US20080039521A1 - Anticancer Effect Enhancer - Google Patents

Anticancer Effect Enhancer Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080039521A1
US20080039521A1 US11/628,943 US62894305A US2008039521A1 US 20080039521 A1 US20080039521 A1 US 20080039521A1 US 62894305 A US62894305 A US 62894305A US 2008039521 A1 US2008039521 A1 US 2008039521A1
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cancer
patients
chemotherapy
once
donor
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Hiroyasu Yasuda
Mutsuo Yamaya
Katsutoshi Nakayama
Hidetada Sasaki
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Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd
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Priority to US11/628,943 priority Critical patent/US20080039521A1/en
Assigned to TOHOKU UNIVERSITY reassignment TOHOKU UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NAKAYAMA, KATSUTOSHI, YAMAYA, MUTSUO, YASUDA, HIROYASU, SASAKI, HIDETADA
Assigned to NIPPON KAYAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA reassignment NIPPON KAYAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TOHOKU UNIVERSITY
Publication of US20080039521A1 publication Critical patent/US20080039521A1/en
Priority to US12/318,061 priority patent/US8410175B2/en
Assigned to NIPPON KAYAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA reassignment NIPPON KAYAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE'S CITY NAME FROM "TOYKO" TO "TOKYO", PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 019288 FRAME 0357. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: TOHOKU UNIVERSITY
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/10—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the bladder
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an enhancing agent for effect of anticancer agent for achieving an excellent therapeutic effect on cancer.
  • hypoxic condition inside the solid cancer participates in resistance to its therapy.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 Mothews N E, Adams M A, Maxwell L R, Gofton T E, Graham C H. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of chemosensitivity in cancer cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2001; 93: 1879-1885
  • hypoxic condition promotes the resistance of cancer cells to anticancer agent.
  • Non-Patent Document 3 Liang B C. Effects of hypoxia on drug resistance phenotype and genotype in human glioma cell lines. J. Neurooncol., 1996; 29: 149-155), it is made clear that, when glioma cell line is placed in hypoxic condition, it shows resistance to anticancer agent.
  • Non-Patent Document 4 Ste K, Rofstad E K. Hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin and methotrexate in human melanoma cell lines in vitro. Int. J. Cancer, 1994; 58: 258-262
  • Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 suggest that a NO donor is able to effectively function in improvement of hypoxic condition inside the solid cancer.
  • Non-Patent Document 5 (Gallo O, Masini E, Morbidelli L, Franchi A, et al. Role of nitric oxide in angiogenesis in head and neck cancer. J. Natl.
  • NOS NO synthase
  • Non-Patent Document 6 (Edwards P, Cendab J C, Topping D B, Moldawer L L, Mackay S, Copeland E M, Lind D S. Tumor cell nitric oxide inhibits cell growth in vitro, but stimulates tumorigenesis and experimental lung metastasis in vivo. J. Surg.
  • Non-Patent Document 8 (D C Jenkins, I G Charles, L L Thomsen, D W Moss, L S Holmes, S A Baylis, P Rhodes, K Westmore, P C Emson, S Moncada.
  • Non-Patent Document 9 (Lala P K, Chakraborty C. Role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Lancet Oncol., 2001; 2: 149-156), it is shown that NOS of a derived type participates in mutation of p53 of tumor of colon, lung and throat and that NO stimulates the growth of tumor via activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
  • COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
  • Non-Patent Document 1 it is shown that resistance of cancer cell line to anticancer agent induced by hypoxic condition is improved by a NO donor in an experiment using cultured cells and, although such a finding will be surely valuable for showing one direction for future research, it is not possible to conclude from such a finding that a NO donor has an action of shrinking the cancer tissues or an action of enhancing the effect of anticancer agent. So, it is all the more that, in human clinical medicine, a conclusion that a NO donor enhances the effect of anticancer agent is unable to be done and should not be done.
