US20070015252A1

US20070015252A1 - Corynebacterium glutamicum genes encoding regulatory proteins

Info

Publication number: US20070015252A1
Application number: US11/508,066
Authority: US
Inventors: Markus Pompejus; Burkhard Kroger; Hartwig Schroder; Oskar Zelder; Gregor Haberhauer
Original assignee: BASF SE
Current assignee: BASF SE
Priority date: 1999-06-25
Filing date: 2006-08-21
Publication date: 2007-01-18
Also published as: US20070059809A1; US20050153402A1

Abstract

Isolated nucleic acid molecules, designated MR nucleic acid molecules, which encode novel MR proteins from Corynebacterium glutamicum are described. The invention also provides antisense nucleic acid molecules, recombinant expression vectors containing MR nucleic acid molecules, and host cells into which the expression vectors have been introduced. The invention still further provides isolated MR proteins, mutated MR proteins, fusion proteins, antigenic peptides and methods for the improvement of production of a desired compound from C. glutamicum based on genetic engineering of MR genes in this organism.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/006,098, filed Dec. 6, 2004, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/602,874, filed Jun. 23, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/141,031, filed Jun. 25, 1999, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/142,690, filed Jul. 1, 1999, and also to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/151,251, filed Aug. 27, 1999. This application also claims priority to German Patent Application No. 19930476.9, filed Jul. 1, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19931419.5, filed Jul. 8, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19931420.9, filed Jul. 8, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932122.1, filed Jul. 9, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932128.0, filed Jul. 9, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932134.5, filed Jul. 9, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932206.6, filed Jul. 9, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19932207.4, filed Jul. 9, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19933003.4, filed Jul. 14, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19941390.8, filed Aug. 31, 1999, German Patent Application No. 19942088.2, filed Sep. 3, 1999, and German Patent Application No. 19942124.2, filed Sep. 3, 1999. The entire contents of each of the aforementioned applications are hereby expressly incorporated herein by this reference.

INCORPORATION OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON COMPACT DISCS

