US20080149492A1 - Surface dyeing process for metal articles - Google Patents
Surface dyeing process for metal articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080149492A1 US20080149492A1 US11/769,652 US76965207A US2008149492A1 US 20080149492 A1 US20080149492 A1 US 20080149492A1 US 76965207 A US76965207 A US 76965207A US 2008149492 A1 US2008149492 A1 US 2008149492A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metal article
- treatment process
- surface treatment
- carried out
- solution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/16—Pretreatment, e.g. desmutting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/18—After-treatment, e.g. pore-sealing
- C25D11/24—Chemical after-treatment
- C25D11/243—Chemical after-treatment using organic dyestuffs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/18—After-treatment, e.g. pore-sealing
- C25D11/24—Chemical after-treatment
- C25D11/246—Chemical after-treatment for sealing layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/26—Anodisation of refractory metals or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/30—Anodisation of magnesium or alloys based thereon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to surface treatment processes and, particularly, to an anodizing and dyeing process for a metal article.
- Metal articles made of, e.g., aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or alloys thereof, with a high-quality mechanical performance have tremendous applications in many industries.
- the articles usually need to be processed via surface treatment process for improving corrosion resistance or abrasion resistance thereof.
- Anodizing is an effective surface treatment carried out on metal articles for the purpose of improving the decorative quality and/or surface durability of the metal articles.
- a porous anodic oxide film is formed over the surface of the metal articles.
- the anodized metal articles are often subsequently colored to obtain desired decorative appearances.
- the coloring of the metal articles can be further carried out (i.e., accomplished) by submersion in a dye solution or otherwise applying a dye thereto.
- An organic dye dissolved in the dye solution is introduced into pore openings of the porous anodic oxide film of the metal articles.
- the organic dye can be absorbed through a surface region of the porous anodic oxide film on the metal articles.
- a sealant is then applied onto the porous anodic oxide film, so as to reduce the dimensions of the pores of the porous anodic oxide film and to thereby reduce, if not prevent, the opportunity for fading of the organic dye absorbed through the porous anodic oxide film.
- a surface treatment process for a metal article is provided.
- a metal article is provided in a first step of the surface treatment process.
- the metal article is anodized to form an anodic oxide layer on a surface thereof.
- the surface of the metal article is rinsed in a third step of the surface treatment process.
- the surface of the metal article is dyed in a fourth step of the surface treatment process.
- the anodic oxide layer of the metal article is sealed.
- the metal article is rinsed using an acetic acid.
- FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a surface treatment process for a metal article, in accordance with a present embodiment.
- a surface treatment process for a metal article includes steps 10 to 80 .
- step 10 a metal article made of, e.g., aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or alloys thereof is provided.
- step 20 a process for degreasing a surface of the metal article is carried out using, advantageously, an alkali-based cleaning solution so as to remove oil stains on the metal article. After being degreased, the metal article is subsequently rinsed in flowing water. It is to be understood that, additionally or alternatively, other degreasing agents, such as surfactants, could be employed in step 20 .
- the metal article is, usefully, chemically polished in a chemical polishing solution.
- the metal article is dipped into the chemical polishing solution, which beneficially contains about 80 wt. % (percent by weight) to 90 wt. % phosphoric acid, 3 wt. % to 5 wt. % sulfuric acid, and 6 wt. % to 7 wt. % nitric acid.
- CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
- a superfluous metal oxide film may be formed on the metal article, and thus a process for removing the superfluous metal oxide film may be required.
- the process for removing the superfluous metal oxide film can be performed, e.g., by dipping the metal article into a chromic acid solution.
- an anodizing process is then performed upon the surface of the metal article.
- an anodic oxide layer with a plurality of fine pores therein is formed on the surface of the metal article.
- the process for anodizing the metal articles particularly involves a cleaning sub-step and an electrolysis sub-step.
- the cleaning sub-step is advantageously carried out in an alkaline solution, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate.
