US20060230876A1 - Method for producing alloy ingots - Google Patents

Method for producing alloy ingots Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060230876A1
US20060230876A1 US10/506,416 US50641602A US2006230876A1 US 20060230876 A1 US20060230876 A1 US 20060230876A1 US 50641602 A US50641602 A US 50641602A US 2006230876 A1 US2006230876 A1 US 2006230876A1
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Prior art keywords
cold wall
crucible
melting
ingots
electrodes
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Matthias Blum
Georg Jarczyk
Anita Chatterjee
Willy Furwitt
Volker Guther
Helmut Clemens
Heinz Danker
Rainer Gerling
Friedhelm Sasse
Frank-Peter Schimansky
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GfE Gesellschaft fuer Elektrometallurgie mbH
ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH
GKSS Forshungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH
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Assigned to GKSS-FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM GEESTHACHT GMBH, ALD VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES AG, GFE GESELLSCHAFT FUR ELEKTROMETALLURGIE MBH reassignment GKSS-FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM GEESTHACHT GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SASSE, FRIEDHELM, DANKER, HEINZ, GERLING, RAINER, SCHIMANSKY, FRANK-PETER, BLUM, MATTHIAS, JARCZYK, GEORG, CLEMENS, HELMUT, CHATTERJEE, ANITA, FURWITT, WILLY, GUTHER, VOLKER
Assigned to ALD VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES AG, GFE GESELLSCHAFT FUR ELEKTROMETALLURGIE MBH, GKSS-FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM GEESTHACHT GMBH reassignment ALD VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SASSE, FRIEDHELM, DANKER, HEINZ, GERLING, RAINER, SCHIMANSKY, FRANK-PETER, BLUM, MATTHIAS, JARCZYK, GEORG, CLEMENS, HELMUT, CHATTERJEE, ANITA, FURWITT, WILLY, GUTHER, VOLKER
Publication of US20060230876A1 publication Critical patent/US20060230876A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
    • B22D23/06—Melting-down metal, e.g. metal particles, in the mould
    • B22D23/10—Electroslag casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a novel fusion-metallurgical method of producing, at a low cost, ingots of metallic and intermetallic alloys of high chemical and structural homogeneity, in particular ingots of ⁇ -TiAl.
  • the ⁇ -TiAl-based technical alloys presently used are of multiphase structure, containing the ordered hexagonal ⁇ 2 Ti 3 Al, typically at a proportion of 5 to 15 volume percent, in addition to ordered tetragonal ⁇ -TiAl as a main phase.
  • Refractory metals as alloying elements can lead to the formation of a metastable body-centered cubic (bcc) phase which appears either as a ⁇ phase (disordered) or as a B2-phase (ordered).
  • bcc metastable body-centered cubic
  • These alloying additions improve oxidation resistance and creep strength.
  • Inferior quantities of Si, B and C serve for increased strength of the cast structure (see B. Inkson and H. Clemens (1999), MRS Symp. Proc.
  • TiAl alloys are customarily produced as ingots by multiple remelting in a vacuum-arc furnace (see FIG. 1 ) (VAR—vacuum arc remelting).
  • VAR vacuum arc remelting
  • a pressed electrode which includes all alloying constituents, is melted off, expanding in diameter.
  • Fundamental problems result from occurring inhomogeneities in the alloy composition of the ⁇ -TiAl ingot.
  • a comparison of the Al contents in twice or triple remelted ⁇ -TiAl ingot material reveals that local fluctuation of the Al contents in the range of ⁇ 2 atomic percent are still observed in twice remelted ⁇ -TiAl ingot (see FIG. 2 ).
  • Triple remelting in the VAR mill is necessary for obtaining sufficient alloy homogeneity (see V.
  • the loss of material (piping etc.) per ingot is presently 35 percent.
  • the conventional manufacturing method does not offer any flexibility in the choice of ingot diameter.