  • Patent Document 1 JP 2004-508279 A
  • a method of administering a NO donor as a potassium channel activator as a method for a selective transfer of anticancer agent to cancer where permeability of blood vessel for sending blood to cancer cells to anticancer agent is enhanced.
  • issue of a jumped conclusion that a NO donor enhances the effect of anticancer agent only by appealing an increase in transition of an anticancer agent to tumor tissues by an increase in permeability through blood vessel without actual confirmation of enhancement of NO donor in the action of anticancer agent to cancer tissues even in animal experiment is not convincing at all under the present status where scientific evaluation for the action of NO to cancer is in chaos as mentioned above.
  • Patent Document 1 is far behind the conclusion that a NO donor results in enhancement of effect of anticancer agent in actual human clinical medicine. In fact, with regard to data showing that improvement in therapeutic effect for cancer was able to be achieved by that method, no data is available even for animal experiment in Patent Document 1.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide an enhancing agent for effect of anticancer agent for achieving an excellent therapeutic effect on cancer.
  • a NO donor dramatically improves the therapeutic effect of an anticancer agent on non-small cell lung cancer which is believed to be one of the most difficult cancers for chemotherapy.
  • One of the backgrounds therefor is a retrospective clinical research in patients with either angina pectoris or old myocardial infarction treated with a NO donor.
  • response rate of the group where NO was used together was 90% (CR: 20%, 2/10; PR: 70%, 7/10; NC: 10%, 1/10; PD: 0%, 0/10) while response rate of the control group was 23% (CR: 0%, 0/44; PR: 23%, 10/44; NC: 50%, 22/44; PD: 27%, 12/44) (With regard to the method for judgment, refer to the Examples which will be mentioned later).
  • an enhancing agent for effect of anticancer agent which is characterized in that a NO donor is an effective ingredient.
  • the cancer which is an object for the treatment is solid cancer.
  • the solid cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.
  • the NO donor is an organic nitrate compound.
  • FIG. 1 is a drawing which shows survival rate curves in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with NO donors ⁇ NO(+) ⁇ (solid line) and without NO donors ⁇ NO( ⁇ ) ⁇ (dotted line) during chemotherapy.
  • the P value was calculated by the log-rank test.
  • Tumor volume was calculated as 0.5 ⁇ tumor length (mm) ⁇ tumor width(mm) ⁇ 2 .
  • the P value was calculated by student t-test.
  • Tumor volume was calculated as 0.5 ⁇ tumor length (mm) ⁇ tumor width (mm) ⁇ 2 .
  • the P value was calculated by student t-test.
  • a nitric oxide (NO) donor means an agent which is able to release NO under a physiological condition.
  • organic nitrate compounds which are nitric esters of monohydric or polyhydric alcohol are included in this category. Their representative examples are nitroglycerin (NTG), pentaerythrityl tetranitrate (PETN), isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN).
  • an anticancer agent which is used in chemotherapy where effect is enhanced by the concomitant use of a NO donor and its examples are antimetabolites exemplified by 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, doxifluridine, tegafur, cytarabine and gemcitabine; alkylating agents exemplified by cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, thiotepa, carboquone and nimustine hydrochloride; anticancer antibiotics exemplified by mitomycin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, amurubicin hydrochloride, pirarubicin hydrochloride, epirubicin hydrochloride, aclarubicin hydrochloride, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, bleomycin hydrochloride and peplomycin sulfate; microtubule-acting agents exemplified by docetaxel, paclitaxel, vincris
  • a NO donor an example is that its administration is started to a patient who is subjected to a standard chemotherapy from 5 to 2 days before the start of the chemotherapy (preferably, 3 days before), the administration is continued during the period of chemotherapy and, at the stage where chemotherapy is finished, the administration is stopped.
  • the dosage form of the NO donor it is preferred to be an oral preparation or a subcutaneous preparation where control of concentration in blood is easy when risk of expression of resistance is taken into consideration.
