US20080043711A1 - Communication Systems - Google Patents

Communication Systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080043711A1
US20080043711A1 US11/840,644 US84064407A US2008043711A1 US 20080043711 A1 US20080043711 A1 US 20080043711A1 US 84064407 A US84064407 A US 84064407A US 2008043711 A1 US2008043711 A1 US 2008043711A1
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Prior art keywords
transmission
interval
window
operable
frequency bandwidth
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Abandoned
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US11/840,644
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael Johns Beems Hart
Yuefeng Zhou
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Fujitsu Ltd
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Fujitsu Ltd
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Priority to US11/840,570 priority Critical patent/US9356807B2/en
Assigned to FUJITSU LIMITED reassignment FUJITSU LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HART, MICHAEL JOHN BEEMS, ZHOU, YUEFENG (NMI)
Publication of US20080043711A1 publication Critical patent/US20080043711A1/en
Priority to US12/914,036 priority patent/US8923175B2/en
Priority to US13/036,640 priority patent/US9491737B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/02—Details
    • H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
    • H04J3/062—Synchronisation of signals having the same nominal but fluctuating bit rates, e.g. using buffers
    • H04J3/0632—Synchronisation of packets and cells, e.g. transmission of voice via a packet network, circuit emulation service [CES]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
    • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
    • H04B7/2603—Arrangements for wireless physical layer control
    • H04B7/2606—Arrangements for base station coverage control, e.g. by using relays in tunnels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
    • H04W16/24—Cell structures
    • H04W16/26—Cell enhancers or enhancement, e.g. for tunnels, building shadow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/042—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems
    • H04W84/047—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems using dedicated repeater stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks
    • H04W84/22—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks with access to wired networks

