/L) with a reference range from 51.8 to 77.0 μg/L. There was a significant difference (p<0.0001) in TIMP-1 mean levels between the two groups, with males having higher TIMP-1 levels than females. There was a trend towards an increase in plasma TIMP-1 with increasing age (Spearman's rho 0.33, P=0.0011), but this did not increase with gender (females: Spearman's rho=0.29, P=0.006; males: Spearman's rho=0.35, P=0.0003). In EDTA plasma, the mean TIMP-1 value for 56 males was 76.9±15.0 μg/L (median: 75.1 μg/L) with a range from 58.8 to 96.9 μg/L, while 44 female donors had a mean TIMP-1 level of 69.3±11.8 μg/L (median: 67.9) with a reference range from 56.1 to 85.5 μg/L. Again, a significant difference appeared between males and females (p=0.0076, unpaired means comparison).

Discussion:

The assay described above enables accurate determination of total TIMP-1 in human plasma samples. Kinetic rate assays of the bound antigen were easily accomplished, permitting automated fitting of rate curves, which has proven considerably more reliable than single endpoint measurements. The use of a rapid blocking agent and a dilution buffer with high buffering capacity also contributed to reproducible assays. Incorporating all these elements in the final assay fulfilled the requirements of sensitivity, specificity, stability, and good recovery of an internal standard.
The quantitative studies in blood from healthy donors showed that both citrate and EDTA plasma samples are suitable for TIMP-1 determination. Compared to other published studies of TIMP-1 is from healthy donors (Jung et. al., 1996; Jung et. al., 1996), levels in the present study fell within a very narrow range. Some studies have reported results in serum, but plasma was selected for the present study to avoid the variable contribution of platelet activation to the measured TIMP-1 values (Cooper et. al., 1985). While the plasma samples used in this study were not specifically prepared as platelet-poor plasma, it was shown, based on tests carried out in the lab, that this does not change the values. The donor material was large enough to demonstrate that TIMP-1 levels in healthy individuals (both EDTA and citrate) approximated a normal distribution, for females as well as for males. Mean TIMP-1 levels were approx. 10% higher in males than in females for both EDTA and citrate plasma. One explanation for this is a higher release rate of TIMP-1 into blood from activated platelets, reflecting a tendency towards higher incidence of thromboembolic disease in the male population. When males and females were considered separately, there was a weak correlation between TIMP-1 and age as seen for the whole population (see above).

Example 2

Preparation of an ELISA to Quantitate TIMP-1:MMP-9 Complexes in Plasma

The following example describes an assay to determine the concentration of TIMP-1:MMP-9 complexes in body fluids. The assay is used with plasma samples of healthy blood donors in order to establish normal ranges of this complex (Holten Andersen et. al., 1999).

Materials and Methods:

TIMP-1: MMP-9 Complex ELISA

A sensitive and specific sandwich ELISA was prepared using the above-described TIMP-1 antibody, MAC-15, and a rabbit MMP-9 polyclonal antibody developed in the Hematological Department, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (Kjeldsen et. al., 1992). The MMP-9 antibody was used for antigen capture and MAC-15 was used for antigen detection. A rabbit anti-mouse-Ig/alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) enabled a kinetic rate assay (FIG. 8). The latter conjugate was supplied preabsorbed against human IgG, thus eliminating cross-reactivity with IgG in the plasma samples. The MMP-9 antibody captured both free MMP-9 and MMP-9 complexed with TIMP-1, while MAC-15 only recognised TIMP-1. Therefore only TIMP-1:MMP-9 complexes were quantitated by this reagent pair.
To prevent spontaneous, ex vivo TIMP-1:MMP complex formation during sampling and assay procedures, a protease inhibitor (i.e. Galardin, Batimastat, Marimastat) was added to the plasma sample after thawing. The addition of the protease inhibitor blocked in vitro complex formation by inhibition of the catalytic activity of the metalloproteinases.
The TIMP-1:MMP-9 assay was prepared and validated by a method similar to that described above for the total TIMP-1 assay. The TIMP-1:MMP-9 standard was prepared by incubating equimolar amounts of purified recombinant TIMP-1 and MMP-9 (activated by adding APMA) in PBS for 1 hour at 37 degrees Celsius.
Briefly, 96-well microtiter plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with 100 μL/well of rabbit polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antiserum in 0.1 mol/L carbonate buffer, pH 9.5. Prior to use, assay wells were rinsed twice with 200 μL/well of SuperBlock solution diluted 1:1 with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and then washed 5 times in PBS containing 1 g/L Tween 20. Wells were then incubated for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of plasma diluted in sample buffer A series of purified TIMP-1:MMP-9 standards were used to calibrate each plate. Standards were prepared by serially diluting a stock solution of purified TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex. Included on each plate was a blank containing only sample dilution buffer, and 2 controls made from a citrate plasma pool. One control plasma pool was added as the first sample on the plate and the second control was added as the last. All standards, blanks, controls, and samples were run in triplicate on each plate for every assay. After sample incubation and TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex binding, the wells were washed 5 times, followed by treatment for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of MAC-15 in sample dilution buffer. After another 5 washes, the wells were incubated for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of rabbit anti-mouse Ig/alkaline phosphatase conjugate diluted in sample dilution buffer. Following 5 washes with washing solution and 3 additional washes with distilled water, 100 μL of freshly made p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate solution was added to each well. The plate was placed in a Ceres 900J plate reader at 23° C. with the yellow color development monitored automatically. Readings were taken at 405 nm against an air blank every 10 min for one hour. KinetiCalc II software was used to analyze the data by calculating the rate of color formation for each well (linear regression analysis), generating a 4-parameter fitted standard curve, and calculating the TIMP-1:MMP-9 concentration of each plasma sample.

Recovery Experiments

Specific recovery was determined by addition of TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex to a series of citrate, EDTA or heparin plasma pools. The recovery in each case was calculated from the slope of the line representing TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex signal as a function of concentration, where 100% recovery was defined as the slope obtained when TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex was diluted in the sample dilution buffer.

Results

ELISA Performance

Development of color in each well was a linear function of time for all concentrations of TIMP-1:MMP-9 complexes measured in these experiments, with correlation coefficients for the automatically fitted lines typically greater than 0.9. The correlation coefficient for the 4-parameter fit was typically greater than 0.999.
Recovery of TIMP-1:MMP-9 Complex after Dilution in Plasma
Specific recovery was determined by addition of increasing concentrations of TIMP-1:MMP-9 to a plasma pool and subsequent measurement of the specific signal.

