US20050236161A1 - Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using - Google Patents

Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050236161A1
US20050236161A1 US11/111,230 US11123005A US2005236161A1 US 20050236161 A1 US20050236161 A1 US 20050236161A1 US 11123005 A US11123005 A US 11123005A US 2005236161 A1 US2005236161 A1 US 2005236161A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
tubing
fiber optic
wellbore
optical fiber
coiled tubing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/111,230
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael Gay
Sarmad Adnan
John Lovell
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schlumberger Technology Corp
Original Assignee
Schlumberger Technology Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schlumberger Technology Corp filed Critical Schlumberger Technology Corp
Priority to US11/111,230 priority Critical patent/US20050236161A1/en
Priority to BRPI0509995A priority patent/BRPI0509995B1/pt
Priority to JP2007509053A priority patent/JP4712797B2/ja
Priority to CA2562019A priority patent/CA2562019C/en
Priority to AT05732292T priority patent/ATE471434T1/de
Priority to DE602005021874T priority patent/DE602005021874D1/de
Priority to EP05732292A priority patent/EP1743081B1/en
Priority to PCT/IB2005/051329 priority patent/WO2005103437A1/en
Priority to MXPA06011981A priority patent/MXPA06011981A/es
Priority to EA200601962A priority patent/EA010141B1/ru
Priority to DK05732292.7T priority patent/DK1743081T3/da
Assigned to SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION reassignment SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LOVELL, JOHN R., ADNAN, SARMAD, GAY, MICHAEL G.
Publication of US20050236161A1 publication Critical patent/US20050236161A1/en
Priority to NO20065263A priority patent/NO335257B1/no
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/20—Flexible or articulated drilling pipes, e.g. flexible or articulated rods, pipes or cables
    • E21B17/206—Flexible or articulated drilling pipes, e.g. flexible or articulated rods, pipes or cables with conductors, e.g. electrical, optical
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
    • E21B47/135—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to oilfield operations and more particularly methods and apparatus using fiber optics in coiled tubing operations in a wellbore.
  • Coiled tubing operations are used commonly in the oilfield industry, for example to pump fluids to a desired location in the wellbore or to manipulate oilfield assemblies.
  • One advantage of coiled tubing is that it is provided on reels such that coiled tubing is unreeled as it is inserted into a wellbore for a particular use and then reeled or spooled back on the reel as it is extracted from the wellbore.
  • Coiled tubing reels may be conveniently stored or moved, and spooled coiled tubing may be transported on a trailer, flat, or truck.
  • the use of coiled tubing as a different type of wellbore conveyance in wellbore applications is increasing, resulting in an increasing need for downhole apparatus and methods adapted for use with coiled tubing. Difficulties inherent with using conventional downhole electromechanical apparatus with coiled tubing include lack of power to the downhole apparatus and the lack of telemetry from the downhole apparatus to the surface.
  • wireline cable in coiled tubing presents logistical challenges, however, such as installation of the wireline cable in the coiled tubing and the reduced fluid capacity of the coiled tubing owing to the space taken by the wireline cable.
  • wireline to a coiled tubing string significantly increases the weight of a coiled tubing string.
  • Installation of the wireline into the coiled tubing string is difficult and the wireline is prone to bunch into a “bird nest” within the coiled tubing.
  • This, and the relatively large outer diameter of wireline compared to the internal diameter of coiled tubing can undesirably obstruct the flow of fluids through the coiled tubing, such flow through the coiled tubing frequently being an integral part of the wellbore operation.
  • some fluids routinely pumped through coiled tubing such as acid, cement and proppant-bearing fracturing fluids, may have an adverse affect on the integrity or performance of wireline cable.
  • pumping fluid down the coiled tubing can create a drag force on the wireline cable owing to the frictional force between the fluid and the surface of the cable.
  • optical fiber provides many advantages over wireline when used as a transmission medium such as small size, lightweight, large bandwidth capacity, and high speed of transmission.