Definitions

  • This invention relates in general to communication systems, and more particularly to a relay-amble in a communication frame.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a single-cell two-hop wireless communication system comprising a base station BS (known in the context of 3 G communication systems as “node-B” NB) a relay node RN (also known as a relay station RS) and a user equipment UE (also known as mobile station MS).
  • BS base station
  • RN relay node
  • MS user equipment
  • the base station comprises the source station (S) and the user equipment comprises the destination station (D).
  • the user equipment comprises the source station and the base station comprises the destination station.
  • the relay node is an example of an intermediate apparatus (I) and comprises: a receiver, operable to receive data from the source apparatus; and a transmitter, operable to transmit this data, or a derivative thereof, to the destination apparatus.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a number of applications for relay stations.
  • the coverage provided by a relay station may be “in-fill” to allow access to the communication network for mobile stations which may otherwise be in the shadow of other objects or otherwise unable to receive a signal of sufficient strength from the base station despite being within the normal range of the base station.
  • Range extension is also shown, in which a relay station allows access when a mobile station is outside the normal data transmission range of a base station.
  • in-fill shown at the top right of FIG. 7 is positioning of a nomadic relay station to allow penetration of coverage within a building that could be above, at, or below ground level.
  • a final application shown in the bottom right of FIG. 7 provides access to a network using a relay positioned on a vehicle.
  • Relays may also be used in conjunction with advanced transmission techniques to enhance gain of the communications system as explained below.
  • pathloss propagation loss
  • dB pathloss L
  • d (meters) is the transmitter-receiver separation
  • the sum of the absolute path losses experienced over the indirect link SI+ID may be less than the pathloss experienced over the direct link SD. In other words it is possible for:
  • the channel distortion correction entity within a multicarrier receiver can be of significantly lower complexity of its counterpart within a single carrier receiver when the system bandwidth is in excess of the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
  • OFDM is often used in conjunction with channel coding, an error correction technique, to create coded orthogonal FDM or COFDM.
  • COFDM is now widely used in digital telecommunications systems to improve the performance of an OFDM based system in a multipath environment where variations in the channel distortion can be seen across both subcarriers in the frequency domain and symbols in the time domain.
  • the system has found use in video and audio broadcasting, such as DVB and DAB, as well as certain types of computer networking technology.
  • an OFDM symbol is the composite signal of all N sub-carrier signals.
  • An OFDM symbol can be represented mathematically as:
  • ⁇ f is the sub-carrier separation in Hz
  • c n are the modulated source signals.
  • the received time-domain signal is transformed back to frequency domain by applying Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm.
  • DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
  • FDD frequency division duplexing
  • TDD time division duplexing
  • Both approaches (TDD & FDD) have their relative merits and are both well used techniques for single hop wired and wireless communication systems.
  • IEEE 802.16 standard incorporates both an FDD and TDD mode.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the single hop TDD frame structure used in the OFDMA physical layer mode of the IEEE 802.16 standard (WiMAX).
  • Each frame is divided into DL and UL subframes, each being a discrete transmission interval. They are separated by Transmit/Receive and Receive/Transmit Transition Guard interval (TTG and RTG respectively).
  • TTG and RTG Transmit/Receive and Receive/Transmit Transition Guard interval respectively.
  • Each DL subframe starts with a preamble followed by the Frame Control Header (FCH), the DL-MAP, and the UL-MAP.
  • the FCH contains the DL Frame Prefix (DLFP) to specify the burst profile and the length of the DL-MAP.
  • the DLFP is a data structure transmitted at the beginning of each frame and contains information regarding the current frame; it is mapped to the FCH.
  • a transmission method for use in a multi-hop wireless communication system includes a source apparatus, a destination apparatus and one or more intermediate apparatuses.
  • the source apparatus is operable to transmit information along a series of links forming a communication path extending from the source apparatus to the destination apparatus via the intermediate apparatus.
  • Each intermediate apparatus is operable to receive information from a previous apparatus along the path and to transmit the received information to a subsequent apparatus along the path.
  • the system has access to at least one predetermined transmission introduction sequence and also having access to a time-frequency format for use in assigning available transmission frequency bandwidth during a discrete transmission interval, said format defining a plurality of transmission windows within such an interval.
  • Each window occupies a different part of that interval and having a frequency bandwidth profile within said available transmission frequency bandwidth over its part of that interval, each said window being assignable for such a transmission interval to at least one of said apparatuses for use in transmission.
  • the method for use in this system includes, when transmitting a message with a preamble in a particular transmission interval, transmitting the preamble in a first transmission window of that transmission interval.
  • the method further includes transmitting the transmission introduction sequence in a second transmission window of that transmission interval other than the first transmission window as control information for use by at least one said intermediate apparatus.
  • FIG. 1 shows RA zone and RA region definition
  • FIG. 2 shows Usage of transmission resource in an RA zone
  • FIG. 3 shows Interaction between the transmitters and the network management entity
  • FIG. 4 shows Interaction between a network associating RS and the already operational network
  • FIG. 5 shows RA reception and processing procedure in the receiver
  • FIG. 6 shows a single-cell two-hop wireless communication system
  • FIG. 7 shows applications of relay stations
  • FIG. 8 shows a single hop TDD frame structure used in the OFDMA physical layer mode of the IEEE 802.16 standard.
  • the process of modulation, transmission, reception and demodulation of an information signal will cause typically the original signal to experience some distortion.
  • These distortions may include delay, frequency offset and phase rotation and can result in the reception of multiple independently distorted replicas of the original signal.
  • these training sequences are known in the receiver, it is possible to estimate the distortion introduced by the transmission process and then correct the received information signal so that the distortion is minimized or completely removed.
  • a training signal can be used in both the synchronization (time & frequency) and channel estimation and equalization stages of the receiver.
  • Each sequence in the set is distinct from all other sequences such that it is possible at the receiver to distinguish the identity of a transmitter in a communication network where multiple transmitters exist. This allows the receiver to ascertain certain properties possessed by the transmitter as well as estimate the transmitter and channel induced distortion that will be experienced on a signal that is received from that particular transmitter.
  • single hop communication systems e.g. IEEE 802.16e-2005
  • one such transmission signal that can be used for the purposes of identification and training is the preamble sequence. As its name suggests, it is transmitted at the start of every frame prior to the transmission of data.
  • a 802.16e-2005 single hop subscriber or mobile station SS or MS
  • SS or MS single hop subscriber or mobile station
  • a relay station may be required to transmit a preamble to enable the MS or SS to identify, synchronize and communication with it.
