US20070263735A1 - Wireless Communication Methods, Systems, and Signal Structures - Google Patents

Wireless Communication Methods, Systems, and Signal Structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070263735A1
US20070263735A1 US11/547,077 US54707705A US2007263735A1 US 20070263735 A1 US20070263735 A1 US 20070263735A1 US 54707705 A US54707705 A US 54707705A US 2007263735 A1 US2007263735 A1 US 2007263735A1
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mapping
channel
antenna
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Wen Tong
Jianglei Ma
Ming Jia
Peiying Zhu
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Apple Inc
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Nortel Networks Ltd
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Priority to US11/639,191 priority patent/US7876840B2/en
Publication of US20070263735A1 publication Critical patent/US20070263735A1/en
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    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0669—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different channel coding between antennas
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Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to communications and in particular to wireless communications.
  • Embodiments of the invention provide communication signal structures, and communication signal methods and systems, which enhance the performance of wireless communication systems.
  • the invention provides a method of transmitting from a plurality of antennas comprising: dividing an available OFDM bandwidth of each antenna into sub-channels; defining a plurality of regions, each region being defined by a respective set of sub-channels and a defined number of OFDM symbols to be transmitted; defining a respective antenna mapping for each region and selecting one or more of the plurality of antennas to use for the region, the antenna mappings including at least one MIMO mapping; mapping content for at least one user to each of the regions using the respective antenna napping; transmitting each region on the one or more antennas selected for the region.
  • the regions are defined dynamically on an ongoing basis.
  • the available antenna mappings include at least one STTD (space time transmit diversity) mapping and at least one SM (spatial multiplexing) mapping.
  • the available antenna mappings include at least one STTD (space time transmit diversity) mapping and at least one SM (spatial multiplexing) mapping and at least one SISO mapping.
  • STTD space time transmit diversity
  • SM spatial multiplexing
  • mappings are available and chosen based on receiver capabilities:
  • F 4 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ( S 1 , S 2 , S 3 ) [ s 1 - s 2 * s 5 - s 7 * s 9 - s 12 * s 2 s 1 * s 6 s 8 * s 10 - s 11 * s 3 - s 4 * s 7 s 5 * s 11 s 10 * s 4 s 3 * s 8 - s 6 * s 12 s 9 * ] .
  • mappings are available and chosen based on receiver capabilities:
  • At least one sub-channel is a contiguous block of OFDM sub-carriers that hops around in time.
  • At least one sub-channel comprises a plurality of blocks of OFDM sub-carriers, with the location of the blocks hopping around in time.
  • orthogonal hopping patterns are used for each of a plurality of users in a single cell.
  • orthogonal hopping patterns are used for users in different cells.
  • At least some of the time, at least one user's content is transmitted with horizontal encoding.
  • At least some of the time, at least one user's content is transmitted with vertical encoding.
  • the method further comprises: selecting the mapping as a function of at least one of CQI and CEI.
  • the method further comprises, for each region: selecting coding and modulation as a function of at least one of CQI and CEI.
  • the method further comprises: performing Hybrid-ARQ re-transmission as required for each region using the mapping.
  • the method further comprises: performing hybrid-ARQ re-transmission as required for each region with a different mapping.
  • the method further comprises: performing per-antenna rate control (PARC).
  • PARC per-antenna rate control
  • the invention provides a method of generating sub-channels of an OFDM bandwidth comprising: defining as an STC sub-block a number of consecutive symbols and a number of consecutive sub-carriers; setting at least two pilot signals in each STC-sub-block.
  • the two pilot signals are adjacent.
  • each sub-channel comprises a plurality of STC sub-blocks that hop around in time.
  • each sub-channel comprises a single STC sub-block that hops around in time.
  • the method is employed on an uplink diversity channel from a single transmitter having two transmit antennas.
  • each sub-block comprises two pilot pairs.
  • each sub-block comprises six pilot pairs.
  • defining comprises defining a plurality of STC sub-blocks patterns, each sub-block pattern comprising non-overlapping pilot symbol locations, the method further comprising; configuring virtual MIMO for a plurality of transmitters by assigning different sub-block patterns to different users.
  • each sub-block comprises two pilot pairs, with one pilot of each pilot pair allocated to each of the patterns.
  • each sub-block comprises six pilot pairs, with one pilot of each pilot pair allocated to each of the two patterns.
  • two patterns each comprise 4 sub-carriers by 3 OFDM symbol durations; for one pattern, pilot symbols are inserted in the upper right and lower left corners of the pattern, and nulls are inserted in the upper left and lower right corners of the pattern (vertical is time, horizontal is frequency); for the other pattern, pilot symbols are inserted in the lower right and upper left corners of the pattern, and nulls are inserted in the lower left and upper right corners of the pattern.
  • the invention provides a method comprising: in a MIMO-OFDM system, performing hybrid ARQ using incremental redundancy re-transmissions based on completing Alamouti code blocks.
  • the incremental redundancy re-transmissions are performed on a per sub-channel basis.
  • the incremental redundancy re-transmissions are performed for diversity and AMC sub-channels.
  • the invention provides a method in a MIMO-OFDM system comprising: single antenna receivers determining which one of a plurality of transmitter transmit antennas is best and signalling the determination to the transmitter; dual antenna receivers determining which two of the plurality of transmitter transmit antennas is best and signalling the determination to the transmitter.
  • the method is applied for a three transmit antenna transmitter.
  • the method is applied for a four transmit antenna transmitter, the method further comprising: three antenna receivers determining which three of the plurality of transmitter transmit antennas is best and signalling the determination to the transmitter.
  • the signalling is done using a channel quality indicator channel.
  • dual antenna receivers perform antenna selection by:
  • H 12 ⁇ [ h 11 h 12 h 21 h 22 ]
  • H 13 [ h 11 h 13 h 21 h 23 ]
  • H 23 [ h 12 h 13 h 22 h 23 ]
  • H 14 ⁇ [ h 11 h 14 h 21 h 24 ]
  • H 34 [ h 13 h 14 h 23 h 24 ] ;
  • the invention provides a method in a MIMO OFDM system comprising: performing beamforming an output from a space-time coding operation on a per sub-carrier basis using a pre-coding vector or matrix.
  • the method further comprises: a receiver computing beamforming weights and feeding these back to a transmitter for use in beamforming the output.