  • a significant challenge to using optical fibers in subterranean oilfield operations is that the free hydrogen ions will cause darkening of the fiber at the elevated temperatures that are commonly found in subterranean wells.
  • the use of optical fiber in wireline cable is known such as that described in U.S. Pat. No 6,690,866 incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. This patent teaches adding a hydrogen absorbing material or scavenging gel to surround the optical fibers inside a first metal tube.
  • multiple optic fibers may provide advantages in many situations over the use of a single optical fiber.
  • Using multiple fibers provides operational redundancy in the event that any particular fiber becomes damaged or broken.
  • Multiple fibers provide increased transmission capacity over a single fiber and permit flexibility to segregate different types of transmissions to different fibers. These advantages may be particularly important in downhole applications where access is limited, environmental conditions may be extreme, and dual-direction (uphole and downhole) transmission is required.
  • Using multiple optical fibers also allows an individual optical fiber to be used for a specific apparatus or sensor. This configuration is useful as some sensors, such as Fabry-Perot devices, require a dedicated optical fiber. The configuration also is useful for sensors with digital telemetry for which a separate fiber may be required. Sensors using Fiber-Bragg grating for example require a separate fiber from the fiber used for carrying digital optical telemetry.
  • duct is used herein to identify a small tube or hollow carrier that encompasses an optical fiber or fibers.
  • optical fiber refers to a fiber or a waveguide capable of transmitting optical energy.
  • fiber optic tube or “fiber optic tether” is used to identify the combination of an optical fiber or multiple optical fibers disposed in a duct.
  • fiber optic cable refers to a cable, wire, wireline or slickline that comprises one or more optical fibers.
  • Tubing refers to a conduit to any kind of a round hollow apparatus in general, and in the area of oilfield applications to casing, drill pipe, metal tube, or coiled tubing or other such apparatus.
  • the present invention comprises optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using the same.
  • the present invention comprises an optical fiber equipped tubing comprising a fiber optic tube deployed within a tubular.
  • the fiber optic tube comprises a metallic material, and in some embodiments, the fiber optic tube comprises more than one optical fiber.
  • the fiber optic tube will be constructed in an inert nitrogen environment so that the optical fiber or fibers therein are not exposed to hydrogen or water during manufacturing.
  • the tubular may be, in particular, coiled tubing.
  • the present invention relates to a method of making an optical fiber equipped tubing comprising pumping a fluid into a tubular, deploying a fiber optic tube into the fluid as pumped in the tubular, such that the flow of the pumped fluid propels the tube along the tubular.
  • the fiber optic tube may be deployed in the coiled tubing while the tubing is spooled on a reel or while the tubing is deployed in a wellbore.
  • the present invention provides a method of communicating in a wellbore comprising deploying an optical fiber equipped tubing having at least one optical fiber disposed therein, the fiber optic tubing being disposed in the tubing by fluid flow; determining a property in the wellbore; and transmitting the determined property via at least one of the optical fibers disposed in the fiber optic tubing.
  • the least one optical fiber senses the information for transmitting.
  • the method may also comprise disposing at least one sensor in the wellbore, with the sensor determining the property, and the sensed information transmitted to the surface via the optical fiber in the fiber optic tube.
  • more than one sensor may be disposed in the wellbore, each sensor transmitting its sensed property over a different optical fiber in the coiled tubing.
  • the optical fiber or fibers will be attached to a wireless communication device via a pressure bulkhead so that the optical signal can readily transmitted to a surface computer while the coiled tubing is being spooled into and out of the wellbore.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that is deployed into the wellbore and in communication with the surface for receiving signals or transmitting sensed information over the fiber optic tubing.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a typical configuration for coiled tubing operations.
  • the present invention provides an optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using.
  • the optical fiber equipped tubing of the present invention comprises one or more fiber optic tubes disposed in a tubular.