This application incorporates herein by reference the material contained on the compact discs submitted herewith as part of this application. Specifically, the file “seqlist” (1.06 MB) contained on each of Copy 1, Copy 2 and the CRF copy of the Sequence Listing is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This file was created on Jul. 29, 2006. In addition, the files “Appendix A” (177 KB) and “Appendix B” (61.9 KB) contained on each of the compact disks entitled “Appendices Copy 1” and “Appendices Copy 2” are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Each of these files were created on Jul. 29, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain products and by-products of naturally-occurring metabolic processes in cells have utility in a wide array of industries, including the food, feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. These molecules, collectively termed ‘fine chemicals’, include organic acids, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides, lipids and fatty acids, diols, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, vitamins and cofactors, and enzymes. Their production is most conveniently performed through the large-scale culture of bacteria developed to produce and secrete large quantities of one or more desired molecules. One particularly useful organism for this purpose is Corynebacterium glutamicum, a gram positive, nonpathogenic bacterium. Through strain selection, a number of mutant strains have been developed which produce an array of desirable compounds. However, selection of strains improved for the production of a particular molecule is a time-consuming and difficult process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides novel bacterial nucleic acid molecules which have a variety of uses. These uses include the identification of microorganisms which can be used to produce fine chemicals, the modulation of fine chemical production in C. glutamicum or related bacteria, the typing or identification of C. glutamicum or related bacteria, as reference points for mapping the C. glutamicum genome, and as markers for transformation. These novel nucleic acid molecules encode proteins, referred to herein as metabolic regulatory (MR) proteins.
C. glutamicum is a gram positive, aerobic bacterium which is commonly used in industry for the large-scale production of a variety of fine chemicals, and also for the degradation of hydrocarbons (such as in petroleum spills) and for the oxidation of terpenoids. The MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention, therefore, can be used to identify microorganisms which can be used to produce fine chemicals, e.g., by fermentation processes. Modulation of the expression of the MR nucleic acids of the invention, or modification of the sequence of the MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention, can be used to modulate the production of one or more fine chemicals from a microorganism (e.g., to improve the yield or production of one or more fine chemicals from a Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium species).
The MR nucleic acids of the invention may also be used to identify an organism as being Corynebacterium glutamicum or a close relative thereof, or to identify the presence of C. glutamicum or a relative thereof in a mixed population of microorganisms. The invention provides the nucleic acid sequences of a number of C. glutamicum genes; by probing the extracted genomic DNA of a culture of a unique or mixed population of microorganisms under stringent conditions with a probe spanning a region of a C. glutamicum gene which is unique to this organism, one can ascertain whether this organism is present. Although Corynebacterium glutamicum itself is nonpathogenic, it is related to species pathogenic in humans, such as Corynebacterium diphtheriae (the causative agent of diphtheria); the detection of such organisms is of significant clinical relevance.
The MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention may also serve as reference points for mapping of the C. glutamicum genome, or of genomes of related organisms. Similarly, these molecules, or variants or portions thereof, may serve as markers for genetically engineered Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium species.
e.g. The MR proteins encoded by the novel nucleic acid molecules of the invention are capable of, for example, performing a function involved in the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational regulation of proteins important for the normal metabolic functioning of cells. Given the availability of cloning vectors for use in Corynebacterium glutamicum, such as those disclosed in Sinskey et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,119, and techniques for genetic manipulation of C. glutamicum and the related Brevibacterium species (e.g., lactofermentum) (Yoshihama et al, J. Bacteriol. 162: 591-597 (1985); Katsumata et al., J. Bacteriol. 159: 306-311 (1984); and Santamaria et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 130: 2237-2246 (1984)), the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be utilized in the genetic engineering of this organism to make it a better or more efficient producer of one or more fine chemicals.
This improved yield, production and/or efficiency of production of a fine chemical may be due to a direct effect of manipulation of a gene of the invention, or it may be due to an indirect effect of such manipulation. Specifically, alterations in C. glutamicum MR proteins which normally regulate the yield, production and/or efficiency of production of a fine chemical metabolic pathways may have a direct impact on the overall production or rate of production of one or more of these desired compounds from this organism. Alterations in the proteins involved in these metabolic pathways may also have an indirect impact on the yield, production and/or efficiency of production of a desired fine chemical. Regulation of metabolism is necessarily complex, and the regulatory mechanisms governing different pathways may intersect at multiple points such that more than one pathway can be rapidly adjusted in accordance with a particular cellular event. This enables the modification of a regulatory protein for one pathway to have an impact on the regulation of many other pathways as well, some of which may be involved in the biosynthesis or degradation of a desired fine chemical. In this indirect fashion, the modulation of action of an MR protein may have an impact on the production of a fine chemical produced by a pathway different from one which that MR protein directly regulates.
The nucleic acid and protein molecules of the invention may be utilized to directly improve the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more desired fine chemicals from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Using recombinant genetic techniques well known in the art, one or more of the regulatory proteins of the invention may be manipulated such that its function is modulated. For example, the mutation of an MR protein involved in the repression of transcription of a gene encoding an enzyme which is required for the biosynthesis of an amino acid such that it no longer is able to repress transcription may result in an increase in production of that amino acid. Similarly, the alteration of activity of an MR protein resulting in increased translation or activating posttranslational modification of a C. glutamicum protein involved in the biosynthesis of a desired fine chemical may in turn increase the production of that chemical. The opposite situation may also be of benefit: by increasing the repression of transcription or translation, or by posttranslational negative modification of a C. glutamicum protein involved in the regulation of a degradative pathway for a compound, one may increase the production of this chemical. In each case, the overall yield or rate of production of the desired fine chemical may be increased.
It is also possible that such alterations in the protein and nucleotide molecules of the invention may improve the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of fine chemicals through indirect mechanisms. The metabolism of any one compound is necessarily intertwined with other biosynthetic and degradative pathways within the cell, and necessary cofactors, intermediates, or substrates in one pathway are likely supplied or limited by another such pathway. Therefore, by modulating the activity of one or more of the regulatory proteins of the invention, the production or efficiency of activity of another fine chemical biosynthetic or degradative pathway may be impacted. Further, the manipulation of one or more regulatory proteins may increase the overall ability of the cell to grow and multiply in culture, particularly in large-scale fermentative culture, where growth conditions may be suboptimal. For example, by mutating an MR protein of the invention which would normally cause a repression in the biosynthesis of nucleotides in response to suboptimal extracellular supplies of nutrients (thereby preventing cell division) such that it is decreased in repressor ability, one may increase the biosynthesis of nucleotides and perhaps increase cell division. Changes in MR proteins which result in increased cell growth and division in culture may result in an increase in yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more desired fine chemicals from the culture, due at least to the increased number of cells producing the chemical in the culture.
The invention provides novel nucleic acid molecules which encode proteins, referred to herein as metabolic pathway proteins (MR), which are capable of, for example, performing an enzymatic step involved in the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational regulation of metabolic pathways in C. glutamicum. Nucleic acid molecules encoding an MR protein are referred to herein as MR nucleic acid molecules. In a preferred embodiment, the MR protein participates in the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational regulation of one or more metabolic pathways. Examples of such proteins include those encoded by the genes set forth in Table 1.
Accordingly, one aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules (e.g., cDNAs, DNAs, or RNAs) comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an MR protein or biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments suitable as primers or hybridization probes for the detection or amplification of MR-encoding nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or mRNA). In particularly preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises one of the nucleotide sequences set forth in Appendix A or the coding region or a complement thereof of one of these nucleotide sequences. In other particularly preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes to or is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, more preferably at least about 70%, 80% or 90%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to a nucleotide sequence set forth in Appendix A, or a portion thereof. In other preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes one of the amino acid sequences set forth in Appendix B. The preferred MR proteins of the present invention also preferably possess at least one of the MR activities described herein.
In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a protein or portion thereof wherein the protein or portion thereof includes an amino acid sequence which is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B, e.g., sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains an MR activity. Preferably, the protein or portion thereof encoded by the nucleic acid molecule maintains the ability to transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum. In one embodiment, the protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, and more preferably at least about 70%, 80%, or 90% and most preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B (e.g., an entire amino acid sequence selected from those sequences set forth in Appendix B). In another preferred embodiment, the protein is a full length C. glutamicum protein which is substantially homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B (encoded by an open reading frame shown in Appendix A).
In another preferred embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is derived from C. glutamicum and encodes a protein (e.g., an MR fusion protein) which includes a biologically active domain which is at least about 50% or more homologous to one of the amino acid sequences of Appendix B and is able to transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum, or has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1, and which also includes heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding a heterologous polypeptide or regulatory regions.
In another embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 15 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule. More preferably, the isolated nucleic acid encodes a naturally-occurring C. glutamicum MR protein, or a biologically active portion thereof.
Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, e.g., recombinant expression vectors, containing the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, and host cells into which such vectors have been introduced. In one embodiment, such a host cell is used to produce an MR protein by culturing the host cell in a suitable medium. The MR protein can be then isolated from the medium or the host cell.
Yet another aspect of the invention pertains to a genetically altered microorganism in which an MR gene has been introduced or altered. In one embodiment, the genome of the microorganism has been altered by introduction of a nucleic acid molecule of the invention encoding wild-type or mutated MR sequence as a transgene. In another embodiment, an endogenous MR gene within the genome of the microorganism has been altered, e.g., functionally disrupted, by homologous recombination with an altered MR gene. In another embodiment, an endogenous or introduced MR gene in a microorganism has been altered by one or more point mutations, deletions, or inversions, but still encodes a functional MR protein. In still another embodiment, one or more of the regulatory regions (e.g., a promoter, repressor, or inducer) of an MR gene in a microorganism has been altered (e.g., by deletion, truncation, inversion, or point mutation) such that the expression of the MR gene is modulated. In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism belongs to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, with Corynebacterium glutamicum being particularly preferred. In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism is also utilized for the production of a desired compound, such as an amino acid, with lysine being particularly preferred.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of identifying the presence or activity of Cornyebacterium diphtheriae in a subject. This method includes detection of one or more of the nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of the invention (e.g., the sequences set forth in Appendix A or Appendix B) in a subject, thereby detecting the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject. Still another aspect of the invention pertains to an isolated MR protein or a portion, e.g., a biologically active portion, thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the isolated MR protein or portion thereof transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulates one or more metabolic pathways in C. glutamicum. In another preferred embodiment, the isolated MR protein or portion thereof is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains the ability to transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate one or more metabolic pathways in C. glutamicum.
The invention also provides an isolated preparation of an MR protein. In preferred embodiments, the MR protein comprises an amino acid sequence of Appendix B. In another preferred embodiment, the invention pertains to an isolated full length protein which is substantially homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B (encoded by an open reading frame set forth in Appendix A). In yet another embodiment, the protein is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, and more preferably at least about 70%, 80%, or 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B. In other embodiments, the isolated MR protein comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 50% or more homologous to one of the amino acid sequences of Appendix B and is able to transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate one or more metabolic pathways in C. glutamicum, or has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1.
Alternatively, the isolated MR protein can comprise an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, or is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, more preferably at least about 70%, 80%, or 90%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98,%, or 99% or more homologous, to a nucleotide sequence of Appendix B. It is also preferred that the preferred forms of MR proteins also have one or more of the MR bioactivities described herein.
The MR polypeptide, or a biologically active portion thereof, can be operatively linked to a non-MR polypeptide to form a fusion protein. In preferred embodiments, this fusion protein has an activity which differs from that of the MR protein alone. In other preferred embodiments, this fusion protein transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulates one or more metabolic pathways in C. glutamicum. In particularly preferred embodiments, integration of this fusion protein into a host cell modulates production of a desired compound from the cell. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for screening molecules which modulate the activity of an MR protein, either by interacting with the protein itself or a substrate or binding partner of the MR protein, or by modulating the transcription or translation of an MR nucleic acid molecule of the invention. Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method for producing a fine chemical. This method involves the culturing of a cell containing a vector directing the expression of an MR nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such that a fine chemical is produced. In a preferred embodiment, this method further includes the step of obtaining a cell containing such a vector, in which a cell is transfected with a vector directing the expression of an MR nucleic acid. In another preferred embodiment, this method further includes the step of recovering the fine chemical from the culture. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the cell is from the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, or is selected from those strains set forth in Table 3.
Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods for modulating production of a molecule from a microorganism. Such methods include contacting the cell with an agent which modulates MR protein activity or MR nucleic acid expression such that a cell associated activity is altered relative to this same activity in the absence of the agent. In a preferred embodiment, the cell is modulated for one or more C. glutamicum metabolic pathway regulatory systems, such that the yields or rate of production of a desired fine chemical by this microorganism is improved. The agent which modulates MR protein activity can be an agent which stimulates MR protein activity or MR nucleic acid expression. Examples of agents which stimulate MR protein activity or MR nucleic acid expression include small molecules, active MR proteins, and nucleic acids encoding MR proteins that have been introduced into the cell. Examples of agents which inhibit MR activity or expression include small molecules and antisense MR nucleic acid molecules.
Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods for modulating yields of a desired compound from a cell, involving the introduction of a wild-type or mutant MR gene into a cell, either maintained on a separate plasmid or integrated into the genome of the host cell. If integrated into the genome, such integration can be random, or it can take place by homologous recombination such that the native gene is replaced by the introduced copy, causing the production of the desired compound from the cell to be modulated. In a preferred embodiment, said yields are increased. In another preferred embodiment, said chemical is a fine chemical. In a particularly preferred embodiment, said fine chemical is an amino acid. In especially preferred embodiments, said amino acid is L-lysine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides MR nucleic acid and protein molecules which are involved in the regulation of metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum, including regulation of fine chemical metabolism. The molecules of the invention may be utilized in the modulation of production of fine chemicals from microorganisms, such as C. glutamicum, either directly (e.g., where modulation of the activity of a lysine biosynthesis regulatory protein has a direct impact on the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of lysine from that organism), or may have an indirect impact which nonetheless results in an increase in yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of the desired compound (e.g., where modulation of the regulation of a nucleotide biosynthesis protein has an impact on the production of an organic acid or a fatty acid from the bacterium, perhaps due to concomitant regulatory alterations in the biosynthetic or degradation pathways for these chemicals in response to the altered regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis). Aspects of the invention are further explicated below.
I. Fine Chemicals
The term ‘fine chemical’ is art-recognized and includes molecules produced by an organism which have applications in various industries, such as, but not limited to, the pharmaceutical, agriculture, and cosmetics industries. Such compounds include organic acids, such as tartaric acid, itaconic acid, and diaminopimelic acid, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides (as described e.g. in Kuninaka, A. (1996) Nucleotides and related compounds, p. 561-612, in Biotechnology vol. 6, Rehm et al., eds. VCH: Weinheim, and references contained therein), lipids, both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid), diols (e.g., propane diol, and butane diol), carbohydrates (e.g., hyaluronic acid and trehalose), aromatic compounds (e.g., aromatic amines, vanillin, and indigo), vitamins and cofactors (as described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A27, “Vitamins”, p. 443-613 (1996) VCH: Weinheim and references therein; and Ong, A. S., Niki, E. & Packer, L. (1995) “Nutrition, Lipids, Health, and Disease” Proceedings of the UNESCO/Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia, and the Society for Free Radical Research—Asia, held Sep. 1-3, 1994 at Penang, Malaysia, AOCS Press, (1995)), enzymes, polyketides (Cane et al. (1998) Science 282: 63-68), and all other chemicals described in Gutcho (1983) Chemicals by Fermentation, Noyes Data Corporation, ISBN: 0818805086 and references therein. The metabolism and uses of certain of these fine chemicals are further explicated below.
A. Amino Acid Metabolism and Uses
Amino acids comprise the basic structural units of all proteins, and as such are essential for normal cellular functioning in all organisms. The term “amino acid” is art-recognized. The proteinogenic amino acids, of which there are 20 species, serve as structural units for proteins, in which they are linked by peptide bonds, while the nonproteinogenic amino acids (hundreds of which are known) are not normally found in proteins (see Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A2, p. 57-97 VCH: Weinheim (1985)). Amino acids may be in the D- or L-optical configuration, though L-amino acids are generally the only type found in naturally-occurring proteins. Biosynthetic and degradative pathways of each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids have been well characterized in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (see, for example, Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 3^rdedition, pages 578-590 (1988)). The ‘essential’ amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine), so named because they are generally a nutritional requirement due to the complexity of their biosyntheses, are readily converted by simple biosynthetic pathways to the remaining 11 ‘nonessential’ amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine). Higher animals do retain the ability to synthesize some of these amino acids, but the essential amino acids must be supplied from the diet in order for normal protein synthesis to occur.
Aside from their function in protein biosynthesis, these amino acids are interesting chemicals in their own right, and many have been found to have various applications in the food, feed, chemical, cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. Lysine is an important amino acid in the nutrition not only of humans, but also of monogastric animals such as poultry and swine. Glutamate is most commonly used as a flavor additive (mono-sodium glutamate, MSG) and is widely used throughout the food industry, as are aspartate, phenylalanine, glycine, and cysteine. Glycine, L-methionine and tryptophan are all utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. Glutamine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, proline, serine and alanine are of use in both the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Threonine, tryptophan, and D/L-methionine are common feed additives. (Leuchtenberger, W. (1996) Amino aids—technical production and use, p. 466-502 in Rehm et al. (eds.) Biotechnology vol. 6, chapter 14a, VCH: Weinheim). Additionally, these amino acids have been found to be useful as precursors for the synthesis of synthetic amino acids and proteins, such as N-acetylcysteine, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, (S)-5-hydroxytryptophan, and others described in Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A2, p. 57-97, VCH: Weinheim, 1985.
The biosynthesis of these natural amino acids in organisms capable of producing them, such as bacteria, has been well characterized (for review of bacterial amino acid biosynthesis and regulation thereof, see Umbarger, H. E. (1978) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47: 533-606). Glutamate is synthesized by the reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Glutamine, proline, and arginine are each subsequently produced from glutamate. The biosynthesis of serine is a three-step process beginning with 3-phosphoglycerate (an intermediate in glycolysis), and resulting in this amino acid after oxidation, transamination, and hydrolysis steps. Both cysteine and glycine are produced from serine; the former by the condensation of homocysteine with serine, and the latter by the transferal of the side-chain β-carbon atom to tetrahydrofolate, in a reaction catalyzed by serine transhydroxymethylase. Phenylalanine, and tyrosine are synthesized from the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway precursors erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate in a 9-step biosynthetic pathway that differ only at the final two steps after synthesis of prephenate. Tryptophan is also produced from these two initial molecules, but its synthesis is an 11-step pathway. Tyrosine may also be synthesized from phenylalanine, in a reaction catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase. Alanine, valine, and leucine are all biosynthetic products of pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis. Aspartate is formed from oxaloacetate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. Asparagine, methionine, threonine, and lysine are each produced by the conversion of aspartate. Isoleucine is formed from threonine. A complex 9-step pathway results in the production of histidine from 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, an activated sugar.
Amino acids in excess of the protein synthesis needs of the cell cannot be stored, and are instead degraded to provide intermediates for the major metabolic pathways of the cell (for review see Stryer, L. Biochemistry 3^rded. Ch. 21 “Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle” p. 495-516 (1988)). Although the cell is able to convert unwanted amino acids into useful metabolic intermediates, amino acid production is costly in terms of energy, precursor molecules, and the enzymes necessary to synthesize them. Thus it is not surprising that amino acid biosynthesis is regulated by feedback inhibition, in which the presence of a particular amino acid serves to slow or entirely stop its own production (for overview of feedback mechanisms in amino acid biosynthetic pathways, see Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 3^rded. Ch. 24: “Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Heme” p. 575-600 (1988)). Thus, the output of any particular amino acid is limited by the amount of that amino acid present in the cell.
B. Vitamin, Cofactor, and Nutraceutical Metabolism and Uses
Vitamins, cofactors, and nutraceuticals comprise another group of molecules which the higher animals have lost the ability to synthesize and so must ingest, although they are readily synthesized by other organisms such as bacteria. These molecules are either bioactive substances themselves, or are precursors of biologically active substances which may serve as electron carriers or intermediates in a variety of metabolic pathways. Aside from their nutritive value, these compounds also have significant industrial value as coloring agents, antioxidants, and catalysts or other processing aids. (For an overview of the structure, activity, and industrial applications of these compounds, see, for example, Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, “Vitamins” vol. A27, p. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996.) The term “vitamin” is art-recognized, and includes nutrients which are required by an organism for normal functioning, but which that organism cannot synthesize by itself. The group of vitamins may encompass cofactors and nutraceutical compounds. The language “cofactor” includes nonproteinaceous compounds required for a normal enzymatic activity to occur. Such compounds may be organic or inorganic; the cofactor molecules of the invention are preferably organic. The term “nutraceutical” includes dietary supplements having health benefits in plants and animals, particularly humans. Examples of such molecules are vitamins, antioxidants, and also certain lipids (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids).
The biosynthesis of these molecules in organisms capable of producing them, such as bacteria, has been largely characterized (Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, “Vitamins” vol. A27, p. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim, 1996; Michal, G. (1999) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons; Ong, A. S., Niki, E. & Packer, L. (1995) “Nutrition, Lipids, Health, and Disease” Proceedings of the UNESCO/Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia, and the Society for Free Radical Research—Asia, held Sep. 1-3, 1994 at Penang, Malaysia, AOCS Press: Champaign, Ill. X, 374 S).
Thiamin (vitamin B₁) is produced by the chemical coupling of pyrimidine and thiazole moieties. Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) is synthesized from guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) and ribose-5′-phosphate. Riboflavin, in turn, is utilized for the synthesis of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The family of compounds collectively termed ‘vitamin B₆’ (e.g., pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxa-5′-phosphate, and the commercially used pyridoxin hydrochloride) are all derivatives of the common structural unit, 5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine. Pantothenate (pantothenic acid, (R)-(+)-N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-β-alanine) can be produced either by chemical synthesis or by fermentation. The final steps in pantothenate biosynthesis consist of the ATP-driven condensation of β-alanine and pantoic acid. The enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis steps for the conversion to pantoic acid, to β-alanine and for the condensation to panthotenic acid are known. The metabolically active form of pantothenate is Coenzyme A, for which the biosynthesis proceeds in 5 enzymatic steps. Pantothenate, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate, cysteine and ATP are the precursors of Coenzyme A. These enzymes not only catalyze the formation of panthothante, but also the production of (R)-pantoic acid, (R)-pantolacton, (R)-panthenol (provitamin B₅), pantetheine (and its derivatives) and coenzyme A.
Biotin biosynthesis from the precursor molecule pimeloyl-CoA in microorganisms has been studied in detail and several of the genes involved have been identified. Many of the corresponding proteins have been found to also be involved in Fe-cluster synthesis and are members of the nifS class of proteins. Lipoic acid is derived from octanoic acid, and serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, where it becomes part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The folates are a group of substances which are all derivatives of folic acid, which is turn is derived from L-glutamic acid, p-amino-benzoic acid and 6-methylpterin. The biosynthesis of folic acid and its derivatives, starting from the metabolism intermediates guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP), L-glutamic acid and p-amino-benzoic acid has been studied in detail in certain microorganisms.
Corrinoids (such as the cobalamines and particularly vitamin B₁₂) and porphyrines belong to a group of chemicals characterized by a tetrapyrole ring system. The biosynthesis of vitamin B₁₂is sufficiently complex that it has not yet been completely characterized, but many of the enzymes and substrates involved are now known. Nicotinic acid (nicotinate), and nicotinamide are pyridine derivatives which are also termed ‘niacin’. Niacin is the precursor of the important coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and their reduced forms.
The large-scale production of these compounds has largely relied on cell-free chemical syntheses, though some of these chemicals have also been produced by large-scale culture of microorganisms, such as riboflavin, Vitamin B₆, pantothenate, and biotin. Only Vitamin B₁₂is produced solely by fermentation, due to the complexity of its synthesis. In vitro methodologies require significant inputs of materials and time, often at great cost.
C. Purine, Pyrimidine, Nucleoside and Nucleotide Metabolism and Uses
Purine and pyrimidine metabolism genes and their corresponding proteins are important targets for the therapy of tumor diseases and viral infections. The language “purine” or “pyrimidine” includes the nitrogenous bases which are constituents of nucleic acids, co-enzymes, and nucleotides. The term “nucleotide” includes the basic structural units of nucleic acid molecules, which are comprised of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (in the case of RNA, the sugar is ribose; in the case of DNA, the sugar is D-deoxyribose), and phosphoric acid. The language “nucleoside” includes molecules which serve as precursors to nucleotides, but which are lacking the phosphoric acid moiety that nucleotides possess. By inhibiting the biosynthesis of these molecules, or their mobilization to form nucleic acid molecules, it is possible to inhibit RNA and DNA synthesis; by inhibiting this activity in a fashion targeted to cancerous cells, the ability of tumor cells to divide and replicate may be inhibited. Additionally, there are nucleotides which do not form nucleic acid molecules, but rather serve as energy stores (i.e., AMP) or as coenzymes (i.e., FAD and NAD).
Several publications have described the use of these chemicals for these medical indications, by influencing purine and/or pyrimidine metabolism (e.g. Christopherson, R. I. and Lyons, S. D. (1990) “Potent inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis as chemotherapeutic agents.” Med. Res. Reviews 10: 505-548). Studies of enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism have been focused on the development of new drugs which can be used, for example, as immunosuppressants or anti-proliferants (Smith, J. L., (1995) “Enzymes in nucleotide synthesis.” Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5: 752-757; (1995) Biochem Soc. Transact. 23: 877-902). However, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides have other utilities: as intermediates in the biosynthesis of several fine chemicals (e.g., thiamine, S-adenosyl-methionine, folates, or riboflavin), as energy carriers for the cell (e.g., ATP or GTP), and for chemicals themselves, commonly used as flavor enhancers (e.g., IMP or GMP) or for several medicinal applications (see, for example, Kuninaka, A. (1996) Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Biotechnology vol. 6, Rehm et al., eds. VCH: Weinheim, p. 561-612). Also, enzymes involved in purine, pyrimidine, nucleoside, or nucleotide metabolism are increasingly serving as targets against which chemicals for crop protection, including fungicides, herbicides and insecticides, are developed.
The metabolism of these compounds in bacteria has been characterized (for reviews see, for example, Zalkin, H. and Dixon, J. E. (1992) “de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis”, in: Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, vol. 42, Academic Press: p. 259-287; and Michal, G. (1999) “Nucleotides and Nucleosides”, Chapter 8 in: Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wiley: New York). Purine metabolism has been the subject of intensive research, and is essential to the normal functioning of the cell. Impaired purine metabolism in higher animals can cause severe disease, such as gout. Purine nucleotides are synthesized from ribose-5-phosphate, in a series of steps through the intermediate compound inosine-5′-phosphate (IMP), resulting in the production of guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP) or adenosine-5′-monophosphate (AMP), from which the triphosphate forms utilized as nucleotides are readily formed. These compounds are also utilized as energy stores, so their degradation provides energy for many different biochemical processes in the cell. Pyrimidine biosynthesis proceeds by the formation of uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP) from ribose-5-phosphate. UMP, in turn, is converted to cytidine-5′-triphosphate (CTP). The deoxy-forms of all of these nucleotides are produced in a one step reduction reaction from the diphosphate ribose form of the nucleotide to the diphosphate deoxyribose form of the nucleotide. Upon phosphorylation, these molecules are able to participate in DNA synthesis.
D. Trehalose Metabolism and Uses
Trehalose consists of two glucose molecules, bound in α,α-1,1 linkage. It is commonly used in the food industry as a sweetener, an additive for dried or frozen foods, and in beverages. However, it also has applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and biotechnology industries (see, for example, Nishimoto et al., (1998) U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,610; Singer, M. A. and Lindquist, S. (1998) Trends Biotech. 16: 460-467; Paiva, C. L. A. and Panek, A. D. (1996) Biotech. Ann. Rev. 2: 293-314; and Shiosaka, M. (1997) J. Japan 172: 97-102). Trehalose is produced by enzymes from many microorganisms and is naturally released into the surrounding medium, from which it can be collected using methods known in the art.
II. Mechanisms of Metabolic Regulation
All living cells have complex catabolic and anabolic metabolic capabilities with many interconnected pathways. In order to maintain a balance between the various parts of this extremely complex metabolic network, the cell employs a finely-tuned regulatory network. By regulating enzyme synthesis and enzyme activity, either independently or simultaneously, the cell is able to control the activity of disparate metabolic pathways to reflect the changing needs of the cell.
The induction or repression of enzyme synthesis may occur at either the level of transcription or translation, or both. Gene expression in prokaryotes is regulated by several mechanisms at the level of transcription (for review see e.g., Lewin, B (1990) Genes IV, Part 3: “Controlling prokaryotic genes by transcription”, Oxford University Press: Oxford, p. 213-301, and references therein, and Michal, G. (1999) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons). All such known regulatory processes are mediated by additional genes, which themselves respond to external influences of various kinds (e.g., temperature, nutrient availability, or light). Exemplary protein factors which have been implicated in this type of regulation include the transcription factors. These are proteins which bind to DNA, thereby either increasing the expression of a gene (positive regulation, as in the case of e.g. the ara operon from E. coli) or decreasing gene expression (negative regulation, as in the case of the lac operon from E. coli). These expression-modulating transcription factors can themselves be the subject of regulation. Their activity can, for example, be regulated by the binding of low molecular weight compounds to the DNA-binding protein, thereby stimulating (as in the case of arabinose for the ara operon) or inhibiting (as in the case of the lactose for the lac operon) the binding of these proteins to the appropriate binding site on the DNA (see, for example, Helmann, J. D. and Chamberlin, M. J. (1988) “Structure and function of bacterial sigma factors.” Ann. Rev. Biochem. 57: 839-872; Adhya, S. (1995) “The lac and gal operons today” and Boos, W. et al., “The maltose system.”, both in: Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli (Lin, E. C. C. and Lynch, A. S., eds.) Chapman & Hall: New York, p. 181-200 and 201-229; and Moran, C. P. (1993) “RNA polymerase and transcription factors.” in: Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria, Sonenshein, A. L. et al., eds. ASM: Washington, D.C., p. 653-667.)
Aside from the transcriptional level, protein synthesis is also often regulated at the level of translation. There are multiple mechanisms by which such regulation may occur, including alteration of the ability of the ribosome to bind to one or more mRNAs, binding of the ribosome to the mRNA, the maintenance or removal of mRNA secondary structure, the utilization of common or less common codons for a particular gene, the degree of abundance of one or more tRNAs, and special regulation mechanisms, such as attenuation (see Vellanoweth, R. I. (1993) Translation and its regulation in Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria, Sonenshein, A. L. et al., eds. ASM: Washington, D.C., p. 699-711 and references cited therein).
Transcriptional and translational regulation may be targeted to a single protein (sequential regulation) or simultaneously to several proteins in different metabolic pathways (coordinate regulation). Often, genes whose expression is coordinately regulated are physically located near one another in the genome, in an operon or regulon. Such up- or down-regulation of gene transcription and translation is governed by the cellular and extracellular levels of various factors, such as substrates (precursor and intermediate molecules used in one or more metabolic pathways), catabolites (molecules produced by biochemical pathways concerned with the production of energy from the breakdown of complex organic molecules such as sugars), and end products (the molecules resulting at the end of a metabolic pathway). Typically, the expression of genes encoding enzymes necessary for the activity of a particular pathway is induced by high levels of substrate molecules for that pathway. Similarly, such gene expression tends to be repressed when there exist high intracellular levels of the end product of the pathway (Snyder, L. and Champness, W. (1997) The Molecular Biology of Bacteria ASM: Washington). Gene expression may also be regulated by other external and internal factors, such as environmental conditions (e.g., heat, oxidative stress, or starvation). These global environmental changes cause alterations in the expression of specialized modulating genes, which directly or indirectly (via additional genes or proteins) trigger the expression of genes by means of binding to DNA and thereby inducing or repressing transcription (see, for example, Lin, E. C. C. and Lynch, A. S., eds. (1995) Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli. Chapman & Hall: New York).
Yet another mechanism by which cellular metabolism may be regulated is at the level of the protein. Such regulation is accomplished either by the activities of other proteins, or by binding of low-molecular-weight components which either impede or enable the normal functioning of the protein. Examples of protein regulation by the binding of low-molecular-weight compounds include the binding of GTP or NAD. The binding of a low-molecular-weight chemical is typically reversible, as is the case with the GTP-binding proteins. These proteins exist in two stages (with bound GTP or GDP), one stage being the activated form of the protein, and one stage being inactive.
Regulation of protein activity by the action of other enzymes typically takes the form of covalent modification of the protein (i.e., phosphorylation of amino acid residues such as histidine or aspartate, or methylation). Such covalent modification is typically reversible, as mediated by an enzyme of the opposite activity. An example of this is the opposite activities of kinases and phosphorylases in protein phosphorylation; protein kinases phosphorylate specific residues on a target protein (e.g., serine or threonine), while protein phosphorylases remove phosphate groups from such proteins. Typically, enzymes which modulate the activity of other proteins are themselves modulated by external stimuli. These stimuli are mediated through proteins which function as sensors. A well known mechanism by which such sensor proteins may mediate these external signals is by dimerization, but others are also known (see, for example, Msadek, T. et al. (1993) “Two-Component Regulatory Systems”, in: Bacillus subtilis and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria, Sonenshein, A. L. et al., eds., ASM: Washington p. 729-745 and references cited therein).
A thorough understanding of the regulatory networks governing cellular metabolism in microorganisms is critical for the high-yield production of chemicals by fermentation. Control systems for the down-regulation of metabolic pathways could be removed or lessened to improve the synthesis of desired chemicals, and similarly, those for the up-regulation of metabolic pathways for a desired product could be constitutively activated or optimized in activity (As shown in Hirose, Y. and Okada, H. (1979) “Microbial Production of Amino Acids”, in: Peppler, H. J. and Perlman, D. (eds.) Microbial Technology 2^nded. Vol. 1, ch. 7 Academic Press: New York.)
III. Elements and Methods of the Invention
The present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery of novel molecules, referred to herein as MR nucleic acid and protein molecules, which regulate, by transcriptional, translational, or post-translational means, one or more metabolic pathways in C. glutamicum. In one embodiment, the MR molecules transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum. In a preferred embodiment, the activity of the MR molecules of the present invention to regulate one or more C. glutamicum metabolic pathways has an impact on the production of a desired fine chemical by this organism. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the MR molecules of the invention are modulated in activity, such that the C. glutamicum metabolic pathways which the MR proteins of the invention regulate are modulated in efficiency or output, which either directly or indirectly modulates the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of a desired fine chemical by C. glutamicum.
The language, “MR protein” or “MR polypeptide” includes proteins which transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum. Examples of MR proteins include those encoded by the MR genes set forth in Table 1 and Appendix A. The terms “MR gene” or “MR nucleic acid sequence” include nucleic acid sequences encoding an MR protein, which consist of a coding region and also corresponding untranslated 5′ and 3′ sequence regions. Examples of MR genes include those set forth in Table 1. The terms “production” or “productivity” are art-recognized and include the concentration of the fermentation product (for example, the desired fine chemical) formed within a given time and a given fermentation volume (e.g., kg product per hour per liter). The term “efficiency of production” includes the time required for a particular level of production to be achieved (for example, how long it takes for the cell to attain a particular rate of output of a fine chemical). The term “yield” or “product/carbon yield” is art-recognized and includes the efficiency of the conversion of the carbon source into the product (i.e., fine chemical). This is generally written as, for example, kg product per kg carbon source. By increasing the yield or production of the compound, the quantity of recovered molecules, or of useful recovered molecules of that compound in a given amount of culture over a given amount of time is increased. The terms “biosynthesis” or a “biosynthetic pathway” are art-recognized and include the synthesis of a compound, preferably an organic compound, by a cell from intermediate compounds in what may be a multistep and highly regulated process. The terms “degradation” or a “degradation pathway” are art-recognized and include the breakdown of a compound, preferably an organic compound, by a cell to degradation products (generally speaking, smaller or less complex molecules) in what may be a multistep and highly regulated process. The language “metabolism” is art-recognized and includes the totality of the biochemical reactions that take place in an organism. The metabolism of a particular compound, then, (e.g., the metabolism of an amino acid such as glycine) comprises the overall biosynthetic, modification, and degradation pathways in the cell related to this compound. The term, “regulation” is art-recognized and includes the activity of a protein to govern the activity of another protein. The term, “transcriptional regulation” is art-recognized and includes the activity of a protein to impede or activate the conversion of a DNA encoding a target protein to mRNA. The term, “translational regulation” is art-recognized and includes the activity of a protein to impede or activate the conversion of an mRNA encoding a target protein to a protein molecule. The term, “posttranslational regulation” is art-recognized and includes the activity of a protein to impede or improve the activity of a target protein by covalently modifying the target protein (e.g., by methylation, glucosylation, or phosphorylation).
In another embodiment, the MR molecules of the invention are capable of modulating the production of a desired molecule, such as a fine chemical, in a microorganism such as C. glutamicum. Using recombinant genetic techniques, one or more of the regulatory proteins of the invention for metabolic pathways may be manipulated such that its function is modulated. For example, a biosynthetic enzyme may be improved in efficiency, or its allosteric control region destroyed such that feedback inhibition of production of the compound is prevented. Similarly, a degradative enzyme may be deleted or modified by substitution, deletion, or addition such that its degradative activity is lessened for the desired compound without impairing the viability of the cell. In each case, the overall yield or rate of production of one of these desired fine chemicals may be increased.
It is also possible that such alterations in the protein and nucleotide molecules of the invention may improve the production of fine chemicals in an indirect fashion. The regulatory mechanisms of metabolic pathways in the cell are necessarily intertwined, and the activation of one pathway may lead to the repression or activation of another in a concomitant fashion. Therefore, by modulating the activity of one or more of the proteins of the invention, the production or efficiency of activity of another fine chemical biosynthetic or degradative pathway may be impacted. For example, by decreasing the ability of an MR protein to repress the transcription of a gene encoding a particular amino acid biosynthetic protein, one may concomitantly derepress other amino acid biosynthetic pathways, since these pathways are interrelated. Further, by modifying the MR proteins of the invention, one may uncouple the growth and division of cells from their extracellular surroundings to a certain degree; by impairing an MR protein which normally represses biosynthesis of a nucleotide when the extracellular conditions are suboptimal for growth and cell division such that it now lacks this function, one may permit growth to occur even when the extracellular conditions are poor. This is of particular relevance in large-scale fermentative growth, where conditions within the culture are often suboptimal in terms of temperature, nutrient supply or aeration, but would still support growth and cell division if the cellular regulatory systems for these factors were eliminated.
The isolated nucleic acid sequences of the invention are contained within the genome of a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain available through the American Type Culture Collection, given designation ATCC 13032. The nucleotide sequence of the isolated C. glutamicum MR DNAs and the predicted amino acid sequences of the C. glutamicum MR proteins are shown in Appendices A and B, respectively. Computational analyses were performed which classified and/or identified these nucleotide sequences as sequences which encode metabolic pathway regulatory proteins.
The present invention also pertains to proteins which have an amino acid sequence which is substantially homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B. As used herein, a protein which has an amino acid sequence which is substantially homologous to a selected amino acid sequence is least about 50% homologous to the selected amino acid sequence, e.g., the entire selected amino acid sequence. A protein which has an amino acid sequence which is substantially homologous to a selected amino acid sequence can also be least about 50-60%, preferably at least about 60-70%. and more preferably at least about 70-80%, 80-90%, or 90-95%, and most preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to the selected amino acid sequence.
The MR protein or a biologically active portion or fragment thereof of the invention can transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum, or have one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1.
Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections:
A. Isolated Nucleic Acid Molecules
One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode MR polypeptides or biologically active portions thereof, as well as nucleic acid fragments sufficient for use as hybridization probes or primers for the identification or amplification of MR-encoding nucleic acid (e.g., MR DNA). As used herein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” is intended to include DNA molecules (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA) and analogs of the DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs. This term also encompasses untranslated sequence located at both the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene: at least about 100 nucleotides of sequence upstream from the 5′ end of the coding region and at least about 20 nucleotides of sequence downstream from the 3′ end of the coding region of the gene. The nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA. An “isolated” nucleic acid molecule is one which is separated from other nucleic acid molecules which are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid. Preferably, an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated MR nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid is derived (e.g., a C. glutamicum cell). Moreover, an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule, such as a DNA molecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, e.g., a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A, or a portion thereof, can be isolated using standard molecular biology techniques and the sequence information provided herein. For example, a C. glutamicum MR DNA can be isolated from a C. glutamicum library using all or portion of one of the sequences of Appendix A as a hybridization probe and standard hybridization techniques (e.g., as described in Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). Moreover, a nucleic acid molecule encompassing all or a portion of one of the sequences of Appendix A can be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed based upon this sequence (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule encompassing all or a portion of one of the sequences of Appendix A can be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed based upon this same sequence of Appendix A). For example, mRNA can be isolated from normal endothelial cells (e.g., by the guanidinium-thiocyanate extraction procedure of Chirgwin et al. (1979) Biochemistry 18: 5294-5299) and DNA can be prepared using reverse transcriptase (e.g., Moloney MLV reverse transcriptase, available from Gibco/BRL, Bethesda, Md.; or AMV reverse transcriptase, available from Seikagaku America, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fla.). Synthetic oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification can be designed based upon one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A. A nucleic acid of the invention can be amplified using cDNA or, alternatively, genomic DNA, as a template and appropriate oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification techniques. The nucleic acid so amplified can be cloned into an appropriate vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, oligonucleotides corresponding to an MR nucleotide sequence can be prepared by standard synthetic techniques, e.g., using an automated DNA synthesizer.
In a preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A. The sequences of Appendix A correspond to the Corynebacterium glutamicum MR DNAs of the invention. This DNA comprises sequences encoding MR proteins (i.e., the “coding region”, indicated in each sequence in Appendix A), as well as 5′ untranslated sequences and 3′ untranslated sequences, also indicated in Appendix A. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can comprise only the coding region of any of the sequences in Appendix A.
For the purposes of this application, it will be understood that each of the sequences set forth in Appendix A has an identifying RXA, RXN, or RXS number having the designation “RXA”, “RXN”, or “RXS” followed by 5 digits (i.e., RXA00603, RXN03181, or RXS00686). Each of these sequences comprises up to three parts: a 5′ upstream region, a coding region, and a downstream region. Each of these three regions is identified by the same RXA, RXN, or RXS designation to eliminate confusion. The recitation “one of the sequences in Appendix A”, then, refers to any of the sequences in Appendix A, which may be distinguished by their differing RXA, RXN, or RXS designations. The coding region of each of these sequences is translated into a corresponding amino acid sequence, which is set forth in Appendix B. The sequences of Appendix B are identified by the same RXA, RXN, or RXS designations as Appendix A, such that they can be readily correlated. For example, the amino acid sequences in Appendix B designated RXA00603, RXN03181, and RXS00686 are translations of the coding regions of the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid molecules RXA00603, RXN03181, and RXS00686, respectively, in Appendix A. Each of the RXA, RXN, and RXS nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the invention has also been assigned a SEQ ID NO, as indicated in Table 1. For example, as shown in Table 1, the nucleotide sequence of RXA00603 is SEQ ID NO:5 and the amino acid sequence of RXA00603 is SEQ ID NO: 6.
Several of the genes of the invention are “F-designated genes”. An F-designated gene includes those genes set forth in Table 1 which have an ‘F’ in front of the RXA, RXN, or RXS designation. For example, SEQ ID NO:3, designated, as indicated on Table 1, as “F RXA02880”, is an F-designated gene, as are SEQ ID NOs: 21, 27, and 33 (designated on Table 1 as “F RXA02493”, “F RXA00291”, and “F RXA00651”, respectively).
In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are not intended to include those compiled in Table 2. In the case of the dapD gene, a sequence for this gene was published in Wehrmann, A., et al. (1998) J. Bacteriol. 180(12): 3159-3165. However, the sequence obtained by the inventors of the present application is significantly longer than the published version. It is believed that the published version relied on an incorrect start codon, and thus represents only a fragment of the actual coding region.
In another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule which is a complement of one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, or a portion thereof. A nucleic acid molecule which is complementary to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A is one which is sufficiently complementary to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A such that it can hybridize to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, thereby forming a stable duplex.
In still another preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which is at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to a nucleotide sequence shown in Appendix A, or a portion thereof. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited ranges, (e.g., 70-90% identical or 80-95% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included. In an additional preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, to one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, or a portion thereof.
Moreover, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can comprise only a portion of the coding region of one of the sequences in Appendix A, for example a fragment which can be used as a probe or primer or a fragment encoding a biologically active portion of an MR protein. The nucleotide sequences determined from the cloning of the MR genes from C. glutamicum allows for the generation of probes and primers designed for use in identifying and/or cloning MR homologues in other cell types and organisms, as well as MR homologues from other Corynebacteria or related species. The probe/primer typically comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, preferably about 25, more preferably about 40, 50 or 75 consecutive nucleotides of a sense strand of one of the sequences set forth in Appendix A, an anti-sense sequence of one of the sequences set forth in Appendix A, or naturally occurring mutants thereof. Primers based on a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A can be used in PCR reactions to clone MR homologues. Probes based on the MR nucleotide sequences can be used to detect transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous proteins. In preferred embodiments, the probe further comprises a label group attached thereto, e.g. the label group can be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor. Such probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells which misexpress an MR protein, such as by measuring a level of an MR-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells, e.g., detecting MR mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic MR gene has been mutated or deleted.
In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention encodes a protein or portion thereof which includes an amino acid sequence which is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains the ability to transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum. As used herein, the language “sufficiently homologous” refers to proteins or portions thereof which have amino acid sequences which include a minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., an amino acid residue which has a similar side chain as an amino acid residue in one of the sequences of Appendix B) amino acid residues to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof is able to transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum. Protein members of such metabolic pathways, as described herein, may function to regulate the biosynthesis or degradation of one or more fine chemicals. Examples of such activities are also described herein. Thus, “the function of an MR protein” contributes to the overall regulation of one or more fine chemical metabolic pathway, or contributes, either directly or indirectly, to the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more fine chemicals. Examples of MR protein activities are set forth in Table 1.
In another embodiment, the protein is at least about 50-60%, preferably at least about 60-70%, and more preferably at least about 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and most preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B.
Portions of proteins encoded by the MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention are preferably biologically active portions of one of the MR proteins. As used herein, the term “biologically active portion of an MR protein” is intended to include a portion, e.g., a domain/motif, of an MR protein that transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulates a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum, or has an activity as set forth in Table 1. To determine whether an MR protein or a biologically active portion thereof can transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum, an assay of enzymatic activity may be performed. Such assay methods are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, as detailed in Example 8 of the Exemplification.
Additional nucleic acid fragments encoding biologically active portions of an MR protein can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the sequences in Appendix B, expressing the encoded portion of the MR protein or peptide (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the MR protein or peptide.
The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules that differ from one of the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A (and portions thereof) due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same MR protein as that encoded by the nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence shown in Appendix B. In a still further embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention encodes a full length C. glutamicum protein which is substantially homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B (encoded by an open reading frame shown in Appendix A).
It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that in one embodiment the sequences of the invention are not meant to include the sequences of the prior art, such as those Genbank sequences set forth in Tables 2 or 4 which were available prior to the present invention. In one embodiment, the invention includes nucleotide and amino acid sequences having a percent identity to a nucleotide or amino acid sequence of the invention which is greater than that of a sequence of the prior art (e.g., a Genbank sequence (or the protein encoded by such a sequence) set forth in Tables 2 or 4). For example, the invention includes a nucleotide sequence which is greater than and/or at least 40% identical to the nucleotide sequence designated RXA00603 (SEQ ID NO:5), a nucleotide sequence which is greater than and/or at least 55% identical to the nucleotide sequence designated RXA00129 (SEQ ID NO:29), and a nucleotide sequence which is greater than and/or at least 40% identical to the nucleotide sequence designated RXA00006 (SEQ ID NO:35). One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to calculate the lower threshold of percent identity for any given sequence of the invention by examining the GAP-calculated percent identity scores set forth in Table 4 for each of the three top hits for the given sequence, and by subtracting the highest GAP-calculated percent identity from 100 percent. One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that nucleic acid and amino acid sequences having percent identities greater than the lower threshold so calculated (e.g., at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical) are also encompassed by the invention.
In addition to the C. glutamicum MR nucleotide sequences shown in Appendix A, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that DNA sequence polymorphisms that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of MR proteins may exist within a population (e.g., the C. glutamicum population). Such genetic polymorphism in the MR gene may exist among individuals within a population due to natural variation. As used herein, the terms “gene” and “recombinant gene” refer to nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame encoding an MR protein, preferably a C. glutamicum MR protein. Such natural variations can typically result in 1-5% variance in the nucleotide sequence of the MR gene. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms in MR that are the result of natural variation and that do not alter the functional activity of MR proteins are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural variants and non-C. glutamicum homologues of the C. glutamicum MR DNA of the invention can be isolated based on their homology to the C. glutamicum MR nucleic acid disclosed herein using the C. glutamicum DNA, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions. Accordingly, in another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is at least 15 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid is at least 30, 50, 100, 250 or more nucleotides in length. As used herein, the term “hybridizes under stringent conditions” is intended to describe conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences at least 60% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. Preferably, the conditions are such that sequences at least about 65%, more preferably at least about 70%, and even more preferably at least about 75% or more homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. Such stringent conditions are known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. A preferred, non-limiting example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by one or more washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65° C. Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a sequence of Appendix A corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a “naturally-occurring” nucleic acid molecule refers to an RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence that occurs in nature (e.g., encodes a natural protein). In one embodiment, the nucleic acid encodes a natural C. glutamicum MR protein.
In addition to naturally-occurring variants of the MR sequence that may exist in the population, one of ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that changes can be introduced by mutation into a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A, thereby leading to changes in the amino acid sequence of the encoded MR protein, without altering the functional ability of the MR protein. For example, nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid substitutions at “non-essential” amino acid residues can be made in a sequence of Appendix A. A “non-essential” amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequence of one of the MR proteins (Appendix B) without altering the activity of said MR protein, whereas an “essential” amino acid residue is required for MR protein activity. Other amino acid residues, however, (e.g., those that are not conserved or only semi-conserved in the domain having MR activity) may not be essential for activity and thus are likely to be amenable to alteration without altering MR activity.
Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to nucleic acid molecules encoding MR proteins that contain changes in amino acid residues that are not essential for MR activity. Such MR proteins differ in amino acid sequence from a sequence contained in Appendix B yet retain at least one of the MR activities described herein. In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein, wherein the protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50% homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B and is capable of transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulating a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum, or has one or more activities set forth in Table 1. Preferably, the protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule is at least about 50-60% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B, more preferably at least about 60-70% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B, even more preferably at least about 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B, and most preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% homologous to one of the sequences in Appendix B.
To determine the percent homology of two amino acid sequences (e.g., one of the sequences of Appendix B and a mutant form thereof) or of two nucleic acids, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of one protein or nucleic acid for optimal alignment with the other protein or nucleic acid). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in one sequence (e.g., one of the sequences of Appendix B) is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the other sequence (e.g., a mutant form of the sequence selected from Appendix B), then the molecules are homologous at that position (i.e., as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “homology” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “identity”). The percent homology between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % homology=# of identical positions/total # of positions×100).
An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an MR protein homologous to a protein sequence of Appendix B can be created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions or deletions into a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A such that one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein. Mutations can be introduced into one of the sequences of Appendix A by standard techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one or more predicted non-essential amino acid residues. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in an MR protein is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. Alternatively, in another embodiment, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of an MR coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for an MR activity described herein to identify mutants that retain MR activity. Following mutagenesis of one of the sequences of Appendix A, the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly and the activity of the protein can be determined using, for example, assays described herein (see Example 8 of the Exemplification).
In addition to the nucleic acid molecules encoding MR proteins described above, another aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules which are antisense thereto. An “antisense” nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a “sense” nucleic acid encoding a protein, e.g., complementary to the coding strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule or complementary to an mRNA sequence. Accordingly, an antisense nucleic acid can hydrogen bond to a sense nucleic acid. The antisense nucleic acid can be complementary to an entire MR coding strand, or to only a portion thereof. In one embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a “coding region” of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding an MR protein. The term “coding region” refers to the region of the nucleotide sequence comprising codons which are translated into amino acid residues (e.g., the entire coding region of SEQ ID NO: 1 (RXN03181) comprises nucleotides 1 to 414). In another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a “noncoding region” of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding MR. The term “noncoding region” refers to 5′ and 3′ sequences which flank the coding region that are not translated into amino acids (i.e., also referred to as 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions).
Given the coding strand sequences encoding MR disclosed herein (e.g., the sequences set forth in Appendix A), antisense nucleic acids of the invention can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick base pairing. The antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to the entire coding region of MR mRNA, but more preferably is an oligonucleotide which is antisense to only a portion of the coding or noncoding region of MR mRNA. For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of MR mRNA. An antisense oligonucleotide can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides in length. An antisense nucleic acid of the invention can be constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides can be used. Examples of modified nucleotides which can be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid include 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl)uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest, described further in the following subsection).
The antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention are typically administered to a cell or generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding an MR protein to thereby inhibit expression of the protein, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule which binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. The antisense molecule can be modified such that it specifically binds to a receptor or an antigen expressed on a selected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acid molecule to a peptide or an antibody which binds to a cell surface receptor or antigen. The antisense nucleic acid molecule can also be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein. To achieve sufficient intracellular concentrations of the antisense molecules, vector constructs in which the antisense nucleic acid molecule is placed under the control of a strong prokaryotic, viral, or eukaryotic promoter are preferred.
In yet another embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid molecule of the invention is an α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids. Res. 15:6625-6641). The antisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a 2′-o-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al. (1987) FEBS Lett. 215:327-330).
In still another embodiment, an antisense nucleic acid of the invention is a ribozyme. Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity which are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334:585-591)) can be used to catalytically cleave MR mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of MR mRNA. A ribozyme having specificity for an MR-encoding nucleic acid can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of an MR DNA disclosed herein (i.e., SEQ ID NO:1 (RXN03181 in Appendix A)). For example, a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in an MR-encoding mRNA. See, e.g., Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071 and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742. Alternatively, MR mRNA can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel, D. and Szostak, J. W. (1993) Science 261:1411-1418.
Alternatively, MR gene expression can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of an MR nucleotide sequence (e.g., an MR promoter and/or enhancers) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of an MR gene in target cells. See generally, Helene, C. (1991) Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84; Helene, C. et al. (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36; and Maher, L. J. (1992) Bioassays 14(12):807-15.
B. Recombinant Expression Vectors and Host Cells
Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, preferably expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding an MR protein (or a portion thereof). As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors”. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.
The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner which allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell). The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those which direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells. Preferred regulatory sequences are, for example, promoters such as cos-, tac-, trp-, tet-, trp-tet-, lpp-, lac-, lpp-lac-, lacI^q-, T7-, T5-, T3-, gal-, trc-, ara-, SP6-, arny, SPO2, λ-P_R- or λP_L, which are used preferably in bacteria. Additional regulatory sequences are, for example, promoters from yeasts and fungi, such as ADC1, MFα, AC, P-60, CYC1, GAPDH, TEF, rp28, ADH, promoters from plants such as CaMV/35S, SSU, OCS, lib4, usp, STLS1, B33, nos or ubiquitin- or phaseolin-promoters. It is also possible to use artificial promoters. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., MR proteins, mutant forms of MR proteins, fusion proteins, etc.).
The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be designed for expression of MR proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. For example, MR genes can be expressed in bacterial cells such as C. glutamicum, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast and other fungal cells (see Romanos, M. A. et al. (1992) “Foreign gene expression in yeast: a review”, Yeast 8: 423-488; van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. et al. (1991) “Heterologous gene expression in filamentous fungi” in: More Gene Manipulations in Fungi, J. W. Bennet & L. L. Lasure, eds., p. 396-428: Academic Press: San Diego; and van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. & Punt, P. J. (1991) “Gene transfer systems and vector development for filamentous fungi, in: Applied Molecular Genetics of Fungi, Peberdy, J. F. et al., eds., p. 1-28, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge), algae and multicellular plant cells (see Schmidt, R. and Willmitzer, L. (1988) High efficiency Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and cotyledon explants” Plant Cell Rep.: 583-586), or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters directing the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusion vectors typically serve three purposes: 1) to increase expression of recombinant protein; 2) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and 3) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, in fusion expression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase.
Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith, D. B. and Johnson, K. S. (1988) Gene 67:31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein. In one embodiment, the coding sequence of the MR protein is cloned into a pGEX expression vector to create a vector encoding a fusion protein comprising, from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, GST-thrombin cleavage site-X protein. The fusion protein can be purified by affinity chromatography using glutathione-agarose resin. Recombinant MR protein unfused to GST can be recovered by cleavage of the fusion protein with thrombin.
Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315) pLG338, pACYC184, pBR322, pUC18, pUC19, pKC30, pRep4, pHS1, pHS2, pPLc236, pMBL24, pLG200, pUR290, pIN-III113-B1, λgt11, pBdCl, and pET 11d (Studier et al., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89; and Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York IBSN 0 444 904018). Target gene expression from the pTrc vector relies on host RNA polymerase transcription from a hybrid trp-lac fusion promoter. Target gene expression from the pET 11d vector relies on transcription from a T7 gn10-lac fusion promoter mediated by a coexpressed viral RNA polymerase (T7 gn1). This viral polymerase is supplied by host strains BL21(DE3) or HMS174(DE3) from a resident λ prophage harboring a T7 gn1 gene under the transcriptional control of the lacUV 5 promoter. For transformation of other varieties of bacteria, appropriate vectors may be selected. For example, the plasmids pIJ101, pIJ364, pIJ702 and pIJ361 are known to be useful in transforming Streptomyces, while plasmids pUB110, pC194, or pBD214 are suited for transformation of Bacillus species. Several plasmids of use in the transfer of genetic information into Corynebacterium include pHM1519, pBL1, pSA77, or pAJ667 (Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York IBSN 0 444 904018). One strategy to maximize recombinant protein expression is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein (Gottesman, S., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 119-128). Another strategy is to alter the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid to be inserted into an expression vector so that the individual codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilized in the bacterium chosen for expression, such as C. glutamicum (Wada et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111-2118). Such alteration of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques.
In another embodiment, the MR protein expression vector is a yeast expression vector. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae include pYepSec1 (Baldari, et al., (1987) Embo J. 6:229-234), 2μ, pAG-1, Yep6, Yep13, pEMBLYe23, pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, (1982) Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., (1987) Gene 54:113-123), and pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.). Vectors and methods for the construction of vectors appropriate for use in other fungi, such as the filamentous fungi, include those detailed in: van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. & Punt, P. J. (1991) “Gene transfer systems and vector development for filamentous fungi, in: Applied Molecular Genetics of Fungi, J. F. Peberdy, et al., eds., p. 1-28, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, and Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York (IBSN 0 444 904018).
Alternatively, the MR proteins of the invention can be expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf 9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith et al. (1983) Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers (1989) Virology 170:31-39).
In another embodiment, the MR proteins of the invention may be expressed in unicellular plant cells (such as algae) or in plant cells from higher plants (e.g., the spermatophytes, such as crop plants). Examples of plant expression vectors include those detailed in: Becker, D., Kemper, E., Schell, J. and Masterson, R. (1992) “New plant binary vectors with selectable markers located proximal to the left border”, Plant Mol. Biol. 20: 1195-1197; and Bevan, M. W. (1984) “Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation”, Nucl. Acid. Res. 12: 8711-8721, and include pLGV23, pGHlac+, pBIN19, pAK2004, and pDH51 (Pouwels et al., eds. (1985) Cloning Vectors. Elsevier: New York IBSN 0 444 904018).
In yet another embodiment, a nucleic acid of the invention is expressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, B. (1987) Nature 329:840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:187-195). When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus and Simian Virus 40. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells see chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.
In another embodiment, the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid). Tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert et al. (1987) Genes Dev. 1:268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton (1988) Adv. Immunol. 43:235-275), in particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore (1989) EMBO J. 8:729-733) and immunoglobulins (Banerji et al. (1983) Cell 33:729-740; Queen and Baltimore (1983) Cell 33:741-748), neuron-specific promoters (e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle (1989) PNAS 86:5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund et al. (1985) Science 230:912-916), and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European Application Publication No. 264,166). Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, for example the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss (1990) Science 249:374-379) and the α-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman (1989) Genes Dev. 3:537-546).
The invention further provides a recombinant expression vector comprising a DNA molecule of the invention cloned into the expression vector in an antisense orientation. That is, the DNA molecule is operatively linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner which allows for expression (by transcription of the DNA molecule) of an RNA molecule which is antisense to MR mRNA. Regulatory sequences operatively linked to a nucleic acid cloned in the antisense orientation can be chosen which direct the continuous expression of the antisense RNA molecule in a variety of cell types, for instance viral promoters and/or enhancers, or regulatory sequences can be chosen which direct constitutive, tissue specific or cell type specific expression of antisense RNA. The antisense expression vector can be in the form of a recombinant plasmid, phagemid or attenuated virus in which antisense nucleic acids are produced under the control of a high efficiency regulatory region, the activity of which can be determined by the cell type into which the vector is introduced. For a discussion of the regulation of gene expression using antisense genes see Weintraub, H. et al., Antisense RNA as a molecular tool for genetic analysis, Reviews—Trends in Genetics, Vol. 1(1) 1986.
Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into which a recombinant expression vector of the invention has been introduced. The terms “host cell” and “recombinant host cell” are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.
A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, an MR protein can be expressed in bacterial cells such as C. glutamicum, insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Microorganisms related to Corynebacterium glutamicum which may be conveniently used as host cells for the nucleic acid and protein molecules of the invention are set forth in Table 3.
Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As used herein, the terms “transformation” and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., linear DNA or RNA (e.g., a linearized vector or a gene construct alone without a vector) or nucleic acid in the form of a vector (e.g., a plasmid, phage, phasmid, phagemid, transposon or other DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), and other laboratory manuals.
For stable transfection of mammalian cells, it is known that, depending upon the expression vector and transfection technique used, only a small fraction of cells may integrate the foreign DNA into their genome. In order to identify and select these integrants, a gene that encodes a selectable marker (e.g., resistance to antibiotics) is generally introduced into the host cells along with the gene of interest. Preferred selectable markers include those which confer resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin and methotrexate. Nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell on the same vector as that encoding an MR protein or can be introduced on a separate vector. Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be identified by, for example, drug selection (e.g., cells that have incorporated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die).
To create a homologous recombinant microorganism, a vector is prepared which contains at least a portion of an MR gene into which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrupt, the MR gene. Preferably, this MR gene is a Corynebacterium glutamicum MR gene, but it can be a homologue from a related bacterium or even from a mammalian, yeast, or insect source. In a preferred embodiment, the vector is designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous MR gene is functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional protein; also referred to as a “knock out” vector). Alternatively, the vector can be designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous MR gene is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional protein (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the expression of the endogenous MR protein). In the homologous recombination vector, the altered portion of the MR gene is flanked at its 5′ and 3′ ends by additional nucleic acid of the MR gene to allow for homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous MR gene carried by the vector and an endogenous MR gene in a microorganism. The additional flanking MR nucleic acid is of sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous gene. Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (both at the 5′ and 3′ ends) are included in the vector (see e.g., Thomas, K. R., and Capecchi, M. R. (1987) Cell 51: 503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors). The vector is introduced into a microorganism (e.g., by electroporation) and cells in which the introduced MR gene has homologously recombined with the endogenous MR gene are selected, using art-known techniques.
In another embodiment, recombinant microorganisms can be produced which contain selected systems which allow for regulated expression of the introduced gene. For example, inclusion of an MR gene on a vector placing it under control of the lac operon permits expression of the MR gene only in the presence of IPTG. Such regulatory systems are well known in the art.
In another embodiment, an endogenous MR gene in a host cell is disrupted (e.g., by homologous recombination or other genetic means known in the art) such that expression of its protein product does not occur. In another embodiment, an endogenous or introduced MR gene in a host cell has been altered by one or more point mutations, deletions, or inversions, but still encodes a functional MR protein. In still another embodiment, one or more of the regulatory regions (e.g., a promoter, repressor, or inducer) of an MR gene in a microorganism has been altered (e.g., by deletion, truncation, inversion, or point mutation) such that the expression of the MR gene is modulated. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that host cells containing more than one of the described MR gene and protein modifications may be readily produced using the methods of the invention, and are meant to be included in the present invention.
A host cell of the invention, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e., express) an MR protein. Accordingly, the invention further provides methods for producing MR proteins using the host cells of the invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises culturing the host cell of invention (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding an MR protein has been introduced, or into which genome has been introduced a gene encoding a wild-type or altered MR protein) in a suitable medium until MR protein is produced. In another embodiment, the method further comprises isolating MR proteins from the medium or the host cell.
C. Isolated MR Proteins
Another aspect of the invention pertains to isolated MR proteins, and biologically active portions thereof. An “isolated” or “purified” protein or biologically active portion thereof is substantially free of cellular material when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. The language “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of MR protein in which the protein is separated from cellular components of the cells in which it is naturally or recombinantly produced. In one embodiment, the language “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of MR protein having less than about 30% (by dry weight) of non-MR protein (also referred to herein as a “contaminating protein”), more preferably less than about 20% of non-MR protein, still more preferably less than about 10% of non-MR protein, and most preferably less than about 5% non-MR protein. When the MR protein or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, it is also preferably substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 20%, more preferably less than about 10%, and most preferably less than about 5% of the volume of the protein preparation. The language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of MR protein in which the protein is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals which are involved in the synthesis of the protein. In one embodiment, the language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of MR protein having less than about 30% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-MR chemicals, more preferably less than about 20% chemical precursors or non-MR chemicals, still more preferably less than about 10% chemical precursors or non-MR chemicals, and most preferably less than about 5% chemical precursors or non-MR chemicals. In preferred embodiments, isolated proteins or biologically active portions thereof lack contaminating proteins from the same organism from which the MR protein is derived. Typically, such proteins are produced by recombinant expression of, for example, a C. glutamicum MR protein in a microorganism such as C. glutamicum.
An isolated MR protein or a portion thereof of the invention can transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum, or has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1. In preferred embodiments, the protein or portion thereof comprises an amino acid sequence which is sufficiently homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B such that the protein or portion thereof maintains the ability to transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum. The portion of the protein is preferably a biologically active portion as described herein. In another preferred embodiment, an MR protein of the invention has an amino acid sequence shown in Appendix B. In yet another preferred embodiment, the MR protein has an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, to a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A. In still another preferred embodiment, the MR protein has an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to one of the nucleic acid sequences of Appendix A, or a portion thereof. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited values, (e.g., 70-90% identical or 80-95% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included. The preferred MR proteins of the present invention also preferably possess at least one of the MR activities described herein. For example, a preferred MR protein of the present invention includes an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, e.g., hybridizes under stringent conditions, to a nucleotide sequence of Appendix A, and which can transcriptionally, translationally, or posttranslationally regulate a metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum, or which has one or more of the activities set forth in Table 1.
In other embodiments, the MR protein is substantially homologous to an amino acid sequence of Appendix B and retains the functional activity of the protein of one of the sequences of Appendix B yet differs in amino acid sequence due to natural variation or mutagenesis, as described in detail in subsection I above. Accordingly, in another embodiment, the MR protein is a protein which comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60%, preferably at least about 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, more preferably at least about 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, or 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90%, or 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, and even more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B and which has at least one of the MR activities described herein. Ranges and identity values intermediate to the above-recited values, (e.g., 70-90% identical or 80-95% identical) are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. For example, ranges of identity values using a combination of any of the above values recited as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included. In another embodiment, the invention pertains to a full length C. glutamicum protein which is substantially homologous to an entire amino acid sequence of Appendix B.
Biologically active portions of an MR protein include peptides comprising amino acid sequences derived from the amino acid sequence of an MR protein, e.g., the an amino acid sequence shown in Appendix B or the amino acid sequence of a protein homologous to an MR protein, which include fewer amino acids than a full length MR protein or the full length protein which is homologous to an MR protein, and exhibit at least one activity of an MR protein. Typically, biologically active portions (peptides, e.g., peptides which are, for example, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 100 or more amino acids in length) comprise a domain or motif with at least one activity of an MR protein. Moreover, other biologically active portions, in which other regions of the protein are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or more of the activities described herein. Preferably, the biologically active portions of an MR protein include one or more selected domains/motifs or portions thereof having biological activity.
MR proteins are preferably produced by recombinant DNA techniques. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein is cloned into an expression vector (as described above), the expression vector is introduced into a host cell (as described above) and the MR protein is expressed in the host cell. The MR protein can then be isolated from the cells by an appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification techniques. Alternative to recombinant expression, an MR protein, polypeptide, or peptide can be synthesized chemically using standard peptide synthesis techniques. Moreover, native MR protein can be isolated from cells (e.g., endothelial cells), for example using an anti-MR antibody, which can be produced by standard techniques utilizing an MR protein or fragment thereof of this invention.
The invention also provides MR chimeric or fusion proteins. As used herein, an MR “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” comprises an MR polypeptide operatively linked to a non-MR polypeptide. An “MR polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an MR protein, whereas a “non-MR polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a protein which is not substantially homologous to the MR protein, e.g., a protein which is different from the MR protein and which is derived from the same or a different organism. Within the fusion protein, the term “operatively linked” is intended to indicate that the MR polypeptide and the non-MR polypeptide are fused in-frame to each other. The non-MR polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the MR polypeptide. For example, in one embodiment the fusion protein is a GST-MR fusion protein in which the MR sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the GST sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification of recombinant MR proteins. In another embodiment, the fusion protein is an MR protein containing a heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion of an MR protein can be increased through use of a heterologous signal sequence.
Preferably, an MR chimeric or fusion protein of the invention is produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences are ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, for example by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al. John Wiley & Sons: 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). An MR-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the MR protein.
Homologues of the MR protein can be generated by mutagenesis, e.g., discrete point mutation or truncation of the MR protein. As used herein, the term “homologue” refers to a variant form of the MR protein which acts as an agonist or antagonist of the activity of the MR protein. An agonist of the MR protein can retain substantially the same, or a subset, of the biological activities of the MR protein. An antagonist of the MR protein can inhibit one or more of the activities of the naturally occurring form of the MR protein, by, for example, competitively binding to a downstream or upstream member of the MR regulatory cascade which includes the MR protein. Thus, the C. glutamicum MR protein and homologues thereof of the present invention may modulate the activity of one or more metabolic pathways which MR proteins regulate in this microorganism.
In an alternative embodiment, homologues of the MR protein can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants, e.g., truncation mutants, of the MR protein for MR protein agonist or antagonist activity. In one embodiment, a variegated library of MR variants is generated by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and is encoded by a variegated gene library. A variegated library of MR variants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically ligating a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene sequences such that a degenerate set of potential MR sequences is expressible as individual polypeptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage display) containing the set of MR sequences therein. There are a variety of methods which can be used to produce libraries of potential MR homologues from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be performed in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene then ligated into an appropriate expression vector. Use of a degenerate set of genes allows for the provision, in one mixture, of all of the sequences encoding the desired set of potential MR sequences. Methods for synthesizing degenerate oligonucleotides are known in the art (see, e.g., Narang, S. A. (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al. (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al. (1983) Nucleic Acid Res. 11:477.
In addition, libraries of fragments of the MR protein coding can be used to generate a variegated population of MR fragments for screening and subsequent selection of homologues of an MR protein. In one embodiment, a library of coding sequence fragments can be generated by treating a double stranded PCR fragment of an MR coding sequence with a nuclease under conditions wherein nicking occurs only about once per molecule, denaturing the double stranded DNA, renaturing the DNA to form double stranded DNA which can include sense/antisense pairs from different nicked products, removing single stranded portions from reformed duplexes by treatment with S1 nuclease, and ligating the resulting fragment library into an expression vector. By this method, an expression library can be derived which encodes N-terminal, C-terminal and internal fragments of various sizes of the MR protein.
Several techniques are known in the art for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations or truncation, and for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having a selected property. Such techniques are adaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated by the combinatorial mutagenesis of MR homologues. The most widely used techniques, which are amenable to high through-put analysis, for screening large gene libraries typically include cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in which detection of a desired activity facilitates isolation of the vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Recursive ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a new technique which enhances the frequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with the screening assays to identify MR homologues (Arkin and Yourvan (1992) PNAS 89:7811-7815; Delgrave et al. (1993) Protein Engineering 6(3):327-331).
In another embodiment, cell based assays can be exploited to analyze a variegated MR library, using methods well known in the art.
D. Uses and Methods of the Invention
The nucleic acid molecules, proteins, protein homologues, fusion proteins, primers, vectors, and host cells described herein can be used in one or more of the following methods: identification of C. glutamicum and related organisms; mapping of genomes of organisms related to C. glutamicum; identification and localization of C. glutamicum sequences of interest; evolutionary studies; determination of MR protein regions required for function; modulation of an MR protein activity; modulation of the activity of one or more metabolic pathways; and modulation of cellular production of a desired compound, such as a fine chemical.
The MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention have a variety of uses. First, they may be used to identify an organism as being Corynebacterium glutamicum or a close relative thereof. Also, they may be used to identify the presence of C. glutamicum or a relative thereof in a mixed population of microorganisms. The invention provides the nucleic acid sequences of a number of C. glutamicum genes; by probing the extracted genomic DNA of a culture of a unique or mixed population of microorganisms under stringent conditions with a probe spanning a region of a C. glutamicum gene which is unique to this organism, one can ascertain whether this organism is present.
Although Corynebacterium glutamicum itself is nonpathogenic, it is related to pathogenic species, such as Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria, a rapidly developing, acute, febrile infection which involves both local and systemic pathology. In this disease, a local lesion develops in the upper respiratory tract and involves necrotic injury to epithelial cells; the bacilli secrete toxin which is disseminated through this lesion to distal susceptible tissues of the body. Degenerative changes brought about by the inhibition of protein synthesis in these tissues, which include heart, muscle, peripheral nerves, adrenals, kidneys, liver and spleen, result in the systemic pathology of the disease. Diphtheria continues to have high incidence in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the independent states of the former Soviet Union. An ongoing epidemic of diphtheria in the latter two regions has resulted in at least 5,000 deaths since 1990.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of identifying the presence or activity of Cornyebacterium diphtheriae in a subject. This method includes detection of one or more of the nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of the invention (e.g., the sequences set forth in Appendix A or Appendix B) in a subject, thereby detecting the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject. C. glutamicum and C. diphtheriae are related bacteria, and many of the nucleic acid and protein molecules in C. glutamicum are homologous to C. diphtheriae nucleic acid and protein molecules, and can therefore be used to detect C. diphtheriae in a subject.
The nucleic acid and protein molecules of the invention may also serve as markers for specific regions of the genome. This has utility not only in the mapping of the genome, but also for functional studies of C. glutamicum proteins. For example, to identify the region of the genome to which a particular C. glutamicum DNA-binding protein binds, the C. glutamicum genome could be digested, and the fragments incubated with the DNA-binding protein. Those which bind the protein may be additionally probed with the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, preferably with readily detectable labels; binding of such a nucleic acid molecule to the genome fragment enables the localization of the fragment to the genome map of C. glutamicum, and, when performed multiple times with different enzymes, facilitates a rapid determination of the nucleic acid sequence to which the protein binds. Further, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be sufficiently homologous to the sequences of related species such that these nucleic acid molecules may serve as markers for the construction of a genomic map in related bacteria, such as Brevibacterium lactofermentum.
The MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention are also useful for evolutionary and protein structural studies. The metabolic processes in which the molecules of the invention participate are utilized by a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; by comparing the sequences of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention to those encoding similar enzymes from other organisms, the evolutionary relatedness of the organisms can be assessed. Similarly, such a comparison permits an assessment of which regions of the sequence are conserved and which are not, which may aid in determining those regions of the protein which are essential for the functioning of the enzyme. This type of determination is of value for protein engineering studies and may give an indication of what the protein can tolerate in terms of mutagenesis without losing function.
Manipulation of the MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention may result in the production of MR proteins having functional differences from the wild-type MR proteins. These proteins may be improved in efficiency or activity, may be present in greater numbers in the cell than is usual, or may be decreased in efficiency or activity.
The invention provides methods for screening molecules which modulate the activity of an MR protein, either by interacting with the protein itself or a substrate or binding partner of the MR protein, or by modulating the transcription or translation of an MR nucleic acid molecule of the invention. In such methods, a microorganism expressing one or more MR proteins of the invention is contacted with one or more test compounds, and the effect of each test compound on the activity or level of expression of the MR protein is assessed.
Such changes in activity may directly modulate the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of one or more fine chemicals from C. glutamicum. For example, by optimizing the activity of an MR protein which activates the transcription or translation of a gene encoding a biosynthetic protein for a desired fine chemical, or by impairing or abrogating the activity of an MR protein which represses the transcription or translation of such a gene, one may also increase the activity or rate of activity of that biosynthetic pathway due to the presence of increased levels of what may have been a limiting enzyme. Similarly, by altering the activity of an MR protein such that it constitutively posttranslationally inactivates a protein involved in a degradation pathway for a desired fine chemical, or by altering the activity of an MR protein such that it constitutively represses the transcription or translation of such a gene, one may increase the yield and/or rate of production of the fine chemical from the cell, due to decreased degradation of the compound.
Further, by modulating the activity of one or more MR proteins, one may indirectly stimulate the production or improve the rate of production of one or more fine chemicals from the cell due to the interrelatedness of disparate metabolic pathways. For example, by increasing the yield, production, and/or efficiency of production by activating the expression of one or more lysine biosynthetic enzymes, one may concomitantly increase the expression of other compounds, such as other amino acids, which the cell would naturally require in greater quantities when lysine is required in greater quantities. Also, regulation of metabolism throughout the cell may be altered such that the cell is better able to grow or replicate under the environmental conditions of fermentative culture (where nutrient and oxygen supplies may be poor and possibly toxic waste products in the environment may be at high levels). For example, by mutagenizing an MR protein which represses the synthesis of molecules necessary for cell membrane production in response to high levels of waste products in the extracellular medium (in order to block cell growth and division in suboptimal growth conditions) such that it no longer is able to repress such synthesis, one may increase the growth and multiplication of the cell in cultures even when the growth conditions are suboptimal. Such enhanced growth or viability should also increase the yields and/or rate of production of a desired fine chemical from fermentative culture, due to the relatively greater number of cells producing this compound in the culture.
The aforementioned mutagenesis strategies for MR proteins to result in increased yields of a fine chemical from C. glutamicum are not meant to be limiting; variations on these strategies will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Using such strategies, and incorporating the mechanisms disclosed herein, the nucleic acid and protein molecules of the invention may be utilized to generate C. glutamicum or related strains of bacteria expressing mutated MR nucleic acid and protein molecules such that the yield and/or efficiency of production of a desired compound is improved. This desired compound may be any natural product of C. glutamicum, which includes the final products of biosynthesis pathways and intermediates of naturally-occurring metabolic pathways, as well as molecules which do not naturally occur in the metabolism of C. glutamicum, but which are produced by a C. glutamicum strain of the invention.
This invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patent applications, patents, published patent applications, Tables, Appendices, and the sequence listing cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference.