Dilution Curves for Plasma TIMP-1:MMP-9

Serial dilutions of citrate and EDTA plasma pools were made and complex levels quantitated to determine the linearity of the assay. Citrate and EDTA plasmas all gave good linearity of signal as a function of dilution.

Example 3

Preparation of an ELISA to Quantitate Free TIMP-1 Levels in Plasma

The following example describes an assay that determines the concentration of free TIMP-1 levels in body fluids. The assay is applied to plasma samples of healthy blood donors in order to establish normal ranges of free TIMP-1.

Materials and Methods:

Free TIMP-1 ELISA

A sensitive and specific sandwich immunoassay was prepared, using a TIMP-1 monoclonal IgG1 antibody (MAC-19) developed at the Strangeways Laboratories, England (Cooksley et. al., 1990) and a sheep polyclonal anti-TIMP-1 antibody. The sheep polyclonal anti-TIMP-1 antibody was used for antigen capture and the murine monoclonal MAC-19 was used for antigen detection. A rabbit anti-mouse-Ig/alkaline phosphatase conjugate was the secondary detection reagent (FIG. 9). The latter conjugate was supplied preabsorbed against human IgG, thus eliminating cross-reactivity with IgG in the plasma samples. The MAC-19 monoclonal antibody is completely specific for free TIMP-1, which therefore is the only form quantitated in this assay.
In order to test that MAC19 does not react with complexes between TIMP-1 and MMP-9, the rabbit polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody described in Example 2 was used for antigen capture and the mouse monoclonal antibody MAC19 for antigen detection. A rabbit anti-mouse-Ig/alkaline phosphatase conjugate was used as the secondary labelled reagent. Standard TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex, free MMP-9, free TIMP-1, and a blank control were assayed. FIG. 10 shows that TIMP-1:MMP-9 complexes bound by the polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody are not detected by MAC19. An equivalent experiment was performed, where MAC19 was substituted with MAC15. FIG. 11 shows the results of this experiment. It is seen that MAC15 detects TIMP-1:MMP-9 complex bound by the polyclonal anti-MMP-9 antibody.
To prevent ex vivo formation of TIMP-1:MMP complexes during the sampling and assay procedures, a protease inhibitor (i.e. Galardin, Batimastat, Marimastat) can be added to the plasma sample after thawing. The addition of the protease inhibitor will prevent in vitro complex formation by competition with the TIMP.
96-well micortiter plates were coated for 1 h at 37° C. with 100 μL/well of polyclonal sheep anti-TIMP-1 (4 mg/L) in 0.1 mol/L carbonate buffer, pH 9.5. The assay wells were then rinsed twice with 200 μL/well of SuperBlock solution diluted 1:1 with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The microtiter plates were stored for up to 14 days at −20° C. On the day of use, the plates were thawed at room temperature and washed 5 times in PBS containing 1 g/L Tween 20. Wells were then incubated for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of triplicate 1:25 dilutions of plasma made in a sample buffer consisting of 50 mol/L phosphate, pH 7.2, 0.1 mol/L NaCl, 10 g/L bovine serum albumin (Fraction V, Boehringer-Mannheim, Penzberg, Germany) and 1 g/L Tween 20. Standards were prepared by serially diluting a stock solution of purified free TIMP-1 to yield concentrations of 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.313 and 0.156 μg/L. Included on each plate was a blank containing only sample dilution buffer, and 2 controls made from a citrate plasma pool diluted 1:25. One control plasma pool was added as the first sample on the plate and the second control was added as the last. All standards, blanks, controls, and samples were run in triplicate on each plate for every assay. After TIMP-1 binding, the wells were washed 5 times, then treated for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of the purified murine monoclonal anti-TIMP MAC-19 (0.5 mg/L) in sample dilution buffer. After another 5 washes the wells were incubated for 1 h at 30° C. with 100 μL/well of rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins/alkaline phosphatase conjugate diluted 1:2000 in sample dilution buffer. Following 5 washes with washing solution and 3 washes with distilled water, 100 μL of freshly made p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) substrate solution (1.7 g/L in 0.1 mol/L Tris.HCl, pH 9.5, 0.1 mol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L MgCl₂) was added to each well, and the plate was placed in a Ceres 900J plate reader (Bio-Tek Instruments, Winooski, Vt.) at 23° C. The yellow color development was monitored automatically, with readings taken at 405 nm against an air blank every 10 min for one hour. KinetiCalc II software was used to analyze the data, to calculate the rate of color change for each well (linear regression analysis), and to compute a 4-parameter fitted standard curve, from which the free TIMP-1 concentration of each plasma sample was calculated.

Dilution Curves and Recovery Experiments

These experiments were performed essentially as described in Example 1, but using MAC19 instead of MAC15 for detection of free TIMP-1 (as described above).

Healthy Donors

108 donor plasma samples were obtained. Donors gave blood on a volunteer basis and were all apparently healthy. Informed consent was obtained from all blood donors, and permission was obtained from the local Ethical Committees. The blood sampling and handling were performed as described in Example 1.

Results

ELISA Performance

Development of color in each well was a linear function of time for all concentrations of free TIMP-1 measured in these experiments, with correlation coefficients for the automatically fitted lines typically better than 0.9. The correlation coefficient for the 4-parameter fit was typically better than 0.999. The intra-assay variation for 24 triplicate measurements of the control plasma pool was 9.6%.
Recovery of Recombinant TIMP-1 after Dilution in Plasma
Specific signal recovery was determined by addition of increasing concentrations of purified TIMP-1 standard to a plasma pool and subsequent measurement of the ELISA signal. In the diluted citrate plasma pool 105% recovery was obtained, while 960% recovery was obtained in the diluted EDTA plasma pool (FIG. 12).

Dilution Curves for Free Plasma TIMP-1 Signal

Serial dilutions of citrate and EDTA plasma pools were made and free TIMP-1 levels assayed to test for linear reduction in ELISA signal. Citrate and EDTA plasmas all gave good linearity of signal as a function of dilution.

Healthy Blood Donors

Free TIMP-1 was measurable in all plasma samples. The median free TIMP-1 concentration was 70.9 μg/L (range: 32.3-169.7 μg/L).

Discussion

This assay directly measures plasma free TIMP-1 levels. When comparing free TIMP-1 levels with total TIMP-1 levels (the latter measured with assay described in Example 1) in the 108 healthy blood donors, a correlation coefficient of 0.46 (Rho, Spearman Rank, p<0.0001) was obtained.

Example 4

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1 in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Total TIMP-1 levels in plasma from 591 colorectal cancer patients (338 colon and 253 rectal) and in plasma from 108 age and gender matched healthy individuals were measured with the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1. The TIMP-1 values were analyzed and compared using standard biostatistical parameters.

