US20050274390A1 - Ultra-fine particle catalysts for carbonaceous fuel elements - Google Patents

Ultra-fine particle catalysts for carbonaceous fuel elements Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050274390A1
US20050274390A1 US10/868,126 US86812604A US2005274390A1 US 20050274390 A1 US20050274390 A1 US 20050274390A1 US 86812604 A US86812604 A US 86812604A US 2005274390 A1 US2005274390 A1 US 2005274390A1
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fuel element
carbon monoxide
ultrafine particles
carbon
catalyst composition
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US10/868,126
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Inventor
Chandra Banerjee
Stephen Sears
Sheila Cash
Henry Chung
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RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co
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Individual
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Priority to US10/868,126 priority Critical patent/US20050274390A1/en
Assigned to R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY reassignment R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BANERJEE, CHANDRA KUMAR, CHUNG, HENRY HSIAO LIANG, SEARS, STEPHEN BENSON, CASH, SHELIA LYNNETTE
Assigned to R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY reassignment R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROWN & WILLIAMSON U.S.A., INC., R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY
Assigned to R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY reassignment R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROWN & WILLIAMSON U.S.A., INC.
Priority to EP05759387A priority patent/EP1781125A2/en
Priority to PCT/US2005/020406 priority patent/WO2006002001A2/en
Priority to JP2007516566A priority patent/JP2008505990A/ja
Publication of US20050274390A1 publication Critical patent/US20050274390A1/en
Assigned to JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/165—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes comprising as heat source a carbon fuel or an oxidized or thermally degraded carbonaceous fuel, e.g. carbohydrates, cellulosic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/285—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances characterised by structural features, e.g. particle shape or size
    • A24B15/286—Nanoparticles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/287—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by inorganic substances only
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/287—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by inorganic substances only
    • A24B15/288—Catalysts or catalytic material, e.g. included in the wrapping material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D1/00—Cigars; Cigarettes
    • A24D1/22—Cigarettes with integrated combustible heat sources, e.g. with carbonaceous heat sources
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/10—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of rare earths
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/48—Silver or gold
    • B01J23/52—Gold
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/745—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
    • B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/26—Conditioning of the fluid carrier; Flow patterns
    • G01N30/38—Flow patterns
    • G01N30/46—Flow patterns using more than one column
    • G01N30/466—Flow patterns using more than one column with separation columns in parallel
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
    • G01N30/72—Mass spectrometers
    • G01N30/7206—Mass spectrometers interfaced to gas chromatograph

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to fuel elements for smoking articles, and more particularly to fuel elements comprising a carbonaceous material and ultrafine particles.
  • the fuel elements may be utilized in smoking articles to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide in the mainstream smoke and improve the thermal efficiency of the fuel.
  • Cigarettes are popular smoking articles that use tobacco in various forms. Descriptions of cigarettes and the various components thereof are set forth in Tobacco Production, Chemistry and Technology , Davis et al. (Eds.) (1999).
  • Cigarettes generally include a substantially cylindrical rod-shaped structure and include a charge, roll or column of smokeable material such as shredded tobacco (e.g., in cut filler form) surrounded by a paper wrapper thereby forming a so-called “tobacco rod.”
  • a cigarette has a cylindrical filter element aligned in an end-to-end relationship with the tobacco rod.
  • a filter element includes cellulose acetate tow circumscribed by plug wrap, and is attached to the tobacco rod using a circumscribing tipping material. It also has become desirable to perforate the tipping material and plug wrap, in order to provide dilution of drawn mainstream smoke with ambient air.
  • Carbonaceous materials can be employed as components of combustible material components in a smoking article that are designed to burn and provide heat to aerosolize physically separate aerosol-forming materials.
  • Cigarettes having carbonaceous combustible material components have been marketed by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company under the tradenames Premier and Eclipse. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,151 to Shelar et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,016,654 to Bernasek et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,596 to Lawrence et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,038,802 to White et al.; U.S. Pat. No.
  • the present invention provides fuel elements comprising ultrafine particles.
  • the ultrafine particles catalyze the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, thereby reducing the amount of carbon monoxide present in the combustion gases produced by burning of the fuel element.
  • a fuel element comprising ultrafine particles reduces the amount of carbon monoxide present in the aerosol and demonstrates a more efficient combustion by producing more energy per gram of fuel combusted.
  • the present invention also provides methods for altering the performance characteristics of smoking articles to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide present in aerosol produced by the smoking article.
  • the present invention provides a fuel element comprising a carbonaceous material and at least one catalyst composition, the catalyst composition comprising ultrafine particles.
  • the present invention provides a method for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide produced by an article comprising a fuel element, the method comprising incorporating ultrafine particles in the fuel element.