  • the invention provides a method in a MIMO OFDM system comprising at a receiver, selecting sub-MIMO systems H ij , H ik and H il are the Sub-MIMO systems that satisfy
  • max ⁇
  • + 56 ; and beam-forming with the j th and k th columns of H, and setting the weights to w j det * ⁇ ( H ij ) ⁇ det * ⁇ ( H ij ) ⁇ 2 + ⁇ det * ⁇ ( H lk ) ⁇ 2 + ⁇ det * ( H il ) ⁇ 2 +
  • the invention provides a method in an OFDM system comprising: defining a plurality of sub-channels each made up of a plurality of sub-carriers, wherein the sub-carriers of each sub-channel are spaced such that only a partial FFT computation needs to be performed at a receiver to recover the sub-channel.
  • the method comprises: including scattered pilot pairs; allocating one of the plurality of sub-channels proximal to scatter pilot pairs as a fundamental channel; allocating remaining ones of the plurality of sub-channels as primary channels; using only the primary channels for traffic.
  • the invention provides the method in a MIMO OFDM system comprising: providing fast uplink and/or downlink control channels.
  • providing comprises allocating 54 pairs of FSCH sub-carrier for each OFDM symbol.
  • the spacing between FSCH pair is 31 sub-carriers.
  • the FSCH is punctured over the scattered pilots so that they coincide at the same time-frequency location.
  • the FSCH is recoded as pilot channel to reduce pilot overhead.
  • the FSCH is 3 dB power boosted to increase reliability of FSCH detection and range
  • the method further comprises, for SISO or SIMO transmission using a ⁇ /4-DQPSK modulation defined as follows: Modulation Codeword b 0 b 1 symbol, X 1 00 1 01 j 11 ⁇ 1 10 ⁇ j
  • the invention provides a method comprising: in a Multi-antenna OFDM transmitter, transmitting identical content to a given user on at least two antennas; in an OFDM receiver, receiving the identical content as if it were sent from a single antenna thereby enabling a smaller matrix inversion to be performed in the receiver.
  • the method is applied to a four antenna transmitter and a two antenna receiver, wherein two of the four antennas transmits a first identical stream, and the other two of the four antennas transmits a second identical stream, and the receiver processes the four antenna transmission using a 2 ⁇ 2 matrix inversion.
  • the invention provides a method of transmitting a TDD frame structure comprising: defining a plurality of time slots each comprising at least two OFDM symbols; defining at least one fixed switching point; defining at least one flexible switching point, wherein at each fixed switching point, a predetermined one of uplink or downlink transmission is performed; at each flexible switching point, a direction of communications is optionally switched.
  • all of the switching points are at slot boundaries.
  • At least one of the flexible switching points is not on a slot boundary.
  • each period of uplink transmission is delineated by a TTG (transmit transition gap) and a RTG (receive transition gap) that are collectively substantially equal in duration to an OFDM symbol pair, wherein for pairs of consecutive slots during which no TTG and RTG is necessary, an OFDM symbol pair is transmitted instead.
  • a MIMO OFDM transmitter is adapted to implement one of the methods as summarized above.
  • an OFDM receiver is adapted to implement one of the methods as summarized above.
  • an OFDM receiver is adapted to process signals generated in accordance with any one of the above summarized methods.
  • an OFDM communications system is adapted to implement one of the methods as summarized above.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a frame and slot structure
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of frame, slot and sub-channel structures with a flexible TDD slot allocation and tail symbol;
  • FIG. 3A though FIG. 3E are block diagrams showing an example user to sub-channel and antenna mapping scheme
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a MIMO-OFDMA tile for use as a UL diversity sub-channel
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example MIMO-OFDM tile for use as a UL AMC sub-channel
  • FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an example Virtual MIMO UL structure for the diversity sub-channel
  • FIG. 6B is a block diagram of another example Virtual MIMO UL structure
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example virtual MIMO UL structure for the AMC sub-channel
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a 4 ⁇ 2 Sub-MIMO BLAST system
  • FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a multi-user MIMO system for the AMC sub-channel.
  • FIG. 10 shows an example of variable rate diversity sub-channel construction
  • FIG. 11 shows a dyadic tree structure of diversity sub-channel
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of an antenna mapping allowing a reduced decoding complexity in a receiver.
  • a basic Multiple Input Multiple Output—Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (MIMO-OFDMA) air interface is proposed, for IEEE802.16e for instance, to enable the joint exploitation of the spatial time frequency and multi-user-diversity dimensions to achieve very high capacity broadband wireless access for both nomadic and mobile deployments.
  • OFDMA transmission may be used for down-link (DL) and/or up-link (UL) transmissions to increase the capacity and quality of the access performance.
  • MIMO transmission may be used to increase the network and user throughput, and multi-beam forming transmission may be used to increase aggregated network capacity.
  • an air interface is designed to allow a multiple mode adaptive base station scheduling approach to achieve enhanced performance for various deployment scenarios and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements.
  • the modes may include:
  • a framework that supports scalable OFDMA for a wide range of channel bandwidths and also supports a variety of the antenna/transceiver chain configurations at both a network element or base station (BS) and subscriber site (SS) ends.
  • a multi-beam configuration may be further concatenated with MIMO-OFDMA to scale aggregated network capacity.
  • the MIMO-OFDMA serves as a throughput multiplier to scale the per-beam or per-user throughput
  • multi-beat-based higher sectorization effectively serves as a capability multiplier to scale the network capacity and number of active users supported.
  • a multi-beam MIMO antenna configuration provides an effective tradeoff and enhanced performance of macro-cell based mobility applications.
  • a system is designed for macro cellular networks with frequency reuse one, and TDD duplexing is used fox flexible spectrum allocation.
  • TDD duplexing is used fox flexible spectrum allocation.
  • a proposed MIMO-OFDMA profile enhancement can be summarized below in the following table.
  • Some illustrative example networking capabilities and resources are: (1) Sub-Channels, namely AMC sub-channel (ASB) and Diversity sub-channels (DSB), (2) MIMO modest namely the packet BLAST, packet Per Antenna Rate Control (PARC) and Space-time Transmit Diversity (STTD), (3) Coding and modulation, and (4) multi-beam.
  • the SS performs cell/beam selection to access the network and adaptively to perform joint optimization of the air-interface configuration to achieve best performance for each service requirement and user experience.
  • a frame structure enables MIMO transmission based on the IEEE802.16e OFDMA physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) baseline.
  • PHY physical layer
  • MAC medium access control
  • MIMO-OFDMA can be integrated into scalable OFDMA technology.