Materials and Methods:

Patients

591 patients undergoing elective surgery for pathologically confirmed colorectal cancer were included in the study. Blood samples were obtained preoperatively with informed consent from all patients in accordance with the Helsinki declaration, and permission was granted by the local ethical committee of Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. All patients had pathologically verified adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. It was found that 59 (10%) patients could be classified as having Dukes' stage A disease, 219 (37%) patients Dukes' stage B, 170 (29%) patients Dukes' stage C and 143 (24%) patients Dukes' stage D. 338 tumors were colon cancers and 253 were rectal cancers. Clinical data such as age, sex and survival after surgery were collected. The median age of the patients was 69 years (range 33-90 years) with 237 females and 354 males represented in the patient cohort.
A second patient cohort was collected prospectively. This cohort consisted of 21 rectal cancer and 43 colon cancer patients. There were 11 patients with Dukes stage A, 27 with Dukes' stage B, 14 with Dukes' stage C, and 13 with Dukes' stage D disease.

Healthy Donors

The same donor population as described in Example 3.

Blood Samples

Blood samples (5 ml) were collected preoperatively from all patients on the day of their surgery. To ensure valid TIMP-1 measurements, peripheral blood was drawn with minimal stasis and collected in EDTA anticoagulant tubes (Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.) in accordance with a previously described protocol (Example 1).

TIMP-1 ELISA

TIMP-1 levels were measured in EDTA plasma samples using the assay described in Example 1.

Results:

Total TIMP-1 Levels in Plasma

Using a kinetic rate assay, total TIMP-1 levels were determined in all patient and healthy donor plasma samples. Every plasma sample had measurable levels of TIMP-1, with a median total TIMP-1 value for the 591 colorectal cancer patients of 141.1 μg/L (range 53.7-788.7 μg/L). When stratified into colon and rectal cancer, the median values were 158.6 μg/L (range: 53.7-788.7 μg/L) for colon and 126.3 (range: 64.1-640.1 μg/L) for rectal cancer. There was a statistically significant difference in TIMP-1 levels when the patient material was stratified according to Duke's stage, with Dukes' A being the lowest and Dukes' D the highest (Kruskal-Wallis test, P<0.0001). However, the highest TIMP-1 levels were not restricted to advanced disease, and no significant difference in total plasma TIMP-1 levels was seen among patients with Dukes A-C disease. A relatively weak correlation between plasma TIMP-1 and age was found (r=0.35; p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in TIMP-1 levels between males and females (p=0.97).
The median TIMP-1 level in plasma from healthy donors was 88.6 μg/L with a range of 51.0-156.2 μg/L. There was a highly statistical difference in the total plasma TIMP-1 values between the colorectal cancer patients and the healthy blood donors.
The median total TIMP-1 value for the 64 colorectal cancer patients was 138.2 μg/L (range: 80.7-790.6 μg/L). Stratifying the patients into colon and rectal cancer, the median, total TIMP-1 values were 152.2 μg/L (range: 80.7-626.2 μg/L) for colon and 133.6 (range: 84.3-790.6) for rectal cancer. There was a highly statistical difference in the total plasma TIMP-1 values between the colon and rectal cancer patients each compared with the healthy blood donors.

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1

Using the measured total TIMP-1 levels in plasma from healthy donors and the 591 colorectal cancer patients, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the diagnostic value of total TIMP-1. As seen in FIG. 13, the ROC curve was initially steep, indicating a high sensitivity and specificity of total TIMP-1 as a marker for colorectal cancer. It appears that the AUC is greater for colon cancer than for rectal cancer. FIG. 14 shows a similar ROC curve now including only patients with early stage colorectal cancer, i.e. Dukes' stage A or B disease. Also shown is the ROC curve for early stage (Dukes' stage A and B) right-sided colon cancer.
Using the total TIMP-1 levels in plasma from healthy donors and in the second cohort of 64 colorectal cancer patients, ROC curves were again constructed to confirm the diagnostic value of TIMP-1. As seen in FIG. 15, the curve was again initially steep, indicating a high sensitivity and specificity of total TIMP-1 as a marker for colorectal cancer.
An additional study of 180 healthy blood donors and 20 colorectal cancer patients, using different antibodies (Anti TIMP-1 11E/C6, Anti-TIMP-1 RRU-T6) (the hybridomas producing these two antibodies were deposited Apr. 10, 2000 with ATCC) in an automated immunoassay, further corroborated the previous clinical results. Moreover, the absolute values generated from the automated assay showed a high degree of correlation to those obtained by the assay described in Example 1 (r=0.9).

Discussion:

These data suggest that total TIMP-1 measurements in plasma can be used as a screening procedure to aid in identifying patients with a high risk of having colorectal cancer. In particular, total TIMP-1 was as effective in identifying patients with early cancer (Duke's stage A+B) as identifying patients with more advanced disease. Also, total TIMP-1 was even more effective in identifying patients with early stage, right-sided colon cancer, a diagnosis that is difficult with conventional diagnostic procedures. Right-sided colon cancer cannot be visualized by flexible sigmoidoscopy, a standard colon cancer screening methodology. It has a more insidious onset than do left-sided lesions, and clinical symptoms develop only in late stage disease. Early diagnosis of right sided colon cancer has the potential to reduce the mortality of this disease.
Moreover, the smaller, prospective trial corroborated the results of the larger retrospective study, further confirming the diagnostic value of total TIMP-1 in patients suffering from colorectal cancer.

Example 5

Quantitation of Total TIMP-1 in Plasma from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Patients

46 patients with IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) were included in the study. 22 patients had ulcerative colitis and 24 patients had Crohn's Disease. Total TIMP-1 levels in EDTA plasma from healthy blood donors and colorectal cancer patients (Examples 3 and 4) were included for comparison.

Total TIMP-1 Values

Total TIMP-1 levels were measured in the EDTA plasma samples using the sandwich assay described in Example 1.

Results:

The measured total TIMP-1 values are shown in Table 2.

Median total TIMP-1 (μg/L)	79.5	78.3	84.8	89.1	141
Range total TIMP-1 (μg/L)	54.9-189.9	49.0-156.2	38.7-154.5	51.0-156.2	53.7-789

There was no significant difference when total TIMP-1 values from patients with IBD and healthy blood donors were compared (Mann-Whitney; p=0.45). There was a highly significant difference between total plasma TIMP-1 levels between patients with IBD and the 591 colorectal cancer patients (Mann-Whitney; p<0.0001). A graphical representation of these results is depicted in FIG. 16.