  • the present invention provides a smoking article having reduced amounts of carbon monoxide in the aerosol produced by the smoking article.
  • the smoking article comprises: a fuel element comprising a carbonaceous material and ultrafine particles.
  • the present invention provides methods and apparatus for the simultaneous relative quantification of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in a gaseous mixture.
  • the method comprises injecting a gaseous mixture into a split single injector of a gas chromatograph for splitting the gaseous mixture onto two chromatographic columns; resolving the carbon monoxide content of the gaseous mixture on a first chromatographic column; simultaneously resolving the carbon dioxide content of the gaseous mixture on a second chromatographic column; and detecting and quantifying the resolved carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents with a mass spectrometer.
  • Embodiments of the method may be utilized to simultaneously quantify the relative amounts of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in aerosol from a smoking article.
  • An advantage of the present invention is that fuel elements of the present invention may be used in applications where it is desirable to reduce amounts of carbon monoxide.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a smoking article according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an ion chromatogram of a standard gaseous mixture resolved on dual columns according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an ion chromatogram of a standard gaseous mixture resolved on a Molsieve column according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an ion chromatogram of a standard gaseous mixture resolved on a Carbon Plot column according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an ion chromatogram of heated tobaccos resolved on dual columns according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an ion chromatogram of cigarette smoke resolved on dual columns according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the reduced production of carbon monoxide by carbon upon combustion in the presence of various ultrafine particles according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the reduced production of carbon monoxide by combustion of carbon and mixtures comprising carbon, Guar gum, graphite, and tobacco in the presence of iron oxide ultrafine particles of various sizes according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the reduced production of carbon monoxide by combustion of carbon in the presence of various metal oxide ultrafine particles according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates the effect of catalyst compositions on a CO/CO 2 ratio when tobacco is pyrolized in the presence of various ultrafine particles according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides fuel elements comprising a carbonaceous material and at least one catalyst composition.
  • the present invention additionally provides articles of manufacture including, but not limited to, smoking articles.
  • the present invention further provides methods for altering the performance characteristics of smoking articles.
  • the present invention provides methods and apparatus for the simultaneous quantification of the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content of a gaseous mixture comprising these and various other chemical species.
  • a stated range of “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more, e.g., 1 to 6.1, and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10, as well as all ranges beginning and ending within the end points, e.g., 2 to 9, 3 to 8, 3.2 to 9.3, 4 to 7, and finally to each number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 contained within the range.
  • any reference referred to as being “incorporated herein” is to be understood as being incorporated in its entirety.
  • a fuel element comprises a carbonaceous material and at least one catalyst composition.
  • the catalyst composition comprises ultrafine particles of a metal oxide, metal, or mixtures thereof.
  • the term ultrafine particle is generally used to indicate particles with dimensions less than 100 nanometers (one nanometer is one-billionth of a meter).
  • the metal oxide and metal ultrafine particles can demonstrate activity for catalyzing chemical reactions, such as the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
  • Ultrafine particles suitable for use in catalytic compositions of the present invention comprise, but are not limited to, iron oxides (e.g. FeO, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 ), gold, copper, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, nickel, zinc, zirconium, other transition metals, metal oxides, and mixtures thereof.
  • iron oxides e.g. FeO, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4
  • gold gold
  • copper silver
  • platinum palladium
  • rhodium nickel
  • zinc, zirconium other transition metals, metal oxides, and mixtures thereof.
  • the catalyst compositions comprising ultrafine particles facilitate a more complete production of carbon dioxide by catalyzing the oxidation reaction of carbon to carbon dioxide.
  • the catalyst composition acts upon carbon monoxide in the gaseous stream.
  • Ultrafine particles of the catalyst compositions may also improve the performance characteristics of a fuel element for particular applications. For example, the ultrafine particles of the catalyst compositions can increase the caloric output of a particular fuel.
  • ultrafine particles of the catalyst compositions may have an average particle size of 10 nanometers, generally between 1 nanometer and 1 micron. In an embodiment of a smoking article of the present invention, the ultrafine particles may have an individual particle size of up to about five nanometers. In another embodiment of a smoking article of the present invention, the ultrafine particles may have an individual particle size between about two and four nanometers.
  • Ultrafine particles according to the present invention may be produced by a variety of methods including sol-gel synthesis, chemical deposition, deposition precipitation, inert gas condensation, mechanical alloying or high-energy ball milling, plasma synthesis, and electrodeposition. Using such methods, ultrafine particles can be produced in various symmetric shapes, such as spheres, cylinders, prisms, cubes, tetrapods and amorphous clusters.
  • the physical properties of the ultrafine particles including for example, their electrical, optical, chemical, mechanical, and magnetic properties, may be selectively controlled for example by engineering the size, morphology, and/or composition of the ultrafine particles.
  • the resulting materials may have enhanced or entirely different properties from their parent materials.
