US20070280968A1 - Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccine - Google Patents

Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccine Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070280968A1
US20070280968A1 US10/569,311 US56931104A US2007280968A1 US 20070280968 A1 US20070280968 A1 US 20070280968A1 US 56931104 A US56931104 A US 56931104A US 2007280968 A1 US2007280968 A1 US 2007280968A1
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Prior art keywords
bacterium
gene
live
leu
vaccine
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Abandoned
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US10/569,311
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English (en)
Inventor
Paul Cohen
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Rhode Island Board of Education
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Rhode Island Board of Education
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Priority to US10/569,311 priority Critical patent/US20070280968A1/en
Assigned to THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS reassignment THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: COHEN, PAUL S.
Publication of US20070280968A1 publication Critical patent/US20070280968A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/025—Enterobacteriales, e.g. Enterobacter
    • A61K39/0275—Salmonella
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
    • A61K2039/522—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells avirulent or attenuated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
    • A61K2039/523—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells expressing foreign proteins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to live attenuated bacteria for use in a medicament, to vaccines based upon such bacteria useful for the prevention of microbial pathogenesis, to the use of live attenuated bacteria for the manufacture of such vaccines and to methods for the preparation of such vaccines.
  • Immunity to microbial pathogenesis is one means by which a warm blooded animal avoids pathogenesis, or suffers a less intense pathogenic state. Incomplete immunity to a given pathogen results in morbidity and mortality in a population exposed to a pathogen. It is generally agreed that vaccines based on live but attenuated micro-organisms (live attenuated vaccines) induce a highly effective type of immune response. Such vaccines have the advantage that, once the animal host has been vaccinated, entry of the microbial pathogen into the host induces an accelerated recall of earlier, cell-mediated or humoral immunity which is able to control further growth of the organism before the infection can assume clinically significant proportions.
  • Vaccines based on a killed pathogen are generally conceded to be unable to achieve this type of response.
  • vaccines that contain a live pathogen present depending on the level of attenuation, the danger that the vaccinated host upon vaccination may contract the disease against which protection is being sought.
  • Vaccines against bacteria belonging to the closely related families of Escherichia and Salmonella follow the general rules given above. Many members of these families of bacteria are pathogenic due to the fact that they infect the digestive tract and the bladder. The pathogenic effect of these bacteria is closely related to their ability to colonise the mucosal layers of the digestive tract and the bladder. It is the phenomenon of colonisation that leads to the prolonged presence of the pathogen in the digestive tract and/or the bladder and to a very close contact of the pathogen to the mucosal layers, which can also lead to invasion of other tissues.
  • a live vaccine should preferably retain the antigenic complement of the wild-type strain, without being viulent.
  • Bacteria of the families Escherichia and Salmonella have several virulence factors.
  • An example of a single gene involved in the synthesis of many virulence factors, including those playing a role in colonisation in both Escherichia and Salmonella is the gene encoding LeuX. This gene encodes a specific tRNA: tRNA 5 leu .
  • SEQ ID NO 1 provides the sequence of a Salmonella typhimurium leuX gene.
  • the key virulence factors of choice to be present in a vaccine would be the virulence factors expressed in the presence of LeuX.
  • the vaccine of choice would therefore (preferably) be a subunit vaccine comprising type 1 fimbriae, flagella, enterobactin and proteins involved in iron uptake. Such a vaccine would first of all be safe, and secondly most likely induce immunity against these 4 virulence factors and by doing so provide protection against infection.
  • LeuX is to be considered as a highly unattractive candidate for deletion in a live attenuated vaccine strain.
  • bacteria that lack colonising abilities due to lack of type 1 fimbriae and flagella