Discussion:

These results demonstrate that patients with colorectal cancer have significantly higher total TIMP-1 plasma levels than do patients with IBD. Moreover, patients with IBD had total TIMP-1 levels equivalent to those found in healthy blood donors, showing that plasma total TIMP-1 can be used as a highly sensitive and specific marker to distinguish between non-malignant and malignant disease of the gastrointestinal tract.

Example 6

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1 in Combination with CEA in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Total TIMP-1 in plasma from 591 colorectal cancer patients (338 colon and 253 rectal) and in plasma from 108 age and gender matched healthy individuals was measured using the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1. In addition, CEA was measured in the corresponding patient and donor serum samples using a commercially available, chemiluminescent CEA EIA kit (Immulite CEA, DPC™, Los Angeles, Calif., USA). The TIMP-1 and CEA values from healthy donors and cancer patients were combined by logistic regression analysis and ROC curves were generated.

Results:

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1 and CEA

Calculating the sensitivity and specificity of CEA in the 591 colorectal cancer patients when including the 108 healthy donors a cut-off providing 980% specificity gave a sensitivity of 35%. When stratifying patients into colon or rectal cancer, the sensitivity was 37% and 33%, respectively at the same level of specificity. Including only patients with right-sided colon cancer, it is demonstrated in FIG. 17 that the sensitivity increased to 45%.
When the total TIMP-1 values from Example 4 are included together with CEA, the sensitivity of the marker combination was found by logistic regression analysis to be 52%. The additional diagnostic sensitivity obtained by the addition of CEA measurements in serum is highly significant (p<0.0001). When stratifying the patient cohort into colon and rectal cancer, the sensitivity was 61% and 39%, respectively at the 98% specificity level. Including only patients with right-sided colon cancer, the sensitivity was 740%. A graphical illustration of these results appears from FIG. 17.

Discussion:

These data show that by adding an additional marker, an improvement in the diagnostic sensitivity of total TIMP-1 can be obtained, while maintaining a high specificity of 98%. Thus, the combination of CEA and TIMP-1 could be useful as a screening procedure to identify patients with a high risk of having colorectal cancer. In particular, this combination was efficient in identifying patients with early stage cancer (Duke's stage A+B). Also, this combination was highly effective in identifying patients with early stage, right-sided colon cancer.

Example 7

Lack of Diagnostic Value of Plasma Free TIMP-1 Levels in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Materials and Methods

Free TIMP-1 levels in plasma from 64 colorectal cancer patients (43 colon and 21 rectal) and in plasma from 108 age matched, healthy individuals were measured using the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 3. The free TIMP-1 values were analysed and compared using standard biostatistical parameters.

Results:

Free TIMP-1 Levels in Plasma

Using the kinetic rate ELISA described in Example 3, free TIMP-1 levels were measured in all patient and healthy donor plasma samples. All samples had measurable levels of free TIMP-1, with a median free TIMP-1 value of 82.0 μg/L (range: 44.7-424.0 μg/L) for the colorectal cancer patients. The median free TIMP-1 level in plasma from healthy donors was 70.9 μg/L, with a range of 32.3-169.7 μg/L. While no significant difference in free TIMP-1 levels was found among patients with Dukes' stage A-C disease, patients with Dukes' stage D had significantly elevated free plasma TIMP-1 levels compared to the patients with Dukes' stage A and B disease. When comparing total TIMP-1 values with free TIMP-1 values in plasma from these 64 colorectal cancer patients a correlation coefficient of 0.91 (Rho, Spearman Rank, p<0.0001) was found.

Lack of Diagnostic Value of Free TIMP-1

FIG. 18 shows the ROC curves generated from the plasma measurements of free TIMP-1. The AUC is 0.61 when determining the diagnostic performance of free TIMP-1.

Discussion:

These data show that free TIMP-1 alone is not likely to be useful as a screening marker to identify patients with a high risk of having colorectal cancer.

Example 8

Diagnostic Value of TIMP-1: MMP-9 Complex Measurements in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
TIMP-1: MMP-9 complex levels in plasma from colorectal cancer patients and in plasma from age and gender matched healthy individuals can be measured using the TIMP-1:MMP-9 assay described in Example 2. TIMP-1: MMP-9 complex values from healthy donors and cancer patients can be compared and the diagnostic value determined.
Using the measured values of free, total, and TIMP-1: MMP-9 complex levels, the diagnostic value of ratios or fractions can be calculated. In addition other molecules e.g. serum CEA can be added to these calculations to generate mathematical algorithms to increase the overall diagnostic value.

Example 9

Diagnostic Value of the Combination of Plasma Total TIMP-1 and Plasma Free TIMP-1 in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Total TIMP-1 levels in plasma from 64 colorectal cancer patients and in plasma from 108 age and gender matched healthy individuals were measured with the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1. Using the assay described in Example 3, plasma free TIMP-1 levels were measured in the same individuals as described above. The total and the free TIMP-1 values were analyzed and compared using logistic regression analysis.

Materials and Methods:

Patients

64 patients undergoing elective surgery for pathologically confirmed colorectal cancer were included in the study. This cohort consisted of 21 rectal cancer and 43 colon cancer patients. There were 11 patients with Dukes' stage A, 27 with Dukes' stage B, 14 with Dukes' stage C, and 13 with Dukes' stage D disease. Blood samples were obtained preoperatively with informed consent from all patients in accordance with the Helsinki declaration, and permission was granted by the local ethical committee of Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. All patients had pathologically verified adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. Clinical data such as age, sex and survival after surgery were collected.

Healthy Donors

The same donor population as described in Example 3.

Blood Samples

Total and Free TIMP-1 Plasma Measurements

TIMP-1 levels were measured in EDTA plasma samples using the assays described in Example 1 and Example 3.

Results:

TIMP-1 Levels in Plasma

The total TIMP-1 levels in these 64 patients with colorectal cancer are described in Example 4, and the free TIMP-1 levels in these patients are described in Example 7.
Using the total and the free TIMP-1 levels in plasma from healthy donors and from the 64 colorectal cancer patients, ROC curves were constructed for each of these TIMP-1 forms. The total TIMP-1 values obtained confirm the diagnostic value of total TIMP-1 measurements in patients with colorectal cancer. As seen in FIG. 15, the curve was again initially steep, indicating a high sensitivity and specificity of total TIMP-1 as a marker for colorectal cancer. The ROC curve for free TIMP-1 was discussed in Example 7.
The corresponding data for total TIMP-1 in this patient population gave an AUC of 0.88. However, an increase in diagnostic value was obtained when combining free and total TIMP-1 (AUC=0.94). This increase is highly statistically significant, p<0.0001 and shows the value of the important embodiment of using both free and total TIMP-1 in the same analysis.