EXEMPLIFICATION

Example 1

Preparation of Total Genomic DNA of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032

A culture of Corynebacterium glutamicum (ATCC 13032) was grown overnight at 30° C. with vigorous shaking in BHI medium (Difco). The cells were harvested by centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded and the cells were resuspended in 5 ml buffer-I (5% of the original volume of the culture—all indicated volumes have been calculated for 100 ml of culture volume). Composition of buffer-I: 140.34 g/l sucrose, 2.46 g/l MgSO₄×7H₂O, 10 ml/l KH₂PO₄solution (100 g/l, adjusted to pH 6.7 with KOH), 50 ml/l M12 concentrate (10 g/l (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1 g/l NaCl, 2 μl MgSO₄×7H₂O, 0.2 g/l CaCl₂, 0.5 g/l yeast extract (Difco), 10 ml/l trace-elements-mix (200 mg/l FeSO₄×H₂O, 10 mg/l ZnSO₄×7H₂O, 3 mg/l MnCl₂×4H₂O, 30 mg/l H₃BO₃20 mg/l CoCl₂×6H₂O, 1 mg/l NiCl₂×6H₂O, 3 mg/l Na₂MoO₄×2H₂O, 500 mg/l complexing agent (EDTA or critic acid), 100 ml/l vitamins-mix (0.2 mg/l biotin, 0.2 mg/l folic acid, 20 mg/l p-amino benzoic acid, 20 mg/l riboflavin, 40 mg/l ca-panthothenate, 140 mg/l nicotinic acid, 40 mg/l pyridoxole hydrochloride, 200 mg/l myo-inositol). Lysozyme was added to the suspension to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. After an approximately 4 h incubation at 37° C., the cell wall was degraded and the resulting protoplasts are harvested by centrifugation. The pellet was washed once with 5 ml buffer-I and once with 5 ml TE-buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8). The pellet was resuspended in 4 ml TE-buffer and 0.5 ml SDS solution (10%) and 0.5 ml NaCl solution (5 M) are added. After adding of proteinase K to a final concentration of 200 μg/ml, the suspension is incubated for ca. 18 h at 37° C. The DNA was purified by extraction with phenol, phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol and chloroform-isoamylalcohol using standard procedures. Then, the DNA was precipitated by adding 1/50 volume of 3 M sodium acetate and 2 volumes of ethanol, followed by a 30 min incubation at −20° C. and a 30 min centrifugation at 12,000 rpm in a high speed centrifuge using a SS34 rotor (Sorvall). The DNA was dissolved in 1 ml TE-buffer containing 20 μg/ml RNaseA and dialysed at 4° C. against 1000 ml TE-buffer for at least 3 hours. During this time, the buffer was exchanged 3 times. To aliquots of 0.4 ml of the dialysed DNA solution, 0.4 ml of 2 M LiCl and 0.8 ml of ethanol are added. After a 30 min incubation at −20° C., the DNA was collected by centrifugation (13,000 rpm, Biofuge Fresco, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany). The DNA pellet was dissolved in TE-buffer. DNA prepared by this procedure could be used for all purposes, including southern blotting or construction of genomic libraries.