  • ultrafine particles and materials for use in the present invention are of the type, and may be produced by methods, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,475 to McCormick U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,459 to Morales et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,467,897 to Wu et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,146 to Caruso et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,156 to Schmidt et al. and U.S. Published Pat.
  • Ultrafine particles for use in the catalyst composition can be obtained commercially.
  • Superfine Iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) can be obtained from MACH-1 Inc. of King of Prussia, Pa.
  • Nanopowder Enterprise Inc. of Piscataway, N.J. is an additional commercial source of ultrafine particles for use in catalyst compositions of the present invention.
  • the fuel element additionally comprises a carbonaceous material.
  • the fuel element may additionally comprise binders like Guar gum, other metallic particles such as aluminum or the like, inert filler material like graphite, and/or burn modifiers such as sodium or potassium carbonate.
  • the carbonaceous materials for use in the fuel element include at least 50%, by weight carbon.
  • the carbonaceous materials for use in the fuel element can include about 60-95% by weight carbon.
  • the carbonaceous materials for use in the fuel element can include about 70-80% by weight carbon.
  • the carbonaceous materials may be in powder form and may be partially activated.
  • the carbonaceous materials may also be heat treated.
  • the carbonaceous materials may comprise organic carbon containing materials, for example tobacco.
  • the carbonaceous materials of the present invention may be prepared from several starting materials. Suitable starting materials include, but are not limited to, cellulosic materials with a high (i.e., greater than about 80%) alpha-cellulose content, such as cotton, rayon, paper, and the like.
  • the carbonaceous materials of fuel elements of the present invention may be generally prepared by pyrolysis of the starting material at a temperature between about 400° C. and 1300° C., preferably between about 500° C. and 950° C., in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, for a period of time sufficient to ensure that a large portion or substantially all of the starting material has reached the desired carbonization temperature.
  • a slow pyrolysis employing a gradually increasing heating rate, e.g., from about 1° C. to 20° C. per hour, preferably from about 5° C. to 25° C. per hour, over many hours, produces a uniform and higher carbon yield.
  • the carbonaceous material may be pulverized.
  • the carbonaceous material is pulverized to a fine powder.
  • This powder may be subjected to a second pyrolysis or polishing step, wherein the carbonized particulate material, is again pyrolyzed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, at a temperature between about 650° C. to about 1250° C., preferably from about 700° C. to 900° C.
  • the carbonaceous material is ready for combination with the ultrafine particle catalyst composition along with the other components of the fuel to produce a fuel element composition.
  • the ultrafine particles of the catalyst compositions can be combined with a carbonaceous material in a number of ways to produce the fuel element composition.
  • One method of combination comprises intimately mixing the carbonaceous material with the ultrafine particles.
  • Ultrafine particles in dry powder form e.g. nanopowder
  • the ultrafine particles may be mixed directly in a carbon mix along with other dry ingredients for extrusion.
  • the ultrafine particles may be suspended in a liquid and the suspension mixed with extrudate.
  • Another method of combining the ultrafine catalyst compositions with a carbonaceous material comprises forming the carbonaceous material so as to concentrate the catalytic compositions in one or more longitudinal passageways extending partially through the fuel element.
  • the fuel element may comprise an inner core/outer shell arrangement where the outer shell comprises a carbonaceous material surrounding the inner core, and the inner core comprises ultrafine particle catalyst compositions.
  • the fuel element may include at least one longitudinal passageway extending at least partially therethrough.
  • ultrafine particle catalyst compositions can be combined with a carbonaceous material.
  • the ultrafine particle catalyst compositions can be placed on inert support located directly behind the fuel element in an end to end relationship.
  • the support for the ultrafine particles can be an inert carbon material such as graphite or a porous material such as alumina or porous graphite.
  • the catalyst composition may comprise up to 10% by weight of the resulting mixture. In some embodiments, the catalyst compositions may comprise 1% by weight of the resulting mixture. In another embodiment, catalyst composition may comprise 0.5% to 2% by weight of the resulting mixture.
  • the density of a fuel element according to some embodiments of the present invention can be generally greater than about 0.5 g/cc, greater than about 0.7 g/cc and greater than about 1 g/cc.
  • the overall length of the fuel element, prior to burning, can be generally less than about 20 mm, often less than about 15 mm, and can be typically about 12 mm. However, shorter fuel elements may be used if desired, depending upon the configuration of the cigarette in which they are employed. In an embodiment, the overall outside diameter of the fuel element can be less than about 8 mm, less than about 6 mm, and can be about 4.2 mm.
  • the carbonaceous and binder portions of the fuel compositions useful herein may be any of those carbonaceous and binder materials described in the patents recited in the Background of the Invention, supra.