Discussion:

These data suggest that the combination of total TIMP-1 and free TIMP-1 measurements in plasma can be used as a screening procedure to aid in identifying patients with a high risk of having colorectal cancer.
In a similar manner as described in the present example, other ratios and/or combinations or mathematical permutations between free and total TIMP-1 values can be calculated and used for diagnostic purposes.
Calculations of relationships among all the various forms of TIMP-1, including total and free TIMP-1, total concentration of complexes (total TIMP-1-free TIMP-1), and/or the concentration of TIMP-1:MMP-9, might be extremely useful in the management, and especially the differential diagnosis of patients with non-malignant diseases and patients with cancer.

Example 10

Lack of Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1 Measurements in Patients with Primary (Stage I and II) Breast Cancer

Materials and Methods

Using the total TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1, pre-operative plasma samples from 322 patients with primary breast cancer were analysed for total TIMP-1 content. In addition, 108 plasma samples from healthy blood donors were evaluated. The median total TIMP-1 for the breast cancer patients was 88.3 μg/L (range: 45.5-289.3 μg/L), while the median total TIMP-1 level for the healthy blood donors was 88.9 μg/L (range: 51.0-156.2 μg/L). There was no statistical significant difference in total TIMP-1 plasma levels between the two groups (Mann-Whitney, p=0.87). FIG. 19 shows a ROC-curve including the above mentioned data.

Discussion

These data demonstrate that patients with primary breast cancer have total TIMP-1 values that are not significantly different from those of healthy blood donors. Thus, these data support the specificity of TIMP-1 measurements in the diagnosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

Example 11

Diagnostic Value of Plasma Total TIMP-1 in Patients with Metastatic (Stage IV) Breast Cancer

This example describes total TIMP-1 determinations from patients with stage IV breast cancer.

Materials and Methods:

Patients and Blood Donors
Blood was collected from 19 stage IV breast cancer patients (aged 45 to 70 years) at the Oncology Department, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, and from 87 healthy female blood donors (Example 1).

Total TIMP-1 Plasma Levels

Total TIMP-1 levels were measured in all EDTA plasma samples using the assay described in Example 1.

Results:

Total TIMP-1 Levels in Plasma from Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer
Total TIMP-1 was measured in EDTA plasma samples from 19 breast cancer patients with stage 1V disease. These levels were compared with total TIMP-1 levels in 87 healthy female donors. The mean, total TIMP-1 level measured in the 19 breast cancer patients was 292±331 μg/L (median: 236 μg/L), compared with a mean, total TIMP-1 level of 63.5±10.5 μg/L (median: 62.0 μg/L) in 87 healthy female donors. A Wald-Wolfowitz runs test indicated a highly significant difference (p<0.0001) between patient total TIMP-1 levels and those of healthy donors. FIG. 20 shows a percentile plot of total TIMP-1 levels in from the 19 breast cancer patients and the TIMP-1 levels found in plasma from the 87 healthy female donors.

Discussion:

These data show that plasma TIMP-1 measurements can be used to monitor breast cancer patients for recurrence of disease.

Example 12

Diagnostic Value of TIMP-2 Measurements in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Materials and Methods

TIMP-2 levels were measured with an in-house TIMP-2 assay in plasma from 64 colorectal cancer patients (43 colon and 21 rectal) and in plasma from 108 age matched healthy individuals. The measured TIMP-2 values from healthy donors and cancer patients were compared.

Results:

TIMP-2 was measurable in all samples. No significant differences in TIMP-2 levels were found between healthy blood donors and colorectal cancer patients.

Discussion

These data support the specificity of TIMP-1 measurements in the diagnosis of patients with colorectal cancer, supporting the unique value of TIMP-1 as an aid in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Example 13

Total TIMP-1 as Obtained 6 months post-operatively in patients with a prior surgery for colorectal cancer.
Total TIMP-1 levels in plasma obtained 6 months post-operatively from 317 colorectal cancer patients and in plasma from 108 age and gender matched healthy individuals were measured with the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1. The TIMP-1 values were analyzed and compared using standard biostatistical parameters.

Materials and Methods:

Patients

317 colorectal cancer patients were included in the study. 48 patients had Dukes' A disease, 141 Dukes' B, 120 Dukes' C and 9 Dukes' D disease. All patients received intended curative surgery but no adjuvant chemotherapy was administered. Corresponding plasma and serum samples were obtained preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively with informed consent from all patients in accordance with the Helsinki declaration, and permission was granted by the local ethical committee of Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. The median follow-up time was 82 months (range 68 to 95); 152 patients died, 69 patients experienced local recurrence and 54 patients developed distant metastases during the observation period.

Healthy Donors

The same donor population as described in Example 3.

Blood Samples

Blood samples (5 ml) were collected post-operatively from all patients. To ensure valid TIMP-1 measurements, peripheral blood was drawn with minimal stasis and collected in EDTA anti-coagulant tubes (Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.) in accordance with a previously described protocol (Example 1).

TIMP-1 ELISA

Results:

Total TIMP-1 Levels in Plasma

Using a kinetic rate assay, total TIMP-1 levels were determined in all patient and healthy donor plasma samples. Every plasma sample had measurable levels of TIMP-1.
The median TIMP-1 level in plasma from healthy donors was 88.6 μg/L with a range of 51.0-156.2 μg/L. There was a highly statistical difference in the total plasma TIMP-1 values between the colorectal cancer patients and the healthy blood donors FIG. 21.
The 95^thpercentile of the healthy blood donors was 134 μg/L plasma

Example 14

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1

Total TIMP-1 levels in plasma obtained preoperatively and 6 months post-operatively from 309 colorectal cancer patients with Dukes A+B cancer or Dukes C cancer. Plasma TIMP-1 was measured in samples obtained preoperatively and 6 months post-operatively. Plasma TIMP-1 was measured with the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1. The TIMP-1 values were analyzed and compared using standard biostatistical parameters.

Materials and Methods:

Patients

309 colorectal cancer patients were included in the study. 48 patients had Dukes' A disease, 141 Dukes' B, and 120 Dukes' C. All patients received intended curative surgery but no adjuvant chemotherapy was administered. Corresponding plasma and serum samples were obtained preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively with informed consent from all patients in accordance with the Helsinki declaration, and permission was granted by the local ethical committee of Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. The median follow-up time was 82 months (range 68 to 95)

Blood Samples

Blood samples (5 ml) were collected post-operatively from all patients. To ensure valid TIMP-1 measurements, peripheral blood was drawn with minimal stasis and collected in EDTA anti-coagulant tubes (Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.) in accordance with a previously described protocol (Example 1).
TIMP-1 ELISA
TIMP-1 levels were measured in EDTA plasma samples using the assay described in Example 1. Plasma TIMP-1 levels were scored as low or high based on the 95^thpercentile of plasma TIMP-1 in an age matched healthy control group.