  • titanium alloy ingots are cold hearth electron-beam melting and plasma arc cold hearth melting (PACHM). While electron-beam melting (see FIG. 3 top) has been used solely for pure unalloyed titanium, the PACHM method (see FIG. 3 bottom) is used for the production of titanium alloys and also of ⁇ -TiAl ingots. In this case the starting material is melted in a cold crucible by a plasma torch and the liquid melt is supplied via a plasma-torch heated channel system to an equally plasma heated billet discharge. This method has led to insufficient alloy homogeneity, which may be due to the limits of the method (see W. Porter, Proceedings of 3 rd Int. Symp. Structural Intermetallics, ed.
  • PACHM plasma arc cold hearth melting
  • the method is intended to offer the possibility of arbitrarily dimensioning the alloy ingots within a range of what is technically reasonable by elusion of the VAR-method restrictions specified above.
  • This object is attained in a method of producing metallic and intermetallic alloy ingots by continuous and quasi-continuous billet discharge from a cold wall induction crucible with the alloy material, in a molten or pre-homogenized state, being continuously or quasi-continuously supplied to a cold wall induction crucible (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the method of continuous casting for the production of metallic and intermetallic alloy ingots of high homogeneity and inferior porosity is characterized by the following chronological steps:
  • the method is preferably used for the production of intermetallic ⁇ -TiAl based alloy ingots, the alloys being generally specified by the following summation formula: Ti x Al y (Cr,Mn,V) u (Zr,Cu,Nb,Ta,Mo,W,Ni) v (Si,B,C,Y) w
  • the concentrations of the alloying constituents are customarily within the following ranges (in atomic percent):
  • Inductive melting of the electrodes in step (iii) takes place in a high frequency field of a frequency of preferably 70 to 300 kHz, in particular 70 to 200 kHz, and preferably at temperatures of 1400° C. to 1700° C., in particular 1400° C. to 1600° C.
  • the electrode is rotated, preferably at a speed of 4 rpm.
  • the withdrawal speed of the electrode is continuously variable from 0 to 200 mm/min.
  • the method is preferably performed quasicontinuously, by one or several electrodes being fed quasi-continuously while an ingot is simultaneously withdrawn from the cold wall induction crucible.
  • Homogenization of the melt in the cold wall induction crucible of step (iv) takes place preferably by overheating at 10 to 100 K, preferably 40 to 60 K. This corresponds to temperatures of 1400° C. to 1750° C., preferably 1450° C. to 1700° C., depending on alloy composition.
  • the frequency range of the coil is 4 to 20 kHz, preferably 4 to 12 kHz.
  • Cooling the melt upon withdrawal of the ingots in step (v) preferably takes place by the aid of water-cooled copper segments, the diameters of the ingots preferably being in a range of 40 to 350 mm, by special preference 140 to 220 mm.
  • the withdrawal rates are adjustable between 5 to 10 mm/min.
  • the withdrawal rate must be adapted to the dropping rate (step iii) which can be in the range of 50 kg/h.
  • the present method according to the invention enables novel intermetallic ⁇ -TiAl-based alloy ingots to be produced which excel by a novel combination of dimensions on the one hand and homogeneity on the other. Therefore, the invention also relates to intermetallic ⁇ -TiAl-based alloy ingots which are characterized by
  • the gist of the method according to the invention resides in the continuous or quasi-continuous supply of a pre-homogenized melt of the alloying material to a cold wall induction crucible (KIT).
  • KIT cold wall induction crucible
  • melting off the electrode material that serves for the production of metallic and intermetallic alloy ingots occasions considerable homogenization of the material so that a single subsequent step of homogenization in the cold wall induction crucible will do to obtain, by means of these two steps, as far as possible a degree of homogenization, which can be accomplished only by a comparatively great number of remelting steps in the VAR method. Consequently, the method according to the invention is substantially less complicated and costly than the VAR method used so far.
  • the KIT loses its principal prior art function, namely melting material that is always supplied to the KIT in a solid state.
  • An essential advantage of the method according to the invention resides in that segregation phenomena as a reason for inhomogeneities of the final material, which are always observed when solid alloys of multiphase structure are melted in the KIT, do not occur because the material arrives in a liquid state in the KIT.