Example 2

Construction of Genomic Libraries in Escherichia coli of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032

Using DNA prepared as described in Example 1, cosmid and plasmid libraries were constructed according to known and well established methods (see e.g., Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, or Ausubel, F. M. et al. (1994) “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley & Sons.)
Any plasmid or cosmid could be used. Of particular use were the plasmids pBR322 (Sutcliffe, J. G. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75:3737-3741); pACYC177 (Change & Cohen (1978) J. Bacteriol 134:1141-1156), plasmids of the pBS series (pBSSK+, pBSSK− and others; Stratagene, LaJolla, USA), or cosmids as SuperCos1 (Stratagene, LaJolla, USA) or Lorist6 (Gibson, T. J., Rosenthal A. and Waterson, R. H. (1987) Gene 53:283-286. Gene libraries specifically for use in C. glutamicum may be constructed using plasmid pSL109 (Lee, H.-S. and A. J. Sinskey (1994) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4: 256-263).

Example 3

DNA Sequencing and Computational Functional Analysis

Genomic libraries as described in Example 2 were used for DNA sequencing according to standard methods, in particular by the chain termination method using ABI377 sequencing machines (see e.g., Fleischman, R. D. et al. (1995) “Whole-genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus Influenzae Rd., Science, 269:496-512). Sequencing primers with the following nucleotide sequences were used: 5′-GGAAACAGTATGACCATG-3′ or 5′-GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT-3′.

Example 4

In Vivo Mutagenesis

In vivo mutagenesis of Corynebacterium glutamicum can be performed by passage of plasmid (or other vector) DNA through E. coli or other microorganisms (e.g. Bacillus spp. or yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which are impaired in their capabilities to maintain the integrity of their genetic information. Typical mutator strains have mutations in the genes for the DNA repair system (e.g., mutHLS, mutD, mutT, etc.; for reference, see Rupp, W. D. (1996) DNA repair mechanisms, in: Escherichia coli and Salmonella, p. 2277-2294, ASM: Washington.) Such strains are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The use of such strains is illustrated, for example, in Greener, A. and Callahan, M. (1994) Strategies 7: 32-34.

Example 5

DNA Transfer Between Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum

Several Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium species contain endogenous plasmids (as e.g., pHM1519 or pBL1) which replicate autonomously (for review see, e.g., Martin, J. F. et al. (1987) Biotechnology, 5:137-146). Shuttle vectors for Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum can be readily constructed by using standard vectors for E. coli (Sambrook, J. et al. (1989), “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press or Ausubel, F. M. et al. (1994) “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley & Sons) to which a origin or replication for and a suitable marker from Corynebacterium glutamicum is added. Such origins of replication are preferably taken from endogenous plasmids isolated from Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium species. Of particular use as transformation markers for these species are genes for kanamycin resistance (such as those derived from the Tn5 or Tn903 transposons) or chloramphenicol (Winnacker, E. L. (1987) “From Genes to Clones—Introduction to Gene Technology, VCH, Weinheim). There are numerous examples in the literature of the construction of a wide variety of shuttle vectors which replicate in both E. coli and C. glutamicum, and which can be used for several purposes, including gene over-expression (for reference, see e.g., Yoshihama, M. et al. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 162:591-597, Martin J. F. et al. (1987) Biotechnology, 5:137-146 and Eikmanns, B. J. et al. (1991) Gene, 102:93-98).
Using standard methods, it is possible to clone a gene of interest into one of the shuttle vectors described above and to introduce such a hybrid vectors into strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Transformation of C. glutamicum can be achieved by protoplast transformation (Kastsumata, R. et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 159306-311), electroporation (Liebl, E. et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Letters, 53:399-303) and in cases where special vectors are used, also by conjugation (as described e.g. in Schäfer, A et al. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 172:1663-1666). It is also possible to transfer the shuttle vectors for C. glutamicum to E. coli by preparing plasmid DNA from C. glutamicum (using standard methods well-known in the art) and transforming it into E. coli. This transformation step can be performed using standard methods, but it is advantageous to use an Mcr-deficient E. coli strain, such as NM522 (Gough & Murray (1983) J. Mol. Biol. 166:1-19).
Genes may be overexpressed in C. glutamicum strains using plasmids which comprise pCG1 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,267) or fragments thereof, and optionally the gene for kanamycin resistance from TN903 (Grindley, N. D. and Joyce, C. M. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77(12): 7176-7180). In addition, genes may be overexpressed in C. glutamicum strains using plasmid pSL109 (Lee, H.-S. and A. J. Sinskey (1994) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 4: 256-263).
Aside from the use of replicative plasmids, gene overexpression can also be achieved by integration into the genome. Genomic integration in C. glutamicum or other Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium species may be accomplished by well-known methods, such as homologous recombination with genomic region(s), restriction endonuclease mediated integration (REMI) (see, e.g., DE Patent 19823834), or through the use of transposons. It is also possible to modulate the activity of a gene of interest by modifying the regulatory regions (e.g., a promoter, a repressor, and/or an enhancer) by sequence modification, insertion, or deletion using site-directed methods (such as homologous recombination) or methods based on random events (such as transposon mutagenesis or REMI). Nucleic acid sequences which function as transcriptional terminators may also be inserted 3′ to the coding region of one or more genes of the invention; such terminators are well-known in the art and are described, for example, in Winnacker, E. L. (1987) From Genes to Clones—Introduction to Gene Technology. VCH: Weinheim.

Example 6

Assessment of the Expression of the Mutant Protein

Observations of the activity of a mutated protein in a transformed host cell rely on the fact that the mutant protein is expressed in a similar fashion and in a similar quantity to that of the wild-type protein. A useful method to ascertain the level of transcription of the mutant gene (an indicator of the amount of mRNA available for translation to the gene product) is to perform a Northern blot (for reference see, for example, Ausubel et al. (1988) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley: New York), in which a primer designed to bind to the gene of interest is labeled with a detectable tag (usually radioactive or chemiluminescent), such that when the total RNA of a culture of the organism is extracted, run on gel, transferred to a stable matrix and incubated with this probe, the binding and quantity of binding of the probe indicates the presence and also the quantity of mRNA for this gene. This information is evidence of the degree of transcription of the mutant gene. Total cellular RNA can be prepared from Corynebacterium glutamicum by several methods, all well-known in the art, such as that described in Bormann, E. R. et al. (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6: 317-326.
To assess the presence or relative quantity of protein translated from this mRNA, standard techniques, such as a Western blot, may be employed (see, for example, Ausubel et al. (1988) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley: New York). In this process, total cellular proteins are extracted, separated by gel electrophoresis, transferred to a matrix such as nitrocellulose, and incubated with a probe, such as an antibody, which specifically binds to the desired protein. This probe is generally tagged with a chemiluminescent or colorimetric label which may be readily detected. The presence and quantity of label observed indicates the presence and quantity of the desired mutant protein present in the cell.

Example 7

Growth of Genetically Modified Corynebacterium glutamicum—Media and Culture Conditions

Genetically modified Corynebacteria are cultured in synthetic or natural growth media. A number of different growth media for Corynebacteria are both well-known and readily available (Lieb et al. (1989) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 32:205-210; von der Osten et al. (1998) Biotechnology Letters, 11:11-16; Patent DE 4,120,867; Liebl (1992) “The Genus Corynebacterium, in: The Procaryotes, Volume II, Balows, A. et al., eds. Springer-Verlag). These media consist of one or more carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins and trace elements. Preferred carbon sources are sugars, such as mono-, di-, or polysaccharides. For example, glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch or cellulose serve as very good carbon sources. It is also possible to supply sugar to the media via complex compounds such as molasses or other by-products from sugar refinement. It can also be advantageous to supply mixtures of different carbon sources. Other possible carbon sources are alcohols and organic acids, such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid or lactic acid. Nitrogen sources are usually organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds, or materials which contain these compounds. Exemplary nitrogen sources include ammonia gas or ammonia salts, such as NH₄Cl or (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄OH, nitrates, urea, amino acids or complex nitrogen sources like corn steep liquor, soy bean flour, soy bean protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others.
Inorganic salt compounds which may be included in the media include the chloride-, phosphorous- or sulfate-salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. Chelating compounds can be added to the medium to keep the metal ions in solution. Particularly useful chelating compounds include dihydroxyphenols, like catechol or protocatechuate, or organic acids, such as citric acid. It is typical for the media to also contain other growth factors, such as vitamins or growth promoters, examples of which include biotin, riboflavin, thiamin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxin. Growth factors and salts frequently originate from complex media components such as yeast extract, molasses, corn steep liquor and others. The exact composition of the media compounds depends strongly on the immediate experiment and is individually decided for each specific case. Information about media optimization is available in the textbook “Applied Microbiol. Physiology, A Practical Approach (eds. P. M. Rhodes, P. F. Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) pp. 53-73, ISBN 0 19 963577 3). It is also possible to select growth media from commercial suppliers, like standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (grain heart infusion, DIFCO) or others.
All medium components are sterilized, either by heat (20 minutes at 1.5 bar and 121° C.) or by sterile filtration. The components can either be sterilized together or, if necessary, separately. All media components can be present at the beginning of growth, or they can optionally be added continuously or batchwise.
Culture conditions are defined separately for each experiment. The temperature should be in a range between 15° C. and 45° C. The temperature can be kept constant or can be altered during the experiment. The pH of the medium should be in the range of 5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0, and can be maintained by the addition of buffers to the media. An exemplary buffer for this purpose is a potassium phosphate buffer. Synthetic buffers such as MOPS, HEPES, ACES and others can alternatively or simultaneously be used. It is also possible to maintain a constant culture pH through the addition of NaOH or NH₄OH during growth. If complex medium components such as yeast extract are utilized, the necessity for additional buffers may be reduced, due to the fact that many complex compounds have high buffer capacities. If a fermentor is utilized for culturing the micro-organisms, the pH can also be controlled using gaseous ammonia.
The incubation time is usually in a range from several hours to several days. This time is selected in order to permit the maximal amount of product to accumulate in the broth. The disclosed growth experiments can be carried out in a variety of vessels, such as microtiter plates, glass tubes, glass flasks or glass or metal fermentors of different sizes. For screening a large number of clones, the microorganisms should be cultured in microtiter plates, glass tubes or shake flasks, either with or without baffles. Preferably 100 ml shake flasks are used, filled with 10% (by volume) of the required growth medium. The flasks should be shaken on a rotary shaker (amplitude 25 mm) using a speed-range of 100-300 rpm. Evaporation losses can be diminished by the maintenance of a humid atmosphere; alternatively, a mathematical correction for evaporation losses should be performed.
If genetically modified clones are tested, an unmodified control clone or a control clone containing the basic plasmid without any insert should also be tested. The medium is inoculated to an OD₆₀₀of O.5-1.5 using cells grown on agar plates, such as CM plates (10 g/l glucose, 2.5 g/l NaCl, 2 g/l urea, 10 g/l polypeptone, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l meat extract, 22 g/l NaCl, 2 g/l urea, 10 g/l polypeptone, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l meat extract, 22 g/l agar, pH 6.8 with 2M NaOH) that had been incubated at 30° C. Inoculation of the media is accomplished by either introduction of a saline suspension of C. glutamicum cells from CM plates or addition of a liquid preculture of this bacterium.

Example 8

In Vitro Analysis of the Function of Mutant Proteins

The determination of activities and kinetic parameters of enzymes is well established in the art. Experiments to determine the activity of any given altered enzyme must be tailored to the specific activity of the wild-type enzyme, which is well within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art. Overviews about enzymes in general, as well as specific details concerning structure, kinetics, principles, methods, applications and examples for the determination of many enzyme activities may be found, for example, in the following references: Dixon, M., and Webb, E. C., (1979) Enzymes. Longmans: London; Fersht, (1985) Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. Freeman: New York; Walsh, (1979) Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Freeman: San Francisco; Price, N. C., Stevens, L. (1982) Fundamentals of Enzymology. Oxford Univ. Press: Oxford; Boyer, P. D., ed. (1983) The Enzymes, 3^rded. Academic Press: New York; Bisswanger, H., (1994) Enzymkinetik, 2^nded. VCH: Weinheim (ISBN 3527300325); Bergmeyer, H. U., Bergmeyer, J., Graβl, M., eds. (1983-1986) Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3^rded., vol. I-XII, Verlag Chemie: Weinheim; and Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1987) vol. A9, “Enzymes”. VCH: Weinheim, p. 352-363.
The activity of proteins which bind to DNA can be measured by several well-established methods, such as DNA band-shift assays (also called gel retardation assays). The effect of such proteins on the expression of other molecules can be measured using reporter gene assays (such as that described in Kolmar, H. et al. (1995) EMBO J. 14: 3895-3904 and references cited therein). Reporter gene test systems are well known and established for applications in both pro- and eukaryotic cells, using enzymes such as beta-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein, and several others.
The determination of activity of membrane-transport proteins can be performed according to techniques such as those described in Gennis, R. B. (1989) “Pores, Channels and Transporters”, in Biomembranes, Molecular Structure and Function, Springer: Heidelberg, p. 85-137; 199-234; and 270-322.

Example 9

Analysis of Impact of Mutant Protein on the Production of the Desired Product

The effect of the genetic modification in C. glutamicum on production of a desired compound (such as an amino acid) can be assessed by growing the modified microorganism under suitable conditions (such as those described above) and analyzing the medium and/or the cellular component for increased production of the desired product (i.e., an amino acid). Such analysis techniques are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and include spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, staining methods of various kinds, enzymatic and microbiological methods, and analytical chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography (see, for example, Ullman, Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A2, p. 89-90 and p. 443-613, VCH: Weinheim (1985); Fallon, A. et al., (1987) “Applications of HPLC in Biochemistry” in: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 17; Rehm et al. (1993) Biotechnology, vol. 3, Chapter III: “Product recovery and purification”, page 469-714, VCH: Weinheim; Belter, P. A. et al. (1988) Bioseparations: downstream processing for biotechnology, John Wiley and Sons; Kennedy, J. F. and Cabral, J. M. S. (1992) Recovery processes for biological materials, John Wiley and Sons; Shaeiwitz, J. A. and Henry, J. D. (1988) Biochemical separations, in: Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. B3, Chapter 11, page 1-27, VCH: Weinheim; and Dechow, F. J. (1989) Separation and purification techniques in biotechnology, Noyes Publications.)
In addition to the measurement of the final product of fermentation, it is also possible to analyze other components of the metabolic pathways utilized for the production of the desired compound, such as intermediates and side-products, to determine the overall yield, production, and/or efficiency of production of the compound. Analysis methods include measurements of nutrient levels in the medium (e.g., sugars, hydrocarbons, nitrogen sources, phosphate, and other ions), measurements of biomass composition and growth, analysis of the production of common metabolites of biosynthetic pathways, and measurement of gasses produced during fermentation. Standard methods for these measurements are outlined in Applied Microbial Physiology, A Practical Approach, P. M. Rhodes and P. F. Stanbury, eds., IRL Press, p. 103-129; 131-163; and 165-192 (ISBN: 0199635773) and references cited therein.

Example 10

Purification of the Desired Product from C. glutamicum Culture

Recovery of the desired product from the C. glutamicum cells or supernatant of the above-described culture can be performed by various methods well known in the art. If the desired product is not secreted from the cells, the cells can be harvested from the culture by low-speed centrifugation, the cells can be lysed by standard techniques, such as mechanical force or sonication. The cellular debris is removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant fraction containing the soluble proteins is retained for further purification of the desired compound. If the product is secreted from the C. glutamicum cells, then the cells are removed from the culture by low-speed centrifugation, and the supernate fraction is retained for further purification.
The supernatant fraction from either purification method is subjected to chromatography with a suitable resin, in which the desired molecule is either retained on a chromatography resin while many of the impurities in the sample are not, or where the impurities are retained by the resin while the sample is not. Such chromatography steps may be repeated as necessary, using the same or different chromatography resins. One of ordinary skill in the art would be well-versed in the selection of appropriate chromatography resins and in their most efficacious application for a particular molecule to be purified. The purified product may be concentrated by filtration or ultrafiltration, and stored at a temperature at which the stability of the product is maximized.
There are a wide array of purification methods known to the art and the preceding method of purification is not meant to be limiting. Such purification techniques are described, for example, in Bailey, J. E. & Ollis, D. F. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill: New York (1986).
The identity and purity of the isolated compounds may be assessed by techniques standard in the art. These include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectroscopic methods, staining methods, thin layer chromatography, NIRS, enzymatic assay, or microbiologically. Such analysis methods are reviewed in: Patek et al. (1994) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 133-140; Malakhova et al. (1996) Biotekhnologiya 11: 27-32; and Schmidt et al. (1998) Bioprocess Engineer. 19: 67-70. Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (1996) vol. A27, VCH: Weinheim, p. 89-90, p. 521-540, p. 540-547, p. 559-566, 575-581 and p. 581-587; Michal, G. (1999) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons; Fallon, A. et al. (1987) Applications of HPLC in Biochemistry in: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 17.

Example 11

Analysis of the Gene Sequences of the Invention

The comparison of sequences and determination of percent homology between two sequences are art-known techniques, and can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm, such as the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-68, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-77. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to MR nucleic acid molecules of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to MR protein molecules of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, one of ordinary skill in the art will know how to optimize the parameters of the program (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) for the specific sequence being analyzed.
Another example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Meyers and Miller ((1988) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 4: 11-17). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used. Additional algorithms for sequence analysis are known in the art, and include ADVANCE and ADAM. described in Torelli and Robotti (1994) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10:3-5; and FASTA, described in Pearson and Lipman (1988) P.N.A.S. 85:2444-8.
The percent homology between two amino acid sequences can also be accomplished using the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blosum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 2, 3, or 4. The percent homology between two nucleic acid sequences can be accomplished using the GAP program in the GCG software package, using standard parameters, such as a gap weight of 50 and a length weight of 3.
A comparative analysis of the gene sequences of the invention with those present in Genbank has been performed using techniques known in the art (see, e.g., Bexevanis and Ouellette, eds. (1998) Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. John Wiley and Sons: New York). The gene sequences of the invention were compared to genes present in Genbank in a three-step process. In a first step, a BLASTN analysis (e.g., a local alignment analysis) was performed for each of the sequences of the invention against the nucleotide sequences present in Genbank, and the top 500 hits were retained for further analysis. A subsequent FASTA search (e.g., a combined local and global alignment analysis, in which limited regions of the sequences are aligned) was performed on these 500 hits. Each gene sequence of the invention was subsequently globally aligned to each of the top three FASTA hits, using the GAP program in the GCG software package (using standard parameters). In order to obtain correct results, the length of the sequences extracted from Genbank were adjusted to the length of the query sequences by methods well-known in the art. The results of this analysis are set forth in Table 4. The resulting data is identical to that which would have been obtained had a GAP (global) analysis alone been performed on each of the genes of the invention in comparison with each of the references in Genbank, but required significantly reduced computational time as compared to such a database-wide GAP (global) analysis. Sequences of the invention for which no alignments above the cutoff values were obtained are indicated on Table 4 by the absence of alignment information. It will further be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the GAP alignment homology percentages set forth in Table 4 under the heading “% homology (GAP)” are listed in the European numerical format, wherein a ‘,’ represents a decimal point. For example, a value of “40,345” in this column represents “40.345%”.

Example 12

Construction and Operation of DNA Microarrays

The sequences of the invention may additionally be used in the construction and application of DNA microarrays (the design, methodology, and uses of DNA arrays are well known in the art, and are described, for example, in Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270: 467-470; Wodicka, L. et al. (1997) Nature Biotechnology 15: 1359-1367; DeSaizieu, A. et al. (1998) Nature Biotechnology 16: 45-48; and DeRisi, J. L. et al. (1997) Science 278: 680-686).
DNA microarrays are solid or flexible supports consisting of nitrocellulose, nylon, glass, silicone, or other materials. Nucleic acid molecules may be attached to the surface in an ordered manner. After appropriate labeling, other nucleic acids or nucleic acid mixtures can be hybridized to the immobilized nucleic acid molecules, and the label may be used to monitor and measure the individual signal intensities of the hybridized molecules at defined regions. This methodology allows the simultaneous quantification of the relative or absolute amount of all or selected nucleic acids in the applied nucleic acid sample or mixture. DNA microarrays, therefore, permit an analysis of the expression of multiple (as many as 6800 or more) nucleic acids in parallel (see, e.g., Schena, M. (1996) BioEssays 18(5): 427-431).
The sequences of the invention may be used to design oligonucleotide primers which are able to amplify defined regions of one or more C. glutamicum genes by a nucleic acid amplification reaction such as the polymerase chain reaction. The choice and design of the 5′ or 3′ oligonucleotide primers or of appropriate linkers allows the covalent attachment of the resulting PCR products to the surface of a support medium described above (and also described, for example, Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270: 467-470).
Nucleic acid microarrays may also be constructed by in situ oligonucleotide synthesis as described by Wodicka, L. et al. (1997) Nature Biotechnology 15: 1359-1367. By photolithographic methods, precisely defined regions of the matrix are exposed to light. Protective groups which are photolabile are thereby activated and undergo nucleotide addition, whereas regions that are masked from light do not undergo any modification. Subsequent cycles of protection and light activation permit the synthesis of different oligonucleotides at defined positions. Small, defined regions of the genes of the invention may be synthesized on microarrays by solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis.
The nucleic acid molecules of the invention present in a sample or mixture of nucleotides may be hybridized to the microarrays. These nucleic acid molecules can be labeled according to standard methods. In brief, nucleic acid molecules (e.g., mRNA molecules or DNA molecules) are labeled by the incorporation of isotopically or fluorescently labeled nucleotides, e.g., during reverse transcription or DNA synthesis. Hybridization of labeled nucleic acids to microarrays is described (e.g., in Schena, M. et al. (1995) supra; Wodicka, L. et al. (1997), supra; and DeSaizieu A. et al. (1998), supra). The detection and quantification of the hybridized molecule are tailored to the specific incorporated label. Radioactive labels can be detected, for example, as described in Schena, M. et al. (1995) supra) and fluorescent labels may be detected, for example, by the method of Shalon et al. (1996) Genome Research 6: 639-645).
The application of the sequences of the invention to DNA microarray technology, as described above, permits comparative analyses of different strains of C. glutamicum or other Corynebacteria. For example, studies of inter-strain variations based on individual transcript profiles and the identification of genes that are important for specific and/or desired strain properties such as pathogenicity, productivity and stress tolerance are facilitated by nucleic acid array methodologies. Also, comparisons of the profile of expression of genes of the invention during the course of a fermentation reaction are possible using nucleic acid array technology.

Example 13

Analysis of the Dynamics of Cellular Protein Populations (Proteomics)

The genes, compositions, and methods of the invention may be applied to study the interactions and dynamics of populations of proteins, termed ‘proteomics’. Protein populations of interest include, but are not limited to, the total protein population of C. glutamicum (e.g., in comparison with the protein populations of other organisms), those proteins which are active under specific environmental or metabolic conditions (e.g., during fermentation, at high or low temperature, or at high or low pH), or those proteins which are active during specific phases of growth and development.
Protein populations can be analyzed by various well-known techniques, such as gel electrophoresis. Cellular proteins may be obtained, for example, by lysis or extraction, and may be separated from one another using a variety of electrophoretic techniques. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separates proteins largely on the basis of their molecular weight. Isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) separates proteins by their isoelectric point (which reflects not only the amino acid sequence but also posttranslational modifications of the protein). Another, more preferred method of protein analysis is the consecutive combination of both IEF-PAGE and SDS-PAGE, known as 2-D-gel electrophoresis (described, for example, in Hermann et al. (1998) Electrophoresis 19: 3217-3221; Fountoulakis et al. (1998) Electrophoresis 19: 1193-1202; Langen et al. (1997) Electrophoresis 18: 1184-1192; Antelmann et al. (1997) Electrophoresis 18: 1451-1463). Other separation techniques may also be utilized for protein separation, such as capillary gel electrophoresis; such techniques are well known in the art.
Proteins separated by these methodologies can be visualized by standard techniques, such as by staining or labeling. Suitable stains are known in the art, and include Coomassie Brilliant Blue, silver stain, or fluorescent dyes such as Sypro Ruby (Molecular Probes). The inclusion of radioactively labeled amino acids or other protein precursors (e.g., ³⁵S-methionine, ³⁵S-cysteine, ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids, ¹⁵N-amino acids, ¹⁵NO₃or ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ or ¹³C-labelled amino acids) in the medium of C. glutamicum permits the labeling of proteins from these cells prior to their separation. Similarly, fluorescent labels may be employed. These labeled proteins can be extracted, isolated and separated according to the previously described techniques.
Proteins visualized by these techniques can be further analyzed by measuring the amount of dye or label used. The amount of a given protein can be determined quantitatively using, for example, optical methods and can be compared to the amount of other proteins in the same gel or in other gels. Comparisons of proteins on gels can be made, for example, by optical comparison, by spectroscopy, by image scanning and analysis of gels, or through the use of photographic films and screens. Such techniques are well-known in the art.
To determine the identity of any given protein, direct sequencing or other standard techniques may be employed. For example, N- and/or C-terminal amino acid sequencing (such as Edman degradation) may be used, as may mass spectrometry (in particular MALDI or ESI techniques (see, e.g., Langen et al. (1997) Electrophoresis 18: 1184-1192)). The protein sequences provided herein can be used for the identification of C. glutamicum proteins by these techniques.
The information obtained by these methods can be used to compare patterns of protein presence, activity, or modification between different samples from various biological conditions (e.g., different organisms, time points of fermentation, media conditions, or different biotopes, among others). Data obtained from such experiments alone, or in combination with other techniques, can be used for various applications, such as to compare the behavior of various organisms in a given (e.g., metabolic) situation, to increase the productivity of strains which produce fine chemicals or to increase the efficiency of the production of fine chemicals.