Results

Preoperative and postoperative plasma TIMP-1 levels were scored as low or high based on the 95^thpercentile of plasma TIMP-1 in an age matched healthy control group. 85% (181/214) of the patients with low preoperative TIMP-1 levels remained low postoperatively (group I) and accordingly 15% (33/214) progressed to high postoperative TIMP-1 levels (group III). 53% (55/103) of the patients with high preoperative levels had low postoperative TIMP-1 (group II) and accordingly 47% (48/103) remained high 6 months following surgery (group IV). Analysis of overall survival showed a significant difference between groups (p<0.0001). With group I as the baseline, group II had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.1 (95% CI: 0.7 to 1.7), group III 2.0 (1.2 to 3.3) and group IV 2.7 (1.8 to 4.0). Multivariate analysis including Dukes' stage, age, gender, tumor location, serum CEA and plasma TIMP-1 (as grouped into the above mentioned four groups), showed that plasma TIMP-1 was a significant (p=0.0004) predictor of survival. Similar results were obtained for time to local recurrence and detection of distant metastases. Separate analyses including only the 6 month value of TIMP-1 indicated that elevated levels were associated with shorter survival (p<0.0001) (FIG. 22).

Discussion:

These data suggest that comparing preoperative and postoperative total TIMP-1 measurements in plasma can be used as a monitoring procedure to aid in identifying patients with a high risk of having MRD and/or recurrent colorectal cancer.

Example 15

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1 as Obtained 6 Months Post-Operatively in Patients with a Prior Surgery for Dukes A+B or C Colorectal Cancer

Total TIMP-1 levels in plasma obtained 6 months post-operatively from 309 colorectal cancer patients with Dukes A+B cancer or Dukes C cancer. Plasma TIMP-1 was measured in samples obtained 6 months post-operatively. Plasma TIMP-1 was measured with the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1. The TIMP-1 values were analyzed and compared using standard biostatistical parameters.

Materials and Methods:

Patients

309 colorectal cancer patients were included in the study. 48 patients had Dukes' A disease, 141 Dukes' B, and 120 Dukes' C. All patients received intended curative surgery but no adjuvant chemotherapy was administered. Corresponding plasma and serum samples were obtained 6 months postoperatively with informed consent from all patients in accordance with the Helsinki declaration, and permission was granted by the local ethical committee of Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. The median follow-up time was 82 months (range 68 to 95)

Blood Samples

Blood samples (5 ml) were collected post-operatively from ail patients. To ensure valid TIMP-1 measurements, peripheral blood was drawn with minimal stasis and collected in EDTA anti-coagulant tubes (Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.) in accordance with a previously described protocol (Example 1).

TIMP-1 ELISA

TIMP-1 levels were measured in EDTA plasma samples using the assay described in Example 1. Postoperative plasma TIMP-1 levels were scored as low or high based on the 95th percentile of plasma TIMP-1 in an age matched healthy control group.

Results:

Total TIMP-1 levels in plasma Using a kinetic rate assay, total TIMP-1 levels were determined in all patient plasma samples. Every plasma sample had measurable levels of TIMP-1.
Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1
Using the measured total TIMP-1 levels in plasma from the 309 colorectal cancer patients, univariate survival analyses was performed. As seen in FIG. 23, Dukes A+B patients with low post-operative plasma TIMP-1 levels had a significantly better survival than Dukes A+B patients with high post-operative plasma TIMP-1 levels. Similar results were obtained in patients who prior to the blood sampling underwent surgery for Dukes C disease. It is noteworthy, that Dukes A+B patients with high post-operative plasma TIMP-1 levels had a survival similar to the survival of Dukes C patients with low post-operative TIMP-1 plasma levels.

Discussion:

These data suggest that total post-operative TIMP-1 measurements in plasma can be used as a monitoring procedure to aid in identifying Dukes A, B and C patients with a high risk of having MRD and/or recurrent colorectal cancer.

Example 16

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1 in Combination with CEA in Patients with a Prior Surgery for Colorectal Cancer

Total TIMP-1 in plasma from 317 colorectal cancer patients was measured using the TIMP-1 assay described in Example 1. In addition, CEA was measured in the corresponding patient serum samples using a commercially available, chemiluminescent CEA EIA kit (Immulite CEA, DPC™, Los Angeles, Calif., USA). The TIMP-1 and CEA values from the cancer patients were used to construct univariate survival curves (metastasis free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS)). The patients were dichotomised using the 95^thpercentile plasma TIMP-1 level of a healthy blood donor population.

Results:

Diagnostic Value of Total TIMP-1 and CEA

As seen from FIG. 24 and FIG. 25, patients with low TIMP-1 and low CEA levels had a MFS and OS which was significantly better than those of patients with one or both parameters being high. On the other hand, patients with both parameters high had a MFS and OS which were significantly worse than those of patients with one or none of the parameters being high (FIG. 24 and FIG. 25).

Discussion:

These data show that by adding an additional marker (CEA), an improvement in the monitoring value of total TIMP-1 can be obtained. Thus, the combination of CEA and TIMP-1 could be useful as a monitoring procedure to identify patients with a high risk of having MRD or recurrent colorectal cancer. It should be noted that this combination was efficient in identifying patients with early stage cancer (Duke's stage A+B) with a high probability of MRD and/or recurrent colorectal cancer.

Example 17

Patients

46 patients with IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) were included in the study. 22 patients had ulcerative colitis and 24 patients had Crohn's Disease. Total TIMP-1 levels in EDTA plasma from healthy blood donors and post-operatively in colorectal cancer patients (Examples 4) were included for comparison.

Total TIMP-1 Values

Results:

The measured total TIMP-1 values are shown in Table 2.

Median total TIMP-1 (μg/L)	79.5	78.3	84.8	89.1	105
Range total TIMP-1 (μg/L)	54.9-189.9	49.0-156.2	38.7-154.5	51.0-156.2	44-450

There was no significant difference when total TIMP-1 values from patients with IBD and healthy blood donors were compared (Mann-Whitney; p=0.45). There was a highly significant difference between total plasma TIMP-1 levels between patients with IBD and the 315 colorectal cancer patients (Mann-Whitney; p<0.0001).