  • all the preamble transmissions from all of the transmitters should be time synchronized in a cellular style network, such a requirement precludes an active RS from being able to receive the preamble sequence from a BS or another RS due to the physical limitation that it cannot transmit and receive on the same transmission resource at the same time.
  • Particular embodiments involve devising a new signal for transmission by the BS or RS which can be received by the RS to enable it to both transmit a standard preamble sequence and receive the new signal to enable it to perform transmitter identification, synchronization and channel estimation.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the single hop TDD frame structure used in the OFDMA physical layer mode of the IEEE 802.16 standard indicating the location of the standard mandatory preamble sequence that can be used by an MS for BS identification and training of the distortion correcting elements of the receiver.
  • Particular embodiments introduce a new signal that is transmitted in another region of the DL sub-frame (other than the region where the preamble is located).
  • This signal could be in the middle of the DL sub-frame, thus forming a mid-amble or at the end of the sub-frame, thus forming a post-amble.
  • the new signal is referred to as the relay-amble (RA).
  • the requirements for the RA similar to those of the preamble, are that it can be used by the receiver to identify and distinguish the transmitter from potentially a number of other transmitters in the communication network. It must also enable the receiver to estimate, or update an existing estimate, of the transmitter and channel induced distortion. It must not be accidentally identified by an MS as a normal preamble sequence, as this may confuse a legacy MS that is not aware of the existence of relay-ambles.
  • the properties of the transmitted RA signal may therefore be:
  • PN pseudo-noise
  • Golay sequences [4] [5] Golay sequences [4] [5]
  • CAZAC sequences Constant Amplitude & Zero Auto Correlation
  • Chu [2] and Frank-Zadoff [1] sequences to construct the relay-amble. All of these sequences are known to exhibit some or all of the required properties and hence have been previously proposed for use in forming such training or identification sequences.
  • the BS or RS that is transmitting an RA will first decide on the location of the RA transmission within the downlink sub-frame. As mentioned earlier, the transmission could be located anywhere within the frame. However, it is possible to envisage that certain formal frame structures may be required to support relaying that limit the flexibility afforded to the transmitter in placement of the RA.
  • the transmitter determines the amount of transmission resource that will be allocated to the RA.
  • Various factors will have an effect on this decision including: the effective frequency reuse to be achieved at a multi-sector transmitter; the requirement to reduce interference; the amount of transmission resource that will be utilized by the BS to RS or RS to RS data transmission; the method used for separating different transmitters operating on the same frequency in a cellular network; and also the type of sequence used to form the RA.
  • One solution is to form an RA zone in the downlink sub-frame, as shown in FIG. 1( a ).
  • a whole OFDM symbol is reserved for RA transmission.
  • An alternative approach is to allocate a sub-band or region of the downlink sub-frame to the RA transmission, as shown in FIG. 1( b ).
  • the former is appropriate if the whole band is available for BS to RS or RS to RS data transmission, whilst the latter could be adopted to minimize the amount of transmission resource required if a full symbol is not required as could be the case if the set of RAs is small or the BS to RS or RS to RS data transmission is only utilizing a part of the total frequency transmission resource (i.e. a sub-band).
  • the transmitter determines the usage of the transmission resource within the zone or region.
  • Numerous usage scenarios can be envisaged, including: all tones are allocated for RA transmission; the total number of tones are decimated so that the RA is allocated to every second, third, fourth, etc, tone; a contiguous sub-band of tones is allocated.
  • Each of these mechanisms is illustrated in FIG. 2 for the case of an RA zone. It is also possible to extend the proposed methods to the case of an RA region.
  • the benefit of the first approach is that it enables accurate channel estimation as each tone is illuminated with a known transmission enabling distortion to be determined on each individual subcarrier.
  • the benefit of the second approach is that in a frequency reuse 1 scenario, by decimating the tones and using different offsets of decimated sequences at different transmitters it is possible to achieve an effective frequency reuse of greater than 1.
  • An example could be a three sector site, where a decimation factor of three is employed at each sector using an incrementing offset of the starting subcarrier number on each sector (i.e. sector 1 uses subcarriers ⁇ 0, 3, 6, etc ⁇ , sector 2 uses ⁇ 1, 4, 7, etc ⁇ and sector 3 uses ⁇ 2, 5, 8, etc ⁇ .
  • the benefit of the third approach is that similar to the case above, it is possible to achieve an effective frequency reuse of greater than 1 by assigning different sub-bands to different sectors.
  • the final stage is to generate the training and identification sequence to be transmitted on the identified tones.
  • the training and identification sequence As discussed previously, it is possible to make use of a number of different well known sequences for this purpose.
  • zone or region allocation will be performed in some network management entity (this could be located within the core network or within one of the transmitters). Also the same situation may exist for the case of allocation of a particular sequence to a transmitter, especially if the sequence is conveying inherent identification parameters. This network management entity will then ensure that the location of the zone or region across all transmitters in the cellular network is harmonized. This then prevents interference between RA transmissions from one transmitter and data transmissions from another, which could be significant especially if the RA transmission power is boosted due to its lower PAPR properties. It will also ensure that the allocation of identification parameters ensures that from a receiver point of view, it will never experience receiving the same identification from two visible transmitters (i.e. there is sufficient spatial separation between the reuse of the same identification sequence).
  • the transmitter may include some signaling information in the broadcast message to indicate the existence and location of the RA zone or region to the RS, alternatively it may also include signaling information in a multicast or unicast message specifically directed towards the RS to inform it of the RA existence.
  • FIG. 3 provides a flowchart that describes the interaction between the network management entity and the base stations which are to transmit an RA.
  • FIG. 4 provides a flowchart that describes the interaction between an RS that has entered into an already operational network and the BS or RS to which it is attempting to associate.
  • FIG. 5 outlines the RA reception and processing procedure in the receiver.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in hardware, or as software modules running on one or more processors, or on a combination thereof. That is, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) may be used in practice to implement some or all of the functionality of a transmitter embodying the present invention.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the invention may also be embodied as one or more device or apparatus programs (e.g. computer programs and computer program products) for carrying out part or all of any of the methods described herein.
  • Such programs embodying the present invention may be stored on computer-readable media, or could, for example, be in the form of one or more signals.
  • Such signals may be data signals downloadable from an Internet website, or provided on a carrier signal, or in any other form.
US11/840,644 2006-08-18 2007-08-17 Communication Systems Abandoned US20080043711A1 (en)

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US11/840,570 US9356807B2 (en) 2006-08-18 2007-08-17 Communication systems
US12/914,036 US8923175B2 (en) 2006-08-18 2010-10-28 Timing adjustment in multi-hop communication system
US13/036,640 US9491737B2 (en) 2006-08-18 2011-02-28 Communication systems

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