  • Several carbonaceous and binder materials are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/722,993, filed 28 Jun. 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,178,167 the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • a smoking article comprises a fuel element comprising a carbonaceous material and at least one catalyst composition, the catalyst composition comprising ultrafine particles.
  • the cigarette further includes an aerosol generating means, which includes a substrate and at least one aerosol-forming material.
  • An aerosol-generating means includes an aerosol forming material (e.g. glycerin), tobacco in some form (e.g. tobacco powders, tobacco extract or tobacco dust) and other aerosol forming materials and/or tobacco flavoring agents such as cocoa, licorice, and sugar.
  • the aerosol forming material generally is carried on a substrate material such as a reconstituted tobacco cut filler or on a substrate such as tobacco cut filler, gathered paper, gathered tobacco paper, or the like.
  • the substrate is reconstituted tobacco, which is formed into a continuous rod or substrate tube assembly on a conventional cigarette making machine.
  • the overwrap material for the rod is a barrier material such as a paper foil laminate.
  • the foil serves as a barrier, and is located on the inside of the overwrap.
  • the substrate may be a gathered paper formed into a rod or plug. When the substrate is a paper-type material, it can be positioned in a spaced-apart relationship from the fuel element comprising a carbonaceous material and a catalyst composition.
  • a spaced-apart relationship is desired to minimize contact between the fuel element and the substrate, thereby preventing migration of the aerosol forming materials to the fuel element, as well as limiting the scorching or burning of the paper substrate.
  • the spacing is normally provided during manufacture of the cigarette in accordance with one method of making the present invention.
  • Appropriately spaced substrate plugs are overwrapped with a barrier material to form a substrate tube assembly having spaced substrate plugs therein.
  • the substrate tube assembly is cut between the substrate plugs to form substrate sections.
  • the substrate sections include a tube with a substrate plug and void(s), which can be at each end.
  • the barrier material for making the tube aids in preventing migration of the aerosol former to other components of the cigarette.
  • the barrier material forming the tube is a relatively stiff material so that when formed into a tube, it will maintain its shape and will not collapse during manufacture and use of the cigarette.
  • fuel elements of a smoking article can be advantageously circumscribed by an insulating and/or retaining jacket material.
  • the insulating and retaining material is adapted such that drawn air can pass therethrough, and is positioned and configured so as to hold the fuel element in place.
  • the jacket is flush with the ends of the fuel element, however, it may extend from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm beyond each end of the fuel element.
  • the components of the insulating and/or retaining material which surrounds the fuel element can vary.
  • suitable materials include glass fibers and other materials as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,838; European Patent Publication No. 339,690; and pages 48-52 of the RJR Monograph, supra.
  • suitable insulating and/or retaining materials are glass fiber and tobacco mixtures such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,105,838, 5,065,776 and 4,756,318; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/354,605, filed 22 May 1989 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,837.
  • Suitable insulating and/or retaining materials are gathered paper-type materials which are spirally wrapped or otherwise wound around the fuel element, such as those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/567,520, filed 15 Aug. 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,836.
  • the paper-type materials can be gathered or crimped and gathered around the fuel element; gathered into a rod using a rod making unit available as CU-10 or CU2OS from DeCoufle s.a.r.b., together with a KDF-2 rod making apparatus from Hauni-Werke Korber & Co., KG, or the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • the fuel element may be extruded into the insulating jacket material as set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/856,239, filed 25 Mar. 1992, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • paper-type sheet materials are available as P-2540-136-E carbon paper and P-2674-157 tobacco paper from Kimberly-Clark Corp.; and the longitudinally extending strands of such materials (e.g., strands of about 1/32 inch width) extend along the longitude of the fuel element.
  • the fuel element also can be circumscribed by tobacco cut filler (e.g., flue-cured tobacco cut filler treated with about 2 weight percent potassium carbonate). The number and positioning of the strands or the pattern of the gathered paper is sufficiently tight to maintain, retain or otherwise hold the composite fuel element structure within the cigarette.
  • the fuel element-jacket assembly is combined with a substrate section or substrate tube assembly by a wrapper material, which has a propensity not to burn, to form a fuel element/substrate section.
  • the wrapper typically extends from the mouthend of the substrate section, over a portion of the jacketed fuel element, whereby it is spaced from the lighting end of the fuel element.
  • the wrapper material assists in limiting the amount of oxygen which will reach the burning portion of the fuel element during use, thereby causing the fuel element to extinguish after an appropriate number of puffs.
  • the wrapper is a paper/foil/paper laminate.
  • the foil provides a path to assist in dissipating or transferring the heat generated by the fuel element during use.
  • the jacketed fuel element and the substrate section are joined by the overwrap.
  • a tobacco section can be formed by a reconstituted tobacco cut filler rod, made on a typical cigarette making machine, and cut into appropriate lengths.