  • Another advantage resides in that the frequency range of the induction coil, which is favorable for homogenization of the molten alloy, exceeds the frequency range that is favorable for melting a solid alloy. Surprisingly, this helps considerably reduce surface porosity of the ingot withdrawn from the solidifying melt in the KIT, improving ingot quality.
  • a special advantage of the method according to the invention resides in that any required dimensions of the alloy ingot can be put into practice by the dimensions of the cold wall induction crucible being freely selectable within a technologically reasonable scope, which is not ensured by VAR technology.
  • Vacuum or protective-gas execution of the method is preferred, and nonpolluted production waste can be returned to the process.
  • material loss amounts to 12 percent as compared to 35 percent in conventional VAR technology.
  • the method according to the invention enables local (macroscopic) fluctuations of the main alloying elements, aluminum and titanium, of ⁇ 0.5 atomic percent to be put into practice throughout the ingot; further metallic alloying constituents: ⁇ 0.2 atomic percent; strength increasing elements (boron, carbon, silicon): ⁇ 0.05 atomic percent.
  • the scope of the invention also comprises novel combinations of prior art sub-processes, known per se, which ensure a continuous or quasi continuous supply of liquid, pre-homogenized material to a cold wall induction crucible with the aim of continuous or quasi continuous billet withdrawal from the KIT.
  • This relates in particular to the combination of an inductively heated melt-off device for alloy rods and alloy electrodes (inductive drop melting), a KIT with a billet withdrawal equipment, and the combination of a plasma cold wall furnace with a heated channel system, of an overflow in the form of a skull, comprising said KIT and said billet withdrawal equipment.
  • inductively melting off electrodes has also been described in connection with the manufacture of titanium alloyed powder by the so-called EIGA (electrode induction melting gas atomization) method (cf. DE-A-41 02 101, DE-A-196 31 582).
  • EIGA electrode induction melting gas atomization
  • an alloy electrode dips into an HF coil which is insulated by ceramics against arc-over.
  • the electrode is completely melted by a surface melting process.
  • Further treatment of the melt takes place in a gas jet where the drops are atomized.
  • This method serves exclusively for the production of powder and not for the production of ingots.
  • the melt is subjected to further homogenization in a KIT prior to billet withdrawal (production of ingots).
  • Ingot withdrawal is also known from the state of the art, in particular withdrawal from the ceramic crucible.
  • the prior art patents predominantly relate to ingot withdrawal of non-ferrous metals (Cu, brass).
  • the above-mentioned patents DE-A-198 52 747 and DE-A-196 50 856 however comprise ingot withdrawal from the cold wall induction crucible, with the material being fed in solid form, and not as pre-homogenized, molten material, to the KIT from which the ingot is withdrawn. This can lead to differences in homogeneity—as described above—in the material that is withdrawn as an ingot.
  • Electrode production takes place preferably by pressing and/or sintering powdery or granulated alloying constituents (cf. DE-A-196 31 582 to -584, DE-A-198 52 747).
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of the VAR process for multiply remelted ⁇ -TiAl ingots: ( 1 ) electrode feed, ( 2 ) furnace chamber, ( 3 ) air-cooled current supply, ( 4 ) cable collecting duct, ( 5 ) electrode guide, ( 6 ) water-jacket crucible, ( 7 ) part of the vacuum arrangement, ( 8 ) XY_adaption, ( 9 ) pressure pick-up;
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of deviations of Al contents in the longitudinal direction of the ingot after double (black symbols) and triple (gray symbols) VAR remelting;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of cold wall electron beam melting (top) and cold wall plasma melting (bottom);
  • FIG. 4 is an illustration of the method according to the invention (Example 1) for the fabrication of chemically homogeneous ⁇ -TiAl ingots of variable dimensions: ( 1 ) rotating electrode, ( 2 ) inductive HF coil, ( 3 ) cold wall induction crucible, and ( 4 ) cooling arrangement and ingot withdrawal;
  • FIG. 5 is an illustration of the method according to the invention (Example 2) for the fabrication of chemically homogeneous ⁇ -TiAl ingots of variable dimensions: ( 1 ) charging slope, ( 2 ) plasma torch, ( 3 ) cold hearth, ( 4 ) cold wall induction crucible (KIT), and ( 5 ) cooling arrangement, and ( 6 ) ingot withdrawal.