  • An embodiment comprises a method for installing one or more fiber optic tubes in reeled or spooled tubing such as coiled tubing.
  • Another embodiment provides a method for installing one or more fiber optic tubes in coiled tubing deployed in a wellbore.
  • a fiber optic tube may be deployed a tubular by pumping the fiber optic tube in a fluid without additional structure or protection.
  • Methods of pumping cables into a tubular are generally considered infeasible owning to the inherent lack of compressional stiffness of cables.
  • teachings of fiber optic cables suggest that a fiber optic tube needs additional protection or structure for use in a wellbore environment.
  • An advantage of the optical fiber equipped tubing of the present invention is that the fiber optic tube possesses a certain level of stiffness in compression, leading it to behave more similar mechanically to coiled tubing than does cable or optical fiber alone.
  • use of a fiber optic tube inside coiled tubing avoids many of the slack management challenges presented by other transmission mechanism.
  • the cross-section of a fiber optic tube is relatively small compared to the inner area within coiled tubing, thus limiting the possible physical influence that the fiber optic tube could have on the mechanical behavior of coiled tubing during deployment and retrieval.
  • optical fiber equipped coiled tubing may be deploying into and retrieved from a wellbore at a quicker rate than coiled tubing with wireline.
  • optical fiber equipped tubing 200 is shown having tubular 105 within which is disposed fiber optic tube 211 .
  • fiber optic tube 211 is shown comprising duct 203 in which a single optical fiber 201 is disposed.
  • more than one optical fiber 201 may be provided within fiber optic duct 203 .
  • Surface termination 301 or downhole termination 207 may be provided for both physical and optical connections between optical fiber 201 and one or more borehole apparatus or sensor 209 .
  • the optical fibers may be multi-mode or single-mode.
  • Types of borehole apparatus or sensor 209 may include, for example, gauges, valves, sampling devices, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, distributed temperature sensors, distributed pressure sensors, flow-control devices, flow rate measurement devices, oil/water/gas ratio measurement devices, scale detectors, actuators, locks, release mechanisms, equipment sensors (e.g., vibration sensors), sand detection sensors, water detection sensors, data recorders, viscosity sensors, density sensors, bubble point sensors, composition sensors, resistivity array devices and sensors, acoustic devices and sensors, other telemetry devices, near infrared sensors, gamma ray detectors, H 2 S detectors, CO 2 detectors, downhole memory units, downhole controllers, perforating devices, shape -charges, firing heads, locators, and other devices.
  • equipment sensors e.g., vibration sensors
  • sand detection sensors water detection sensors, data recorders, viscosity sensors, density sensors, bubble point sensors, composition sensors, resistivity array devices and sensors, acoustic devices and sensors, other telemetry
  • FIG. 2A a cross-sectional view of the fiber optic equipped tubing 200 of FIG. 1 is shown.
  • tubing 105 Within tubing 105 is shown a fiber optic tube 211 comprising optical fiber 201 located inside duct 203 .
  • FIG. 2B another embodiment of the present invention is shown in cross-sectional view in which fiber optic equipped tubing 200 has more than one fiber optic tube 211 is disposed in tubular 105 and in which more than one optical fiber 201 is disposed within duct 203 in at least one of the fiber optic tube 211 .
  • an inert gas such as nitrogen may be used to fill the space between the optical fiber or fibers 201 and the interior of the duct 203 .
  • the fluid may be pressurized in some embodiments to decrease the susceptibility of the fiber optic tube to localized buckling.
  • this laser-welding technique is performed in an enclosed environment filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen to avoid exposure to water or hydrogen during manufacturing, thereby minimizing any hydrogen-induced darkening of the optical fibers during oilfield operations.
  • nitrogen to fill the space offers advantages of lower cost and greater convenience over other techniques that may require a buffer material, gel, or sealer in the space.