EQUIVALENTS

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, or will be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

TABLE 1


GENES INCLUDED IN THE APPLICATION

Nucleic Acid
SEQ ID NO	Amino Acid SEQ ID NO	Identification Code	Contig.	NT Start	NT Stop	Function

1	2	RXN03181	VV0338	196	609	GLUCOSE-RESISTANCE AMYLASE REGULATOR
3	4	F RXA02880	GR10018	417	4	TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR CYTR
5	6	RXA00603	GR00159	4982	5434	LEUCINE-RESPONSIVE REGULATORY PROTEIN
7	8	RXN02946	VV0127	7000	7458	FATTY ACYL RESPONSIVE REGULATOR
9	10	RXN01845	VV0234	1093	686	FUMARATE AND NITRATE REDUCTION REGULATORY PROTEIN
11	12	RXN02910	VV0135	30560	29856	TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR PROTEIN LYSR
13	14	RXN02553	VV0101	3454	4017	CRYPTIC BETA-GLUCOSIDE BGL OPERON ANTITERMINATOR
15	16	RXS00686	VV0005	30857	30054	ACETATE OPERON REPRESSOR
17	18	RXS00774	VV0103	22950	22297	PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT SYSTEM REGULATORY PROTEIN
19	20	RXN02493	VV0007	8481	9719	PHOSPHATE REGULON SENSOR PROTEIN PHOR (EC 2.7.3.—)
21	22	F RXA02493	GR00720	2931	4169	regulatory gene for the phosphate regulon
23	24	RXN00631	VV0135	18302	16848	PHOSPHATE REGULON SENSOR PROTEIN PHOR (EC 2.7.3.—)

Genes for signal transduction pathways, regulation of proteins and transcription

25	26	RXN00291	VV0041	6431	4860	SENSOR KINASE CITA (EC 2.7.3.—)
27	28	F RXA00291	GR00047	2	1075	SENSOR KINASE CITA (EC 2.7.3.—)
29	30	RXA00129	GR00020	6205	4709	SENSOR PROTEIN CPXA (EC 2.7.3.—)
31	32	RXN00651	VV0109	8052	9383	Hypothetical Sensor Histidine Kinase (EC 2.7.3.—)
33	34	F RXA00651	GR00169	5450	4119	SENSOR PROTEIN DEGS (EC 2.7.3.—)
35	36	RXA00006	GR00001	6905	6471	SENSOR PROTEIN FIXL (EC 2.7.3.—)
37	38	RXA01860	GR00529	2368	1484	SENSOR PROTEIN FIXL (EC 2.7.3.—)
39	40	RXA01861	GR00529	4332	2368	SENSOR PROTEIN FIXL (EC 2.7.3.—)
41	42	RXA02669	GR00753	8893	10008	SENSOR PROTEIN RESE (EC 2.7.3.—)
43	44	RXN01211	VV0169	5106	6362	SENSOR PROTEIN UHPB (EC 2.7.3.—)
45	46	F RXA01211	GR00349	741	1535	SENSOR PROTEIN UHPB (EC 2.7.3.—)
47	48	RXA01248	GR00362	165	593	SENSORY TRANSDUCTION PROTEIN REGX3
49	50	RXA02668	GR00753	8171	8893	SENSORY TRANSDUCTION PROTEIN REGX3
51	52	RXA02632	GR00748	4863	4168	putative two-component response regulator [Mycobacterium tuberculosis]
53	54	RXA02631	GR00748	4096	2732	putative two-component sensor [Mycobacterium tuberculosis]
55	56	RXA00609	GR00161	226	891	TWO COMPONENT RESPONSE REGULATOR
57	58	RXA00284	GR00045	1318	2382	ANKYRIN HOMOLOG PRECURSOR
59	60	RXA01827	GR00516	6308	4902	PROTEIN KINASE PKNA
61	62	RXA00813	GR00219	1345	2475	SECRETORY PROTEIN KINASE
63	64	RXA01826	GR00516	4902	2965	PUTATIVE SERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE PKNB (EC 2.7.1.—)
65	66	RXA02699	GR00757	1357	3504	PUTATIVE SERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE PKNB (EC 2.7.1.—)
67	68	RXA00319	GR00056	505	80	LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PHOSPHOTYROSINE PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.48)
69	70	RXA01272	GR00367	25049	24447	PROBABLE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PROTEIN-TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASE EPSP (EC 3.1.3.4
71	72	RXA01830	GR00516	10410	9058	PUTATIVE PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE
73	74	RXA02747	GR00764	277	2352	[PROTEIN-PII] URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE (EC 2.7.7.59)
75	76	RXA02210	GR00648	1922	2485	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
77	78	RXA00221	GR00032	20855	21073	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
79	80	RXN00551	VV0079	30941	30471	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
81	82	F RXA00551	GR00144	352	5	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
83	84	RXA01763	GR00500	1987	1523	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
85	86	RXA02667	GR00753	7863	7270	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
87	88	RXA00348	GR00065	1507	1052	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
89	90	RXA01500	GR00424	7551	7108	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
91	92	RXA01125	GR00312	1800	1588	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
93	94	RXN00822	VV0054	21521	20841	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
95	96	F RXA00822	GR00221	3073	2393	putative transcriptional regulator
97	98	RXN00849	VV0067	4701	4381	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
99	100	F RXA00849	GR00231	378	698	possible transcriptional regulator
101	102	RXA02698	GR00757	1143	775	PUTATIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR
103	104	RXA00350	GR00066	1144	1470	Hypothetical Transcription Inintiation Factor
105	106	RXA02830	GR00817	3	497	Helix-turn-helix domain-containing transcription regulators
107	108	RXA00947	GR00259	4164	3829	Helix-turn-helix domain-containing transcriptional regulators
109	110	RXA01836	GR00517	4370	3666	(AL021287) probable transcriptional regulator [Mycobacterium tuberculosis]
111	112	RXA00292	GR00047	1078	1731	transcriptional regulator CriR
113	114	RXA00182	GR00028	4247	7348	POSSIBLE GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR SNF2L
115	116	RXA02760	GR00767	1154	201	TRANSCRIPTION ANTITERMINATION PROTEIN NUSG
117	118	RXA02306	GR00663	3214	2924	TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY PROTEIN CITB
119	120	RXA00130	GR00020	6985	6308	TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY PROTEIN CPXR
121	122	RXA00885	GR00242	11301	12326	HEAT-INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR HRCA
123	124	RXA01418	GR00415	776	531	TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR SMTB
125	126	RXA01759	GR00498	4075	4836	TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY PROTEIN GLTC
127	128	RXN00363	VV0176	35684	34965	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
129	130	F RXA00363	GR00073	1929	1246	NTA OPERON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR
131	132	RXA00516	GR00131	592	1311	NTA OPERON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR
133	134	RXA01537	GR00427	4829	4179	NTA OPERON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR
135	136	RXA02494	GR00720	4169	4864	KDP OPERON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY PROTEIN KDPE
137	138	RXA00029	GR00003	8910	8374	PUTATIVE AGA OPERON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR
139	140	RXA00655	GR00169	9049	8411	putative regulatory protein
141	142	RXN03136	VV0128	2692	278	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
143	144	F RXA00645	GR00168	5831	8161	PUTATIVE REGULATORY PROTEIN
145	146	RXA00593	GR00158	2858	2511	REGULATORY PROTEIN
147	148	RXA02724	GR00760	870	4	REGULATORY PROTEIN
149	150	RXA00494	GR00123	768	472	Hypothetical Regulatory Protein
151	152	RXN01368	VV0091	3096	2785	Hypothetical Regulatory Protein
153	154	F RXA01368	GR00397	2334	2206	Hypothetical Regulatory Protein
155	156	RXN00464	VV0086	61883	62656	REGULATORY PROTEIN SIR2 HOMOLOG
157	158	F RXA00464	GR00117	75	332	REGULATORY PROTEIN SIR2 HOMOLOG
159	160	RXA01655	GR00460	1458	100	PROBABLE RHIZOPINE CATABOLISM REGULATORY PROTEIN MOCR
161	162	RXA00126	GR00020	2269	1607	PROBABLE SIGMA(54) MODULATION PROTEIN
163	164	RXN02450	VV0107	10940	10386	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
165	166	F RXA02450	GR00710	2533	3087	POTENTIAL ACRAB OPERON REPRESSOR
167	168	RXA01898	GR00544	1178	1870	OPERON REGULATOR
169	170	RXA00004	GR00001	4293	3823	NITRILASE REGULATOR
171	172	RXA01001	GR00284	516	833	hex regulon repressor hexR
173	174	RXA01375	GR00400	2560	1106	FRNA
175	176	RXA02831	GR00818	411	4	EXTRAGENIC SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN SUHB
177	178	RXA01110	GR00306	16399	16971	TETRACYCLINE REPRESSOR PROTEIN CLASS C
179	180	RXA00253	GR00038	1064	1801	TETRACYCLINE REPRESSOR PROTEIN CLASS E
181	182	RXA01118	GR00309	1787	2551	regulator of the glyoxylate bypass
183	184	RXA01840	GR00521	2	655	ALIPHATIC AMIDASE EXPRESSION-REGULATING PROTEIN
185	186	RXA00400	GR00087	1163	2041	ALS OPERON REGULATORY PROTEIN
187	188	RXA02787	GR00777	865	2241	ACTIVATOR 1 41 KD SUBUNIT
189	190	RXA00287	GR00046	1618	1145	ADAPTIVE RESPONSE REGULATORY PROTEIN
191	192	RXA01687	GR00470	3289	2219	N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE REPRESSOR
193	194	RXA01935	GR00555	8902	7739	N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE REPRESSOR
195	196	RXN02270	VV0020	13880	13260	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
197	198	F RXA02270	GR00655	5005	4385	member of the regulatory protein family SIR2
199	200	RXA01241	GR00359	739	1218	LEXA REPRESSOR (EC 3.4.21.88)
201	202	RXA02127	GR00637	2715	2062	6 ACTVA REGION GENES OF THE ACTINORHODIN BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTER
203	204	RXA00583	GR00156	10203	9466	Uncharacterized ACR (translation?)
205	206	RXA00592	GR00158	2121	1663	Uncharacterized ACR (translation initiation regulator?)
207	208	RXA00630	GR00166	2	160	(U67196) DNA-binding response regulator [Thermotoga maritima]
209	210	F RXA00638	GR00167	2862	3245	DNA-binding response regulator
211	212	RXA00894	GR00244	1926	799	GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1
213	214	RXA01450	GR00419	1237	1800	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN
215	216	RXA01451	GR00419	1760	2326	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN
217	218	RXA02376	GR00689	3064	1562	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN
219	220	RXA01065	GR00298	2	583	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ERA
221	222	RXA02232	GR00653	5286	6812	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN HFLX
223	224	RXA00848	GR00230	2125	1955	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN LEPA
225	226	F RXA00839	GR00228	372	4	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN LEPA
227	228	F RXA00845	GR00229	907	5	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN LEPA
229	230	RXA02365	GR00686	1568	1029	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN LEPA
231	232	F RXA02392	GR00696	1264	5	GTP-BINDING PROTEIN LEPA
233	234	RXA01573	GR00438	5744	3663	2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 2′-posphodiesterase
235	236	RXN01445	VV0089	14702	15694	Hypothetical Sensor Histidine Kinase (EC 2.7.3.—)
237	238	RXN03143	VV0139	1692	2822	Hypothetical Sensor Histidine Kinase (EC 2.7.3.—)
239	240	RXN03071	VV0040	6	344	Hypothetical Sensor Protein
241	242	RXN03072	VV0040	396	830	Hypothetical Sensor Protein
243	244	RXN01773	VV0015	1128	1604	PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.48)
245	246	RXN03090	VV0054	5296	4076	SENSORY COMPONENT OF SENSORY TRANSDUCTION HISTIDINE KINASE (EC 2.7.3.—)
247	248	RXN00617	VV0054	4053	3826	SENSORY COMPONENT OF SENSORY TRANSDUCTION HISTIDINE KINASE (EC 2.7.3.—)
249	250	RXN02990	VV0073	1352	1948	REGULATORY PROTEIN RECX
251	252	RXN03100	VV0064	11866	11549	ALIPHATIC AMIDASE EXPRESSION-REGULATING PROTEIN
253	254	RXN00031	VV0127	54780	55181	PHOSPHOHISTIDINE PHOSPHATASE SIXA (EC 3.1.3.—)
255	256	RXN02758	VV0084	29359	28061	PHOSPHOSERINE PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.3)
257	258	RXN00978	VV0149	1360	1974	NNRR
259	260	RXN01349	VV0123	1531	755	REGULATORY PROTEIN BETI
261	262	RXN00467	VV0086	60275	60943	IRON REPRESSOR
263	264	RXN02954	VV0015	2693	3430	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
265	266	RXN03023	VV0003	6100	5744	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
267	268	RXN03127	VV0119	8276	7557	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
269	270	RXN03155	VV0186	2	1669	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
271	272	RXN01315	VV0082	13796	13146	Hypothetical Transcription Regulator
273	274	RXN00035	VV0020	24855	24499	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
275	276	RXN00049	VV0174	11833	11147	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
277	278	RXN00486	VV0086	22816	23724	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
279	280	RXN01081	VV0084	33995	34744	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
281	282	RXN01160	VV0151	4187	3213	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
283	284	RXN02097	VV0298	184	3555	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
285	286	RXN02266	VV0020	9528	10040	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
287	288	RXN02362	VV0051	11237	7539	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
289	290	RXN02506	VV0007	25030	24149	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
291	292	RXN02620	VV0129	34206	33541	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
293	294	RXN00826	VV0180	2580	3110	Hypothetical Transcriptional Regulator
295	296	RXS00070	VV0019	32468	32899	FERRIC UPTAKE REGULATION PROTEIN
297	298	RXS00133	VV0046	201	1013	NITRATE/NITRITE RESPONSE REGULATOR PROTEIN NARP
299	300	RXS00144	VV0134	20478	21053	PYRIMIDINE OPERON REGULATORY PROTEIN PYRR
301	302	RXS00205	VV0096	4885	3779	CCPA PROTEIN
303	304	RXS00470	VV0086	27401	28669	NITRATE/NITRITE SENSOR PROTEIN NARX (EC 2.7.3.—)
305	306	RXS00471	VV0086	28715	29404	NITRATE/NITRITE RESPONSE REGULATOR PROTEIN NARL
307	308	RXS00481	VV0086	43354	43938	Hypothetical Protein
309	310	RXS00649	VV0109	10679	10224	Hypothetical Cytosolic Protein
311	312	RXS00650	VV0109	9485	10120	NITRATE/NITRITE RESPONSE REGULATOR PROTEIN NARP
313	314	RXS00657	VV0109	2620	3522	ACR Protein
315	316	RXS00719	VV0232	7281	5653	Hypothetical GTP-Binding Protein
317	318	RXS00738	VV0254	3	365	Hypothetical Cytosolic Protein
319	320	RXS01082	VV0084	35406	34747	IRON REPRESSOR
321	322	RXS01123	VV0143	24824	25270	Hypothetical Protein
323	324	RXS01189	VV0169	6366	6974	NITRATE/NITRITE RESPONSE REGULATOR PROTEIN NARP
325	326	RXS01242	VV0068	17647	16871	GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE REGULON REPRESSOR
327	328	RXS01607	VV0139	2822	3451	NITRATE/NITRITE RESPONSE REGULATOR PROTEIN NARP
329	330	RXS01674				PROBABLE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCIBLE GENES ACTIVATOR
331	332	RXS01872	VV0248	2141	2968	TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY PROTEIN
333	334	RXS02117	VV0102	8076	8549	Hypothetical Cytosolic Protein
335	336	RXS02288	VV0127	51473	50628	GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE REGULON REPRESSOR
337	338	RXS02573	VV0098	2475	2918	ACR Protein
339	340	RXS02627	VV0314	2981	2139	DTXR/IRON-REGULATED LIPOPROTEIN PRECURSOR
341	342	RXS02691	VV0098	55962	56768	FATTY ACYL RESPONSIVE REGULATOR
343	344	RXS02730	VV0145	7640	8677	RIBOSE OPERON REPRESSOR
345	346	RXS02818	VV0347	611	6	Hypothetical Protein
347	348	RXS02911	VV0135	24643	25101	Hypothetical Cytosolic Protein
349	350	RXS03066	VV0038	7298	6636	Hypothetical Protein
351	352	RXS03208				DIPHTHERIA TOXIN REPRESSOR
353	354	F RXA00307	GR00052	467	6	DIPHTHERIA TOXIN REPRESSOR
355	356	RXS03219				LACI-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION REGULATOR
357	358	F RXA02763	GR00768	1603	2586	MALTOSE OPERON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR
359	360	RXS03200				PROBABLE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCIBLE GENES ACTIVATOR