  • the adaptive air-interface framework described herein may allow optimization of radio capacity and network throughput for diverse deployment environments. Examples of potential air-interface enhancements include:
  • the following table compares several OFDM technologies including MIMO-OFDMA.
  • B channel bandwidth, where S-OFDMA refers to scalable OFDMA, 256-OFDM is 256 point FFT based OFDM.
  • a new TDM frame structure is provided. In some embodiments this may allow IEEE802.16d and IEEE802.16e to coexist and provide backward compatibility.
  • a TDD frame structure may be designed to meet several requirements: (1) short frame slot length for fast system access, and dynamic sub-channel allocation, fast channel quality indicator (CQI) based adaptive coding and modulation, fast physical layer hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and fast MAC state transition; (2) TDD network interference management and control, including the SS-to-SS and BS-to-BS interference, through network synchronous DL/UL switching points, (3) flexible DL/UL allocation ratio to allow efficient management of variable DL/UL traffic symmetry ratio and adaptation to fixed or mobile deployments.
  • CQI channel quality indicator
  • ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
  • the frame structure is a hybrid TDD frame structure that includes the network planned fixed DL/UL switching points and cell/beam specific flexible DL/UL switching point.
  • the fixed DL/UL switching point ensures the minimum level of TDD specific interference.
  • TDD specific interference caused by the flexible DL/UL switching point can be mitigated by the BS scheduler and allows each cell/beam to adjust the DL/UL traffic symmetry ratio.
  • a tail symbol concept described below allows minimization of the transmit/receive transition gap and receive/transmit transition gap (TTG/RTG) overhead caused by the flexible assignment of the DL/UL switching point.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a frame and slot structure.
  • the TDD frame 10 duration is 10 ms
  • one TDD frame includes 5 2 ms TDD slots 12 .
  • Each slot 12 has a time duration within which 19 OFDM symbols can be transmitted, i.e. 19 symbol durations.
  • the allocation of the 19 OFDM symbol durations is flexible to allow some flexibility between uplink and downlink capacity.
  • the OFDM symbols are allocated in pairs such that each slot has room for 9 pairs 18 of OFDM symbols and one additional OFDM symbol duration 19 .
  • An OFDM pair can be used to transmit a preamble 24 and header symbol 26 , or two data symbols 28 .
  • TTG transmit/receive transition guard
  • RTG receiver/transmit transition guard
  • the TTG and RTG are inserted to give base station transceiver time to turn around.
  • the TTG/RTG can be transmitted during the 19th OFDM symbol duration as required during the slot, if a switch happens during the slot. If no switch occurs during the slot, then all 19 OFDM symbol durations are available for regular traffic or preamble content.
  • TTG and RTG The duration of TTG and RTG depends on the minimum switch time and the cell size, the flexibility of the traffic asymmetry improves system efficiency and can be used for dynamic resource allocations depending on cell/beam traffic symmetry ratio. Switching may not assign every TDD slot especially for fixed and nomadic deployment.
  • the overhead reserved for TTG/RTG is wasted if no DL/UL switching is allocated in a specific slot boundary, preferably the 19 th symbol is used as regular traffic OFDM symbol or combined with the 19 th symbol of an adjacent slot to generate an OFDM pair.
  • the 19 th symbol When used for traffic, the 19 th symbol is at the beginning or end of the slot, whereas TTG/RTG can be inserted in the slot as required.
  • This last symbol will be referred to as a “tail symbol”—a symbol that can be allocated to traffic or guard.
  • the tail symbol also allows reduction in the overhead of narrow band scalable OFDMA.
  • a 20 MHz channel bandwidth and 2048-FFT may be designed as base modes for a scalable OFDMA system parameter set, one illustrative example of which is the following table.
  • Parameter Value IFFT/FFT Block 2048 Sampling Rate 22.5 MHz ( 8/7 * 20 * 63/64, 8/7 * 20 corresponding to IEEE802.16a)
  • Symbol Useful Symbol Duration 91.0222 ⁇ s Total OFDM Symbol 105.2444 ⁇ s (105.6 ⁇ s for Tail Duration Symbol)
  • a TDD switch unit is preferably at least one TDD slot. Switching in a 2 ms TDD slot as shown in FIG. 1 allows dynamic DL/UL channel resource allocation. If consecutive slots are assigned to the DL or UL, then the tail symbol can be used to carry traffic and thereby reduce overhead.
  • the resource allocation for DL and UL depends on the traffic symmetry ratio between DL and UL and may also reduce the service latency requirement. In addition, this allows less storage required in PHY layer transmit and receive processing.
  • the 2 ms TDD slot also supports fast channel quality measurement of the change of the radio link condition, and fast power control loop response.
  • Example TDD OFDMA frame/slot structure parameters are listed below in the following table. Parameters Value Comments Duration of Super- 80 Network Frame (ms) Synchronization TDD Frames/Super- 8 Frame Duration of TDD 10 Radio Frame Frame (ms) TDD Slots/Frame 5 DL slot/UL slot Duration of TDD 2 Minimum TDD switch Slot (ms) unit, Power Control, C/I Measurement OFDM-Pair/TDD 9 (plus Space-time coding Slot 1 tail symbol) Duration of OFDM- 210.4888 Pair ( ⁇ s) Duration of 105.6 Tx/Rx transition gap TTG ⁇ / ⁇ RTG ( ⁇ s) and Rx/Tx transition gap OFDM Symbols/ 2 OFDM-Pair Duration of OFDM 105.2444 OFDM modulation burst Symbols ( ⁇ s)
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of frame, slot and sub-channel structures with a flexible TDD slot allocation and tail symbol.
  • OFDM sub-channels are allocated as AMC (adaptive and modulation coding) sub-channels and diversity sub-channels preferably based on the OFDM pair; such an assignment may be determined by the BS or a network element in a communication network.
  • AMC adaptive and modulation coding
  • an additional flexible switching point is assigned at the UL period of slot 4 , flexible in the sense that a switch from the UL to DL may or may not occur in a given slot 4 .
  • Such an assignment can be used to adjust the DL/UL traffic symmetrical ratio and to allow slot 1 and slot 2 support nomadic DL users and slot 4 to support mobility DL user, as more fast CQI feedback is available.
  • the “flexible switching” points are only on slot boundaries. However, in some embodiments, flexible switching points can be defined within a slot, such as in the above example where there is a flexible switching point within slot 4 .