- the electrolysis sub-step is usefully carried out in a phosphoric acid electrolyte containing 0.2 ⁇ 1.0 wt. % phosphoric acid, while using the metal article as an anode.
- a direct current in an approximate range from 20 volts to 60 volts should be applied to the metal article.
- the metal article is then anodized in the electrolyte at a current density of 10 ⁇ 50 milliamperes per square centimeter and at a temperature in an approximate range from 20° C. to 26° C. for about 20 minutes.
- the electrolysis step also can instead be carried out in a sulfuric acid with a concentration in an approximate range from 100-200 g/l.
- the direct current applied to the metal article is 8-16 volts and has a current density of 10 ⁇ 20 milliamperes per square centimeter.
- step 50 the metal article is rinsed by flowing water, so as to remove the electrolyte solution.
- step 60 the metal article is immersed into a dye solution, so as to color the surface of the metal article.
- the dye solution contains an organic dye in a concentration in an approximate range from 1 g/l to 10 g/l.
- dye particles in the dye solution penetrate into the pores of the anodic oxide layer of the metal article, thus coloring the surface of the metal article.
- step 70 the metal article is rinsed and subsequently processed in a sealing process.
- the sealing process is carried out in a nickel salt solution, e.g. nickel acetate and/or nickel fluoride.
- the metal article is immersed in the nickel salt solution for 10 minutes to 60 minutes, with the nickel salt solution being maintained about at a temperature of 90° C. to 96° C.
- Such a sealing process results in a nickel plating (i.e., sealant layer) on the anodic oxide layer.
- sealant layer i.e., sealant layer
- another type of metallic salt could be employed in order to achieve another sealant composition.
- step 80 the metal article is rinsed in an acetic acid solution.
- the sealed metal article is immersed in the acetic acid solution at an acetic acid concentration, usefully, in an approximate range from 0.3 wt % to 0.6 wt %, so as to remove foreign materials (e.g., superfluous dye particles absorbed in the anodic oxide layer of the metal article and/or inorganic impurities introduced during the sealing process).
- the acetic acid solution is maintained, advantageously, at an approximate temperature of 50° C. to 70° C.
- the metal article rinsed in the acetic acid solution is further rinsed in flowing water, and thus a colored metal article with good wear/durability characteristics and bright luster is obtained.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to surface treatment processes and, particularly, to an anodizing and dyeing process for a metal article.
- 2. Description of Related Art
- Metal articles made of, e.g., aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or alloys thereof, with a high-quality mechanical performance have tremendous applications in many industries. The articles usually need to be processed via surface treatment process for improving corrosion resistance or abrasion resistance thereof. Anodizing is an effective surface treatment carried out on metal articles for the purpose of improving the decorative quality and/or surface durability of the metal articles.
- During anodizing of such metal articles, a porous anodic oxide film is formed over the surface of the metal articles. The anodized metal articles are often subsequently colored to obtain desired decorative appearances. The coloring of the metal articles can be further carried out (i.e., accomplished) by submersion in a dye solution or otherwise applying a dye thereto. An organic dye dissolved in the dye solution is introduced into pore openings of the porous anodic oxide film of the metal articles. The organic dye can be absorbed through a surface region of the porous anodic oxide film on the metal articles. A sealant is then applied onto the porous anodic oxide film, so as to reduce the dimensions of the pores of the porous anodic oxide film and to thereby reduce, if not prevent, the opportunity for fading of the organic dye absorbed through the porous anodic oxide film.
- However, during coloring of the metal articles, super-absorption of the organic dye to the porous anodic oxide film may result in formation of a gray film and thus cause cloudiness in the surface region of the porous anodic oxide film.
- Therefore, a surface treatment process for a metal article is desired in order to overcome the above-described shortcomings.