  • a filter rod is formed and cut into appropriate lengths for joining to the tobacco section to form a mouthend section.
  • the fuel element/substrate section and the mouthend section are joined by aligning the reconstituted ends of each section, and overwrapped to form a cigarette.
  • a tobacco paper rod and a reconstituted cut filler rod are formed and cut into appropriate lengths and joined to form a tobacco section.
  • the tobacco section and the fuel element assembly/substrate section are joined by aligning the tobacco paper plug end of the tobacco section with the substrate end of the fuel element assembly/substrate section and joining the sections with a wrapper which extends from the rear end of the tobacco roll to an appropriate length past the junction of the two sections for forming the tobacco roll/fuel element assembly.
  • the tobacco roll/fuel element assembly is then joined to a filter by a tipping material.
  • the substrate carries aerosol forming materials and other ingredients, e.g., flavorants and the like, which, upon exposure to heated gases passing through the aerosol generating means during puffing, are vaporized and delivered to the user as a smoke-like aerosol.
  • Aerosol forming materials used herein include glycerin, propylene glycol, water, and the like, flavorants, and other optional ingredients.
  • the patents referred to in the Background of the Invention (supra) teach additional useful aerosol forming materials that need not be repeated here.
  • Cast sheets of tobacco dust or powder, a binder, such as an alginate binder, and glycerin can also be used to form useful substrates herein.
  • Suitable cast sheet materials for use as substrates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,839 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/800,679, filed Nov. 27, 1991.
  • Suitable cast sheet materials typically contain between about 30 to 75 weight percent of an aerosol former such as glycerin; about 2 to 15 weight percent of a binder, such as ammonium alginate; 0 to about 2 weight percent of a sequestering agent such as potassium carbonate; about 15 to about 70 to 75 weight percent of organic, inorganic filler materials, or mixtures thereof, such as tobacco dust, aqueous extracted tobacco powder, starch powder, rice flower, ground puffed tobaccos, carbon powder, calcium carbonate powder, and the like, and from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of flavors such as tobacco extracts, and the like.
  • an aerosol former such as glycerin
  • a binder such as ammonium alginate
  • a sequestering agent such as potassium carbonate
  • organic, inorganic filler materials or mixtures thereof, such as tobacco dust, aqueous extracted tobacco powder, starch powder, rice flower, ground puffed tobaccos, carbon powder, calcium carbonate powder, and the like, and from about 0
  • a cast sheet material includes 60 weight percent glycerin, 5 weight percent ammonium alginate binder, 1 weight percent potassium carbonate, 2 weight percent flavors such as tobacco extracts and 32 weight percent aqueous extracted tobacco powder.
  • the cast sheets are formed by mixing aqueous extracted tobacco powder, water and the potassium carbonate in a high sheer mixer to produce a smooth, flowable paste. Glycerin and ammonium alginate are then added and the high shear mixing is continued until a homogenized mixture is produced.
  • the homogenized mixture is cast on a heated belt (about 200.degree. F.) with a 0.0025 to 0.0035 inch casting clearance and is dried to yield a 0.0004 to 0.0008 inch thick sheet under high temperature air (about 200.degree. to 250.degree. F.).
  • the sheet is doctored from the belt and either wound onto spools for slitting into webs or chopped into rectangular pieces about 2 inches by 1 inch which are formed into cut filler.
  • the substrate will be from about 10 mm to 40 mm in length and extend from the rear end of the fuel element to the tobacco segment or the front end of an extra long filter segment (e.g., about 30 mm to 50 mm in length). In such instances the tobacco paper plug can be omitted.
  • the combination of the fuel element and the substrate (also known as the front end assembly) is attached to a mouthend piece; although a disposable fuel element/substrate combination can be employed with a separate mouthend piece, such as a reusable cigarette holder.
  • the mouthend piece provides a passageway which channels vaporized aerosol forming materials into the mouth of the smoker; and can also provide further flavor to the vaporized aerosol forming materials.
  • Flavor segments i.e., segments of gathered tobacco paper, tobacco cut filler, or the like
  • Gathered carbon paper can be incorporated, particularly in order to introduce menthol flavor to the aerosol.
  • Such papers are described in European Patent Publication No. 342,538.
  • Other flavor segments useful herein are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/414,835, filed 29 Sep. 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,295 Ser. No. 07/606,287, filed 6 Nov. 1990; now U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,834 and Ser. No. 07/621,499, filed 7 Dec. 1990, now abandoned.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a smoking article according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the smoking article depicted in FIG. 1 comprises a fuel element 10 of the present invention comprising a carbon source and at least one catalytic composition comprising ultrafine particles of a metal oxide and/or metal.
  • the fuel element displays a plurality of passageways 11 therethrough, about thirteen passageways altogether.