  • An AMC sub-channel is a contiguous block of OFDM sub-carriers assigned to one or more users. The block may hop around in time. Particular examples are given below.
  • a diversity sub-channel is a set of blocks of OFDM sub-carriers assigned to one or more users. The location of the blocks may hop around in time. Particular examples are given below.
  • the overall sub-channel assignment consists of:
  • first slot 40 containing DL preamble, 8 OFDM pairs alternating between DL diversity and DL AMC, and a tail symbol;
  • third slot 44 containing a TTG, four symbols of UL preamble/control, and 7 OFDM pairs alternating between DL AMC and DL diversity;
  • fourth slot 46 containing an RTG, 5 OFDM pairs for downlink transmission alternating between DL diversity and DL AMC, a TTG, 4 OFDM pairs for uplink transmission alternating between UL diversity and DL AMC.
  • the fixed switching points 50 and two flexible switching points 52 there are two fixed switching points 50 and two flexible switching points 52 .
  • the number and location of the fixed switching points and flexible switching points is implementation specific.
  • the fixed switching points are at specific slot boundaries; the flexible switching points may be at specific slot boundaries or within specific slots.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • mapping users to a multi-antenna transmit resource that enables the network to exploit the time-frequency diversity and multi-user diversity.
  • the mapping also allows flexible radio resource management/allocation and provides different QoS based services.
  • SISO, MISO, MIMO capable users can be supported,
  • each user can be mapped onto a different OFDM resource which might be a sub-channel, e.g. the AMC sub-channel and/or a diversity sub-channel.
  • a sub-channel e.g. the AMC sub-channel and/or a diversity sub-channel.
  • SISO Single Input Single Output
  • user mapping is preferably dependent on the CQI only, while for the MIMO case, mapping is preferably dependent on the auxiliary metric CEI in addition to CQI.
  • MIMO users preferably, multiple different space-time coding schemes are supported such as SM (spatial multiplexing) and STTD (space-time transmit diversity).
  • each transmit antenna On a continuous basis, there is a stream of OFDM symbols associated with each transmit antenna. Each user may be first mapped onto one or multiple OFDM symbols and each OFDM symbol may then be mapped onto its associated antenna. Such mapping also allows per-antenna rate control (PARC) to be performed in some embodiments.
  • PARC per-antenna rate control
  • Each OFDM symbol may be mapped onto its associated antenna in the sub-carrier domain. For certain sub-carriers, if no specific user data is mapped, then a null assignment to such sub-carrier maybe fed into the corresponding antenna.
  • FIG. 3A shows a four antenna transmit system that, in the instance depicted, is being used to transmit six user packets 60 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 68 , 70 each of which undergoes FEC (forward error correction) and modulation.
  • FEC forward error correction
  • a specific mapping of the six packets of six users is shown for a particular time instant. Over time, the number of users, and/or the manner in which the user packets are mapped are preferably dynamically changing.
  • the OFDM bandwidth is allocated in four distinct frequency bands F 1 ,F 2 ,F 3 ,F 4 . These might for example be considered AMC sub-channels. A similar approach can be employed for diversity sub-channels.
  • Each packet is to be mapped onto the four antennas using a selected mapping scheme.
  • multiple different schemes are available for a given number of transmit antennas and receive antennas. For example, for a 2 ⁇ 2 system, preferably STTD or SM (BLAST) can be selected. In other embodiments only a single scheme is implemented for each antenna permutation.
  • Single antenna users use a SISO (which may involve PARC) transmission scheme.
  • the first packet 60 is transmitted using only antenna 1 on band F 3 implying a 1 ⁇ 1 SISO transmission.
  • the second packet 62 is transmitted on both antennas 1 and 2 in band F 4 implying a 2 ⁇ 1, 2 ⁇ 2 or 2 ⁇ 4 MIMO transmission.
  • the third packet 64 is transmitted only on antenna 2 in band F 3 , again implying a 1 ⁇ 1SISO transmission.
  • the fourth packet 66 is transmitted on band F 2 over antenna 3 .
  • the fifth packet 68 is transmitted on band F 1 on both of antennas 3 and 4 .
  • packet 70 is transmitted on only band F 2 of antenna 4 .
  • each packet can be mapped individually to some or all of the antennas. This enables MIMO and non-MIMO users to be mixed.
  • packets 60 , 64 , 66 and 70 are for non-MIMO users.
  • Packets 62 and 64 are for MIMO users.
  • the flexible mapping of MIMO and non-MIMO users is applied both in the context of “partial utilization” and “full utilization”.
  • partial utilization a given base station only has access to part of the overall OFDM band.
  • the sub-bands F 1 ,F 2 ,F 3 ,F 4 defined for the example of FIG. 3A would fall within the defined part of the overall band.
  • partial utilization different base stations that are geographically proximate may be assigned different bands.
  • full utilization each base station uses the entire OFDM band. With such an implementation, for the particular example of FIG. 3A the sub-bands F 1 ,F 2 ,F 3 ,F 4 would map to the entire band.
  • N T ⁇ N R For SISO users, a single band on a single antenna will be used. As discussed, for a MIMO user the configuration is denoted as N T ⁇ N R .
  • the flexible structure illustrated by way of example in FIG. 3A can be used for both STTD and BLAST.
  • the packet 62 may be transmitted using the band F 4 on antennas 1 and 2 using either BLAST or STTD.
  • FIG. 3A The particular example shown in FIG. 3A is designed to show the co-existence of SISO and MIMO be it STTD and/or BLAST.
  • SISO and MIMO be it STTD and/or BLAST.
  • the number of sub-bands, and their shape, size, location, etc., within the OFDM band are implementation specific details.
  • the mapping can be done on a per OFDM symbol basis, or for multiple OFDM symbols.
  • a method of transmitting from a plurality of antennas involves:
  • each region being defined by a respective set of sub-channels and a defined number of OFDM symbols
  • the antenna mappings including at least one MIMO mapping
  • each time-frequency block that is defined can have its own matrix. Once the matrix is specified, the number of antennas at the output is defined. For example, a 2 ⁇ 2 matrix requires two antennas; a 4 ⁇ 4 matrix requires four antennas. The matrix also determines, not necessarily uniquely, the number of different users that can be mapped. Particular examples are given in the tables below.
  • the antenna mapping enables STTD, SM and PARC transmissions for either the AMC sub-channel or the diversity sub-channel.