  • LeuX-negative deletion-mutants will not be expected to come into close contact with the host cells, and will consequently be assumed to be washed out quickly. Therefore, they would even not be expected to induce any substantial immunity against those virulence factors that would still be present in the absence of the LeuX gene product.
  • a first embodiment of the present invention relates to live attenuated bacteria that have no functional tRNA 5 leu , for use in a vaccine.
  • tRNA 5 leu gene and its gene product tRNA 5 leu are widespread in the bacterial realm.
  • the tRNA 5 leu is highly conserved. It can be found in e.g. Escherichia coli and in Salmonella enterica species, such as serotype yphimurium, enteritidis, galinarum and dublin and in Yersinia species such as Y. pestis.
  • a functional tRNA 5 leu is understood to be a tRNA 5 leu having the characteristics of the wild-type tRNA 5 leu , i.e.: is capable of adding the amino acid Leucine to a protein strand during its synthesis, if the codon encoding leucine is UUG. Therefore, a tRNA 5 leu that is defective in at least this function is considered to be a non-functional tRNA 5 leu .
  • Live attenuated bacteria according to the invention can also be obtained by introducing a mutation in the LeuX gene that prevents the synthesis of functional tRNA 5 leu .
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to live attenuated bacteria not having a functional tRNA 5 leu as a result of a mutation in the leux gene, for use in a vaccine.
  • Such a mutation can be an insertion, a deletion, a substitution or a combination thereof, provided that the mutation leads to the failure to express a functional tRNA 5 leu .
  • Live attenuated bacteria for use according to the invention can be obtained in several ways.
  • One possible way of obtaining such bacteria is by means of classical methods such as the treatment of wild-type bacteria having the tRNA 5 leu gene with mutagenic agents such as base analogues, treatment with ultraviolet light or temperature treatment.
  • Strains according to the invention can be easily selected on the basis that they would lack at least the four virulence factors mentioned above.
  • transposon mutagenesis would be a good alternative. Mutagenesis by transposon mutagenesis, is also a mutagenesis-technique well-known in the art. This is a mutation accomplished at a localised site in the chromosome. Transposon-insertions can not be targeted to a specific gene. It is however easy to pick up the LeuX mutants since they would lack at least the four virulence factors mentioned above.
  • Such a mutation may again be an insertion, a deletion, a replacement of one nucleotide by another one or a combination thereof, with the only proviso that the mutated gene no longer encodes functional tRNA 5 leu .
  • Such a mutation can e.g. be made by deletion of a number of base pairs. Even very small deletions such a stretches of 10 base pairs can already render tRNA 5 leu non-functional. Even the deletion of one single base pair may already lead to a non-functional tRNA 5 leu . More preferably, a longer stretch is removed, e.g. 50 or more base pairs. Even more preferably, the whole tRNA 5 leu gene is deleted.
  • tRNA 5 leu -negative mutants All techniques for the construction of tRNA 5 leu -negative mutants are well-known standard techniques. They relate to cloning of the tRNA 5 leu gene, modification of the gene sequence by site-directed mutagenesis, restriction enzyme digestion followed by re-ligation or PCR-approaches and to subsequent replacement of the wild type tRNA 5 leu gene with the mutant gene (alletic exchange or allelic replacement). Standard recombinant DNA techniques such as cloning the tRNA 5 leu gene in a plasmid, digestion of the gene with a restriction enzyme, followed by endonuclease treatment, re-ligation and homologous recombination in the host strain, are all known in the art and described i.a.
  • the tRNA 5 leu gene comprises not only the coding sequence encoding tRNA 5 leu , but also regulatory sequences such as the promoter. Therefore, not only mutations in the coding regions but also mutations in those sequences essential for correct transcription are considered to fall within the scope of the invention.
  • the invention relates to live attenuated bacteria of the genera Escherichia and Salmonella.
  • the live attenuated bacterium according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of S. enterica serotype typhimurium, enteritidis, choleraesuis, dublin, typhi, gailinarum, abortusovi, abortus - equi, pullorum, E. coli or Y. pestis .
  • S. enterica serotype typhimurium enteritidis
  • choleraesuis choleraesuis
  • typhi gailinarum
  • abortusovi abortus - equi
  • pullorum E. coli or Y. pestis
  • the live attenuated bacterium according to the invention is S. enterica, E. coli or Y. pestis.
  • this embodiment relates to live attenuated bacteria according to the invention in which the mutation in the tRNA 5 leu gene has been made by recombinant DNA technology.
  • this embodiment of the invention refers to live attenuated bacteria in which the tRNA 5 leu gene comprises an insertion and/or a deletion.