- In one embodiment thereof, a surface treatment process for a metal article is provided. In a first step of the surface treatment process, a metal article is provided. In a second step of the surface treatment process, the metal article is anodized to form an anodic oxide layer on a surface thereof. In a third step of the surface treatment process, the surface of the metal article is rinsed. In a fourth step of the surface treatment process, the surface of the metal article is dyed. In a fifth step of the surface treatment process, the anodic oxide layer of the metal article is sealed. In a sixth step of the surface treatment process, the metal article is rinsed using an acetic acid.
- Other advantages and novel features will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
- Many aspects of the present surface treatment process for a metal article can be better understood with reference to the following drawing. The components in the drawing are not necessarily drawn to scale, the emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present surface treatment process for a metal article. Moreover, in the drawing, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views.
-
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a surface treatment process for a metal article, in accordance with a present embodiment. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , in a present embodiment, a surface treatment process for a metal article includessteps 10 to 80. - In
step 10, a metal article made of, e.g., aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or alloys thereof is provided. - In
step 20, a process for degreasing a surface of the metal article is carried out using, advantageously, an alkali-based cleaning solution so as to remove oil stains on the metal article. After being degreased, the metal article is subsequently rinsed in flowing water. It is to be understood that, additionally or alternatively, other degreasing agents, such as surfactants, could be employed instep 20. - In
step 30, the metal article is, usefully, chemically polished in a chemical polishing solution. The metal article is dipped into the chemical polishing solution, which beneficially contains about 80 wt. % (percent by weight) to 90 wt. % phosphoric acid, 3 wt. % to 5 wt. % sulfuric acid, and 6 wt. % to 7 wt. % nitric acid. It is to be further understood that a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) step, as well, is considered to be within the scope of the present polishing step. During the chemical polishing step, a superfluous metal oxide film may be formed on the metal article, and thus a process for removing the superfluous metal oxide film may be required. The process for removing the superfluous metal oxide film can be performed, e.g., by dipping the metal article into a chromic acid solution. - In
step 40, an anodizing process is then performed upon the surface of the metal article. As such, an anodic oxide layer with a plurality of fine pores therein is formed on the surface of the metal article. The process for anodizing the metal articles particularly involves a cleaning sub-step and an electrolysis sub-step. The cleaning sub-step is advantageously carried out in an alkaline solution, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. The electrolysis sub-step is usefully carried out in a phosphoric acid electrolyte containing 0.2˜1.0 wt. % phosphoric acid, while using the metal article as an anode. A direct current in an approximate range from 20 volts to 60 volts should be applied to the metal article. The metal article is then anodized in the electrolyte at a current density of 10˜50 milliamperes per square centimeter and at a temperature in an approximate range from 20° C. to 26° C. for about 20 minutes. As the electrolysis proceeds, the anodic oxide layer grows on the surface of the metal surface, with the thickness of the oxide layer increasing as the electrolysis continues (i.e., the thickness can, in part, be controlled by varying the time, as desired). The electrolysis step also can instead be carried out in a sulfuric acid with a concentration in an approximate range from 100-200 g/l. The direct current applied to the metal article is 8-16 volts and has a current density of 10˜20 milliamperes per square centimeter. - In
step 50, the metal article is rinsed by flowing water, so as to remove the electrolyte solution. - In
step 60, the metal article is immersed into a dye solution, so as to color the surface of the metal article. The dye solution contains an organic dye in a concentration in an approximate range from 1 g/l to 10 g/l. During the coloring of the metal article, dye particles in the dye solution penetrate into the pores of the anodic oxide layer of the metal article, thus coloring the surface of the metal article. - In
step 70, the metal article is rinsed and subsequently processed in a sealing process. The sealing process is carried out in a nickel salt solution, e.g. nickel acetate and/or nickel fluoride. The metal article is immersed in the nickel salt solution for 10 minutes to 60 minutes, with the nickel salt solution being maintained about at a temperature of 90° C. to 96° C. Such a sealing process results in a nickel plating (i.e., sealant layer) on the anodic oxide layer. It is to be understood that another type of metallic salt could be employed in order to achieve another sealant composition. - In
step 80, the metal article is rinsed in an acetic acid solution. The sealed metal article is immersed in the acetic acid solution at an acetic acid concentration, usefully, in an approximate range from 0.3 wt % to 0.6 wt %, so as to remove foreign materials (e.g., superfluous dye particles absorbed in the anodic oxide layer of the metal article and/or inorganic impurities introduced during the sealing process). During the rinsing of the metal article, the acetic acid solution is maintained, advantageously, at an approximate temperature of 50° C. to 70° C. - The metal article rinsed in the acetic acid solution is further rinsed in flowing water, and thus a colored metal article with good wear/durability characteristics and bright luster is obtained.