  • any one of six different mapping configurations can be applied to each individual user there including three 4-transmit antenna mappings, 2-transmit antenna mappings and a single antenna mapping.
  • the uplink may include, for examples two modes: (1) STTD for dual transmit antenna capable SS and (2) Virtual-MIMO for single transmit antenna capable SS.
  • the transmitter is dynamically reconfigurable to enable transmission to multiple users using respective transmission formats.
  • the particular examples of FIGS. 3 B, 3 C, 3 D, and 3 E below can be considered “snapshots” of such a reconfigurable transmitter.
  • These configurations can also exist simultaneously for different sub-bands of an overall OFDM band that is being employed. For example, the configuration of FIG. 3B might be used for a first set of sub-channels or a first OFDM band and associated user(s); the configuration of FIG. 3C might be used for a second set of sub-channels or a second OFDM band and associated user(s) and so on.
  • IFFT and associated transmit circuitry can be used per antenna with the different mappings being performed and then input to appropriate sub-carriers of the IFFT.
  • FIG. 3B shows an example configuration with a matrix that performs STTD encoding based on a single input stream, and with horizontal encoding for two, three or four transmit antennas.
  • An input stream 1000 is encoded and modulated and then STC encoded in space time encoder 1002 having two, three or four outputs that are then fed to respective transmit chains and transmitted.
  • a corresponding receiver structure is indicated generally at 1004 .
  • matrix F 4 ⁇ 1 or F 4 ⁇ 2 defined below can be used for four transmit antennas, depending upon receiver capabilities, or F 2 ⁇ 1 defined below can be used for two transmit antennas.
  • FIG. 3C shows an example configuration with a matrix that performs STTD encoding for multiple input streams, and with horizontal encoding for two, three or four transmit antennas.
  • Input streams 1006 , 1008 (only two shown, more possible) are encoded and modulated and then STC encoded in space time encoder 1010 having two, three or four outputs that are then fed to respective transmit chains and transmitted.
  • matrix F 4 ⁇ 1 or F 4 ⁇ 2 defined below can be used for four transmit antennas depending upon receiver capabilities, or F 2 ⁇ 1 defined below can be used for two transmit antennas.
  • FIG. 3D shows an example configuration with a matrix that performs SM (e.g. BLAST) encoding for a single input stream.
  • Input stream 1012 is encoded and modulated and then demultiplexed into two, three or four streams 1012 , 1014 that are fed to respective transmit chains and transmitted.
  • matrix F 4 ⁇ 4 might be used for four transmit antennas or F 2 ⁇ 2,2 ⁇ 4 for two transmit antennas, both defined below, both of which are SM matrices, that might for example be employed; other matrices are possible.
  • This is an example of so-called “vertical encoding” where the input symbols of a given input stream are vertically distributed (i.e. simultaneous in time) between the multiple antennas.
  • FIG. 3E shows an example configuration with a matrix that performs SM (e.g. BLAST) encoding for multiple input streams.
  • Input streams 1020 , 1022 (only two shown, more possible) are encoded and modulated fed to respective transmit chains and transmitted.
  • matrix F 4 ⁇ 4 might be used for four transmit antennas or F 2 ⁇ 2,2 ⁇ 4 for two transmit antennas, both defined below, both of which are SM matrices, that might for example be employed; other matrices are possible.
  • This is an example of so-called “horizontal encoding” where the input symbols of a given input stream are horizontally distributed (i.e. sequentially in time) on a single antenna.
  • space-time coding is preferably employed.
  • a 4 ⁇ 4 quasi-orthogonal space-time transmit diversity (QOSTTD) code is used as a mother code for space-time coding, and can be punctured in time to optimize for different receive antenna configurations.
  • QOSTTD quasi-orthogonal space-time transmit diversity
  • F 4 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ( S 1 , S 2 , S 3 ) [ s 1 - s 2 * s 5 - s 7 * s 9 - s 12 * s 2 s 1 * s 6 s 8 * s 10 - s 11 * s 3 - s 4 * s 7 s 5 * s 11 s 10 * s 4 s 3 * s 8 - s 6 * s 12 s 9 * ] .
  • an SS is preferably configured to receive the transmission of space-time coding of 4 ⁇ 1, 4 ⁇ 2 or 4 ⁇ 4 configurations (F 4 ⁇ 1 F 4 ⁇ 2 F 4 ⁇ 4 , given above being specific examples) with respect to different receive antenna capabilities of the SS classes.
  • These three modes can be applied to the AMC sub-channel and diversity sub-channel.
  • a fast feedback channel to support the mode selection and adaptation for both the DL and UL is preferably provided.
  • two transmission modes are preferably supported: space-time transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing.
  • the SS is configured to receive transmission of space-time coding of 2 ⁇ 1, 2 ⁇ 2 or 2 ⁇ 4 configurations, (F 2 ⁇ 1 , F 2 ⁇ 2,2 ⁇ 4 given above being specific examples) with respect to different receive antenna capabilities of SS classes. These two modes can be applied to the AMC sub-channel and diversity sub-channel.
  • a fast feedback channel to support mode selection and adaptation for both the DL and UL is preferably provided.
  • MIMO modes can be adaptively selected based on the channel quality indicator (CQI) and/or channel Eigen Indicator (CEI).
  • CQI channel quality indicator
  • CEI channel Eigen Indicator
  • the MIMO transmission mode, modulation and FEC coding are preferably jointly optimized based on certain CQI and CEI to achieve MIMO channel capacity. Examples of dynamic adaptive MIMO mode selection are provided below,
  • DL MIMO mode adaptation may be defined as in the following table.
  • CQI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
  • CEI channel eigen indicator
  • a diversity mapping according to a preferred channel structure which supports MIMO transmission in the UL every eight consecutive OFDM symbols and three consecutive sub-carriers are defined as an STC sub-block.
  • STC sub-block For each sub-block, two pairs of pilot signals are preferably set to allow coherent reception at BS.
  • An example of such an STC sub-block is shown in FIG. 4 where a three sub-carrier by eight OFDM symbol sub-block is shown with data sub-carrier locations indicated at 80 and pilot sub-carrier locations indicated at 82 .
  • the sub-block is designed based on the minimum coherent time and coherent bandwidth.
  • the STC sub-block is preferably used as the smallest unit for the diversity channel.
  • the STC sub-blocks are preferably time-frequency hopped and can be controlled by a pre-assigned hopping pattern, an example of which is described below.