  • live attenuated bacteria as a recombinant carrier for heterologous genes, encoding antigens selected from other pathogenic micro-organisms or viruses.
  • Administration of such a recombinant carrier has the advantage that immunity is induced against two or more diseases at the same time.
  • the live attenuated bacteria for use in a vaccine, according to the present invention provide very suitable carriers for heterologous genes, since the gene encoding tRNA 5 leu can be used as an insertion site for such heterologous genes.
  • tRNA 5 leu gene as an insertion site has the advantage that at the same time the tRNA 5 leu gene is inactivated and the newly introduced heterologous gene can be expressed (in concert with the homologous bacterial genes).
  • the construction of such recombinant carriers can be done routinely, using standard molecular biology techniques such as allelic exchange. Therefore, another embodiment of the invention relates to live attenuated recombinant carrier bacteria, preferably of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella and Yersinia that do not produce a functional tRNA 5 leu , and in which a heterologous gene is inserted.
  • Such a heterologous gene can, as mentioned above, e.g. be a gene encoding an antigen selected from other pathogenic micro-organisms or viruses.
  • Such genes can e.g. be derived from pathogenic herpesviruses (e.g. the genes encoding the structural proteins of herpesviruses), retroviruses (e.g. the gp160 envelope protein), adenoviruses and the like.
  • heterologous gene can be obtained from pathogenic bacteria.
  • genes encoding protective antigens such as bacterial toxins like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae toxins, Clostridium toxins, outer membrane proteins and the like are very suitable bacterial heterologous genes.
  • Another possibility is to insert a gene encoding a protein involved in triggering the immune system, such as a cytokine, an interleukin or an interferon, or another gene involved in immune-regulation.
  • a protein involved in triggering the immune system such as a cytokine, an interleukin or an interferon, or another gene involved in immune-regulation.
  • Insertion of the heterologous gene in the tRNA 5 leu gene is advantageous, since in that case there is no need to find a new suitable insertion site for the heterologous gene, and at the same time the tRNA 5 leu gene is knocked out.
  • the heterologous gene is inserted in the tRNA 5 leu gene.
  • the heterologous gene can be inserted somewhere in the tRNA 5 leu gene or it can be inserted at the site of the tRNA 5 leu gene while this gene has been partially or completely deleted.
  • the bacteria for use in a vaccine are very suitable as a basis for live attenuated vaccines.
  • still another embodiment of the invention relates to such live attenuated vaccines for the protection of animals and humans against Escherichia, Yersinia or Salmonella infection or the pathogenic effects thereof, that comprise a bacterium of which the wild type form comprises a tRNA 5 leu gene.
  • Such vaccines comprise an immunogenically effective amount of a live attenuated bacterium according to the invention or a live recombinant carrier bacterium according to the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the vaccine comprises a live attenuated bacterium according to the invention, selected from the group of Escherichia, Salmonella and Yersinia.
  • Immunogenically effective means that the amount of live attenuated bacteria administered at vaccination is sufficient to induce in the host an effective immune response against virulent forms of the bacterium.
  • a vaccine according to the present invention also contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a carrier may be as simple as water, but it may e.g. also comprise culture fluid in which the bacteria were cultured.
  • Another suitable carrier is e.g. a solution of physiological salt concentration.
  • the useful dosage to be administered will vary depending on the age, weight and animal vaccinated, the mode of administration and the type of pathogen against which vaccination is sought.
  • the vaccine may comprise any dose of bacteria, sufficient to evoke an immune response.
  • Doses ranging between 10 3 and 10 10 bacteria are e.g. very suitable doses.
  • one or more compounds having adjuvant activity may be added to the vaccine.
  • Adjuvants are non-specific stimulators of the immune system. They enhance the immune response of the host to the vaccine. Examples of adjuvants known in the art are Freunds Complete and Incomplete adjuvant, vitamin E, non-ionic block polymers, muramyldipeptides, ISCOMs (immune stimulating complexes, cf. for instance European Patent EP 109942), Saponins, mineral oil, vegetable oil, and Carbopol.
  • Adjuvants specially suitable for mucosal application are e.g. the E. coli heat-labile toxin (LT) or Cholera toxin (CT).
  • LT heat-labile toxin