  • the fuel element 10 is surrounded by insulating sheet material 16 having a plurality of grooves which facilitate the formation of the sheet material into a jacket surrounding the fuel element.
  • the jacket can be made of calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ).
  • a metallic capsule 12 overlaps a portion of the mouthend of the fuel element 10 and encloses the physically separate aerosol generating means which contains a substrate material 14 .
  • the substrate material carries one or more aerosol forming materials.
  • the substrate may be in particulate form, in the form of a rod, and other geometric shapes advantageous for generating an aerosol.
  • Capsule 12 is circumscribed by a roll of tobacco 18 .
  • the capsule may be circumscribed with an additional or continuous jacket of an insulating sheet material.
  • Insulating sheet materials suitable for use in smoking articles of the present invention are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,720 to Banerjee which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Two slit-like passageways 20 are provided at the mouth of the capsule in the center of the crimped tube.
  • a mouthend piece 22 comprising a cylindrical segment of a flavored carbon filled sheet material 24 and a segment of non-woven thermoplastic fibers 26 through which the aerosol passes to the user.
  • the smoking article, or portions thereof, is overwrapped with one or more layers of cigarette papers 30 - 36
  • catalyst compositions comprising metal oxide and/or metal ultrafine particles are incorporated into the filter element of the smoking article as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/730,962 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • convective heating is the predominant mode of energy transfer from the burning fuel element comprising a carbonaceous material and at least one catalyst composition to the aerosol-generating means disposed longitudinally behind the fuel element.
  • a foil/paper laminate is used as an overwrap to join the fuel/substrate section some heat may be transferred to the substrate by the foil layer.
  • the heat transferred to the substrate volatilizes the aerosol-forming material(s) and any flavorant materials carried by the substrate, and, upon cooling, these volatilized materials are condensed to form a smoke-like aerosol which is drawn through the cigarette during puffing, and which exits the filter piece.
  • This smoke-like aerosol can contain reduced amounts of carbon monoxide resulting from the reduced carbon monoxide production of a fuel element of the present invention upon combustion.
  • the catalyst compositions can be deposited on a porous support such as graphite or alumina wherein the porous support is placed behind the fuel in an end to end relationship.
  • the present invention provides a method for facilitating the reduction in the amount of carbon monoxide produced by a smoking article, comprising incorporating at least one catalyst composition comprising ultrafine particles of a metal oxide and/or metal into the fuel element of a smoking article.
  • the present invention provides methods and apparatus for the simultaneous quantification of the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content of a gaseous mixture.
  • a method for quantifying the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content of a gaseous mixture comprises injecting the gaseous mixture into a split injection tube of a gas chromatograph through a single injector, resolving a relative carbon monoxide content of the gaseous mixture on a first chromatographic column, simultaneously resolving a relative carbon dioxide content on a second chromatographic column, and detecting and quantifying the eluate carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide with a mass spectrometer.
  • the gaseous mixture containing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide comprises mainstream smoke or a smoke-like aerosol produced from a smoking article.
  • GC/MS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart for the quantification of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents of a gaseous mixture according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the gaseous mixture comprises mainstream smoke or smoke-like aerosol from a smoking article.
  • the gaseous mixture is injected into the split injector of the gas chromatogram 201 .
  • the split injector 201 splits the gaseous mixture for simultaneous resolution on dual chromatographic columns.
  • the carbon monoxide content of the mainstream smoke is resolved on a first chromatographic column 202
  • the carbon dioxide content is simultaneously resolved on a second chromatographic column 203 .
  • the first chromatographic column can be selected for optimal resolution of carbon monoxide while the second chromatographic column can be selected for the optimal resolution of carbon dioxide.
  • a Molsieve column can be used to resolve carbon monoxide and a wide-bore GS-CarbonPLOT column can be used to resolve carbon dioxide.
  • the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content of the mainstream smoke are quantified by a mass spectrometer 204 .
  • the use of a mass spectrometer adds a second dimension of analysis that is not present with traditional gas chromatographic detection devices.
  • a mass spectrometer can further resolve the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content of a gaseous mixture allowing for greater accuracy and precision when quantifying these chemical species.
  • an apparatus for quantifying the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content of a gaseous mixture comprises: a gas chromatograph comprising a single split injector, dual chromatographic columns; and a mass spectrometer.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an apparatus for the simultaneous quantification of the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content of a gaseous mixture comprising the two-dimensional analysis of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in an embodiment according to the present invention.
  • the gas chromatograph 301 comprises a single injector 302 which splits the sample onto two chromatographic columns 303 , 304 .
  • the temperature of the split single injector 302 can be varied in accordance with desired analytical conditions.
  • the temperature variance of the single split injector 302 can be controlled manually by a user or can be controlled electronically with any processor-equipped device such as a computer and/or dedicated controller.