  • the method according to the invention deals with fusion-metallurgical technology for the production of chemically and structurally homogeneous alloy ingots, in particular of ⁇ -TiAl ingots as ingot material for the molding route or remelter stocks for the casting route.
  • the technology comprises a combination of:
  • Electrodes takes place first.
  • pressed electrodes which include all alloying constituents (Ti sponge, Al granules, pre-alloying granules), are melted off by enlargement of diameter, forming rods of a diameter of for instance 150 mm. These are rods of low chemical homogeneity and of a certain porosity. They serve as electrodes for the ensuing billet withdrawal.
  • the first technological step can be illustrated in two alternative ways—by inductive melting or the PACHM method. Bother methods aim at the production of pre-homogenized, molten material.
  • the electrode which has been melted off by a customary method, is inductively melted by the aid of an HF coil (according to the EIGA method, see DE-A-41 02 101, DE-A-196 31 582) in a KIT.
  • the coil/drop-material system and the shape of the coil interact closely.
  • the outer-oscillating-circuit frequency range amounts to 70 to 300 kHz.
  • Electrode feed rates must be adjustable within a scope that will allow dropping rates corresponding to mass flow rates of at least 50 kg/h in the case of electrode diameters of 150 mm.
  • the melting process is put into practice by plasma torches, which have two functions: melting the starting material and keeping constant ambient conditions during ingot discharge.
  • Starting material in the form of mechanically comminuted pre-alloyed compacts is charged successively via a hydraulic platform into the melting chamber.
  • the material is melted by the aid of the plasma torches in the water-cooled cold wall crucible of copper.
  • the cold wall crucible serves as an instrument for the elimination of undesired high-density (furnace bottom) and low-density inclusions (floating slag) of the melt and as a reservoir for the supply with molten material of the crucible/ingot-withdrawal system.
  • the amperages of the plasma torches above the cold hearth range between 275 to 550 A, but may vary depending on the type and number of plasma torches used.
  • the melt is fed to the cold wall induction crucible.
  • KIT which is equipped with a movable bottom
  • the homogeneity of the melt in a greater molten volume that is largely kept constant is further improved by the agitating effect of the electromagnetic field.
  • the dwell time of the melt in the crucible amounts to approximately 20 min to 45 min.
  • Skull melting in the cold wall induction crucible (KIT) is a technology that has become industrially established for years.
  • Electromagnetic induction in a water-cooled copper crucible produces a field that is used for heating and melting the materials.
  • the bottom skull offers a point of departure for the possibility of semi production. If the bottom is lowered in the course of the process, the system reacts in such a way that a renewed state of equilibrium tends to form by another layer growing on the previous bottom skull. Continuously lowering the bottom will lead to a system of steadily adapting states of equilibrium and, consequently, to an almost continuously growing bottom layer. Since the base of the bottom skull is defined by the bottom of the crucible, the growing of further layers will result in a semi-finished product (ingot) originating. However, the steady output of mass from the KIT also requires a supply of further molten material.
  • Cooling the melt upon ingot withdrawal preferably takes place by the aid of water-cooled Cu segments.
  • Ingot withdrawal from the KIT produces a chemically homogeneous and largely nonporous ingot.
  • the diameter of the KIT is freely selectable to a major extent, offering variable selection of ingot diameters. Withdrawal rates will preferably be in a range of 0 to 50 mm/min.
  • the products manufactured according to the invention can be used for various purposes. Primarily, semi-finished products are made from them in a first step of transformation (extrusion), which are then used for being further worked in the transformation route (forging, rolling). Ingots of high structural and chemical quality are needed for the production of ⁇ -TiAl-based components via the transformation route. These components may for instance be valves and turbine blades which must comply with a demand for excellent quality and highest requirements.
  • the products according to the invention may also serve as remelter stocks for the manufacture of cast blanks by precision casting and centrifugal casting.