  • the dose may be in accordance with a dose in the treatment of angina pectoris which is an inherent use of a NO donor.
  • administration when nitroglycerin is used, administration may be in a dose of 1 to 50 mg/day (being divided into two administrations a day) in the case of oral administration by means of tablets or the like and 1 to 50 mg/day (applied once daily) in the case of transdermally administration by means of plaster or the like.
  • administration when isosorbide dinitrate is used, administration may be in a dose of 10 to 100 mg/day (being divided into two administrations a day) in the case of oral administration and 10 to 100 mg/day (applied once daily) in the case of transdermally administration.
  • the above description does not deny the administration of a NO donor in a form of a combined preparation with an anticancer agent.
  • cancer which is an object of the treatment in the present invention
  • any cancer may be applied so far as it is a cancer which is able to be an object of chemotherapy.
  • Specific examples thereof are solid cancer such as head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, rectum cancer, hepatic cancer, gall and bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer and uterine neck cancer, and blood cancer such as malignant lymphoma and leukemia.
  • NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
  • MVP mitomycin C + vinorelbine + cisplatin
  • CDDP cisplatin
  • DOC docetaxel
  • VNR vinorelbine.
  • NO donors were used between 3 days before the start of each course of chemotherapy and the finish of administration of anticancer agents.
  • CT computed tomography
  • the nodal staging of lung cancer was determined using a CT scan and a Gallium-67 citrate scintigram of the chest.
  • the metastasis in the brain, the abdomen and the bone was determined using a CT scan of the brain and abdomen, and a Technetium-99m scintigram of the bone.
  • Complete response (CR) was defined as the disappearance of all known disease determined by two observations not less than two weeks apart.
  • Partial response was defined as a 50% or more decrease in the total tumor size of those lesions measured during two observations not less than four weeks apart.
  • No change was defined as cases where a 50% decrease in the total tumor size could not be established, and also there was not a 25% or greater increase in the size of one or more measurable lesions.
  • Progressive disease was defined as a 25% or greater increase in the size of one or more measurable lesions or the appearance of new lesions.
  • the patients were categorized as responders when they experienced either PR or CR.
  • the patients with NC or PD were categorized as non-responders.
  • Response rate to chemotherapy was calculated by the number of responders divided by the number of responders plus non-responders. Survival was calculated from the date of the first day of first cycle of the chemotherapy to the date of death or a cutoff date for patients alive at the time of closure of the data set.
  • the factors associated with the response to the chemotherapy were assessed by univariate analysis (Chi-square test) and multivariate analysis (Logistic regression analysis). Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the prognostic significance of the variables.
  • ECOG Performance Status (PS): Grade ECOG 0 Fully active, able to carry on all pre-disease performance without restriction 1 Restricted in physically strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to carry out work of a light or sedentary nature, e.g., light house work, office work 2 Ambulatory and capable of all selfcare but unable to carry out any work activities. Up and about more than 50% of waking hours 3 Capable of only limited selfcare, confined to bed or chair more than 50% of waking hours 4 Completely disabled. Cannot carry on any selfcare. Totally confined to bed or chair 5 Dead * Am J Clin Oncol 5: 649-655, 1982. Explanation of Technical Term (No. 2) Brinkman Index: a smoking history calculated by multiplying the number of cigarettes consumed a day (number of packages of cigarettes) by smoking duration (years). Results
  • Treating advanced NSCLC, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma remains very difficult because advanced NSCLC is not operable and the response rate to anticancer agents even if the newest third-generation anticancer agents is very low.
  • the response rate to chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer is about 70-80% and is significantly higher than that in NSCLC.
  • the number of patients with lung cancer has been increasing in most countries in the world year by year in contrast to the number of patients with gastric cancer.
  • a large proportion of lung cancer consists of NSCLC. Therefore, amore effective new regimen in advanced NSCLC than currently exists should be established at once.