TABLE 2


GENES IDENTIFIED FROM GENBANK

GenBank ™
Accession No.	Gene Name	Gene Function	Reference

A09073	ppg	Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase	Bachmann, B. et al. “DNA fragment coding for phosphoenolpyruvat
			corboxylase, recombinant DNA carrying said fragment, strains carrying the
			recombinant DNA and method for producing L-amino acids using said
			strains,” Patent: EP 0358940-A 3 Mar. 21, 1990
A45579,		Threonine dehydratase	Moeckel, B. et al. “Production of L-isoleucine by means of recombinant
A45581,			micro-organisms with deregulated threonine dehydratase,” Patent: WO
A45583,			9519442-A 5 Jul. 20, 1995
A45585
A45587
AB003132	murC; ftsQ; ftsZ		Kobayashi, M. et al. “Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the ftsZ
			gene from coryneform bacteria,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,
			236(2): 383-388 (1997)
AB015023	murC; ftsQ		Wachi, M. et al. “A murC gene from Coryneform bacteria,” Appl. Microbiol.
			Biotechnol., 51(2): 223-228 (1999)
AB018530	dtsR		Kimura, E. et al. “Molecular cloning of a novel gene, dtsR, which rescues the
			detergent sensitivity of a mutant derived from Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.,
			60(10): 1565-1570 (1996)
AB018531	dtsR1; dtsR2
AB020624	murI	D-glutamate racemase
AB023377	tkt	transketolase
AB024708	gltB; gltD	Glutamine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase large and small
		subunits
AB025424	acn	aconitase
AB027714	rep	Replication protein
AB027715	rep; aad	Replication protein; aminoglycoside adenyltransferase
AF005242	argC	N-acetylglutamate-5-semialdehyde
		dehydrogenase
AF005635	glnA	Glutamine synthetase
AF030405	hisF	cyclase
AF030520	argG	Argininosuccinate synthetase
AF031518	argF	Ornithine carbamolytransferase
AF036932	aroD	3-dehydroquinate dehydratase
AF038548	pyc	Pyruvate carboxylase
AF038651	dciAE; apt; rel	Dipeptide-binding protein; adenine	Wehmeier, L. et al. “The role of the Corynebacterium glutamicum rel gene in
		phosphoribosyltransferase; GTP pyrophosphokinase	(p)ppGpp metabolism,” Microbiology, 144: 1853-1862 (1998)
AF041436	argR	Arginine repressor
AF045998	impA	Inositol monophosphate phosphatase
AF048764	argH	Argininosuccinate lyase
AF049897	argC; argJ; argB;	N-acetylglutamylphosphate reductase;
	argD; argF; argR;	ornithine acetyltransferase; N-
	argG; argH	acetylglutamate kinase; acetylornithine
		transminase; ornithine carbamoyltransferase; arginine repressor;
		argininosuccinate synthase; argininosuccinate lyase
AF050109	inhA	Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase
AF050166	hisG	ATP phosphoribosyltransferase
AF051846	hisA	Phosphoribosylformimino-5-amino-1-
		phosphoribosyl-4-imidazolecarboxamide
		isomerase
AF052652	metA	Homoserine O-acetyltransferase	Park, S. et al. “Isolation and analysis of metA, a methionine biosynthetic gene
			encoding homoserine acetyltransferase in Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Cells., 8(3):
			286-294 (1998)
AF053071	aroB	Dehydroquinate synthetase
AF060558	hisH	Glutamine amidotransferase
AF086704	hisE	Phosphoribosyl-ATP-
		pyrophosphohydrolase
AF114233	aroA	5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate
		synthase
AP116184	panD	L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase precursor	Dusch, N. et al. “Expression of the Corynebacterium glutamicum panD gene
			encoding L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase leads to pantothenate
			overproduction in Escherichia coli,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(4)1530-1539 (1999)
AF124518	aroD; aroE	3-dehydroquinase; shikimate
		dehydrogenase
AF124600	aroC; aroK; aroB;	Chorismate synthase; shikimate kinase; 3-
	pepQ	dehydroquinate synthase; putative
		cytoplasmic peptidase
AF145897	inhA
AF145898	inhA
AJ001436	ectP	Transport of ectoine, glycine betaine,	Peter, H. et al. “Corynebacterium glutamicum is equipped with four secondary
		proline	carriers for compatible solutes: Identification, sequencing, and characterization
			of the proline/ectoine uptake system, ProP, and the ectoine/proline/glycine betaine carrier,
			EctP,” J. Bacteriol., 180(22): 6005-6012 (1998)
AJ004934	dapD	Tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase	Wehrmann, A. et al. “Different modes of diaminopimelate synthesis and their
		(incompleteⁱ)	role in cell wall integrity: A study with Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Bacteriol., 180(12):
			3159-3165 (1998)
AJ007732	ppc; secG; amt; ocd;	Phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase; ?; high
	soxA	affinity ammonium uptake protein; putative
		ornithine-cyclodecarboxylase; sarcosine
		oxidase
AJ010319	ftsY, glnB, glnD; srp;	Involved in cell division; PII protein;	Jakoby, M. et al. “Nitrogen regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum;
	amtP	uridylyltransferase (uridylyl-removing	Isolation of genes involved in biochemical characterization of corresponding
		enzmye); signal recognition particle; low	proteins,” FEMS Microbiol., 173(2): 303-310 (1999)
		affinity ammonium uptake protein
AJ132968	cat	Chloramphenicol aceteyl transferase
AJ224946	mqo	L-malate: quinone oxidoreductase	Molenaar, D. et al. “Biochemical and genetic characterization of the
			membrane-associated malate dehydrogenase (acceptor) from Corynebacterium
			glutamicum,” Eur. J. Biochem., 254(2): 395-403 (1998)
AJ238250	ndh	NADH dehydrogenase
AJ238703	porA	Porin	Lichtinger, T. et al. “Biochemical and biophysical characterization of the cell
			wall porin of Corynebacterium glutamicum: The channel is formed by a low
			molecular mass polypeptide,” Biochemistry, 37(43): 15024-15032 (1998)
D17429		Transposable element IS31831	Vertes, A. A. et al. “Isolation and characterization of IS31831, a transposable
			element from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Microbiol., 11(4): 739-746
			(1994)
D84102	odhA	2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase	Usuda, Y. et al. “Molecular cloning of the Corynebacterium glutamicum
			(Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ12036) odhA gene encoding a novel type
			of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase,” Microbiology, 142: 3347-3354 (1996)
E01358	hdh; hk	Homoserine dehydrogenase; homoserine	Katsumata, R. et al. “Production of L-thereonine and L-isoleucine,” Patent: JP
		kinase	1987232392-A 1 Oct. 12, 1987
E01359		Upstream of the start codon of homoserine	Katsumata, R. et al. “Production of L-thereonine and L-isoleucine,” Patent: JP
		kinase gene	1987232392-A 2 Oct. 12, 1987
E01375		Tryptophan operon
E01376	trpL; trpE	Leader peptide; anthranilate synthase	Matsui, K. et al. “Tryptophan operon, peptide and protein coded thereby,
			utilization of tryptophan operon gene expression and production of
			tryptophan,” Patent: JP 1987244382-A 1 Oct. 24, 1987
E01377		Promoter and operator regions of	Matsui, K. et al. “Tryptophan operon, peptide and protein coded thereby,
		tryptophan operon	utilization of tryptophan operon gene expression and production of
			tryptophan,” Patent: JP 1987244382-A 1 Oct. 24, 1987
E03937		Biotin-synthase	Hatakeyama, K. et al. “DNA fragment containing gene capable of coding
			biotin synthetase and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1992278088-A 1 Oct. 02, 1992
E04040		Diamino pelargonic acid aminotransferase	Kohama, K. et al. “Gene coding diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase and
			desthiobiotin synthetase and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1992330284-A 1
			Nov. 18, 1992
E04041		Desthiobiotinsynthetase	Kohama, K. et al. “Gene coding diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase and
			desthiobiotin synthetase and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1992330284-A 1
			Nov. 18, 1992
E04307		Flavum aspartase	Kurusu, Y. et al. “Gene DNA coding aspartase and utilization thereof,” Patent:
			JP 1993030977-A 1 Feb. 09, 1993
E04376		Isocitric acid lyase	Katsumata, R. et al. “Gene manifestation controlling DNA,” Patent: JP
			1993056782-A 3 Mar. 09, 1993
E04377		Isocitric acid lyase N-terminal fragment	Katsumata, R. et al. “Gene manifestation controlling DNA,” Patent: JP
			1993056782-A 3 Mar. 09, 1993
E04484		Prephenate dehydratase	Sotouchi, N. et al. “Production of L-phenylalanine by fermentation,” Patent: JP
			1993076352-A 2 Mar. 30, 1993
E05108		Aspartokinase	Fugono, N. et al. “Gene DNA coding Aspartokinase and its use,” Patent: JP
			1993184366-A 1 Jul. 27, 1993
E05112		Dihydro-dipichorinate synthetase	Hatakeyama, K. et al. “Gene DNA coding dihydrodipicolinic acid synthetase
			and its use,” Patent: JP 1993184371-A 1 Jul. 27, 1993
E05776		Diaminopimelic acid dehydrogenase	Kobayashi, M. et al. “Gene DNA coding Diaminopimelic acid dehydrogenase
			and its use,” Patent: JP 1993284970-A 1 Nov. 02, 1993
E05779		Threonine synthase	Kohama, K. et al. “Gene DNA coding threonine synthase and its use,” Patent:
			JP 1993284972-A 1 Nov. 02, 1993
E06110		Prephenate dehydratase	Kikuchi, T. et al. “Production of L-phenylalanine by fermentation method,”
			Patent: JP 1993344881-A 1 Dec. 27, 1993
E06111		Mutated Prephenate dehydratase	Kikuchi, T. et al. “Production of L-phenylalanine by fermentation method,”
			Patent: JP 1993344881-A 1 Dec. 27, 1993
E06146		Acetohydroxy acid synthetase	Inui, M. et al. “Gene capable of coding Acetohydroxy acid synthetase and its
			use,” Patent: JP 1993344893-A 1 Dec. 27, 1993
E06825		Aspartokinase	Sugimoto, M. et al. “Mutant aspartokinase gene,” patent: JP 1994062866-A 1
			Mar. 08, 1994
E06826		Mutated aspartokinase alpha subunit	Sugimoto, M. et al. “Mutant aspartokinase gene,” patent: JP 1994062866-A 1
			Mar. 08, 1994
E06827		Mutated aspartokinase alpha subunit	Sugimoto, M. et al. “Mutant aspartokinase gene,” patent: JP 1994062866-A 1
			Mar. 08, 1994
E07701	secY		Honno, N. et al. “Gene DNA participating in integration of membraneous
			protein to membrane,” Patent: JP 1994169780-A 1 Jun. 21, 1994
E08177		Aspartokinase	Sato, Y. et al. “Genetic DNA capable of coding Aspartokinase released from
			feedback inhibition and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1994261766-A 1 Sep. 20, 1994
E08178,		Feedback inhibition-released Aspartokinase	Sato, Y. et al. “Genetic DNA capable of coding Aspartokinase released from
E08179,			feedback inhibition and its utilization,” Patent: JP 1994261766-A 1 Sep. 20, 1994
E08180,
E08181,
E08182
E08232		Acetohydroxy-acid isomeroreductase	Inui, M. et al. “Gene DNA coding acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase,”
			Patent: JP 1994277067-A 1 Oct. 04, 1994
E08234	secE		Asai, Y. et al. “Gene DNA coding for translocation machinery of protein,”
			Patent: JP 1994277073-A 1 Oct. 04, 1994
E08643		FT aminotransferase and desthiobiotin	Hatakeyama, K. et al. “DNA fragment having promoter function in
		synthetase promoter region	coryneform bacterium,” Patent: JP 1995031476-A 1 Feb. 03, 1995
E08646		Biotin synthetase	Hatakeyama, K. et al. “DNA fragment having promoter function in
			coryneform bacterium,” Patent: JP 1995031476-A 1 Feb. 03, 1995
E08649		Aspartase	Kohama, K. et al “DNA fragment having promoter function in coryneform
			bacterium,” Patent: JP 1995031478-A 1 Feb. 03, 1995
E08900		Dihydrodipicolinate reductase	Madori, M. et al. “DNA fragment containing gene coding Dihydrodipicolinate
			acid reductase and utilization thereof,” Patent: JP 1995075578-A 1 Mar. 20, 1995
E08901		Diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase	Madori, M. et al. “DNA fragment containing gene coding Diaminopimelic acid
			decarboxylase and utilization thereof,” Patent: JP 1995075579-A 1 Mar. 20, 1995
E12594		Serine hydroxymethyltransferase	Hatakeyama, K. et al. “Production of L-trypophan,” Patent: JP 1997028391-A
			1 Feb. 04, 1997
E12760,		transposase	Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent:
E12759,			JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997
E12758
E12764		Arginyl-tRNA synthetase; diaminopimelic	Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent:
		acid decarboxylase	JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997
E12767		Dihydrodipicolinic acid synthetase	Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent:
			JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997
E12770		aspartokinase	Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent:
			JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997
E12773		Dihydrodipicolinic acid reductase	Moriya, M. et al. “Amplification of gene using artificial transposon,” Patent:
			JP 1997070291-A Mar. 18, 1997
E13655		Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	Hatakeyama, K. et al. “Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA capable
			of coding the same,” Patent: JP 1997224661-A 1 Sep. 02, 1997
L01508	IlvA	Threonine dehydratase	Moeckel, B. et al. “Functional and structural analysis of the threonine
			dehydratase of Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Bacteriol., 174: 8065-8072
			(1992)
L07603	EC 4.2.1.15	3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-	Chen, C. et al. “The cloning and nucleotide sequence of Corynebacterium
		phosphate synthase	glutamicum 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase gene,”
			FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 107: 223-230 (1993)
L09232	IlvB; ilvN; ilvC	Acetohydroxy acid synthase large subunit;	Keilhauer, C. et al. “Isoleucine synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum:
		Acetohydroxy acid synthase small subunit;	molecular analysis of the ilvB-ilvN-ilvC operon,” J. Bacteriol., 175(17): 5595-5603
		Acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase	(1993)
L18874	PtsM	Phosphoenolpyruvate sugar	Fouet, A et al. “Bacillus subtilis sucrose-specific enzyme II of the
		phosphotransferase	phosphotransferase system: expression in Escherichia coli and homology to
			enzymes II from enteric bacteria,” PNAS USA, 84(24): 8773-8777 (1987); Lee, J. K.
			et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the Corynebacterium
			glutamicum mannose enzyme II and analyses of the deduced protein
			sequence,” FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 119(1-2): 137-145 (1994)
L27123	aceB	Malate synthase	Lee, H-S. et al. “Molecular characterization of aceB, a gene encoding malate
			synthase in Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.,
			4(4): 256-263 (1994)
L27126		Pyruvate kinase	Jetten, M. S. et al. “Structural and functional analysis of pyruvate kinase from
			Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(7): 2501-2507
			(1994)
L28760	aceA	Isocitrate lyase
L35906	dtxr	Diphtheria toxin repressor	Oguiza, J. A. et al. “Molecular cloning, DNA sequence analysis, and
			characterization of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae dtxR from Brevibacterium
			lactofermentum,” J. Bacteriol., 177(2): 465-467 (1995)
M13774		Prephenate dehydratase	Follettie, M. T. et al. “Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the
			Corynebacterium glutamicum pheA gene,” J. Bacteriol., 167: 695-702 (1986)
M16175	5S rRNA		Park, Y-H. et al. “Phylogenetic analysis of the coryneform bacteria by 56
			rRNA sequences,” J. Bacteriol., 169: 1801-1806 (1987)
M16663	trpE	Anthranilate synthase, 5′ end	Sano, K. et al. “Structure and function of the trp operon control regions of
			Brevibacterium lactofermentum, a glutamic-acid-producing bacterium,” Gene,
			52: 191-200 (1987)
M16664	trpA	Tryptophan synthase, 3′ end	Sano, K. et al. “Structure and function of the trp operon control regions of
			Brevibacterium lactofermentum, a glutamic-acid-producing bacterium,” Gene,
			52: 191-200 (1987)
M25819		Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	O'Regan, M. et al. “Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the
			Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-coding gene of Corynebacterium
			glutamicum ATCC13032,” Gene, 77(2): 237-251 (1989)
M85106		23S rRNA gene insertion sequence	Roller, C. et al. “Gram-positive bacteria with a high DNA G + C content are
			characterized by a common insertion within their 23S rRNA genes,” J. Gen.
			Microbiol., 138: 1167-1175 (1992)
M85107,		23S rRNA gene insertion sequence	Roller, C. et al. “Gram-positive bacteria with a high DNA G + C content are
M85108			characterized by a common insertion within their 23S rRNA genes,” J. Gen.
			Microbiol., 138: 1167-1175 (1992)
M89931	aecD; brnQ; yhbw	Beta C-S lyase; branched-chain amino acid	Rossol, I. et al. “The Corynebacterium glutamicum aecD gene encodes a C-S
		uptake carrier; hypothetical protein yhbw	lyase with alpha, beta-elimination activity that degrades aminoethylcysteine,”
			J. Bacteriol., 174(9): 2968-2977 (1992); Tauch, A. et al. “Isoleucine uptake in
			Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is directed by the brnQ gene
			product,” Arch. Microbiol., 169(4): 303-312 (1998)
S59299	trp	Leader gene (promoter)	Herry, D. M. et al. “Cloning of the trp gene cluster from a tryptophan-
			hyperproducing strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum: identification of a
			mutation in the trp leader sequence,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59(3): 791-799
			(1993)
U11545	trpD	Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase	O'Gara, J. P. and Dunican, L. K. (1994) Complete nucleotide sequence of the
			Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21850 tpD gene.” Thesis, Microbiology
			Department, University College Galway, Ireland.
U13922	cglIM; cglIR; clgIIR	Putative type II 5-cytosoine	Schafer, A. et al. “Cloning and characterization of a DNA region encoding a
		methyltransferase; putative type II	stress-sensitive restriction system from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC
		restriction endonuclease; putative type I or	13032 and analysis of its role in intergeneric conjugation with Escherichia
		type III restriction endonuclease	coli,” J. Bacteriol., 176(23): 7309-7319 (1994); Schafer, A. et al. “The
			Corynebacterium glutamicum cglIM gene encoding a 5-cytosine in an McrBC-
			deficient Escherichia coli strain,” Gene, 203(2): 95-101 (1997)
U14965	recA
U31224	ppx		Ankri, S. et al. “Mutations in the Corynebacterium glutamicumproline
			biosynthetic pathway: A natural bypass of the proA step,” J. Bacteriol.,
			178(15): 4412-4419 (1996)
U31225	proC	L-proline: NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase	Ankri, S. et al. “Mutations in the Corynebacterium glutamicumproline
			biosynthetic pathway: A natural bypass of the proA step,” J. Bacteriol.,
			178(15): 4412-4419 (1996)
U31230	obg; proB; unkdh	?; gamma glutamyl kinase; similar to D-	Ankri, S. et al. “Mutations in the Corynebacterium glutamicumproline
		isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid	biosynthetic pathway: A natural bypass of the proA step,” J. Bacteriol.,
		dehydrogenases	178(15): 4412-4419 (1996)
U31281	bioB	Biotin synthase	Serebriiskii, I. G., “Two new members of the bio B superfamily: Cloning,
			sequencing and expression of bio B genes of Methylobacillus flagellatum and
			Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Gene, 175: 15-22 (1996)
U35023	thtR; accBC	Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase; acyl CoA	Jager, W. et al. “A Corynebacterium glutamicum gene encoding a two-domain
		carboxylase	protein similar to biotin carboxylases and biotin-carboxyl-carrier proteins,”
			Arch. Microbiol., 166(2); 76-82 (1996)
U43535	cmr	Multidrug resistance protein	Jager, W. et al. “A Corynebacterium glutamicum gene conferring multidrug
			resistance in the heterologous host Escherichia coli,” J. Bacteriol.,
			179(7): 2449-2451 (1997)
U43536	clpB	Heat shock ATP-binding protein
U53587	aphA-3	3′5″-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
U89648		Corynebacterium glutamicum unidentified
		sequence involved in histidine biosynthesis,
		partial sequence
X04960	trpA; trpB; trpC; trpD;	Tryptophan operon	Matsui, K. et al. “Complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of
	trpE; trpG; trpL		the Brevibacterium lactofermentum tryptophan operon,” Nucleic Acids Res.,
			14(24): 10113-10114 (1986)
X07563	lys A	DAP decarboxylase (meso-diaminopimelate	Yeh, P. et al. “Nucleic sequence of the lysA gene of Corynebacterium
		decarboxylase, EC 4.1.1.20)	glutamicum and possible mechanisms for modulation of its expression,” Mol.
			Gen. Genet., 212(1): 112-119 (1988)
X14234	EC 4.1.1.31	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase	Eikmanns, B. J. et al. “The Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene of
			Corynebacterium glutamicum: Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and
			expression,” Mol. Gen. Genet., 218(2): 330-339 (1989); Lepiniec, L. et al.
			“Sorghum Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene family: structure, function
			and molecular evolution,” Plant. Mol. Biol., 21 (3): 487-502 (1993)
X17313	fda	Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase	Von der Osten, C. H. et al. “Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and fine-
			structural analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum fda gene: structural
			comparison of C. glutamicum fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase to class I and
			class II aldolases,” Mol. Microbiol.,
X53993	dapA	L-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate synthetase (EC	Bonnassie, S. et al. “Nucleic sequence of the dapA gene from
		4.2.1.52)	Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Nucleic Acids Res., 18(21): 6421 (1990)
X54223		AttB-related site	Cianciotto, N. et al. “DNA sequence homology between att B-related sites of
			Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium
			glutamicum, and the attP site of lambdacorynephage,” FEMS. Microbiol,
			Lett., 66: 299-302 (1990)
X54740	argS; lysA	Arginyl-tRNA synthetase; Diaminopimelate	Marcel, T. et al. “Nucleotide sequence and organization of the upstream region
		decarboxylase	of the Corynebacterium glutamicum lysA gene,” Mol. Microbiol., 4(11): 1819-1830
			(1990)
X55994	trpL; trpE	Putative leader peptide; anthranilate	Heery, D. M. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the Corynebacterium glutamicum
		synthase component 1	trpE gene,” Nucleic Acids Res., 18(23): 7138 (1990)
X56037	thrC	Threonine synthase	Han, K. S. et al. “The molecular structure of the Corynebacterium glutamicum
			threonine synthase gene,” Mol. Microbiol., 4(10): 1693-1702 (1990)
X56075	attB-related site	Attachment site	Cianciotto, N. et al. “DNA sequence homology between att B-related sites of
			Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium
			glutamicum, and the attP site of lambdacorynephage,” FEMS. Microbiol,
			Lett., 66: 299-302 (1990)
X57226	lysC-alpha; lysC-beta;	Aspartokinase-alpha subunit;	Kalinowski, J. et al. “Genetic and biochemical analysis of the Aspartokinase
	asd	Aspartokinase-beta subunit; aspartate beta	from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Microbiol., 5(5): 1197-1204 (1991);
		semialdehyde dehydrogenase	Kalinowski, J. et al. “Aspartokinase genes lysC alpha and lysC beta overlap
			and are adjacent to the aspertate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene asd in
			Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Gen. Genet., 224(3): 317-324 (1990)
X59403	gap; pgk; tpi	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate;	Eikmanns, B. J. “Identification, sequence analysis, and expression of a
		phosphoglycerate kinase; triosephosphate	Corynebacterium glutamicum gene cluster encoding the three glycolytic
		isomerase	enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate
			kinase, and triosephosphate isomeras,” J. Bacteriol., 174(19): 6076-6086
			(1992)
X59404	gdh	Glutamate dehydrogenase	Bormann, E. R. et al. “Molecular analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum
			gdh gene encoding glutamate dehydrogenase,” Mol. Microbiol., 6(3): 317-326
			(1992)
X60312	lysI	L-lysine permease	Seep-Feldhaus, A. H. et al. “Molecular analysis of the Corynebacterium
			glutamicum lysl gene involved in lysine uptake,” Mol. Microbiol., 5(12): 2995-3005
			(1991)
X66078	cop1	Ps1 protein	Joliff, G. et al. “Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the csp1 gene encoding
			PS1, one of the two major secreted proteins of Corynebacterium glutamicum:
			The deduced N-terminal region of PS1 is similar to the Mycobacterium antigen
			85 complex,” Mol. Microbiol., 6(16): 2349-2362 (1992)
X66112	glt	Citrate synthase	Eikmanns, B. J. et al. “Cloning sequence, expression and transcriptional
			analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum gltA gene encoding citrate
			synthase,” Microbiol., 140: 1817-1828 (1994)
X67737	dapB	Dihydrodipicolinate reductase
X69103	csp2	Surface layer protein PS2	Peyret, J. L. et al. “Characterization of the cspB gene encoding PS2, an ordered
			surface-layer protein in Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol. Microbiol.,
			9(1): 97-109 (1993)
X69104		IS3 related insertion element	Bonamy, C. et al. “Identification of IS1206, a Corynebacterium glutamicum
			IS3-related insertion sequence and phylogenetic analysis,” Mol. Microbiol.,
			14(3): 571-581 (1994)
X70959	leuA	Isopropylmalate synthase	Patek, M. et al. “Leucine synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum: enzyme
			activities, structure of leuA, and effect of leuA inactivation on lysine
			synthesis,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(1): 133-140 (1994)
X71489	icd	Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)	Eikmanns, B. J. et al. “Cloning sequence analysis, expression, and inactivation
			of the Corynebacterium glutamicum icd gene encoding isocitrate
			dehydrogenase and biochemical characterization of the enzyme,” J. Bacteriol.,
			177(3): 774-782 (1995)
X72855	GDHA	Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
X75083,	mtrA	5-methyltryptophan resistance	Heery, D. M. et al. “A sequence from a tryptophan-hyperproducing strain of
X70584			Corynebacterium glutamicum encoding resistance to 5-methyltryptophan,”
			Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 201(3): 1255-1262 (1994)
X75085	recA		Fitzpatrick, R. et al. “Construction and characterization of recA mutant strains
			of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Appl.
			Microbiol. Biotechnol., 42(4): 575-580 (1994)
X75504	aceA; thiX	Partial Isocitrate lyase; ?	Reinscheid, D. J. et al. “Characterization of the isocitrate lyase gene from
			Corynebacterium glutamicum and biochemical analysis of the enzyme,” J.
			Bacteriol., 176(12): 3474-3483 (1994)
X76875		ATPase beta-subunit	Ludwig, W. et al. “Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria based on comparative
			sequence analysis of elongation factor Tu and ATP-synthase beta-subunit
			genes,” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 64: 285-305 (1993)
X77034	tuf	Elongation factor Tu	Ludwig, W. et al. “Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria based on comparative
			sequence analysis of elongation factor Tu and ATP-synthase beta-subunit
			genes,” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 64: 285-305 (1993)
X77384	recA		Billman-Jacobe, H. “Nucleotide sequence of a recA gene from
			Corynebacterium glutamicum,” DNA Seq., 4(6): 403-404 (1994)
X78491	aceB	Malate synthase	Reinscheid, D. J. et al. “Malate synthase from Corynebacterium glutamicum
			pta-ack operon encoding phosphotransacetylase: sequence analysis,”
			Microbiology, 140: 3099-3108 (1994)
X80629	16S rDNA	16S ribosomal RNA	Rainey, F. A. et al. “Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Rhodococcus and
			Norcardia and evidence for the evolutionary origin of the genus Norcardia
			from within the radiation of Rhodococcus species,” Microbiol., 141: 523-528
			(1995)
X81191	gluA; gluB; gluC;	Glutamate uptake system	Kronemeyer, W. et al. “Structure of the gluABCD cluster encoding the
	gluD		glutamate uptake system of Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Bacteriol.,
			177(5): 1152-1158 (1995)
X81379	dapE	Succinyldiaminopimelate desuccinylase	Wehrmann, A. et al. “Analysis of different DNA fragments of
			Corynebacterium glutamicum complementing dapE of Escherichia coli,”
			Microbiology, 40: 3349-56 (1994)
X82061	16S rDNA	16S ribosomal RNA	Ruimy, R. et al. “Phylogeny of the genus Corynebacterium deduced from
			analyses of small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences,” Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.,
			45(4): 740-746 (1995)
X82928	asd; lysC	Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; ?	Serebrijski, I. et al. “Multicopy suppression by asd gene and osmotic stress-
			dependent complementation by heterologous proA in proA mutants,” J.
			Bacteriol., 177(24): 7255-7260 (1995)
X82929	proA	Gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase	Serebrijski, I. et al. “Multicopy suppression by asd gene and osmotic stress-
			dependent complementation by heterologous proA in proA mutants,” J.
			Bacteriol., 177(24): 7255-7260 (1995)
X84257	16S rDNA	165 ribosomal RNA	Pascual, C. et al. “Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corynebacterium based
			on 16S rRNA gene sequences,” Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45(4): 724-728 (1995)
X85965	aroP; dapE	Aromatic amino acid permease; ?	Wehrmann, A. et al. “Functional analysis of sequences adjacent to dapE of
			Corynebacterium glutamicumproline reveals the presence of aroP, which
			encodes the aromatic amino acid transporter,” J. Bacteriol., 177(20): 5991-5993
			(1995)
X86157	argB; argC; argD;	Acetylglutamate kinase; N-acetyl-gamma-	Sakanyan, V. et al. “Genes and enzymes of the acetyl cycle of arginine
	argF; argJ	glutamyl-phosphate reductase;	biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum: enzyme evolution in the early
		acetylornithine aminotransferase; ornithine	steps of the arginine pathway,” Microbiology, 142: 99-108 (1996)
		carbamoyltransferase; glutamate N-
		acetyltransferase
X89084	pta; ackA	Phosphate acetyltransferase; acetate kinase	Reinscheid, D. J. et al. “Cloning, sequence analysis, expression and inactivation
			of the Corynebacterium glutamicum pta-ack operon encoding
			phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase,” Microbiology, 145: 503-513 (1999)
X89850	attB	Attachment site	Le Marrec, C. et al. “Genetic characterization of site-specific integration
			functions of phi AAU2 infecting “Arthrobacter aureus C70,” J. Bacteriol.,
			178(7): 1996-2004 (1996)
X90356		Promoter fragment F1	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90357		Promoter fragment F2	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90358		Promoter fragment F10	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90359		Promoter fragment F13	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90360		Promoter fragment F22	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90361		Promoter fragment F34	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90362		Promoter fragment F37	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90363		Promoter fragment F45	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90364		Promoter fragment F64	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90365		Promoter fragment F75	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90366		Promoter fragment PF101	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90367		Promoter fragment PF104	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X90368		Promoter fragment PF109	Patek, M. et al. “Promoters from Corynebacterium glutamicum: cloning,
			molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif,” Microbiology,
			142: 1297-1309 (1996)
X93513	amt	Ammonium transport system	Siewe, R. M. et al. “Functional and genetic characterization of the (methyl)
			ammonium uptake carrier of Corynebacterium glutamicum,” J. Biol. Chem.,
			271(10): 5398-5403 (1996)
X93514	betP	Glycine betaine transport system	Peter, H. et al. “Isolation, characterization, and expression of the
			Corynebacterium glutamicum betP gene, encoding the transport system for the
			compatible solute glycine betaine,” J. Bacteriol., 178(17): 5229-5234 (1996)
X95649	orf4		Patek, M. et al. “Identification and transcriptional analysis of the dapB-ORF2-
			dapA-ORF4 operon of Corynebacterium glutamicum, encoding two enzymes
			involved in L-lysine synthesis,” Biotechnol. Lett., 19: 1113-1117 (1997)
X96471	lysE; lysG	Lysine exporter protein; Lysine export	Vrljic, M. et al. “A new type of transporter with a new type of cellular
		regulator protein	function: L-lysine export from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Mol.
			Microbiol., 22(5): 815-826 (1996)
X96580	panB; panC; xylB	3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate	Sahm, H. et al. “D-pantothenate synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum and
		hydroxymethyltransferase; pantoate-beta-	use of panBC and genes encoding L-valine synthesis for D-pantothenate
		alanine ligase; xylulokinase	overproduction,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(5): 1973-1979 (1999)
X96962		Insertion sequence IS1207 and transposase
X99289		Elongation factor P	Ramos, A. et al. “Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding
			elongation factor P in the amino-acid producer Brevibacterium lactofermentum
			(Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13869),” Gene, 198: 217-222 (1997)
Y00140	thrB	Homoserine kinase	Mateos, L. M. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the homoserine kinase (thrB) gene
			of the Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Nucleic Acids Res., 15(9): 3922 (1987)
Y00151	ddh	Meso-diaminopimelate D-dehydrogenase	Ishino, S. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the meso-diaminopimelate D-
		(EC 1.4.1.16)	dehydrogenase gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum,” Nucleic Acids Res.,
			15(9): 3917 (1987)
Y00476	thrA	Homoserine dehydrogenase	Mateos, L. M. et al. “Nucleotide sequence of the homoserine dehydrogenase
			(thrA) gene of the Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Nucleic Acids Res.,
			15(24): 10598 (1987)
Y00546	hom; thrB	Homoserine dehydrogenase; homoserine	Peoples, O. P. et al. “Nucleotide sequence and fine structural analysis of the
		kinase	Corynebacterium glutamicum hom-thrB operon,” Mol. Microbiol., 2(1): 63-72
			(1988)
Y08964	murC; ftsQ/divD; ftsZ	UPD-N-acetylmuramate-alanine ligase;	Honrubia, M. P. et al. “Identification, characterization, and chromosomal
		division initiation protein or cell division	organization of the ftsZ gene from Brevibacterium lactofermentum,” Mol. Gen.
		protein; cell division protein	Genet., 259(1): 97-104 (1998)
Y09163	putP	High affinity proline transport system	Peter, H. et al. “Isolation of the putP gene of Corynebacterium
			glutamicumproline and characterization of a low-affinity uptake system for
			compatible solutes,” Arch. Microbiol., 168(2): 143-151 (1997)
Y09548	pyc	Pyruvate carboxylase	Peters-Wendisch, P. G. et al. “Pyruvate carboxylase from Corynebacterium
			glutamicum: characterization, expression and inactivation of the pyc gene,”
			Microbiology, 144: 915-927 (1998)
Y09578	leuB	3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase	Patek, M. et al. “Analysis of the leuB gene from Corynebacterium
			glutamicum,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50(1): 42-47 (1998)
Y12472		Attachment site bacteriophage Phi-16	Moreau, S. et al. “Site-specific integration of corynephage Phi-16: The
			construction of an integration vector,” Microbiol., 145: 539-548 (1999)
Y12537	proP	Proline/ectoine uptake system protein	Peter, H. et al. “Corynebacterium glutamicum is equipped with four secondary
			carriers for compatible solutes: Identification, sequencing, and characterization
			of the proline/ectoine uptake system, ProP, and the ectoine/proline/glycine
			betaine carrier, EctP,” J. Bacteriol., 180(22): 6005-6012 (1998)
Y13221	glnA	Glutamine synthetase I	Jakoby, M. et al. “Isolation of Corynebacterium glutamicum glnA gene
			encoding glutamine synthetase I,” FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 154(1): 81-88 (1997)
Y16642	lpd	Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Y18059		Attachment site Corynephage 304L	Moreau, S. et al. “Analysis of the integration functions of φ 304L: An
			integrase module among corynephages,” Virology, 255(1): 150-159 (1999)
Z21501	argS; lysA	Arginyl-tRNA synthetase; diaminopimelate	Oguiza, J. A. et al. “A gene encoding arginyl-tRNA synthetase is located in the
		decarboxylase (partial)	upstream region of the lysA gene in Brevibacterium lactofermentum:
			Regulation of argS-lysA cluster expression by arginine,” J.
			Bacteriol., 175(22): 7356-7362 (1993)
Z21502	dapA; dapB	Dihydrodipicolinate synthase;	Pisabarro, A. et al. “A cluster of three genes (dapA, orf2, and dapB) of
		dihydrodipicolinate reductase	Brevibacterium lactofermentum encodes dihydrodipicolinate reductase, and a
			third polypeptide of unknown function,” J. Bacteriol., 175(9): 2743-2749
			(1993)
Z29563	thrC	Threonine synthase	Malumbres, M. et al. “Analysis and expression of the thrC gene of the encoded
			threonine synthase,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(7)2209-2219 (1994)
Z46753	16S rDNA	Gene for 16S ribosomal RNA
Z49822	sigA	SigA sigma factor	Oguiza, J. A. et al “Multiple sigma factor genes in Brevibacterium
			lactofermentum: Characterization of sigA and sigB,” J. Bacteriol., 178(2): 550-553
			(1996)
Z49823	galE; dtxR	Catalytic activity UDP-galactose 4-	Oguiza, J. A. et al “The galE gene encoding the UDP-galactose 4-epimerase of
		epimerase; diphtheria toxin regulatory	Brevibacterium lactofermentum is coupled transcriptionally to the dmdR
		protein	gene,” Gene, 177: 103-107 (1996)
Z49824	orf1; sigB	?; SigB sigma factor	Oguiza, J. A. et al “Multiple sigma factor genes in Brevibacterium
			lactofermentum: Characterization of sigA and sigB,” J. Bacteriol., 178(2): 550-553
			(1996)
Z66534		Transposase	Correia, A. et al. “Cloning and characterization of an IS-like element present in
			the genome of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869,” Gene,
			170(1): 91-94 (1996)

¹A sequence for this gene was published in the indicated reference. However, the sequence obtained by the inventors of the present application is significantly longer than the published version. It is believed that the published version relied on an incorrect start codon, and thus represents only a fragment of the actual coding region.

TABLE 3


Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium Strains Which May be Used in the Practice of the Invention

Genus	species	ATCC	FERM	NRRL	CECT	NCIMB	CBS	NCTC	DSMZ

Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	21054
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	19350
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	19351
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	19352
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	19353
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	19354
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	19355
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	19356
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	21055
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	21077
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	21553
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	21580
Brevibacterium	ammoniagenes	39101
Brevibacterium	butanicum	21196
Brevibacterium	divaricatum	21792	P928
Brevibacterium	flavum	21474
Brevibacterium	flavum	21129
Brevibacterium	flavum	21518
Brevibacterium	flavum			B11474
Brevibacterium	flavum			B11472
Brevibacterium	flavum	21127
Brevibacterium	flavum	21128
Brevibacterium	flavum	21427
Brevibacterium	flavum	21475
Brevibacterium	flavum	21517
Brevibacterium	flavum	21528
Brevibacterium	flavum	21529
Brevibacterium	flavum			B11477
Brevibacterium	flavum			B11478
Brevibacterium	flavum	21127
Brevibacterium	flavum			B11474
Brevibacterium	healii	15527
Brevibacterium	ketoglutamicum	21004
Brevibacterium	ketoglutamicum	21089
Brevibacterium	ketosoreductum	21914
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum				70
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum				74
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum				77
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	21798
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	21799
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	21800
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	21801
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum			B11470
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum			B11471
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	21086
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	21420
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	21086
Brevibacterium	lactofermentum	31269
Brevibacterium	linens	9174
Brevibacterium	linens	19391
Brevibacterium	linens	8377
Brevibacterium	paraffinolyticum					11160
Brevibacterium	spec.						717.73
Brevibacterium	spec.						717.73
Brevibacterium	spec.	14604
Brevibacterium	spec.	21860
Brevibacterium	spec.	21864
Brevibacterium	spec.	21865
Brevibacterium	spec.	21866
Brevibacterium	spec.	19240
Corynebacterium	acetoacidophilum	21476
Corynebacterium	acetoacidophilum	13870
Corynebacterium	acetoglutamicum			B11473
Corynebacterium	acetoglutamicum			B11475
Corynebacterium	acetoglutamicum	15806
Corynebacterium	acetoglutamicum	21491
Corynebacterium	acetoglutamicum	31270
Corynebacterium	acetophilum			B3671
Corynebacterium	ammoniagenes	6872						2399
Corynebacterium	ammoniagenes	15511
Corynebacterium	fujiokense	21496
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	14067
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	39137
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21254
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21255
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	31830
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	13032
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	14305
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	15455
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	13058
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	13059
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	13060
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21492
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21513
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21526
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21543
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	13287
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21851
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21253
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21514
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21516
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21299
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21300
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	39684
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21488
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21649
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21650
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19223
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	13869
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21157
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21158
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21159
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21355
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	31808
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21674
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21562
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21563
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21564
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21565
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21566
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21567
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21568
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21569
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21570
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21571
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21572
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21573
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21579
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19049
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19050
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19051
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19052
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19053
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19054
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19055
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19056
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19057
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19058
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19059
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19060
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	19185
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	13286
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21515
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21527
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21544
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21492
Corynebacterium	glutamicum			B8183
Corynebacterium	glutamicum			B8182
Corynebacterium	glutamicum			B12416
Corynebacterium	glutamicum			B12417
Corynebacterium	glutamicum			B12418
Corynebacterium	glutamicum			B11476
Corynebacterium	glutamicum	21608
Corynebacterium	lilium		P973
Corynebacterium	nitrilophilus	21419				11594
Corynebacterium	spec.		P4445
Corynebacterium	spec.		P4446
Corynebacterium	spec.	31088
Corynebacterium	spec.	31089
Corynebacterium	spec.	31090
Corynebacterium	spec.	31090
Corynebacterium	spec.	31090
Corynebacterium	spec.	15954							20145
Corynebacterium	spec.	21857
Corynebacterium	spec.	21862
Corynebacterium	spec.	21863

ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, USA
FERM: Fermentation Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
NRRL: ARS Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IL, USA
CECT: Coleccion Espanola de Cultivos Tipo, Valencia, Spain
NCIMB: National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Ltd., Aberdeen, UK
CBS: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, NL
NCTC: National Collection of Type Cultures, London, UK
DSMZ: Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
For reference see Sugawara, H. et al. (1993) World directory of collections of cultures of microorganisms: Bacteria, fungi and yeasts (4^thedn), World federation for culture collections world data center on microorganisms, Saimata, Japen.