  • Remelter stocks are needed as starting material for the precision and centrifugal casting route. Chemical and structural quality does not predominate, because the material is melted once again—as opposed to ingots. Therefore, step (ii) can be omitted in the method according to the invention and the pressed electrodes can directly be melted inductively or, respectively, pre-mixed compacts can be melted by the PACHM method.
  • the precision casting route serves for the production of components of complicated design and complex requirements.
  • the ⁇ -TiAl-based turbo charger which has been commercialized, is mentioned here by way of example.
  • Centrifugal casting is a method of manufacturing at a low cost mass-produced components (for example valves) of simple design and requirements.
  • Producing remelter stocks by the method according to the invention results in products that are distinctly more homogeneous than corresponding prior art products and, owing to the ingot withdrawal, can be manufactured in any cylindrical dimensioning, whereas the method used so far depends on the dimensions of the available mold.
  • the method according to the invention enables the diameter and length of the remelter stocks to be freely selected, which is a simple way of making direct account of customer demand.
  • the example explains the production of a continuously cast ingot of a ⁇ -TiAl-based alloy of a composition of Ti-46.5Al-4 (Cr,Nb,Ta,B) (indicated in atomic percent) with a diameter of 180 mm and a length of 2,600 mm.
  • the first step consists in the production of four once-VAR-melted electrodes of a diameter of 150 mm and a length of 1,000 mm from pressed electrodes that contain all the alloying constituents in the form of Ti sponge, Al granules and suitable pre-alloys for Cr, Nb, Ta and B.
  • the rods which are not yet homogeneous, serve as electrodes for the manufacture of pre-homogenized, molten material by inductive melting in an HF coil.
  • the electrodes are conical at the foot, the set angle being approximately 45°.
  • an electrode is supplied from the depot that holds all the four electrodes to the HF melting coil of likewise conical design, and inductively melted.
  • the melt originates on the entire surface of the cone, at the tip of the cone collecting in a melt stream in which the material is pre-homogenized. By the force of gravity, the melt arrives in the cold wall induction crucible which is located below the melting coil.
  • the frequency at the outer oscillating circuit of the melting coil is 80.6 kHz.
  • Uniform pre-heating of the dropping electrode by inductive heating (mean frequency approximately 500 Hz to 1 kHz) by way of an auxiliary coil, which is mounted above the melting coil, to temperatures below the melting point of the alloy (approximately 1300° C.) helps obtain increased melting capacity of more than 50 kg/h.
  • the electrode is rotated at a speed of 4 rpm, the withdrawal speed is approximately 12 mm/min.
  • the pre-homogenized molten material drops into a cold wall induction crucible with a bottom that can be drawn off downwards.
  • the diameter of the crucible is 180 mm.
  • the melt solidifies in the bottom area of the crucible and is continuously withdrawn downwards. Cooling of the melt upon ingot withdrawal takes place by means of water-cooled copper segments.
  • the withdrawal rate amounts to approximately 1 mm/min.
  • the average dwell time of the melt for homogenization in the cold wall induction crucible is approximately 20 min, which corresponds to a bath height of approximately 160 mm.
  • the bath temperature is in the range of 1580° C. and the frequency of the induction coil that surrounds the crucible amounts to 12 kHz.
  • the second electrode is moved into the required position and heated for melting, billet withdrawal being interrupted for this period. Then the process is continued as specified until all the four electrodes of the depot have melted off.
  • Vacuum as well as protective gas execution of the method is conceivable.
  • the ingot obtained has a diameter of approximately 180 mm and a total length of 2,600 mm and excels by excellent chemical and structural homogeneity. Local aluminum and titanium fluctuations are less than ⁇ 0.5 atomic percent, those of the elements Cr, Nb and Ta being less than ⁇ 0.2 atomic percent and the fluctuation of B being less than ⁇ 0.05 atomic percent.
  • Example 2 differs from Example 1 by the kind and way of production of the molten material and supply to the KIT.
  • the process is carried out under He protective gas.