  • CT Cholera toxin
  • Suitable adjuvants are for example aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate or aluminium oxide, oil-emulsions (e.g. of Bayol F (R) or Marcol 52 (R) ), saponins or vitamin-E solubilisate.
  • the vaccines according to the present invention comprise an adjuvant.
  • compositions e.g. sorbitol, mannitol, starch, sucrose, glucose, dextran
  • proteins such as albumin or casein
  • protein containing agents such as bovine serum or skimmed milk
  • buffers e.g. phosphate buffer
  • Still another embodiment relates to the use of a bacterium according to the invention for the manufacture of a vaccine for the protection of animals and humans against infection with a wild type bacterium or the pathogenic effects of infection.
  • the vaccine according to the present invention can be given inter alia intranasally, intradermally, subcutaneously, orally, by aerosol or intramuscularly.
  • aerosol or intramuscularly for application to poultry, wing web and eye-drop administration are very suitable.
  • a vaccine according to the invention especially when it comprises bacteria belonging to the family of E. coli, Salmonella or Yersinia would preferably be given orally.
  • Still another embodiment of the invention relates to methods for the preparation of a vaccine according to the invention.
  • Such methods comprise the admixing of a live attenuated bacterium according to the invention or a live recombinant carrier bacterium according to the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the Wanner system (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Jun. 6, 2000. 97(12):6640-45.) was used to replace the S. typhimurium SR-11 leuX gene with a kanamycin resistance gene.
  • a wild-type S. typhimurium ; SR-11 was used in this example, but the principle described is equally applicable to all bacteria carrying the leuX gene.
  • the primer set containing the priming sites were used in a standard PCR reaction with Fisher Taq DNA polymerase (1.5 mM MgCl 2 ). Cycling conditions were 1 ⁇ 94° C. 4 min; 35 ⁇ 94° C. 30 sec, 55° C. 15 sec, 72° C. 75-105 sec; 1 ⁇ 72° C. 7 min. Eight 100 ⁇ l reactions were pooled, 5 ⁇ l was checked on a gel, and the linear PCR product was ethanol precipitated and resuspended in 2-4 ⁇ l of water.
  • Primers 5′ and 3′ of the leuX deletion/antibiotic cassette insertion were used to verify the mutants.
  • primers containing a PstI site and homologous to regions 5′ and 3′ of the leuX gene were used to amplify the expected approximate 1700 bp band (versus a 400 bp wildtype band).
  • broilers were inoculated by spray on day of hatch and inoculated orally at 15 days of age with approximately 10 7 CFU of SR11-LeuX ( ⁇ ) (The LeuX ⁇ minus mutant).
  • cloacal swabs were taken at days 8, 15, 22 and 30 to determine the presence of the vaccine strain in the intestinal tract. Swabs were used to inoculate Brilliant Green Agars (BGA) directly and after enrichment in Rappaport Vassiliades Broth. At 30 days of age, 5 vaccinated animals were necropsied and their livers and spleens were cultured to determine if the vaccine strain had invaded from the intestinal track.
  • BGA Brilliant Green Agars
  • the animals received an oral challenge infection with 1.4 ⁇ 10 6 CFU of a tetracycline resistant wild-type S.t. strain at 30 days of age. Two weeks after challenge infection, the animals were euthanized and the livers, spleens, cloacal swabs and swabs of the cecum contents were cultured for the challenge strain. Organs and swabs were inoculated on BGA containing tetracycline (BGAtet) directly and also after incubation in an enrichment medium (buffered peptone water containing tetracycline).
  • BGAtet BGA containing tetracycline directly and also after incubation in an enrichment medium (buffered peptone water containing tetracycline).
  • Hatching eggs were obtained from a Salmonella free broiler breeder flock.
  • the SR11-LeuX ( ⁇ ) strain was cultured from cloacal swabs of some of the vaccinated animals on days 8, 15, 22 and 30. At 30 days of age, the vaccine strain was still shed by 53% of the vaccinated animals, but it was not reisolated from the livers and spleens of the 5 animals that were necropsied.
  • the challenge strain was isolated from the liver and spleen of non-vaccinated animals.
  • the challenge strain was reisolated from the cloaca and caecum of practically all non-vaccinated control animals.
  • Vaccination with SR11-LeuX ( ⁇ ) resulted in complete clearance of the challenge strain 14 days post infection. In addition, no challenge strain was found in the liver and spleen of vaccinated animals.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
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US10/569,311 2003-08-29 2004-08-26 Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccine Abandoned US20070280968A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/569,311 US20070280968A1 (en) 2003-08-29 2004-08-26 Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccine

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US49898803P 2003-08-29 2003-08-29
US49896103P 2003-08-29 2003-08-29
US10/569,311 US20070280968A1 (en) 2003-08-29 2004-08-26 Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccine
PCT/US2004/027896 WO2005021031A2 (en) 2003-08-29 2004-08-26 Live attenuated bacterial vaccine

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US20070280968A1 true US20070280968A1 (en) 2007-12-06

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/569,311 Abandoned US20070280968A1 (en) 2003-08-29 2004-08-26 Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccine
US10/569,396 Abandoned US20100003284A1 (en) 2003-08-29 2004-08-26 Live attenuated aldolase-negative bacterial vaccine
US12/469,863 Abandoned US20090263419A1 (en) 2003-08-29 2009-05-21 Live attenuated bacterial vaccine
US13/035,137 Expired - Fee Related US8163297B2 (en) 2003-08-29 2011-02-25 Live attenuated aldolase-negative bacterial vaccine

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/569,396 Abandoned US20100003284A1 (en) 2003-08-29 2004-08-26 Live attenuated aldolase-negative bacterial vaccine
US12/469,863 Abandoned US20090263419A1 (en) 2003-08-29 2009-05-21 Live attenuated bacterial vaccine
US13/035,137 Expired - Fee Related US8163297B2 (en) 2003-08-29 2011-02-25 Live attenuated aldolase-negative bacterial vaccine

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US (4) US20070280968A1 (ja)
EP (2) EP1660121B1 (ja)
JP (2) JP4705573B2 (ja)
AT (1) ATE495757T1 (ja)
CA (2) CA2534579C (ja)
DE (1) DE602004031127D1 (ja)
DK (1) DK1660121T3 (ja)
WO (2) WO2005021032A1 (ja)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU2004296394A1 (en) * 2003-12-09 2005-06-23 Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. Orally-administered live bacterial vaccines for plague
JP2008054614A (ja) * 2006-09-01 2008-03-13 Nippon Inst For Biological Science 鶏大腸菌由来弱毒変異株、鶏大腸菌対策用ワクチン、免疫方法及び鶏用ワクチンベクター

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6248329B1 (en) * 1998-06-01 2001-06-19 Ramaswamy Chandrashekar Parasitic helminth cuticlin nucleic acid molecules and uses thereof

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5811105A (en) * 1987-12-23 1998-09-22 Glaxo Wellcome, Inc. Vaccines containing bacteria attenuated by mutations in two genes of the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway
US5599537A (en) * 1990-12-18 1997-02-04 The General Hospital Corporation Salmonella virulence genes
US5843426A (en) * 1990-12-18 1998-12-01 The General Hospital Corporation Salmonella vaccines
US5695983A (en) * 1990-12-18 1997-12-09 The General Hospital Corporation Salmonella vaccines
US6136325A (en) * 1993-04-09 2000-10-24 Lohmann Animal Health Gmbh & Co. Kg Live vaccine constituting minor risk for humans
US6764687B1 (en) * 1999-06-09 2004-07-20 Akzo Nobel N.V. Live attenuated bacteria for use in a vaccine

Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6248329B1 (en) * 1998-06-01 2001-06-19 Ramaswamy Chandrashekar Parasitic helminth cuticlin nucleic acid molecules and uses thereof

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DK1660121T3 (da) 2011-05-09
WO2005021031A2 (en) 2005-03-10
ATE495757T1 (de) 2011-02-15
JP2007504155A (ja) 2007-03-01
EP1660121A2 (en) 2006-05-31
CA2534579C (en) 2013-04-16
JP4881733B2 (ja) 2012-02-22
JP4705573B2 (ja) 2011-06-22
WO2005021032A9 (en) 2005-10-13
CA2534453A1 (en) 2005-03-10
EP1660120A1 (en) 2006-05-31
US20090263419A1 (en) 2009-10-22
EP1660121B1 (en) 2011-01-19
WO2005021032A1 (en) 2005-03-10
WO2005021031A3 (en) 2005-05-06
US20100003284A1 (en) 2010-01-07
JP2007504156A (ja) 2007-03-01
CA2534579A1 (en) 2005-03-10
US8163297B2 (en) 2012-04-24
US20110195092A1 (en) 2011-08-11
DE602004031127D1 (de) 2011-03-03

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