  • the duct 203 is constructed by bending a metal strip around the optical fiber or fibers 201 and then welding that strip to form an encompassing duct using laser-welding techniques such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,790. This gives a significant reduction in the cost and weight of the resulting fiber optic tube 211 compared to other optical cables previously known in the art.
  • a small amount of gel containing palladium or tantalum can optionally be inserted into either end of the fiber optic tube to keep hydrogen ions away from the optical fiber or fibers 201 during transportation of the optically enabled tubing 200 .
  • duct 203 in fiber optic tube 211 of the present invention provide stiffness to the tube, are resistant to fluids encountered in oilfield applications, and are rated to withstand the high temperature and high pressure conditions found in some wellbore environments.
  • duct 203 in a fiber optic tube 211 is a metallic material, and in some embodiments, duct 203 comprises metal materials such as InconelTM, stainless steel, or HasetloyTM.
  • fiber optic tubes manufactured by any method may be used in the present invention, laser welded fiber optic tubes are preferred as the heat affected zone generated by laser welding is normally less than that generated by other methods such as TIG, thus reducing the possibility of damage to the optical fiber during welding.
  • fiber optic tubes While the dimensions of such fiber optic tubes are small (for example the diameter of such products commercially available from K-Tube, Inc of California, U.S.A. range from 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm), they have sufficient inner void space to accommodate multiple optical fibers.
  • the small size of such fiber optic tubes is particularly useful in the present invention as they do not significantly deduct from the capacity of a tubular to accommodate fluids or create obstacles to other devices or equipment to be deployed in or through the tubular.
  • fiber optic tube 211 comprises a duct 203 with an outer diameter of 0.071 inches to 0.125 inches (3.175 mm) formed around one or more optical fibers 201 .
  • standard optical fibers are used, and duct 203 is no more than 0.020 inches (0.508 mm) thick. While the diameter of the optical fibers, the protective tube, and the thickness of the protective tube given here are exemplary, it is noteworthy that the inner diameter of the protective tube can be larger than needed for a close packing of the optical fibers.
  • fiber optic tube 211 may comprise multiple optical fibers may be disposed in a duct.
  • a particular downhole apparatus may have its own designated optical fiber, or each of a group of apparatuses may have their own designated optical fiber within the fiber optic tube.
  • a series of apparatus may use a single optical fiber.
  • coiled tubing 15 is suitable for use as tubular 105 in the present invention.
  • Surface handling equipment includes an injector system 20 on supports 29 and coiled tubing reel assembly 10 on reel stand 12 , flat, trailer, truck or other such device.
  • the tubing is deployed into or pulled out of the well using an injector head 19 .
  • the equipment further includes a levelwind mechanism 13 for guiding coiled tubing 15 on and off the reel 10 .
  • the coiled tubing 15 passes over tubing guide arch 18 which provides a bending radius for moving the tubing into a vertical orientation for injection through wellhead devices into the wellbore.
  • the tubing passes from tubing guide arch 18 into the injector head 19 that grippingly engages the tubing and pushes it into the well.
  • a stripper assembly 21 under the injector maintains a dynamic and static seal around the tubing to hold well pressure within the well as the tubing passes into the wellhead devices under well pressure.
  • the coiled tubing then moves through a blowout preventor (BOP) stack 23 , a flow tee 25 and wellhead master valve or tree valve 27 .
  • BOP blowout preventor
  • Fiber optic tube 211 may be inserted into the coiled tubing 15 through any variety of means.
  • One embodiment comprises attaching a hose to the reel 10 to the other end of which hose is attached a Y-joint.
  • fiber optic tube 211 may be introduced into one leg of the Y and fluid pumped into the other leg. The drag force of the fluid on fiber optic tube 211 then propels the tube down the hose and into the reel 10 .
  • a pump rate as low as 1-5 barrels per minute (2.65-13.25 liters per second) is sufficient to propel the tether the full length of the coiled tubing even while it is spooled on the reel.