  • the STC sub-block design of FIG. 4 is used for so called “diversity users” with several such sub-blocks spread through the available bandwidth making up a single diversity channel. Each user is assigned multiple tiles that are spread across the entire OFDM bandwidth.
  • a specific sub-block dimension has been illustrated by way of example. More generally, preferably each sub-block is a block of N consecutive sub-carriers by M consecutive OFDM symbols in which two pairs of pilot sub-carriers are inserted, with a given diversity channel constituting a set of such sub-blocks that hops around in time.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example MIMO-OFDM tile suitable for a UL AMC sub-channel.
  • AMC STC sub-block To support MIMO transmission in UL, every eight consecutive OFDM symbols and nine consecutive sub-carriers are defined as an AMC STC sub-block in the structure of FIG. 5 .
  • Data sub-carrier locations are indicated at 84 and the pilot sub-carrier locations are indicated at 86 .
  • the sub-block defines the smallest unit for the AMC sub-channel and is preferably allocated within the coherent time and coherent bandwidth.
  • the tile design of FIG. 5 is used for so called “AMC” users. Such users are assigned a single tile within a given OFDM band at a time.
  • the location of the tile for a given user is varied over time.
  • each sub-block is a block of N consecutive sub-carriers by M consecutive OFDM symbols in which six pairs of pilot sub-carriers are inserted in a distributed manner, with a given AMC channel constituting one such sub-blocks that hops around in time.
  • mapping of each user's dedicated STC sub-blocks is preferably spread over the time-frequency dimension by using a random hopping pattern.
  • the channel coding block spans several hops to achieve diversity gain and inter-cell interference averaging.
  • Non-overlapping assignment of the STC sub-blocks among multiple UL users avoids mutual user interference. It is preferable to design an orthogonal hopping pattern to each of the different users.
  • Such a hopping pattern can be used for the control of intra-cell users.
  • hopping collision among the users can occur, but the number of simultaneous users can be increased compared the synchronous quadratic congruence hopping pattern.
  • the horizontal direction is used to indicate the time slot
  • the vertical direction is frequency.
  • the primary channels in the diversity sub-channel perform time-frequency hopping.
  • the particular hopping pattern may be determined according to the parameters listed in the following table.
  • collaboration among SSs can be organized by a network to allow joint spatial multiplexing transmission in the UL.
  • This is defined as virtual MIMO, and virtual MIMO can be configured for the diversity sub-channel and the AMC sub-channel.
  • Virtual MIMO for the diversity sub-channel is preferably configured by the network, with the network assigning the different sub-block patterns, illustratively Pattern-A and Pattern-B as shown in FIG. 6A , to two collaborative SSs.
  • the pilot location for pattern-A and pattern-B are different, such that they jointly form two layered pilots to allow the base station to jointly demodulate data from the two SSs by using a maximum likelihood (ML) decoder.
  • the two collaborative SSs preferably use the same time-frequency hopping rule.
  • Virtual MIMO for the AMC sub-channel is similarly preferably configured by the network, with the network assigning different sub-block patterns, Pattern-A and Pattern-S in FIG. 7 for instance, to two collaborative SSs.
  • the pilot location for the pattern-A and pattern-B are different such that they jointly form a two layered pilot to allow BS to jointly demodulate data from the two SSs by using an ML decoder.
  • each sub-block is a block of N consecutive sub-carriers by M consecutive OFDM symbols.
  • the diversity sub-channel two pairs of pilot sub-carriers are inserted each pair consisting of one pilot from each of two antennas, with a given diversity channel constituting a set of such sub-blocks that hops around in time.
  • the AMC sub-channel six pairs of pilot sub-carriers are inserted, with each pair consisting of one pilot from each of two antennas, with a single sub-block constituting the AMC sub-channel, preferably hopping around in time.
  • Preferably open loop power control is applied for all SSs in the TDD case, resulting in the long term receive signal strength for all SSs being on the same level.
  • the grouping of the SSs to form a collaborative virtual MIMO can be optimized by sub-MIMO selection criteria.
  • FIG. 6B Another example is depicted in FIG. 6B where the uplink tile is 4 sub-carriers by 3 OFDM symbol durations.
  • antenna pattern A pilot subcarriers are inserted in the upper right and lower left corners of the tile, and nulls are inserted in the upper left and lower right corners of the tile.
  • antenna pattern B pilot subcarriers are inserted in the lower right and upper left corners of the tile, and nulls are inserted in the lower left and upper right corners of the tile.
  • the pilot can be cover by the PN sequence or orthogonal sequence.
  • Two transmit spatial multiplexing or STTD can be employed for data mapped to each sub-carrier with appropriate adjustments to the tile design.
  • two single transmit antenna terminals can perform collaborative spatial multiplexing into the same subcarrier. In this case, one of the terminals uses antenna pattern A, while the other uses pattern B.
  • Hybrid ARQ based on the incremental redundancy transmission can be employed for both DL and UL.
  • the Quasi Complementary Convolutional Turbo Code QCCTC incremental redundancy re-transmission can be used for the baseline SISO transmission.
  • the space-time coded incremental redundancy re-transmission is preferably applied.
  • the SS preferably processes the initial transmission, 1 st re-transmission and 2 nd re-transmission in the form of space-time decoding based on the Alamuoti structure.
  • the re-transmission of FEC code words may use the Chase combing re-transmission version.
  • backward compatibility is supported in that older SS equipment may access the network using TDM based on the network time slot allocation and planning.
  • the delay-transmit-diversity can be applied with multiple transmission antennas at BS.
  • an incremental redundancy scheme is provided in which for a given sub-channel, be it a diversity sub-channel (a diversity sub-channel being a set of sub-blocks that preferably hop around in time) or an AMC sub-channel (a single sub-block that preferably hops around in time), incremental redundancy re-transmissions are based on completing Alamouti code blocks.
  • a diversity sub-channel being a set of sub-blocks that preferably hop around in time
  • AMC sub-channel a single sub-block that preferably hops around in time
  • a receiver in a system in which there are extra transmit antennas performs processing to select the antennas that are best. For example, in a DL 4 ⁇ 2 MIMO system, the receiver selects the best two antennas of the available four antennas.
  • H [ h 11 h 12 h 13 h 14 h 21 h 22 h 23 h 24 ] .