Discussion:

These results demonstrate that patients with colorectal cancer have significantly higher total TIMP-1 plasma levels than do patients with IBD. Moreover, patients with IBD had total TIMP-1 levels equivalent to those found in healthy blood donors, showing that plasma total TIMP-1 can be used as a highly sensitive and specific marker to distinguish between non-malignant and malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

REFERENCES

Baker T, Tickle S, Wasan H, Docherty A, Isenberg D & Waxman J (1994) Serum metalloproteinases and their inhibitors: markers for malignant potential. Br. J. Cancer 70, 506-512.
Birkedal-Hansen H, Moore W G, Bodden M K, Windsor L J, Birkedal-Hansen B, DeCarlo A & Engler J A (1993) Matrix metalloproteinases: a review. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 4, 197-250.
Clark I M, Powell L K, Wright J K & Cawston T E (1991) Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and the design of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure TIMP. Matrix 11, 76-85.
Cooksley S, Hipkiss I B, Tickle S P, Holmes I E, Docherty A J, Murphy G & Lawson A D (1990) Immunoassays for the detection of human collagenase, stromelysin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Matrix 10, 285-291.
Cooper T W, Eisen A Z, Stricklin G P & Welgus H G (1985) Platelet-derived collagenase inhibitor: characterization and subcellular localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 2779-2783.
DeClerck Y A, Perez N, Shimada H, Boone T C, Langley K E & Taylor S M (1992) Inhibition of invasion and metastasis in cells transfected with an inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Cancer Res. 52, 701-708.
Fujimoto N, Zhang J, Iwata K, Shinya T, Okada Y & Hayakawa T (1993) A one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 using monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Chim. Acta 220, 31-45.
Goldberg G I, Strongin A, Collier I E, Genrich L T & Manner B L (1992) Interaction of 92-kDa type IV collagenase with the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases prevents dimerization, complex formation with interstitial collagenase, and activation of the proenzyme with stromelysin. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 4583-4591.
Hembry R M, Murphy G & Reynolds J J (1985) Immunolocalization of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in human cells. Characterization and use of a specific antiserum. J. Cell Sci. 73, 105-119.
Holten-Andersen M, Murphy G, Nielsen H J, Pedersen A N, Christensen I J, Høyer-Hansen G, Brũnner N and Stephens R W (1999) Quantitation of TIMP-1 in plasma of healthy blood donors and patients with advanced cancer. Br J Cancer 80, 495-503.
Holten-Andersen M, 2002
Jung K, Nowak L, Lein M, Priem F, Schnorr D, Loening S A (1997) Matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and the complex of metalloproteinase-1/tissue inhibitor in plasma of patients with prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 74, 220-223.
Jung K, Nowak L, Lein M, Henke W, Schnorr D & Loening S A (1996) What kind of specimen should be selected for determining tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in blood? [letter]. Clin. Chim. Acta 254, 97-100.
Jung K, Nowak L, Lein M, Henke W, Schnorr D & Loening S A (1996) Role of specimen collection in preanalytical variation of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in blood. Clin. Chem. 42, 2043-2045.
Keyszer G, Lambiri I, Nagel R, Keysser C, Keysser M, Gromnica-Ihle E, Franz J, Burmester G R, Jung K (1999) Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-3 and MMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), and MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex in rheumatic disease. Correlation with clinical activity of rheumatoid arthritis versus other surrogate markers. J. Rheum. 26, 251-258.
Kjeldsen L, Bjerrum O W, Askaa J, Borregaard N (1992) Subcellular localization and release of human neutrophil gelatinase, confirming the existence of separate gelatinase-containing granules. Biochem. J. 287, 603-610.
Khokha R & Waterhouse P (1993) The role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in specific aspects of cancer progression and reproduction. J. Neurooncol. 18, 123-127.
Khokha R, Zimmer M J, Graham C H, Lala P K & Waterhouse P (1992a) Suppression of invasion by inducible expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in B16-F10 melanoma cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84, 1017-1022.
Khokha R, Zimmer M I, Wilson S M & Chambers A F (1992b) Up-regulation of TIMP-1 expression in B16-F10 melanoma cells suppresses their metastatic ability in chick embryo. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 10, 365-370.
Kleiner Jr D E, Tuuttila A, Tryggvason K & Stetler-Stevenson W G (1993) Stability analysis of latent and active 72-kDa type IV collagenase: the role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2). Biochemistry 32, 1583-1592.
Kodama S, Yamashita K, Kishi J, Iwata K & Hayakawa T (1989) A sandwich enzyme immunoassay for collagenase inhibitor using monoclonal antibodies. Matrix 9, 1-6.
Liotta L A, Steeg P S & Stetler-Stevenson W G (1991) Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell 64, 327-336.
MacDougall J R & Matrisian L M (1995) Contributions of tumor and stromal matrix metalloproteinases to tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 14, 351-362.
Matrisian L M (1992) The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Bioessays 14, 455-463.
Mimori K, Mori M, Shiraishi T, Fujie T, Baba K, Haraguchi M, Abe R, Ueo H & Akiyoshi T (1997) Clinical significance of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression in gastric carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 76, 531-536.
Moll U M, Youngleib G L, Rosinski K B & Quigley I P (1990) Tumor promoter-stimulated Mr 92,000 gelatinase secreted by normal and malignant human cells: isolation and characterization of the enzyme from HT1080 tumor cells. Cancer Res. 50, 6162-6170.
Moutsiakis D, Mancuso P, Krutzsch H, Stetler-Stevenson W G & Zucker S (1992) Characterization of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human plasma. Connect. Tissue Res. 28, 213-230.
Murphy G, Houbrechts A, Cockett M I, Williamson R A, O'Shea M & Docherty A J (1991) The N-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases retains metalloproteinase inhibitory activity [published erratum appears in Biochemistry 1991 Oct. 22; 30(42):10362]. Biochemistry 30, 8097-8102.
Stetler-Stevenson W G, Hewitt R & Corcoran M (1996) Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor invasion: from correlation and causality to the clinic. Semin. Cancer Biol. 7, 147-154.
Stetler-Stevenson W G, Krutzsch H C & Liotta L A (1989) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-2). A new member of the metalloproteinase inhibitor family. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17374-17378.
Stetler-Stevenson W G, Liotta L A & Kleiner Jr D E (1993) Extracellular matrix 6: role of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis. FASEB J. 7, 1434-1441.
Thorgeirsson U P, Lindsay C K, Cottam D W & Gomez D E (1993) Tumor invasion, proteolysis, and angiogenesis. J. Neurooncol. 18, 89-103.
Welgus H G, Jeffrey J J, Eisen A Z, Roswit W T & Stricklin G P (1985) Human skin fibroblast collagenase: interaction with substrate and inhibitor. Coll. Reipt. Res. 5, 167-179.
Wilhelm S M, Collier I E, Manner B L, Eisen A Z, Grant G A & Goldberg G I (1989) SV40-trans-formed human lung fibroblasts secrete a 92-kDa type IV collagenase which is identical to that secreted by normal human macrophages [published erratum appears in J Biol Chem 1990 Dec. 25; 265(36):22570]. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17213-17221.
Zucker S, Lysik R M, DiMassimo B I, Zarrabi H M, Moll U M, Grimson R, Tickle S P & Docherty A J (1995) Plasma assay of gelatinase B: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase complexes in cancer. Cancer 76, 700-708.