  • one of the two columns 303 is suitable for resolving the carbon monoxide content of a gaseous mixture while the other column 304 is suitable for resolving the gaseous mixture's carbon dioxide content.
  • Chromatographic columns for use in the gas chromatograph of the present apparatus are available commercially.
  • Mass spectrometers suitable for use in further resolving and quantifying the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content eluting from the two columns of the gas chromatograph can comprise mass analyzers comprising magnetic sector analyzers, double-focusing spectrometers, quadrupole mass filters, ion trap analyzers, and time-of-flight (TOF) analyzers.
  • TOF time-of-flight
  • Graphite in the fuel elements comprising graphite, BKO carbon, Guar gum, and tobacco, is inactive up to the temperatures attained by combustion of the fuel element and remains substantially unchanged throughout the combustion of the fuel element.
  • the remaining three carbonaceous components undergo oxidation during the combustion to provide energy and oxides of carbon.
  • BKO carbon is the major component and hence chosen for the study of the fuel elements in the examples below.
  • the materials prepared for analysis by the method and apparatus were a standard gaseous mixture (CO:CO 2 :N 2 ), tobaccos from 1R4F cigarettes, and 1R4F cigarette smoke.
  • a small quantity of each sample was heated to 700° C. for 20 seconds in the presence of air.
  • the standard gaseous mixture was analyzed in the absence of air to preserve the composition of the sample.
  • a pyroprobe was used for sample heating. The temperatures of the pyroprobe interface and the gas chromatograph injector were set at ambient temperature.
  • the gas chromatograph utilized was a Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II. A single injection onto dual chromatographic columns was used for the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide analysis. A Molsieve column (Chrompack, 25 M ⁇ 0.32 mm I.D., 30 ⁇ m film) was used for carbon monoxide resolution, and a GS-CarbonPLOT column (J&W Scientific, 60 M ⁇ 0.32 mm I.D., 1.5 ⁇ m film) was used for carbon dioxide resolution. The temperatures of the columns were held at 35° C. for 10 minutes, programmed to 150° C. at 25° C./min and held for 10 min.
  • a single mass spectrometer was used to identify and quantify the resolved carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide peaks eluting from the chromatographic columns.
  • the mass spectrometer utilized was a Hewlett-Packard 5972 mass selective detector.
  • the mass spectrometer was operated at 70 eV in the EI mode with the temperature of the ion source being maintained at 180° C.
  • the mass range scanned was 20-200 atomic mass units.
  • the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide quantified were only a fraction of the total carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide generated from the heated materials. Only the resolved carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide peak areas were used for quantification.
  • FIG. 4 The results of the standard gaseous mixture resolved on the dual chromatographic columns are illustrated in FIG. 4 .
  • the ion chromatogram of FIG. 4 demonstrates a completely resolved carbon monoxide peak and a completely resolved carbon dioxide peak.
  • the standard gaseous mixture CO:CO 2 :N 2
  • the standard gaseous mixture was resolved on a single column gas chromatograph comprising a Molsieve column.
  • FIG. 5 As demonstrated in the ion chromatogram of FIG. 5 , the Molsieve column completely resolved the carbon monoxide content but failed to completely resolve the carbon dioxide content of the standard gaseous mixture.
  • FIG. 6 The results of this resolution are illustrated in FIG. 6 .
  • the ion chromatogram of FIG. 6 displays a complete resolution of carbon dioxide and an incomplete resolution of carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide co-eluted with nitrogen and oxygen.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 The results of the remaining sample materials comprising tobaccos from 1R4F cigarettes and 1R4F cigarette smoke resolved on dual chromatographic columns in accordance with the present invention are illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 respectively.
  • the ion chromatograms of FIGS. 7 and 8 demonstrate completely and sharply resolved carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide peaks.
  • a pyroprobe was used to heat a small quantity of each sample to 700° C. for 20 seconds in the presence of air.
  • 700° C. is the average temperature of a fuel element during combustion.
  • the gaseous mixture resulting from the combustion of each sample was analyzed in accordance with the method delineated in FIG. 2 .
  • the pyroprobe and gas chromatogram injector were set at ambient temperature.
  • a Molsieve chromatographic column was used for carbon monoxide resolution and a GS-CarbonPLOT chromatographic column was used for carbon dioxide resolution.
  • a mass spectrometer was used as a second dimension of analysis in the quantification of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents generated by the samples.
  • a pyroprobe was used to heat a small quantity of each sample to 700° C. in the presence of air for 20 seconds.
  • 700° C. is the average temperature of a fuel element during combustion.
  • the gaseous mixture resulting from the combustion of each sample was analyzed in accordance with the method delineated in FIG. 2 .
  • the pyroprobe and gas chromatogram injector were set at ambient temperature.