  • H 12 [ h 11 h 12 h 21 h 22 ]
  • H 13 [ h 11 h 12 h 21 h 23 ]
  • H 23 [ h 12 h 13 h 22 h 23 ]
  • H 14 [ h 11 h 14 h 21 h 24 ]
  • H 34 [ h 13 h 14 h 23 h 24 ]
  • the following table gives an example set of antenna selections where three antennas are available, and the receiver has either one or two antennas.
  • antenna selections for a one antenna receiver are shown, and in the second row, antenna selections for a two antenna receiver are shown.
  • the mapping of the Transmission Matrix in this case is fed back using a channel quality indication channel (CQICH), but other feedback paths may be used.
  • CQICH Power Num ant is used.
  • BS For 4-transmit antennas BS, an example of available transmission matrices is listed in the table below. The mapping of the matrix C n to the CQICH is shown. The active antenna is power boosted. In the first row, the receiver is selecting one of four transmit antennas; in the second row, the receiver is selecting two of four transmit antennas; in the third row, the receiver is selecting three of four transmit antennas. The Mapping is again fed back using the CQICH, but other feed back paths may be employed. Num CQICH Power Ant.
  • the receiver computes weights for use in transmitting on all four antennas and feeds these back to the transmitter.
  • H ij , H ik and H il are the Sub-MIMO systems that satisfy
  • max ⁇
  • ⁇ then by beam-forming with the j th and k th columns of H, and setting the weights to w j det * ⁇ ( H lj ) ⁇ det * ⁇ ( H lj ) ⁇ 2 + ⁇ det * ⁇ ( H ik ) ⁇ 2 + ⁇ det * ⁇ ( H ik ) ⁇ 2 + ⁇ de
  • FIG. 8 A 4 ⁇ 2 sub-MIMO BLAST system using such weighting factors is shown in FIG. 8 . Similar math can be used for other numbers of antennas.
  • X 4 ,X 3 ,X 2 ,X 1 is the output from the space-time coding per sub-carrier. These are then weighted using weights fed back from the receiver. In this case, three weights are fed back. Other weighting mechanisms may be used.
  • a vector or matrix of beamforming coefficients applied on a per sub-carrier basis may be employed.
  • This configuration can be employed in the TDD, by applying the “dirty-paper” encoding principles and inter-user interference is pre-cancelled by transmit weighting matrixes G 1 and G 2 .
  • the channel quality indicator feedback channel can be employed to feedback information such as antenna weights, the CQICH can be 1, 2, 3, 6 bits. Other feedback channels can alternatively be employed.
  • Standardization of a MIMO-OFDMA receiver capability in an SS enables the realization a broadband air interface with very high spectral efficiency.
  • the DL 2048 OFDM symbol consists of 48 bands, each sub-band consists of 4 bands, each band consists of 9 sub-bands, and the sub-bands consists of nine consecutive sub-carriers.
  • System Bandwidth (MHz) 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 FFT Size 2048 1024 512 256 128 Number of 48 24 12 6 3 Bands per Symbol
  • the diversity sub channel is preferably mapped onto the sub-carriers x(k n +k′2 p )
  • k′ 0,1, . . . ,N-1 , where 0 ⁇ p ⁇ m, and k 0 ⁇ 2 p .
  • a subset FFT computing can be applied to sub-carriers x(k n +k′2 p ).
  • FFT Size N 512 1024 2048
  • Sub-FFT 8 45.9% 46.9% 31.0% Spacing 2 (n-p) 16 42.6% 40.3% 28.1% 32 40.7% 38.7% 25.9%
  • the sub-FFT construction of the diversity sub-channel allows reducing the FFT computing and channelling estimation computational complexity. This directly translates into battery saving for the portable device.
  • the saving for the sub-FFT allows the processing of the FFT for MIMO, since to compute one full FFT is almost equivalent to compute 4 sub-FFT operations for the 4-receive MIMO.
  • the fundamental sub-channel is preferably the adjacent sub-carrier to the scattered pilot pair.
  • the location of the fundamental channel offset value is based on the scattered pilot offset; preferably the fundamental channel is adjacent to the scattered pilot.
  • the fundamental channel is preferably used for the purpose of a safety channel which is not assigned by the BS but is reserved for the network assignment.
  • the safety channel for different beams can be generated via the cyclic rotation of the fundamental channel to yield the other primary channel.
  • the time-frequency offset of the fundamental channel constitutes the primary sub-channels.
  • Joint primary channels can be used to construct variable rate diversity sub-channels.
  • An example of a sub-FFT channel construction is shown in FIG. 10 .
  • the resource to be allocated is generally indicated at 100 , this consisting of an eight sub-carrier by eight OFDM symbol block. Other block sizes can be employed.
  • This is subdivided into two sets 102 , 104 .
  • Set 102 is subdivided into the fundamental channel 106 and primary channel- 1 108 while the second set 104 is subdivided into primary channel- 2 110 and primary channel- 3 112 .
  • Adaptive coding and modulation can be applied to the diversity sub-channels, since the grouping of the primary sub-channel is basically determined by the service data rate requirement and the SS geometry in the cell.
  • the variation of the data rate or the composition of the diversity sub-channels may be in the vicinity of a certain tree node.
  • the dyadic tree representation of the composition of diversity sub-channel allows a reduction of the signalling overhead.
  • the sub-channel construction can be considered a decomposition of a full-band AMC sub-channel into diversity sub-channels.
  • the fundamental channel is preferably used as a safety channel, for each sector beam the location of the fundamental channel is determined by a cyclic offset of the scattered pilot.
  • the primary channels can be combined into variable rate diversity sub-channels. An example of this is shown in FIG. 10 .
  • a GF based hopping sequence is preferably applied to the primary channels if the adjacent cell/beam is not fully loaded, then the inter-cell/beam interference can be avoided.
  • FIG. 10 For the AMC sub-channel mapping of FIG. 10 to apply directly to the FIG.
  • the diversity channel set preferably supports four types of sub-channels listed in the table below.
  • the up link is preferably OFDMA multiplexed with multiple users mapped onto the same OFDM symbol.
  • total N used useful sub-carriers are first partitioned into sub-channels.
  • Each sub-channel is a basic transmission unit.
  • Each SS is assigned to several sub-channels; the sub-channel can be either a diversity sub-channel or a AMC sub-channel.
  • the network can also dynamically allocate channel resources.
  • the diversity sub-channel includes a set of 3 contiguous sub-carriers through 8 contiguous symbols, as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the tile may include 2 data sub-carriers and 2 pilot sub-carriers.