TABLE 4


ALIGNMENT RESULTS

	length						% homology	Date of
ID #	(NT)	Genbank Hit	Length	Accession	Name of Genbank Hit	Source of Genbank Hit	(GAP)	Deposit

rxa00004	594	GB_IN1:CELT27F7	34660	U58762	Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid T27F7.	Caenorhabditis elegans	36,442	24-MAY-1996
		GB_PR4:AC005531	161910	AC005531	Homo sapiens PAC clone DJ0701O16 from 7q33-q36, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	36,672	13-Jan-99
		GB_EST36:AV186136	360	AV186136	AV186136 Yuji Kohara unpublished cDNA: Strain N2 hermaphrodite embryo	Caenorhabditis elegans	44,380	22-Jul-99
					Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA clone yk495f12 5′, mRNA sequence.
rxa00006	558	GB_BA1:AB024708	8734	AB024708	Corynebacterium glutamicum gltB and gltD genes for glutamine 2-oxoglutarate	Corynebacterium glutamicum	39,525	13-MAR-1999
					aminotransferase large and small subunits, complete cds.
		GB_EST5:N23892	434	N23892	yw46f12.s1 Weizmann Olfactory Epithelium Homo sapiens cDNA clone	Homo sapiens	38,462	28-DEC-1995
					IMAGE: 255311 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_BA1:AB024708	8734	AB024708	Corynebacterium glutamicum gltB and gltD genes for glutamine 2-oxoglutarate	Corynebacterium glutamicum	38,961	13-MAR-1999
					aminotransferase large and small subunits, complete cds.
rxa00029
rxa00126
rxa00129	1620	GB_BA1:MTY20B11	36330	Z95121	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 139/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	40,788	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MTU14909	1799	U14909	Mycobacterium tuberculosis MtrB (mtrB) gene, complete cds.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	54,422	11-Sep-96
		GB_HTG2:AC006888	140702	AC006888	Caenorhabditis elegans clone Y61A9L, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*,	Caenorhabditis elegans	35,883	26-Feb-99
					2 unordered pieces.
rxa00130	801	GB_BA1:MTY20B11	36330	Z95121	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 139/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	41,069	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MTU01971	689	U01971	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv MtrA (mtrA) gene, complete cds.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	66,183	11-Sep-96
		GB_BA1:NMOMPR	618	X92405	N. meningitidis ompR gene.	Neisseria meningitidis	50,249	31-OCT-1995
rxa00182	3225	GB_BA1:CGPUTP	3791	Y09163	C. glutamicum putP gene.	Corynebacterium glutamicum	41,126	8-Sep-97
		GB_BA1:MTV020	5143	AL021924	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 94/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	48,140	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:BSUB0019	212610	Z99122	Bacillus subtilis complete genome (section 19 of 21): from 3597091to 3809700.	Bacillus subtilis	44,221	24-Jun-99
rxa00221	342	GB_PL2:AF020584	1415	AF020584	Welwitschia mirabilis cytochrome c oxidase (coxl) gene, mitochondrial gene	Mitochondrion Welwitschia	36,656	5-Jan-99
					encoding mitochondrial protein, partial cds.	mirabilis
		GB_PR4:AC007421	95240	AC007421	Homo sapiens chromosome 17, clone hRPC.1030_O_14, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	35,061	27-Aug-99
		GB_BA2:AE001272	60232	AE001272	Lactococcus lactis DPC3147 plasmid pMRC01, complete plasmid sequence.	Lactococcus lactis	37,764	11-Sep-98
rxa00253	861	GB_BA2:AF126953	1638	AF126953	Corynebacterium glutamicum cystathionine gamma-synthase (metB) gene,	Corynebacterium glutamicum	41,107	10-Sep-99
					complete cds.
		GB_PR3:HSJ659F15	148440	AL096791	Human DNA sequence from clone 659F15 on chromosome Xp11.21-11.4,	Homo sapiens	36,190	23-Nov-99
					complete sequence.
		GB_HTG1:HS510D11	129149	Z98044	Homo sapiens chromosome 1 clone RP3-510D11, ***SEQUENCING IN	Homo sapiens	36,450	23-Nov-99
					PROGRESS***, in unordered pieces.
rxa00284	1188	GB_PR2:HS179P9	108260	Z98880	Human DNA sequence from PAC 179P9 on chromosome 6q22. Contains	Homo sapiens	38,370	23-Nov-99
					transmembrane tyrosine-specific protein kinase (ROS1), ESTs and
					STS.
		GB_PR4:AF109076	113345	AF109076	Homo sapiens chromosome 7 map 7q36 BAC H6, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	35,340	13-DEC-1998
		GB_PR2:HS179P9	108260	Z98880	Human DNA sequence from PAC 179P9 on chromosome 6q22. Contains	Homo sapiens	35,344	23-Nov-99
					transmembrane tyrosine-specific protein kinase (ROS1), ESTs and STS.
rxa00287	597	GB_IN2:AF144549	7887	AF144549	Aedes albopictus ribosomal protein L34 (rpl34) gene, complete cds.	Aedes albopictus	39,828	3-Jun-99
		GB_EST15:AA475366	503	AA475366	vh14e09.r1 Soares mouse mammary gland NbMMG Mus musculus cDNA	Mus musculus	37,063	18-Jun-97
					clone IMAGE: 875464 5′ similar to gb: X87671 M. musculus mRNA for
					3BP-1, an SH3 domain binding (MOUSE);, mRNA sequence.
		GB_RO:MM3BP1	2359	X87671	M. musculus mRNA for 3BP-1, an SH3 domain binding protein.	Mus musculus	34,635	20-OCT-1995
rxa00291	1606	GB_PR4:AC004967	138107	AC004967	Homo sapiens clone DJ1111F22, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	36,785	5-Jun-99
		GB_EST1:M89319	418	M89319	CEL21A4 Chris Martin sorted cDNA library Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA clone	Caenorhabditis elegans	38,418	02-DEC-1992
					cm21a4 5′ similar to pepsinogen A homologous peptide, mRNA sequence.
		GB_GSS15:AQ641399	569	AQ641399	RPCI93-Dpnll-28C1.TV RPCI93-Dpnll Trypanosoma brucei genomic clone	Trypanosoma brucei	39,106	8-Jul-99
					RPCI93-Dpnll-28C1, genomic survey sequence.
rxa00292	777	GB_PL1:YSCKGD2	2112	M34531	S. cerevisiae dihydrolipoyl transsuccinylase (KGD2) gene, complete cds.	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	37,330	27-Apr-93
		GB_PL1:SCNUM1	9851	X61236	S. cerevisiae NUM1 gene, involved in nuclear migration control.	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	36,070	06-DEC-1991
		GB_PL1:SC8358	43468	Z50046	S. cerevisiae chromosome IV cosmid 8358.	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	36,070	11-Aug-97
rxa00319	549	GB_BA1:BACJH642	282700	D84432	Bacillus subtilis DNA, 283 Kb region containing skin element.	Bacillus subtilis	43,258	6-Feb-99
		GB_BA1:BSUB0014	213420	Z99117	Bacillus subtilis complete genome(section 14 of 21): from 2599451 to 2812870.	Bacillus subtilis	34,264	26-Nov-97
		GB_BA1:BSUB0014	213420	Z99117	Bacillus subtilis complete genome (section 14 of 21): from 2599451 to 2812870.	Bacillus subtilis	35,622	26-Nov-97
rxa00348	519	GB_PL2:ATAC007045	68554	AC007045	Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome II BAC F23M2 genomic sequence, complete	Arabidopsis thaliana	43,513	31-MAR-1999
					sequence.
		GB_PL2:ATH133743	5777	AJ133743	Arabidopsis thaliana ttg1 gene.	Arabidopsis thaliana	38,247	18-Jun-99
		GB_PL1:AB010068	74589	AB010068	Arabidopsis thaliana genomic DNA, chromosome 5, TAC clone: K18P6,	Arabidopsis thaliana	34,387	20-Nov-99
					complete sequence.
rxa00350	450	GB_PL1:SCXV55KB	54719	Z70678	S. cerevisiae chromosome XV DNA, 54.7 kb region.	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	35,347	16-MAY-1997
		GB_PL1:SCYOR052C	1732	Z74960	S. cerevisiae chromosome XV reading frame ORF YOR052c.	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	35,347	11-Aug-97
		GB_BA1:PSE6703	2600	AJ006703	Pseudanabaena sp gene encoding for glutamine synthetase.	Pseudanabaena sp.	37,978	19-Jan-99
rxa00363	843	GB_VI:SIVMNDGB1	9215	M27470	Simian immunodeficiency virus, complete genome.	Simian immunodeficiency	35,379	13-MAR-1997
						virus
		GB_OM:BTU35642	1198	U35642	Bos taurus alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin mRNA, complete cds.	Bos taurus	40,131	5-Sep-96
		GB_PL1:MDO011518	1633	AJ011518	Malus domestica acc synthase gene, exons 1-4, partial.	Malus domestica	40,343	23-OCT-1998
rxa00400	1002	GB_HTG2:AC006174	203407	AC006174	Home sapiens chromosome 10 clone CIT987SK-1057L21 map 10q25, ***	Homo sapiens	38,320	09-DEC-1998
					SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS***, 6 unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG2:AC006174	203407	AC006174	Homo sapiens chromosome 10 clone CIT987SK-1057L21 map 10q25,	Homo sapiens	38,320	09-DEC-1998
					*SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 6 unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG2:AC006174	203407	AC006174	Home sapiens chromosome 10 clone CIT9875K-1057L21 map 10q25,	Homo sapiens	37,693	09-DEC-1998
					*SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 6 unordered pieces.
rxa00464
rxa00494	420	GB_BA2:AF004835	40897	AF004835	Brevibacillus brevis tyrocidine biosynthesis operon, tyrocidine synthetase 1	Brevibacillus brevis	40,500	18-Nov-97
					(tycA), tyrocidine synthetase 2 (tycB), tyrocidine synthetase 3 (tycC), putative
					ABC-transporter TycD (tycD), putative ABC-transporter TycE (tycE) and
					putative thioesterase GrsT homolog (tycF) genes, complete cds.
		GB_PR3:HS84F12	78011	AL008712	Human DNA sequence from PAC 84F12 on chromosome Xq25-Xq26.3.	Homo sapiens	35,749	23-Nov-99
					Contains glypican-3 precursor (intestinal protein OCI-5) (GTR2-2), ESTs and
					CA repeat.
		GB_PR3:AC005239	37005	AC005239	Homo sapiens chromosome 19, cosmid F23149, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	33,663	3-Jul-98
rxa00516	843	GB_PR3:AF020503	206880	AF020503	Homo sapiens FRA3B common fragile region, diadenosine triphosphate	Homo sapiens	40,503	23-Jan-98
					hydrolase (FHIT) gene, exon 5.
		GB_HTG2:AC007100	210344	AC007100	Homo sapiens clone NH0462D13, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 5	Homo sapiens	37,226	7-Apr-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG2:AC007100	210344	AC007100	Homo sapiens clone NH0462D13, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 5	Homo sapiens	37,226	7-Apr-99
					unordered pieces.
rxa00551	594	GB_EST27:Al405761	607	Al405761	GH25883.5prime GH Drosophila melanogaster head pOT2 Drosophila	Drosophila melanogaster	40,481	8-Feb-99
					melanogaster cDNA clone GH25883 5prime, mRNA sequence.
		GB_EST27:Al405774	607	Al405774	GH25902.5prime GH Drosophila melanogaster head pOT2 Drosophila	Drosophila melanogaster	40,481	8-Feb-99
					melanogaster cDNA clone GH25902 5prime, mRNA sequence.
		GB_EST22:Al063444	674	Al063444	GH03263.5prime GH Drosophila melanogaster head pOT2 Drosophila	Drosophila melanogaster	40,437	24-Nov-98
					melanogaster cDNA clone GH03263 5prime, mRNA sequence.
rxa00583	861	GB_BA1:CORAHPS	2570	L07603	Corynebacterium glutamicum 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate	Corynebacterium glutamicum	97,310	26-Apr-93
					synthase gene, complete cds.
		GB_BA1:MTV017	67200	AL021897	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 48/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	58,769	24-Jun-99
		GB_IN1:ACKRPA	849	X68555	A. californica KRP-A gene.	Aplysia californica	41,417	30-Jun-98
rxa00592	582	GB_IN2:AC005467	62091	AC005467	Drosophila melanogaster, chromosome 2R, region 48C1-48C2, P1 clone	Drosophila melanogaster	33,565	12-DEC-1998
					DS00568, complete sequence.
		GB_IN2:AC005467	62091	AC005467	Drosophila melanogaster, chromosome 2R, region 48C1-48C2, P1 clone	Drosophila melanogaster	35,893	12-DEC-1998
					DS00568, complete sequence.
rxa00593	471	GB_BA1:MTV025	121125	AL022121	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 155/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	33,761	24-Jun-99
		GB_BA1:MSGB577COS	37770	L01263	M. leprae genomic dna sequence, cosmid b577.	Mycobacterium leprae	35,065	14-Jun-96
		GB_BA2:AF114720	2366	AF114720	Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria avirulence protein AvrBs2 (avrBs2)	Xanthomonas campestris pv.	37,768	1-Feb-99
					gene, complete cds.	vesicatoria
rxa00603	576	GB_BA1:RCPUTRA	4357	X78346	R. capsulatus (B10S) putR and putA genes.	Rhodobacter capsulatus	34,867	08-DEC-1995
		GB_GSS10:AQ227452	474	AQ227452	HS_2015_B2_B07_MR CIT Approved Human Genomic Sperm Library D	Homo sapiens	35,337	26-Sep-98
					Homo sapiens genomic clone Plate = 2015 Col = 14 Row = D,
					genomic survey sequence.
		GB_GSS3:B60643	251	B60643	CIT-HSP-2015D14.TRB CIT-HSP Homo sapiens genomic clone 2015D14,	Homo sapiens	39,200	21-Jun-98
					genomic survey sequence.
rxa00609	558	GB_HTG3:AC009346	105005	AC009346	Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR03P13 (D672) RPCI-98	Drosophila melanogaster	31,261	27-Aug-99
					03.P.13 map 83A-83B strain y; cn bw sp, ***SEQUENCING IN
					PROGRESS***, 83 unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG3:AC009346	105005	AC009346	Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR03P13 (D672) RPCI-98	Drosophila melanogaster	31,261	27-Aug-99
					03.P.13 map 83A-83B strain y; cn bw sp, ***SEQUENCING IN
					PROGRESS***, 83 unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG3:AC009346	105005	AC009346	Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 3 clone BACR03P13 (D672) RPCI-98	Drosophila melanogaster	30,072	27-Aug-99
					03.P.13 map 83A-83B strain y; cn bw sp, ***SEQUENCING IN
					PROGRESS***, 83 unordered pieces.
rxa00630	828	GB_BA1:MTCY369	36850	Z80226	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 36/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	60,870	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:SC4H8	15560	AL020958	Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid 4H8.	Streptomyces coelicolor	48,474	10-DEC-1997
		GB_BA1:MTCY20G9	37218	Z77162	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 25/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	46,537	17-Jun-98
rxa00651	1455	GB_PR2:AP000165	100000	AP000165	Homo sapiens genomic DNA, chromosome 21q22.1, D21S226-AML region,	Homo sapiens	35,685	20-Nov-99
					clone B2344F14-f50E8, segment 1/9, complete sequence.
		GB_RO:AC005835	132297	AC005835	Mus musculus clone UWGC: mbac82 from 14D1-D2 (T-Cell Receptor Alpha	Mus musculus	37,851	21-OCT-1998
					Locus), complete sequence.
		GB_PR2:AP000165	100000	AP000165	Homo sapiens genomic DNA, chromosome 21q22.1, D21S226-AML region,	Homo sapiens	35,610	20-Nov-99
					clone B2344F14-f50E8, segment 1/9, complete sequence.
rxa00655	762	GB_PR3:AC004460	113803	AC004460	Homo sapiens PAC clone DJ1086D14, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	38,606	24-MAR-1998
		GB_PL1:CRERSP4A	7707	M87526	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar radial spoke protein (RSP4) and RSP6)	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	39,067	27-Apr-93
					genes, complete cds.
		GB_EST38:AW041495	517	AW041495	EST284359 tomato mixed elicitor, BTI Lycopersicon esculentum cDNA clone	Lycopersicon esculentum	38,760	18-OCT-1999
					cLET14F2, mRNA sequence.
rxa00813	1254	GB_BA1:MSGMPB70B	1009	D38230	Mycobacterium bovis DNA for MPB70, complete cds, strain: BCG Tokyo.	Mycobacterium bovis	40,956	8-Feb-99
		GB_BA1:MTCY274	39991	Z74024	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 126/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	41,447	19-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MSGMPB70A	1009	D38229	Mycobacterium bovis DNA for MPB70, complete cds, strain: BCG Pasteur.	Mycobacterium bovis	40,956	8-Feb-99
rxa00822	804	GB_BA1:MTV025	121125	AL022121	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 155/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	64,925	24-Jun-99
		GB_EST35:AI857185	646	AI857185	603007G10.x1 603 —stressed root cDNA library from Wang/Bohnert lab Zea	Zea mays	40,206	16-Jul-99
					mays cDNA, mRNA sequence.
		GB_PR3:HS95C20	138849	Z97181	Homo sapiens DNA sequence from PAC 95C20 on chromosome Xp11.3-11.4.	Homo sapiens	37,633	23-Nov-99
					Contains STSs and the DXS7 locus with GT and GTG repeat polymorphisms,
					complete sequence.
rxa00848	2043	GB_BA1:MTCI65	34331	Z95584	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 50/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	63,215	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MSGY348	40056	AD000020	Mycobacterium tuberculosis sequence from clone y348.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	47,938	10-DEC-1996
		GB_HTG3:AC008608	207341	AC008608	Homo sapiens chromosome 5 clone CIT978SKB_113I20, ***SEQUENCING IN	Homo sapiens	43,001	3-Aug-99
rxa00849	444	GB_HTG4:AC007305	216524	AC007305	Mus musculus, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 10 unordered pieces.	Mus musculus	38,979	23-OCT-1999
		GB_HTG4:AC007305	216524	AC007305	Mus musculus, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 10 unordered pieces.	Mus musculus	38,979	23-OCT-1999
		GB_HTG4:AC007305	216524	AC007305	Mus musculus, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 10 unordered pieces.	Mus musculus	36,636	23-OCT-1999
rxa00885	1149	GB_EST36:AV178106	300	AV178106	AV178106 Yuji Kohara unpublished cDNA: Strain N2 hermaphrodite embryo	Caenorhabditis elegans	39,057	21-Jul-99
					Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA clone yk538b7 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_EST16:C30090	300	C30090	C30090 Yuji Kohara unpublished cDNA: Strain N2 hermaphrodite embryo	Caenorhabditis elegans	38,000	18-OCT-1999
					Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA clone yk236d2 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_IN1:CET20D3	32679	Z68220	Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid T20D3, complete sequence.	Caenorhabditis elegans	36,067	2-Sep-99
rxa00894	1251	GB_EST20:AA890839	281	AA890839	TENS0689 T. cruzi epimastigote normalized cDNA Library Trypanosoma cruzi	Trypanosoma cruzi	39,779	29-OCT-1998
					cDNA clone 689 5′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_EST20:AA890838	284	AA890838	TENS0687 T. cruzi epimastigote normalized cDNA Library Trypanosoma cruzi	Trypanosoma cruzi	39,674	29-OCT-1998
					cDNA clone 687 5′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_RO:RNMAFAEX2	1709	X97192	R. norvegicus MAFA gene, exon2.	Rattus norvegicus	36,989	17-Apr-96
rxa00947	459	GB_EST6:W04640	420	W04640	zb93b03.s1 Soares_parathyroid_tumor_NbHPA Homo sapiens cDNA clone	Homo sapiens	43,519	23-Apr-96
					IMAGE:320333 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_EST6:W04640	420	W04640	zb93b03.s1 Soares_parathyroid_tumor_NbHPA Homo sapiens cDNA clone	Homo sapiens	37,725	23-Apr-96
					IMAGE:320333 3′, mRNA sequence.
rxa01001
rxa01065	1038	GB_BA1:MTCY27	27548	Z95208	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 104/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	38,949	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA2:AF065159	35209	AF065159	Bradyrhizobium japonicum putative arylsulfatase (arsA), putative soluble lytic	Bradyrhizobium japonicum	46,369	27-OCT-1999
					transglycosylase precursor (sltA), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (dapA), MscL
		GB_HTG2:AC006794	297866	AC006794	Caenorhabditis elegans clone Y50D4a, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*,	Caenorhabditis elegans	34,676	23-Feb-99
					29 unordered pieces.
rxa01110	696	GB_HTG7:AC009530	204901	AC009530	Homo sapiens chromosome 7, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 32	Homo sapiens	36,364	08-DEC-1999
					unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG3:AC009301	163369	AC009301	Homo sapiens clone NH0062F14, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 5	Homo sapiens	34,538	13-Aug-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG3:AC009301	163369	AC009301	Homo sapiens clone NH0062F14, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 5	Homo sapiens	34,538	13-Aug-99
					unordered pieces.
rxa01118	888	GB_BA2:AF003947	5475	AF003947	Rhodococcus opacus succinyl CoA:3-oxoadipate CoA transferase subunit	Rhodococcus opacus	55,982	12-MAR-1998
					homolog (pcal') gene, partial cds, protocatechuate dioxygenase beta subunit
					(pcaH), protocatechuate dioxygenase alpha subunit (pcaG), 3-carboxy-
					cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase homolog (pcaB), 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone
					hydrolase/4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase (pcaL) and PcaR (pcaR)
					genes, complete cds, and 3-oxoadipyl CoA thiolase homolog (pcaF') gene,
					partial cds.
		GB_BA1:ROX99622	7224	X99622	Rhodococcus opacus catR, catA, catB, catC genes and five ORFs.	Rhodococcus opacus	40,000	24-Sep-97
		GB_IN1:CELC14F5	42966	U29082	Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid C14F5.	Caenorhabditis elegans	37,485	15-Jun-95
rxa01125	336	GB_EST16:C41499	360	C41499	C41499 Yuji Kohara unpublished cDNA:Strain N2 hermaphrodite embryo	Caenorhabditis elegans	44,747	18-OCT-1999
					Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA clone yk268f1 5′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_HTG2:AC006705	195349	AC006705	Caenorhabditis elegans clone Y108G3c, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*,	Caenorhabditis elegans	42,415	23-Feb-99
					2 unordered pieces.
		GB_IN2:CELF33E11	36400	AF067622	Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid F33E11.	Caenorhabditis elegans	42,415	27-MAY-1999
rxa01211	1380	GB_EST28:AI520492	503	AI520492	LD40669.3prime LD Drosophila melanogaster embryo pOT2 Drosophila	Drosophila melanogaster	40,726	16-MAR-1999
					melanogaster cDNA clone LD40669 3prime, mRNA sequence.
		GB_EST27:AI403753	551	AI403753	GH23256.3prime GH Drosophila melanogaster head pOT2 Drosophila	Drosophila melanogaster	41,316	8-Feb-99
					melanogaster cDNA clone GH23256 3prime, mRNA sequence.
		GB_EST19:AA391230	493	AA391230	LD10605.3prime LD Drosophila melanogaster embryo BlueScript Drosophila	Drosophila melanogaster	38,415	27-Nov-98
					melanogaster cDNA clone LD10605 3prime, mRNA sequence.
rxa01241	603	GB_BA1:U00019	36033	U00019	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B2235.	Mycobacterium leprae	58,783	01-MAR-1994
		GB_BA1:MSGB42CS	22781	L78826	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B42 DNA sequence.	Mycobacterium leprae	58,464	15-Jun-96
		GB_HTG5:AC007521	173897	AC007521	Drosophila melanogaster chromosome X clone BACR49A04 (D698) RPCI-98	Drosophila melanogaster	40,137	17-Nov-99
					49.A.4 map 10A2-10B2 strain y; cn bw sp, ***SEQUENCING IN
					PROGRESS***, 56 unordered pieces.
rx01248	529	GB_BA1:ECOUW93	338534	U14003	Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal region from 92.8 to 00.1 minutes.	Escherichia coli	40,546	17-Apr-96
		GB_BA1:D90900	137740	D90900	Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 complete genome, 2/27, 133860-271599.	Synechocystis sp.	32,177	7-Feb-99
		GB_BA1:ECOUW93	338534	U14003	Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal region from 92.8 to 00.1 minutes.	Escherichia coli	37,044	17-Apr-96
rxa01272	726	GB_EST10:AA181367	520	AA181367	zp42c11.s1 Stratagene muscle 937209 Homo sapiens cDNA clone	Homo sapiens	41,408	09-MAR-1998
					IMAGE: 612116 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_VI:PBU42580	330742	U42580	Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1, complete genome.	Paramecium bursaria	38,265	4-Nov-99
						Chlorella virus 1
		GB_VI:AF063866	236120	AF063866	Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus, complete genome.	Melanoplus sanguinipes	38,579	22-DEC-1998
						entomopoxvirus
rxa01368	435	GB_BA2:AF164439	783	AF164439	Mycobacterium smegmatis WhmD (whmD) gene, complete cds; and unknown	Mycobacterium smegmatis	57,477	4-Aug-99
					gene.
		GB_BA1:MTV015	1668	AL021840	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 140/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	37,617	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:SGWHIB	593	X68708	S. griseocarneum whiB-Stv gene.	Streptomyces griseocarneus	53,396	17-Jan-94
rxa01375	1578	GB_BA1:MTCY71	42729	Z92771	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 141/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	52,638	10-Feb-99
		GB_IN2:AC005935	29330	AC005935	Leishmania major chromosome 3 clone L7234 strain Friedlin, complete	Leishmania major	39,777	15-Nov-99
					sequence.
		GB_IN2:AF005195	1962	AF005195	Trypanosoma cruzi paraflagellar rod component Par3 (par3b) mRNA, complete	Trypanosoma cruzi	40,304	17-Aug-98
					cds.
rxa01418	369	GB_IN2:CELC53B7	29535	U42830	Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid C53B7.	Caenorhabditis elegans	34,375	03-MAR-1998
		GB_IN1:CEU49449	1118	U49449	Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory receptor Odr-10 (odr-10) mRNA, complete	Caenorhabditis elegans	47,111	17-MAY-1996
					cds.
		GB_EST35:AI871077	295	AI871077	wl70c12.x1 NCI_CGAP_Brn25 Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 2430262 3′	Homo sapiens	37,722	30-Aug-99
					similar to gb: X70683 cds1 SOX-4 PROTEIN (HUMAN);, mRNA sequence.
rxa01450	687	GB_BA1:MTV017	67200	AL021897	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 48/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	60,059	24-Jun-99
		GB_BA1 MAMAMIRM	4972	X79027	M. ammoniaphilum genes mamIR and mamIM.	Microbacterium	39,912	20-Nov-96
						ammoniaphilum
		GB_HTG3:AC009121	46469	AC009121	Homo sapiens chromosome 16 clone RPCI-11_485G7, ***SEQUENCING IN	Homo sapiens	55,507	3-Aug-99
					PROGRESS***, 32 unordered pieces.
rxa01451	690	GB_BA1:MTV017	67200	AL021897	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 48/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	63,516	24-Jun-99
		GB_BA1:MAMAMIRM	4972	X79027	M. ammoniaphilum genes mamIR and mamIM,	Microbacterium	37,113	20-Nov-96
						ammoniaphilum
		GB_BA1:MLCB1222	34714	AL049491	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B1222.	Mycobacterium leprae	36,324	27-Aug-99
rxa01500	567	GB_IN1:CEC09G5	29688	Z46791	Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid C09G5, complete sequence.	Caenorhabditis elegans	36,298	2-Sep-99
		GB_GSS9:AQ096256	390	AQ096256	HS_3037_A1_F11_MF CIT Approved Human Genomic Sperm Library D	Homo sapiens	46,316	27-Aug-98
					Homo sapiens genomic clone Plate = 3037 Col = 21 Row = K,
					genomic survey sequence.
		GB_HTG1:HS1099D15	1301	AL035456	Homo sapiens chromosome 20 clone RP5-1099D15, ***SEQUENCING IN	Homo sapiens	39,388	23-Nov-99
					PROGRESS***, in unordered pieces.
rxa01537	774	GB_RO:RNCYCBMR	2354	X64589	R. norvegicus mRNA for cyclin B.	Rattus norvegicus	40,584	29-MAR-1994
		GB_RO:RATCYCLINB	1465	L11995	Rattus norvegicus cyclin B mRNA, complete cds.	Rattus norvegicus	40,584	3-Feb-98
		GB_RO:RNCYCLNB	1902	X60768	Rat mRNA for cyclin B.	Rattus norvegicus	40,530	15-Aug-96
rxa01573	2205	GB_HTG4:AC011317	40524	AC011317	Homo sapiens chromosome 3 seeders clone RPCI11-103G8,	Homo sapiens	34,814	21-OCT-1999
					*SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 31 unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG4:AC011317	40524	AC011317	Homo sapiens chromosome 3 seeders clone RPCI11-103G8,	Homo sapiens	34,814	21-OCT-1999
					*SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 31 unordered pieces.
		GB_IN1:CELK06A5	24323	AF039038	Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid K06A5.	Caenorhabditis elegans	38,899	1-Jan-98
rxa01655	1482	GB_GSS15:AQ624398	460	AQ624398	HS_2106_B2_C03_T7C CIT Approved Human Genomic Sperm Library D	Homo sapiens	36,449	16-Jun-99
					Homo sapiens genomic clone Plate = 2106 Col = 6 Row = F, genomic survey
					sequence.
		GB_BA1:SC6G10	36734	AL049497	Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid 6G10.	Streptomyces coelicolor	39,098	24-MAR-1999
rxa01687		GB_BA1:MLCB268	38859	AL022602	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B268.	Mycobacterium leprae	39,891	27-Aug-99
rxa01759	885	GB_OV:PMU11880	16201	U11880	Petromyzon marinus mitochondrion, complete genome.	Mitochondrion Petromyzon	36,977	24-Sep-96
						marinus
		GB_STS:G39160	605	G39160	Z13915 Zebrafish AB Danio rerio STS genomic, sequence tagged site.	Danio rerio	36,093	30-Jul-98
		GB_STS:G39160	605	G39160	Z13915 Zebrafish AB Danio rerio STS genomic, sequence tagged site.	Danio rerio	36,093	30-Jul-98
rxa01763	588	GB_GSS4:AQ701186	454	AQ701186	HS_2129_A2_D04_T7C CIT Approved Human Genomic Sperm Library D	Homo sapiens	40,000	7-Jul-99
					Homo sapiens genomic clone Plate = 2129 Col = 8 Row = G, genomic survey
					sequence.
		GB_BA1:ENEPPD1	5363	D28859	Enterococcus faecalis Plasmid pPD1 DNA for iPD1, TraB, TraA, ORF1and	Enterococcus faecalis	37,117	7-Feb-99
					TraC, complete cds.
		GB_BA1:ENEPPD1A	8526	D78016	Enterococcus faecalis Plasmid pPD1 genes for REPB, REPA, TRAC, TRAB,	Enterococcus faecalis	35,788	5-Feb-99
					TRAA, iPD1, TRAE, TRAF, complete cds and partial cds.
rxa01826	2061	GB_BA1:MLCB1770	37821	Z70722	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B1770.	Mycobacterium leprae	37,524	29-Aug-97
		GB_BA1:SCH69	35824	AL079308	Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid H69.	Streptomyces coelicolor	51,185	15-Jun-99
		GB_BA1:SCGD3	33779	AL096822	Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid GD3.	Streptomyces coelicolor	38,775	8-Jul-99
rxa01827	1530	GB_BA1:MTCY10H4	39160	Z80233	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 2/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	37,815	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:AB016932	2711	AB016932	Streptomyces coelicolor gene for protein serine/threonine kinase, complete cds.	Streptomyces coelicolor	42,543	11-Nov-98
		GB_RO:AF145705	2201	AF145705	Mus musculus T2K protein kinase homolog mRNA, complete cds.	Mus musculus	40,438	2-Jun-99
rxa01830	1476	GB_PR2:HSU82672	156854	U82672	Human chromosome X clone Qc15B1, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	36,389	12-MAY-1997
		GB_BA2:AF087482	26245	AF087482	Pseudomonas aeruginosa clcC and ohbH genes, Lys-R type regulatory protein	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	40,805	31-OCT-1998
					(clcR), chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (clcA), chloromuconate cycloisomerase
					(clcB), dienelactone hydrolase (clcD), maleylacetate reductase (clcE),
					transposase (tnpA), ATP-binding protein (tnpB), putative regulatory protein
					(ohbR), o-halobenzoate dioxygenase reductase (ohbA), o-halobenzoate
					dioxygenase alpha subunit (ohbB), o-halobenzoate dioxygenase beta subunit
					(ohbC), o-halobenzoate dioxygenase ferredoxin (ohbD), putative membrane
					spanning protein (ohbE), ATP-binding protein (ohbF), putative substrate binding
					protein (ohbG), and putative dioxygenase genes, complete cds; and unknown
					gene.
		GB_PR2:HSU82672	156854	U82672	Human chromosome X clone Qc15B1, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	36,301	12-MAY-1997
rxa01836	828	GB_GSS1:CI22H2	704	AJ227010	Ciona intestinalis genomic fragment, clone 22H2, genomic survey sequence.	Ciona intestinalis	33,481	10-MAR-1998
		GB_EST18:AA692868	461	AA692868	vr58h12.s1 Knowles Solter mouse 2 cell Mus musculus cDNA clone	Mus musculus	47,222	16-DEC-1997
					IMAGE: 1124903 5′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_PR3:HSDJ860P4	156791	AL049594	Human DNA sequence from clone 860P4 on chromosome 20 Contains ESTs,	Homo sapiens	35,504	23-Nov-99
					STSs, GSSs and a CpG island, complete sequence.
rxa01840	654	GB_BA1:D90914	145709	D90914	Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 complete genome, 16/27, 1991550-2137258.	Synechocystis sp.	61,315	7-Feb-99
		GB_EST25:AU041657	306	AU041657	AU041657 Mouse four-cell-embryo cDNA Mus musculus cDNA clone	Mus musculus	39,216	04-DEC-1998
					J1007D01 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_PL2:AAU82633	474	U82633	Alternaria alternata Alt a I subunit mRNA, complete cds.	Alternaria alternata	45,092	13-Jan-97
rxa01860	1008	GB_PL2:AC004255	97789	AC004255	Arabidopsis thaliana BAC T1F9 chromosome 1, complete sequence.	Arabidopsis thaliana	35,939	16-Apr-98
		GB_BA1:BSUB0004	213190	Z99107	Bacillus subtilis complete genome (section 4 of 21): from 600701 to 813890.	Bacillus subtilis	37,111	26-Nov-97
		GB_BA1:D86418	20341	D86418	Bacillus subtilis genomic DNA 69-70 degree region, partial sequence.	Bacillus subtilis	38,352	7-Feb-99
rxa01861	2088	GB_HTG4:AC009949	173517	AC009949	Homo sapiens chromosome unknown clone NH0069J07, WORKING DRAFT	Homo sapiens	36,544	29-OCT-1999
					SEQUENCE, in unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG4:AC009949	173517	AC009949	Homo sapiens chromosome unknown clone NH0069J07, WORKING DRAFT	Homo sapiens	36,544	29-OCT-1999
					SEQUENCE, in unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG4:AC009949	173517	AC009949	Homo sapiens chromosome unknown clone NH0069J07, WORKING DRAFT	Homo sapiens	35,676	29-OCT-1999
					SEQUENCE, in unordered pieces.
rxa01898	816	GB_HTG1:CEY48B6	293827	AL021151	Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome II clone Y48B6, ***SEQUENCING IN	Caenorhabditis elegans	33,250	1-Apr-99
					PROGRESS***, in unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG1:CEY48B6	293827	AL021151	Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome II clone Y48B6, ***SEQUENCING IN	Caenorhabditis elegans	33,250	1-Apr-99
					PROGRESS***, in unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG1:CEY53F4_2	110000	Z92860	Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome II clone Y53F4, ***SEQUENCING IN	Caenorhabditis elegans	34,766	Z92860
					PROGRESS***, in unordered pieces.
rxa01935	1287	GB_PR3:HSBA259P1	48084	AL080273	Human DNA sequence from clone 259P1 on chromosome 22. Contains STSs,	Homo sapiens	38,661	23-Nov-99
					GSSs, genomic markers D22S1154, D22S310 and D22S690, and a gt repeat
					polymorphism, complete sequence.
		GB_BA1:RHMIND	2862	M19019	R. fredii host-inducible protein genes A and B, complete cds.	Sinorhizobium fredii	37,007	26-Apr-93
		GB_BA2:AE000108	10894	AE000108	Rhizobium sp. NGR234 plasmid pNGR234a, section 45 of 46 of the complete	Rhizobium sp. NGR234	37,322	12-DEC-1997
					plasmid sequence.
rxa02127	777	GB_BA1:D90911	143051	D90911	Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 complete genome, 13/27, 1576593-1719643.	Synechocystis sp.	35,480	7-Feb-99
		GB_PR2:AC002477	124095	AC002477	Human PAC clone DJ327A19 from Xq25-q26, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	35,409	22-Aug-97
		GB_PR2:AC002477	124095	AC002477	Human PAC clone DJ327A19 from Xq25-q26, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	38,536	22-Aug-97
rxa02210	687	GB_BA1:AB025424	2995	AB025424	Corynebacterium glutamicum gene for aconitase, partial cds.	Corynebacterium glutamicum	100,000	3-Apr-99
		GB_EST15:AA534896	490	AA534896	nf78e02.s1 NCI_CGAP_Co3 Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 926042 3′,	Homo sapiens	38,929	21-Aug-97
					mRNA sequence.
		GB_BA1:AB025424	2995	AB025424	Corynebacterium glutamicum gene for aconitase, partial cds.	Corynebacterium glutamicum	41,119	3-Apr-99
rxa02232	1650	GB_BA1:MTCY154	13935	Z98209	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 121/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	38,882	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MSGY154	40221	AD000002	Mycobacterium tuberculosis sequence from clone y154.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	56,593	03-DEC-1996
		GB_BA1:SC4H2	38400	AL022268	Streptomyces coelicolor cosmid 4H2.	Streptomyces coelicolor	55,569	6-Apr-98
rxa02270	744	GB_BA1:AP000004	217000	AP000004	Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 genomic DNA, 777001-994000 nt. position (4/7).	Pyrococcus horikoshii	36,190	8-Feb-99
		GB_BA1:AP000004	217000	AP000004	Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 genomic DNA, 777001-994000 nt. position (4/7).	Pyrococcus horikoshii	36,951	8-Feb-99
		GB_HTG3:AC008403	199233	AC008403	Homo sapiens chromosome 19 clone CIT-HSPC_273B12, ***SEQUENCING	Homo sapiens	38,420	3-Aug-99
					IN PROGRESS***, 82 unorderd pieces.
rxa02306	414	GB_EST8:AA011641	313	AA011641	zi02e11.s1 Soares_fetal_liver_spleen_1NFLS_S1 Homo sapiens cDNA clone	Homo sapiens	35,235	09-MAY-1997
					IMAGE: 429644 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_GSS1:CNS00NAO	527	AL081678	Arabidopsis thaliana genome survey sequence SP6 end of BAC F3H19 of IGF	Arabidopsis thaliana	40,615	28-Jun-99
					library from strain Columbia of Arabidopsis thaliana, genomic survey sequence.
		GB_EST24:C97772	494	C97772	C97772 Rice callus Oryza sativa cDNA clone C62702_6Z, mRNA sequence.	Oryza sativa	36,667	19-OCT-1998
rxa02365	1968	GB_BA1:U00016	42931	U00016	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B1937.	Mycobacterium leprae	67,483	01-MAR-1994
		GB_BA1:MTCY253	41230	Z81368	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 106/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	37,888	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:BACJH642	282700	D84432	Bacillus subtilis DNA, 283 Kb region containing skin element.	Bacillus subtilis	58,496	6-Feb-99
rxa02376	1626	GB_BA2:CGU31230	3005	U31230	Corynebacterium glutamicum Obg protein homolog gene, partial cds, gamma	Corynebacterium glutamicum	97,504	2-Aug-96
					glutamyl kinase (proB) gene, complete cds, and (unkdh) gene, complete cds.
		GB_BA1:D87915	1647	D87915	Streptomyces coelicolor DNA for Obg, complete cds.	Streptomyces coelicolor	58,013	7-Feb-99
		GB_BA1:MTV016	53662	AL021841	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 143/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	38,051	23-Jun-99
rxa02450	678	GB_BA2:AE000654	12391	AE000654	Helicobacter pylori 26695 section 132 of 134 of the complete genome.	Helicobacter pylori 26695	36,269	6-Apr-99
		GB_HTG3:AC009298	165826	AC009298	Homo sapiens clone NH0017106, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 2	Homo sapiens	35,886	13-Aug-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG4:AC010187_2	110000	AC010187	Homo sapiens chromosome 3 seeders clone RPCI11-389O9,	Homo sapiens	38,939	AC010187
					*SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 164 unordered pieces.
rxa02493	1362	GB_BA1:CGBETPGEN	2339	X93514	C. glutamicum betP gene.	Corynebacterium glutamicum	38,346	8-Sep-97
		GB_BA1:SHGCPIR	107379	X86780	S. hygroscopicus gene cluster for polyketide immunosuppressant rapamycin.	Streptomyces hygroscopicus	42,556	16-Aug-96
		GB_HTG2:AC007084	138793	AC007084	Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 2 clone BACR26A16 (D577) RPCI-98	Drosophila melanogaster	35,985	2-Aug-99
					26.A.16 map 43F-44A strain y; cn bw sp, ***SEQUENCING IN
					PROGRESS***, 19 unordered pieces.
rxa02494	819	GB_BA1:U00018	42991	U00018	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B2168.	Mycobacterium leprae	42,105	01-MAR-1994
		GB_BA1:MTCY20G9	37218	Z77162	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 25/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	64,552	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MBY13627	3208	Y13627	Mycobacterium bovis BCG senX3, regX3 genes.	Mycobacterium bovis BCG	64,428	6-Jan-98
rxa02631	1488	GB_EST17:AA655226	468	AA655226	vq84a10.s1 Knowles Solter mouse 2 cell Mus musculus cDNA clone	Mus musculus	36,052	4-Nov-97
					IMAGE: 1108986 5′ similar to gb: J03827 Y BOX BINDING PROTEIN-1
					(HUMAN); gb: M62867 Mouse Y box transcription factor (MOUSE);, mRNA
					sequence.
		GB_GSS1:CNS012GD	898	AL101527	Drosophila melanogaster genome survey sequence T7 end of BAC	Drosophila melanogaster	34,449	26-Jul-99
					BACN07L05 of DrosBAC library from Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly),
					genomic survey sequence.
		GB_GSS3:B10133	1137	B10133	F2H22-T7 IGF Arabidopsis thaliana genomic clone F2H22, genomic survey	Arabidopsis thaliana	38,011	14-MAY-1997
					sequence.
rxa02632	819	GB_BA1:MTCY369	36850	Z80226	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 36/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	50,124	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:S76966	480	S76966	{BCG2 insert site} [Mycobacterium tuberculosis, BCG Japan, IS6110/IS986,	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	39,437	27-Jul-95
					Insertion, 480 nt].
		GB_PR3:AC005019	188362	AC005019	Homo sapiens BAC clone GS250A16 from 7p21-p22, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	36,763	27-Aug-98
rxa02667	717	GB_BA1:MSGY23	40806	AD000016	Mycobacterium tuberculosis sequence from clone y23.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	55,742	10-DEC-1996
		GB_BA1:MTV024	8189	AL022075	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 151/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	39,474	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MLCB1450	38065	AL035159	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B1450.	Mycobacterium leprae	39,898	27-Aug-99
rxa02668	846	GB_HTG2:AC007739	158262	AC007739	Homo sapiens clone NH0091L03, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 4	Homo sapiens	38,659	5-Jun-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG2:AC007739	158262	AC007739	Homo sapiens clone NH0091L03, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 4	Homo sapiens	38,659	5-Jun-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_EST24:AI190741	443	AI190741	qd61a09.x1 Soares_testis_NHT Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE: 1733944	Homo sapiens	39,661	28-OCT-1998
					3′, mRNA sequence.
rxa02669	1239	GB_HTG2: AC007739	158262	AC007739	Homo sapiens clone NH0091L03, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 4	Homo sapiens	36,230	5-Jun-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG2:AC007739	158262	AC007739	Homo sapiens clone NH0091L03, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 4	Homo sapiens	36,230	5-Jun-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_GSS9:AQ128685	425	AQ128685	HS_3026_B2_D10_MR CIT Approved Human Genomic Sperm Library D	Homo sapiens	36,235	23-Sep-98
					Homosapiens genomic clone Plate = 3026 Col = 20 Row = H, genomic survey
					sequence.
rxa02698	492	GB_EST18:AA704727	398	AA704727	zj21f05.s1 Soares_fetal_liver_spleen_1NFLS_S1 Homo sapiens cDNA clone	Homo sapiens	40,470	24-DEC-1997
					IMAGE: 450945 3′, mRNA sequence.
		GB_PR2:AP000228	75698	AP000228	Homo sapiens genomic DNA, chromosome 21q21.2, LL56-APP region,	Homo sapiens	42,616	20-Nov-99
					clone: R49K20, complete sequence.
		GB_PR2:AP000140	100000	AP000140	Homo sapiens genomic DNA, chromosome 21q21.2, LL56-APP region, clone	Homo sapiens	42,616	20-Nov-99
					B2291C14-R44F3, segment 5/10, complete sequence.
rxa02699	2271	GB_GSS12:AQ364540	497	AQ364540	nbxb0061O09r CUGI Rice BAC Library Oryza sativa genomic clone	Oryza sativa	37,903	3-Feb-99
					nbxb0061O09r, genomic survey sequence.
		GB_PR4:AC006044	141509	AC006044	Homo sapiens BAC clone NH0539B24 from 7p15.1-p14, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	36,360	18-MAR-1999
		GB_PR2:HSAF001552	91526	AF001552	Homo sapiens chromosome 16 BAC clone CIT987SK-381E11 complete	Homo sapiens	35,352	21-Aug-97
					sequence.
rxa02724	967	GB_HTG2:HSDJ139D8	167079	AL096814	Homo sapiens chromosome 6 clone RP1-139D8 map p12.1-21.1,	Homo sapiens	36,820	03-DEC-1999
					*SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, in unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG2:HSDJ139D8	167079	AL096814	Homo sapiens chromosome 6 clone RP1-139D8 map p12.1-21.1,	Homo sapiens	36,820	03-DEC-1999
					*SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, in unordered pieces.
		GB_BA1:AB015853	5461	AB015853	Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene for MexX and MexY, complete cds.	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	39,121	13-Nov-98
rxa02747	2199	GB_BA1:CAJ10319	5368	AJ010319	Corynebacterium glutamicum amtP, glnB, glnD genes and partial ftsY and srp	Corynebacterium glutamicum	100,000	14-MAY-1999
					genes.
		GB_GSS13:AQ463737	463	AQ463737	HS_5051_B2_D05_SP6E RPCI-11 Human Male BAC Library Homo sapiens	Homo sapiens	37,549	23-Apr-99
					genomic clone Plate = 627 Col = 10 Row = H, genomic survey sequence.
		GB_BA1:CAJ10319	5368	AJ010319	Corynebacterium glutamicum amtP, glnB, glnD genes and partial ftsY and srp	Corynebacterium glutamicum	100,000	14-MAY-1999
					genes.
rxa02760	1077	GB_IN2: AC004295	84551	AC004295	Drosophila melanogaster DNA sequence (P1 DS08374 (D180)), complete	Drosophila melanogaster	40,303	29-Jul-98
					sequence.
		GB_HTG6:AC011647	141830	AC011647	Homo sapiens clone RP11-15D18, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 29	Homo sapiens	38,158	04-DEC-1999
					unordered pieces.
		GB_HTG6:AC011647	141830	AC011647	Homo sapiens clone RP11-15D18, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 29	Homo sapiens	36,321	04-DEC-1999
					unordered pieces.
rxa02787	1500	GB_BA1:MLCB1259	38807	AL023591	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B1259.	Mycobacterium leprae	57,533	27-Aug-99
		GB_BA1:MSGB937CS	38914	L78820	Mycobacterium leprae cosmid B937 DNA sequence.	Mycobacterium leprae	57,600	15-Jun-96
		GB_PR4:AC006474	69718	AC006474	Homo sapiens clone DJ0669I17, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	37,246	1-Jul-99
rxa02830	662	GB_BA1:MTCY22D7	31859	Z83866	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 133/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	41,527	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:MTCY22D7	31859	Z83866	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 133/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	41,223	17-Jun-98
		GB_EST12:AA276025	440	AA276025	vc30a07.r1 Barstead MPLRB1 Mus musculus cDNA clone IMAGE: 776052 5′	Mus musculus	38,746	1-Apr-97
					similar to gb: L38607 Mus musculus (MOUSE);, mRNA sequence.
rxa02831
rxs03200	759	GB_IN2:AE001274	268984	AE001274	Leishmania major chromosome 1, complete sequence.	Leishmania major	38,575	24-MAR-1999
		GB_IN2:AE001274	268984	AE001274	Leishmania major chromosome 1, complete sequence.	Leishmania major	36,772	24-MAR-1999
		GB_OM:SSIFNG	5568	X53085	S. scrofa DNA for interferon-gamma.	Sus scrofa	33,515	28-Jul-95
rxs03208	565	GB_BA1:BRLDTXR	1091	L35906	Corynebacterium glutamicum (clone pULJSX4) diphtheria toxin repressor (dtxr)	Brevibacterium	99,646	06-MAR-1996
					gene, complete cds.	lactofermentum
		GB_BA1:MTCY05A6	38631	Z96072	Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv complete genome; segment 120/162.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	61,062	17-Jun-98
		GB_BA1:CORDTXRAA	2604	M80338	Corynebacterium diphtheriae diphtheria toxin repressor (dtxR) gene, complete	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	66,372	26-Apr-93
					cds.
rxs03219	1114	GB_HTG3:AC005769	200000	AC005769	Homo sapiens chromosome 4, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 5	Homo sapiens	38,613	21-Aug-99
					unordered pieces.
		GB_PR3:AF015723	33189	AF015723	Homo sapiens chromosome 21q22 cosmid clone Q4B12, complete sequence.	Homo sapiens	36,866	21-Jan-98
		GB_HTG3:AC007315	159747	AC007315	Homo sapiens clone NH0189B16, *SEQUENCING IN PROGRESS*, 3	Homo sapiens	35,005	23-Apr-99
					unordered pieces.