- It should be understood, however, that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present embodiments have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structures and functions of the embodiments, the disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of parts within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.
Claims (17)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CNA2006101577064A CN101205617A (en) | 2006-12-20 | 2006-12-20 | Surface treating method for metal workpieces |
CN200610157706.4 | 2006-12-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080149492A1 true US20080149492A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
Family
ID=39541306
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/769,652 Abandoned US20080149492A1 (en) | 2006-12-20 | 2007-06-27 | Surface dyeing process for metal articles |
Country Status (2)
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US (1) | US20080149492A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101205617A (en) |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080156057A1 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2008-07-03 | Shenzhen Futaihong Precision Industrial Co.,Ltd. | Electronic device housing and method for manufacturing the same |
US20110056836A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-10 | Apple Inc. | Anodization and Polish Surface Treatment |
CN102310096A (en) * | 2011-07-01 | 2012-01-11 | 云南钛业股份有限公司 | Degreasing method of surface of titanium and titanium alloy tape volume |
CN103112263A (en) * | 2013-02-08 | 2013-05-22 | 珠海天威飞马打印耗材有限公司 | Method for imaging on surface of metal or alloy subjected to anodic oxidation treatment |
US20130292256A1 (en) * | 2012-05-07 | 2013-11-07 | Catcher Technology Co., Ltd. | Method of forming skid-proof leather-texture surface on metallic substrate |
US20130299353A1 (en) * | 2012-05-12 | 2013-11-14 | Catcher Technology Co., Ltd. | Method of forming interference film on surface of aluminum alloy substrate |
US20150093563A1 (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-02 | Apple Inc. | Methods for incorporating ultraviolet light absorbing compounds into anodic oxides |
US9663869B2 (en) | 2011-08-18 | 2017-05-30 | Apple Inc. | Anodization and plating surface treatments |
US9683305B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2017-06-20 | Apple Inc. | Metal surface and process for treating a metal surface |
US20190093251A1 (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2019-03-28 | Apple Inc. | Using dispersion agents to chemically stabilize dyeing of metal parts |
US10941501B2 (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2021-03-09 | Analytical Specialties, Inc. | Method and composition for metal finishing |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101323965B (en) * | 2008-07-24 | 2012-03-14 | 武汉材料保护研究所 | Middle temperature sealant and closing process for aluminum anodized film |
CN102011165A (en) * | 2010-12-31 | 2011-04-13 | 东莞市东兴铝材制造有限公司 | Surface treatment process for plug-in elevating system for cars |
US9644283B2 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2017-05-09 | Apple Inc. | Laser texturizing and anodization surface treatment |
CN103451662B (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2016-05-04 | 广东欧珀移动通信有限公司 | A kind of stainless surface treatment method |
CN103194777B (en) * | 2013-03-27 | 2016-03-30 | 成都阳光铝制品有限公司 | The anode oxidation process of aluminum alloy base material |
CN105513671B (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2018-02-06 | 薛爱芳 | A kind of nanometer film Al-alloy band |
CN105671614A (en) * | 2016-03-24 | 2016-06-15 | 广东威铝铝业股份有限公司 | Anodic oxidation process for 7-series aluminum alloy |
CN109811388A (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2019-05-28 | 珠海市玛斯特恒新铝合金加工有限公司 | It is a kind of do not damage size Process on Aluminum Alloy Oxidation Film move back membrane process |
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US3524799A (en) * | 1969-06-13 | 1970-08-18 | Reynolds Metals Co | Anodizing aluminum |