  • a Molsieve chromatographic column was used for carbon monoxide resolution and a GS-CarbonPLOT chromatographic column was used for carbon dioxide resolution.
  • a mass spectrometer was used as a second dimension of analysis in the quantification of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents generated by the samples.
  • sample testing further demonstrate the catalytic activity of ferric oxide ultrafine particles in fuel elements that comprise the additional components of Guar gum and graphite.
  • Sample (7) is an example of a fuel element containing these additional components.
  • Sample (8) comprises the components of sample (7) with the addition of 5% by weight of ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles.
  • the ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles reduced the carbon monoxide production of the fuel element of sample (8) by 68% in comparison with sample (7) which did not contain ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles.
  • Sample (5) is a fuel element containing a 5.05% tobacco content in addition to BKO Carbon 950, Guar gum, and graphite.
  • Sample (6) comprises the components of sample (5) with the addition of 5% by weight of ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticle.
  • the ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles reduced the carbon monoxide production of the fuel element of sample (6) by 15.4% in comparison with sample (5) which did not contain ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles.
  • the catalytic activity of the ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles in sample (6) was diminished due to the tobacco content in the fuel element composition.
  • the combustion of tobacco produces several chemical species that inhibit the catalytic behavior of the ultrafine particles. This catalytic inhibition is displayed in the 15.4% reduction of carbon monoxide production.
  • the sample were: (1) Control Carbon (BKO 950), (2) Carbon with 5% Fe 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from MACH-1, Inc., (3) Carbon with 5% Al 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from NEI, Inc., (4) Carbon with 5% CeO 2 ultrafine particles obtained from NEI, Inc., (5) Carbon with 5% TiO 2 ultrafine particles obtained from NEI, Inc., (6) Carbon with 5% tobacco and 5% Fe 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from MACH-1, Inc., and (7) Carbon with 5% tobacco (heat treated) and 5% Fe 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from MACH-1, Inc.
  • a pyroprobe was used to heat a small quantity of each sample to 700° C. in the presence of air for 20 seconds.
  • 700° C. is the average temperature of a fuel element during combustion.
  • the gaseous mixture resulting from the combustion of each sample was analyzed in accordance with the method delineated in FIG. 2 .
  • the pyroprobe and gas chromatogram injector were set at ambient temperature.
  • a Molsieve chromatographic column was used for carbon monoxide resolution and a GC-CarbonPLOT chromatographic column was used for carbon dioxide resolution.
  • a mass spectrometer was used as a second dimension of analysis in the quantification of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents generated by the samples.
  • ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles demonstrate a greater reduction in the carbon monoxide production of heated fuel elements.
  • samples (3) and (5) containing aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) ultrafine particles respectively exhibited a slight increase in carbon monoxide content.
  • sample (4) comprising ceric oxide (CeO 2 ) ultrafine particles displayed a carbon monoxide reduction of 13%.
  • Sample (2) comprising ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles exhibited a carbon monoxide reduction of 80%.
  • ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles were additionally incorporated into fuel elements that contained tobacco as well. The reduction of carbon monoxide produced from these fuel elements when heated was diminished due to the catalyst poisoning chemical species generated upon tobacco combustion.
  • a Chemical Data System (CDS) Model 2000 pyroprobe was used for sample heating. A small quantity of each sample (approximately 7 mg) was heated at 700° C. in the presence of air for 20 seconds. The gaseous mixture resulting from the heating of each sample was analyzed in accordance with the method delineated in FIG. 2 . The temperatures of the pyroprobe interface and the injector on the gas chromatogram were set at ambient temperature. The GC used was a Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph. A single injection onto dual columns was used for CO and CO 2 analysis. A Molsieve column (Chrompack, 25 M ⁇ 0.32 mm I.D., 30 ⁇ m film) was used for CO analysis.
  • CDS Chemical Data System
  • a GS-CarbonPLOT column (J&W Scientific, 60 M ⁇ 0.32 mm I.D., 1.5 ⁇ m film) was used for CO 2 analysis.
  • the temperature of the CG columns was held at 35° C. for 10 minutes, programmed to 150° C. at 25° C./min and held for 10 min.
  • a mass spectrometer (MS) was used to identify and quantify the resolved CO and CO 2 peaks eluting from the gas chromatograph.
  • the MS used was a Hewlett-Packard 5972 mass selective detector.
  • the mass spectrometer was operated at 70 eV in the El mode.
  • the temperature of the ion source was maintained at 180° C. and the mass range scanned was 20-200 atomic mass units.
  • a small component of tobacco within the fuel element does not destroy the catalytic activity of the metal oxide and metal ultrafine particles an appreciable amount and is, therefore, tolerable.
  • the inclusion of a tobacco component in the fuel element of a smoking article can provide more flavor to the aerosol comprising the mainstream smoke of a smoking article.

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