Claims

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of

a) an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, or a complement thereof;

b) an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66, or a complement thereof;

c) an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes a naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66, or a complement thereof;

d) an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which is at least 50% identical to the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, or a complement thereof; and

e) an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a fragment of at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, or a complement thereof.

2. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 and a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous polypeptide.

3. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.

4. The vector of claim 3, which is an expression vector.

5. A host cell transfected with the expression vector of claim 4.

6. The host cell of claim 5, wherein said cell is a microorganism.

7. The host cell of claim 6, wherein said cell belongs to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium.

8. A method of producing a polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 5 in an appropriate culture medium to, thereby, produce the polypeptide.

9. A method for producing a fine chemical, comprising culturing the cell of claim 5 such that the fine chemical is produced.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said method further comprises the step of recovering the fine chemical from said culture.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein said cell belongs to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium herculis, Corynebacterium, lilium, Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum, Corynebacterium acetophilum, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium fujiokense, Corynebacterium nitrilophilus, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Brevibacterium butanicum, Brevibacterium divaricatum, Brevibacterium flavum, Brevibacterium healii, Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum, Brevibacterium ketosoreductum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium paraffinolyticum, and those strains set forth in Table 3.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein expression of the nucleic acid molecule from said vector results in modulation of production of said fine chemical.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein said fine chemical is selected from the group consisting of organic acids, proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, diols, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, vitamins, cofactors, polyketides, and enzymes.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein said fine chemical is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine, glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, glycine, serine, threonine, methionine, cysteine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, proline, histidine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.

16. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of

a) an isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66;

b) an isolated polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring allelic variant of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66;

c) an isolated polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:65;

d) an isolated polypeptide which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which is at least 50% identical to the entire nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:65;

e) an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which is at least 50% identical to the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66; and

f) an isolated polypeptide comprising a fragment of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66, wherein said polypeptide fragment maintains a biological activity of the polypeptide comprising the amino sequence.

17. The isolated polypeptide of claim 16, further comprising heterologous amino acid sequences.

18. A method for diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a subject, comprising detecting the presence of at least one of the nucleic acid molecules of claim 1, thereby diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject.

19. A method for diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a subject, comprising detecting the presence of at least one of the polypeptide molecules of claim 16, thereby diagnosing the presence or activity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the subject.

20. A host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of

a) the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:65, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is disrupted by at least one technique selected from the group consisting of a point mutation, a truncation, an inversion, a deletion, an addition, a substitution and homologous recombination;

b) the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:65, wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises one or more nucleic acid modifications as compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of a point mutation, a truncation, an inversion, a deletion, an addition and a substitution; and

c) the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO:65, wherein the regulatory region of the nucleic acid molecule is modified relative to the wild-type regulatory region of the molecule by at least one technique selected from the group consisting of a point mutation, a truncation, an inversion, a deletion, an addition, a substitution and homologous recombination.