US6410436B2 (en) * | 1999-03-26 | 2002-06-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of cleaning porous body, and process for producing porous body, non-porous film or bonded substrate |
US20020102927A1 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-01 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method for manufacturing front sheet and microwave oven having the same |
US20050000815A1 (en) * | 2002-01-29 | 2005-01-06 | Arellano Gonzales | Plate for offset printing and method for manufacturing said plate |
US6884336B2 (en) * | 2003-01-06 | 2005-04-26 | General Motors Corporation | Color finishing method |
-
2006
- 2006-12-20 CN CNA2006101577064A patent/CN101205617A/en active Pending
-
2007
- 2007-06-27 US US11/769,652 patent/US20080149492A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (6)
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US2941282A (en) * | 1955-01-21 | 1960-06-21 | Howard A Fromson | Decorative aluminum product |
US3524799A (en) * | 1969-06-13 | 1970-08-18 | Reynolds Metals Co | Anodizing aluminum |
US6410436B2 (en) * | 1999-03-26 | 2002-06-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of cleaning porous body, and process for producing porous body, non-porous film or bonded substrate |
US20020102927A1 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-01 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method for manufacturing front sheet and microwave oven having the same |
US20050000815A1 (en) * | 2002-01-29 | 2005-01-06 | Arellano Gonzales | Plate for offset printing and method for manufacturing said plate |
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Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080156057A1 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2008-07-03 | Shenzhen Futaihong Precision Industrial Co.,Ltd. | Electronic device housing and method for manufacturing the same |
US20110056836A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-10 | Apple Inc. | Anodization and Polish Surface Treatment |
US20110214993A1 (en) * | 2009-09-04 | 2011-09-08 | Apple Inc. | Anodization And Polish Surface Treatment |
US10392718B2 (en) | 2009-09-04 | 2019-08-27 | Apple Inc. | Anodization and polish surface treatment |
US9034166B2 (en) | 2009-09-04 | 2015-05-19 | Apple Inc. | Anodization and polish surface treatment |
CN102310096A (en) * | 2011-07-01 | 2012-01-11 | 云南钛业股份有限公司 | Degreasing method of surface of titanium and titanium alloy tape volume |
US9663869B2 (en) | 2011-08-18 | 2017-05-30 | Apple Inc. | Anodization and plating surface treatments |
US9683305B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2017-06-20 | Apple Inc. | Metal surface and process for treating a metal surface |
US20130292256A1 (en) * | 2012-05-07 | 2013-11-07 | Catcher Technology Co., Ltd. | Method of forming skid-proof leather-texture surface on metallic substrate |
US20130299353A1 (en) * | 2012-05-12 | 2013-11-14 | Catcher Technology Co., Ltd. | Method of forming interference film on surface of aluminum alloy substrate |
CN103112263A (en) * | 2013-02-08 | 2013-05-22 | 珠海天威飞马打印耗材有限公司 | Method for imaging on surface of metal or alloy subjected to anodic oxidation treatment |
US10941501B2 (en) * | 2013-03-29 | 2021-03-09 | Analytical Specialties, Inc. | Method and composition for metal finishing |
US9725819B2 (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2017-08-08 | Apple Inc. | Methods for incorporating ultraviolet light absorbing compounds into anodic oxides |
US20150093563A1 (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-02 | Apple Inc. | Methods for incorporating ultraviolet light absorbing compounds into anodic oxides |
US20190093251A1 (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2019-03-28 | Apple Inc. | Using dispersion agents to chemically stabilize dyeing of metal parts |
US10669642B2 (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2020-06-02 | Apple Inc. | Using dispersion agents to chemically stabilize dyeing of metal parts |
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