  • the PACHM process plasma arc cold hearth melting
  • the starting material in the form of once-VAR-melted electrodes corresponding to Example 1 is melted by an He plasma torch (150 kW) in a water-cooled copper crucible and led on via a water-cooled channel which is equally heated by an He plasma torch (150 kW).
  • the amperage of the plasma torches above the cold hearth is approximately 500 A.
  • the liquid alloying melt flows in the skull of its proper material towards an overflow above the KIT, from where it flows continuously into the KIT.
  • the starting material is continuously re-charged via a hydraulically triggered slope.
  • the cold crucible has two principal functions: in addition to working as a reservoir for pre-homogenized molten material, it serves as a place of deposit of undesired high-density and ceramic inclusions.

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US10/506,416 2001-11-16 2002-11-13 Method for producing alloy ingots Abandoned US20060230876A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10156336A DE10156336A1 (de) 2001-11-16 2001-11-16 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Legierungs-Ingots
DE10156336.1 2001-11-16
PCT/EP2002/012668 WO2003041896A2 (de) 2001-11-16 2002-11-13 Verfahren zur herstellung von legierungs-ingots

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US (1) US20060230876A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1444065B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4243192B2 (de)
AU (1) AU2002346837A1 (de)
DE (2) DE10156336A1 (de)
WO (1) WO2003041896A2 (de)

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CN101831576A (zh) * 2010-06-21 2010-09-15 中南大学 一种Ti-Al-Cr-Mo合金及其板材的制备方法
US20110219912A1 (en) * 2009-10-24 2011-09-15 Dipl-Ing Matthias Achtermann METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A Ãβ-y-TiAL BASE ALLOY
US8881792B2 (en) 2011-08-22 2014-11-11 Kobe Steel, Ltd. Method for manufacturing titanium ingot
US9162281B2 (en) 2012-03-06 2015-10-20 Kobe Steel, Ltd. Continuous casting method and continuous casting device for titanium ingots and titanium alloy ingots
CN105033216A (zh) * 2015-08-26 2015-11-11 东北大学 一种厚板坯连铸过程结晶器喂钢带工艺参数的确定方法
CN107405681A (zh) * 2015-03-12 2017-11-28 赛峰航空器发动机 用于制造涡轮机部件、坯件以及最终部件的方法
CN108251693A (zh) * 2018-03-06 2018-07-06 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 一种高强高塑性三相TiAl合金及其制备方法
CN112746176A (zh) * 2020-12-29 2021-05-04 常州中钢精密锻材有限公司 控制esr铸锭中微量元素分布的方法

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US20110308760A1 (en) * 2009-02-09 2011-12-22 Hisamune Tanaka Apparatus for production of metallic slab using electron beam, and process for production of metallic slab using the apparatus
FR2944983B1 (fr) * 2009-04-30 2011-07-15 Cefival Procede et installation de fabrication de produits allonges en titane
JP5620684B2 (ja) * 2010-01-29 2014-11-05 株式会社神戸製鋼所 消耗電極式真空アーク溶解方法及びその装置
JP5878398B2 (ja) * 2012-03-06 2016-03-08 株式会社神戸製鋼所 チタン溶解装置
JP5848695B2 (ja) * 2012-12-28 2016-01-27 株式会社神戸製鋼所 チタン鋳塊の製造方法
DE102013020458A1 (de) 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Hanseatische Waren Handelsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. Kg Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von endkonturnahen TiAl-Bauteilen
JP6234841B2 (ja) * 2014-02-24 2017-11-22 株式会社神戸製鋼所 チタンまたはチタン合金からなる鋳塊の連続鋳造装置
EP4450184A1 (de) * 2021-12-30 2024-10-23 Dong-a Special Metal Co.,Ltd Vorrichtung zur herstellung eines titaningots und verfahren zur herstellung eines titaningots damit
CN115537589B (zh) * 2022-03-28 2024-01-19 洛阳双瑞精铸钛业有限公司 一种用于钛合金铸锭的eb炉与var炉双联熔炼方法

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JP4243192B2 (ja) 2009-03-25
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