Ulcerative colitis

Crohn's disease

Healthy donors

Colorectal Cancer

1. A method for determining whether an individual is likely to have minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer, after being treated for the primary cancer, the method comprising determining at least one first parameter representing a post-operative concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples, and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if the at least one first parameter is at or beyond a discriminating value and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if the parameter is not at or beyond the discriminating value.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the discriminating value is a value which has been determined by measuring said at least one first parameter in both a healthy control population and in a population with known minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies the minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer population with a predetermined specificity or a predetermined sensitivity.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the discriminating value is a value which has been determined by measuring said at least one first parameter in a healthy control population, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies individuals with increased plasma TIMP-1 values.

4. A method for determining whether an individual is likely to have minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer after being treated for the primary cancer, the method comprising determining a post-operative level of at least one first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples, and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if the first parameter is below a discriminating value, and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if the first parameter is not below the discriminating value.

5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the discriminating value is the pre-operative level of said at least one first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples.

6. A method according to claim 4, wherein the post-operative level of the at least one first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples is below the discriminating value if the post-operative level of said first parameter is more than at least 0.001% below the discriminating value.

7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the post-operative level of said at least one first parameter is obtained 2 weeks after the operation.

8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first parameter is the total concentration of TIMP-1.

9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first parameter is the value obtained by combining the concentration of total TIMP-1 with the concentration of free TIMP-1.

10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first parameter is the value obtained by combining the concentration of total TIMP-1 with the concentration of a complex between TIMP-1 and a specific MMP.

11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first parameter is the value obtained by combining the concentration of free TIMP-1 with the concentration of a complex between TIMP-1 and a specific MMP.

12. A method according to claim 9, wherein the combining is performed by logistic regression analysis.

13. A method according to claim 1, which comprises additionally determining at least one second parameter, the second parameter representing the concentration of an additional marker different from any form of TIMP-1, in a body fluid sample from the individual.

14. A method according to claim 13, wherein the at least one first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples and the at least one second parameter different from any form of TIMP-1 are combined to result in a combined parameter and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if the combined parameter is at or beyond a discriminating value and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if the combined parameter is not at or beyond the discriminating value.

15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the combining is performed by logistic regression analysis.

16. A method according to claim 14, wherein the discriminating value of the combined parameter is a value which has been determined by determining said combined parameter in both a healthy control population and a population with known minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies the population with minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer with a predetermined specificity or a predetermined sensitivity.

17. A method according to claim 14, wherein the discriminating value of the combined parameter is a value which has been determined by measuring said combined parameter in a healthy control population, thereby determining the discriminating value which identifies individuals with increased plasma TIMP-1 values.

18. A method according claim 13, wherein the at least one first parameter representing the concentration of TIMP-1 in body fluid samples and the at least one second parameter different from any form of TIMP-1 are combined to result in a combined parameter and indicating the individual as unlikely of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if a post-operative value of the combined parameter is below a discriminating value and indicating the individual as having a high likelihood of having minimal residual disease, recurrent cancer or a combination of minimal residual disease and recurrent cancer if the post-operative value of the combined parameter is not below the discriminating value.

19. A method according to claim 18, wherein the discriminating value is a pre-operative level of said combined parameter.

20. A method according to claim 18, wherein the post-operative level of the combined parameter is below the discriminating value if the post-operative level of the combined parameter is more than at least 0.001% below the discriminating value.

21. A method according to claim 20, wherein the post-operative level of the combined parameter is obtained 2 weeks after the operation.

22. A method according to claim 18, wherein the combining is performed by logistic regression analysis.

23. A method according to claim 13, wherein the at least one second parameter determined is a parameter representing the concentration of a tumour marker.

24. A method according to claim 23, wherein the tumour marker is selected from the group consisting of CEA, soluble u-PAR, cathepsin B, cathepsin H, HER2-neu, CA15-3 and YKL-40, 19.9 and CA242.

25. A method according to claim 24, wherein the at least one second parameter determined is the concentration of CEA.

26. A method according to claim 1, wherein the individual is a member of a population already identified as having an increased risk of developing recurrent cancer.

27. A method according to claim 1, wherein the determination is performed at several time points at intervals as part of a monitoring of a cancer patient after the treatment for primary cancer.

28. A method according to claim 1, wherein the body fluid is selected from the group consisting of blood, serum, plasma, saliva, faeces, urine and cerebrospinal fluid.

29. A method according to claim 28, wherein the body fluid is plasma.

30. A method according to claim 28, wherein the body fluid is blood.

31. A method according to claim 28, wherein the body fluid is saliva.

32. A method according to claim 28, wherein the body fluid is urine.

33. A method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration determination is performed by means of an immuno assay or an activity assay.

34. A method according to claim 33, wherein the immuno assay is an ELISA.

35. A method according to claim 33, wherein the activity assay is zymography.

36. A method according to claim 1, wherein the cancer is a gastrointestinal cancer.

37. A method according to claim 36, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of colon cancer and rectal cancer.

38. A method according to claim 3, wherein the individuals with increased TIMP-1 values are those whose values of the first parameter are equal to or greater than the value of the first parameter in 95 percentile of a healthy control population.

39. A method according to claim 7, wherein the post-operative value of said first parameter is obtained at a time comprising 1 month post-operation, 1.5 month post-operation, 2 month post-operation, 3 month post-operation, 4 month post-operation, 5 month post-operation, 6 month post-operation, 7 month post-operation or 8 month post-operation.

40. A method according to claim 10, wherein the combining is performed by logistic regression analysis.

41. A method according to claim 11, wherein the combining is performed by logistic regression analysis.

42. A method according to claim 17, wherein the individuals with increased plasma TIMP-1 values are those whose values of the combined parameter are equal to or greater than the value of the combined parameter in 95 percentile of a healthy control population.

43. A method according to claim 21, wherein the post-operative level of the combined parameter is obtained at a time comprising 1 month post-operation, 1.5 month post-operation, 2 month post-operation, 3 month post-operation, 4 month post-operation, 5 month post-operation, 6 month post-operation, 7 month post-operation or 8 month post-operation.