  • pilot pattern offset allows performing of UL Virtual spatial multiplexing and also allows the pilot power boost.
  • Each SS selects one of the pilot patterns according to the message for the BS when UL virtual spatial multiplexing is applied.
  • Pilot pattern selection may be based on the following rules:
  • N used used sub-carriers are preferably first partitioned into bands, each having 4 bins, Each bin is constructed by 3 contiguous sub-bins (tile).
  • the bin is the smallest DL AMC sub-channel unit.
  • each bin may have 67 data sub-carriers plus 5 pilot sub-carriers.
  • the AMC sub-channel preferably has at least two different pilot patterns.
  • the pilot pattern offset allows performing of UL Virtual spatial multiplexing and also allows the pilot power boost.
  • SS selects one of the pilot patterns according to the message for the BS when UL virtual spatial multiplexing is applied. The pilot pattern selection may be based on the following rules:
  • Example UL OFDMA parameters are listed in the table below. Parameter Value Number of dc carriers 1 Number of guard 159 carriers, left Number of guard 160 carriers, right N used , Number of used 1728 carriers Total number of 2048 carriers Number of pilots per 4 (for 2 transmit sub-channel antennas); 2 (for 1 transmit antennas) Number of data 20 (for 2 transmit carriers per sub- antennas); 22 (for 1 channel transmit antennas) Number of pilots per 12 (for 2 transmit sub-band antennas); 6 (for 1 transmit antennas) Number of data 60 (for 2 transmit carriers per sub-band antennas); 66 (for 1 transmit antennas) Fast Control Channels
  • fast MAC control channels are designed and mapped onto dedicated physical channels for both the DL and UL in accordance with aspects of the invention. These fast control channels enable fast connection set up and fast link adaptation, and also allow fast H-ARQ re-transmission.
  • a basic concept of down link fast control channels is based on the following: (1) The FSCH is mapped onto the sub-FFT sub-carriers, therefore most of the time the full-FFT computing can be avoided if user-ID is not detected in the FSCH message, (2) the FSCH is differential encoded, and therefore the channel estimation is not required to decode the FSCH messages and (3) the FSCH is robustly encoded to allow the detection of messages in the very low CIR.
  • a total of 54 pairs of FSCH sub-carriers are allocated for each OFDM symbol, and the spacing between FSCH pairs is 31 sub-carriers.
  • the FSCH is preferably punctured over the scattered pilots so that they coincide at the same time-frequency location.
  • the FSCH can be recoded as pilot channel to further reduce the scattered pilot overhead.
  • there are 8 different FSCH allocation patterns for the adjacent cell/beam planning to avoid the interference, and the FSCH is 3 dB power boosted to increase the reliability of FSCH detection and range.
  • the decoding of differentially encoded STTD code can be simplified into one step, the relation between the transmitted signal and the channel is multiplication.
  • the transmitted STBC coded signal (i.e., before the differential encoder) at time m and m+1 is: [ s ⁇ ( 2 ⁇ k ) s ⁇ ( 2 ⁇ k + 1 ) - s ⁇ ( 2 ⁇ k + 1 ) * s ⁇ ( 2 ⁇ k ) * ] , where the column number is in space domain, while the row number is in time domain.
  • ⁇ 2
  • a product code is preferably used for the FSCH block encoding by using two or more short block codes.
  • the resulting product code is a (n 1 n 2 ,k 1 k 2 ) linear code. If the code C 1 has minimum weight d 1 and the code C 2 has minimum weight d 2 , the minimum weight of the product code is exactly d 1 d 2 .
  • C 1 and C 2 are selected to have similar minimum weight.
  • C 1 is preferably chosen as (15,6) shortened code, derived from an (16,7) extended BCH code
  • C 2 is preferably chosen as a (24,13) shortened code, derived from a (32,21) BCH code.
  • the minimum weight of this product code is larger than 36, the code rate is 0.217, with 78 information bits being encoded in each code word.
  • each active SS must detect the FSCH message addressed to it, if the message detection is incorrect, then the entire slot reception is failed. If the message is correctly demodulated, the MAC id is not detected, then there is no need to further demodulate the AMC or diversity sub-channels, hence also the channel estimation. Most of the receiver processing can be skipped in such cases to extend the battery life.
  • an indirect channel quality measurement can be performed based on the FEC decoding of soft QAM de-mapped data. Since the objective of channel quality estimation is for a successful coding and modulation assignment, such a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) can provide an overall quality of the channel, including interference, multi-path fading, and Doppler.
  • CQI Channel Quality Indicator
  • the CQI can measure the quality of a received signal for example by measuring an average distance between the received signal and the reference QAM constellation.
  • the soft output from QAM de-mapping can be used, since the amplitude of the soft output indicates the confidence of the signal. Substantially all the channel impairments may thus be consolidated into such an indicator,
  • the soft output bits from QAM-demapping are the conditional LLRs of a code word, and the inner product of such a soft output vector on the decoded code word can be used as a CQI. Since, for a data sequence coded with an (n,k) FEC code, only a subspace of dimension k (out of a space of dimension n) constitutes a code word space, namely, it is only the Euclidean distance between a received soft output vector and its closest vertex in the code word space which provides the likelihood of the decoded data, and hence the channel quality due to the fact that each received bit is not independent. By using this dependency between the coded bits, rather than individual bits in isolation, a much more accurate CQI estimation can be achieved.
  • Three additional differential modulations may be applied for the cases of SISO, MISO and MIMO transmission. These deferential modulations can be used for the data traffic both in DL and UL and for diversity sub-channel and AMC sub-channels to improve the lower SNR data service coverage.
  • the modulation complex input symbol is denoted below as X i ; the differential modulation complex output symbol is denoted as Z i .
  • the SS is preferably capable of receiving the transmission of differential modulation with and without space-time coding with respect to different receive antenna capabilities of the SS classes.
  • This approach is specific to OFDM, which is able to collect signal energy perfectly from multi-paths as long as the delay spread is smaller than the cyclic prefix.
  • a 4 ⁇ 2 example has been provided that enables a receiver to use a 2 ⁇ 2 matrix. More generally, any number of antennas in the transmitter may be grouped for each stream and modeled as a single channel at the receiver, again so long as the delay spread is smaller than the cyclic prefix.
  • This can be considered yet another example of a matrix that can be used in any of the preceding embodiments, for particular users at particular times, sub-bands etc.
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