  • the present invention may have a great significance on improving the response rate to not only NSCLC but other kinds of advanced solid cancer.
  • LLC cells Murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, lung adenocarcinoma cells, were obtained from the Tohoku University Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research and were incubated with DMEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum until cell proliferation was sufficient to perform the experiments.
  • the LLC cells were adjusted to concentrations of 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/100 ⁇ l with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and were inoculated
  • PBS phosphate buffer saline
  • mice were maintained under specific-pathogen-free conditions, and provided with sterile food and water.
  • Tumor volume was calculated as 0.5 ⁇ tumor length (mm) ⁇ tumor width (mm) ⁇ 2 .
  • mice were fed i.v. into the mice four times a week (once on Sunday, once on Monday, once on Wednesday, once on Thursday) and 100 ⁇ l of 3.5 mg/kg cisplatin solution dissolved in PBS was administered i.v. into the mice 30 minutes after the nitroglycerin solution i.p. twice a week (once on Monday and once on Thursday).
  • the experiments were performed for two weeks.
  • Cisplatin and nitroglycerin were obtained from Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). Measurements of murine tumor volume and mice body weight were performed every two days after the start of injections into mice.
  • the tumor volume growth curve is shown in FIG. 2 . Significant diminishing of murine tumor volume was observed after day 9 in the NO plus chemotherapy group compared with that in the chemotherapy group. On the other hand, the NO donor group as well as the control group showed rapid tumor growth compared with that in the chemotherapy group and the NO plus chemotherapy group.
  • Colon 26 cells murine colon cancer cells, were obtained from the Tohoku University Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research and were incubated with RPMI 1640 plus 10% fetal bovine serum until cell proliferation was sufficient to perform the experiments.
  • the colon 26 cells were adjusted to concentrations of 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/100 ⁇ l with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and were inoculated
  • PBS phosphate buffer saline
  • Six-week-old female BALB/c mice purchased from Charles River Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) and Clea Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) subcutanously (2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/100 ⁇ l/mouse) at the right hypochondrium. Mice were maintained under specific-pathogen-free conditions, and provided with sterile food and water.
  • Tumor volume was calculated as 0.5 ⁇ tumor length (mm) ⁇ tumor width(mm) ⁇ 2 .
  • 100 ⁇ l of PBS was administered by intra-peritoneal injection (i.p.) four times a week (once on Sunday, once on Monday, once on Wednesday, once on Thursday) and 100 ⁇ l of PBS was further administered by intravenous injection (i.v.) 30 minutes after the i.p.
  • mice were administered i.v. into the mice four times a week (once on Sunday, once on Monday, once on Wednesday, once on Thursday) and 100 ⁇ l of 3.5 mg/kg cisplatin solution dissolved in PBS was administered i.v. into the mice 30 minutes after the PBS i.p. twice a week (once on Monday and once on Thursday). The experiments were performed for two weeks.
  • 100 ⁇ l of 0.02 mg/kg nitroglycerin diluted with PBS was administered i.p. into the mice four times a week (once on Sunday, once on Monday, once on Wednesday, once on Thursday) and 100 ⁇ l of 3.5 mg/kg cisplatin solution dissolved in PBS was administered i.v.
  • mice 30 minutes after the nitroglycerin solution i.p. twice a week (once on Monday and once on Thursday). The experiments were performed for two weeks.
  • Cisplatin and nitroglycerin were obtained from Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Measurements of murine tumor volume and mice body weight were performed every two days after the start of injections into the mice.
  • the tumor volume growth curve is shown in FIG. 3 . Significant diminishing of murine tumor volume was observed after day 6 in the NO plus chemotherapy group compared with that in the chemotherapy group. On the other hand, the NO donor group as well as the control group showed rapid tumor growth compared with that in the chemotherapy group and the NO plus chemotherapy group.
  • the present invention is able to provide an enhancing agent for effect of anticancer agent for achieving an excellent therapeutic effect on cancer whereby it has an industrial applicability.

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