  • a fluid such as gas or water
  • a fluid may be used to propel a fiber optic tube 211 in a tubular 105 .
  • fiber optic tube 211 is disposed in an unrestrained manner in the pumped fluid.
  • the fiber optic tube is permitted to self-locate in the tubular without the use of external apparatus such as pigs for conveyance or placement or restricting anchors.
  • the fluid is pumped and the fiber optic tube or tubes are deployed into coiled tubing while it said coiled tubing is configured in a spooled state on a reel.
  • optical fiber equipped tubing of the present invention may be transported and field-deployed as a single apparatus, thereby reducing costs and simplifying operations.
  • the optical fiber equipped tubing 200 of the present invention may be used in conventional wellbore operations such as providing a stimulation fluid to a subterranean formation through coiled tubing.
  • One advantage of the present invention is that fiber optic tube 211 tolerates exposure to various well treatment fluids that may be pumped into the coiled tubing; in particular, the fiber optic tube or tubes of the present invention can withstand abrasion by proppant or sand and exposure to corrosive fluids such as acids.
  • the fiber optic tube is configured as a round tube having a smooth outer diameter, this configuration providing less opportunity for degradation and thus a longer useful life for the fiber optic tube.
  • the optical fiber equipped tubing of the present invention is useful to perform a variety of wellbore operation including determining a wellbore property and transmitting information from the wellbore. Determining includes, by way of example and not limitation, sensing using the optical fiber, sensing using a separate sensor, locating by a downhole apparatus, and confirming a configuration by a downhole apparatus.
  • the optical fiber equipped tubing of the present invention may further comprise sensors such as fiber optic temperature and pressure sensors or electrical sensors coupled with electro-optical converters, disposed in a wellbore and linked to the surface via a fiber optic tube 211 . Wellbore conditions that are sensed may be transmitted via fiber optic tube 211 .
  • Data sensed by electrical sensors may be converted to analog or digital optical signals using pure digital or wavelength, intensity or polarization modulation and then provided to the optical fiber or fibers in fiber optic tube 211 .
  • optical fiber 201 may sense some properties directly, for example when optical fiber 201 serves as a distributed temperature sensor or when optical fiber 201 comprises Fiber-Bragg grating and directly senses strain, stress, stretch, or pressure.
  • the information from the sensors or the property information sensed by optical fiber 201 may be communicated to the surface via fiber optic tube 211 .
  • signals or commands may be transmitted from the surface to a downhole sensor or apparatus via fiber optic tube 201 .
  • the surface communication includes a wireless telemetry link such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/926,522, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
  • the wireless telemetry apparatus may be mounted to the reel so that the optical signals can be transmitted while the reel is rotating without the need of a complicated optical collector apparatus.
  • the wireless apparatus mounted to the reel may include additional optical connectors so that surface optical cables can be attached when the reel is not rotating.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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US11/111,230 2004-04-23 2005-04-21 Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using Abandoned US20050236161A1 (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/111,230 US20050236161A1 (en) 2004-04-23 2005-04-21 Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using
PCT/IB2005/051329 WO2005103437A1 (en) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using
MXPA06011981A MXPA06011981A (es) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 Tuberia equipada con fibra optica y metodos para fabricarla y usarla.
CA2562019A CA2562019C (en) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using
AT05732292T ATE471434T1 (de) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 Mit lichtwellenleiter ausgestattete rohrleitung und herstellungs- und verwendungsverfahren dafür
DE602005021874T DE602005021874D1 (de) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 Mit lichtwellenleiter ausgestattete rohrleitung und herstellungs- und verwendungsverfahren dafür
EP05732292A EP1743081B1 (en) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using
BRPI0509995A BRPI0509995B1 (pt) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 método de produzir uma tubulação enrolada em forma de serpentina equipada com fibra ótica, método de fazer medições em um furo de sondagem, e método de comunicação em um furo de sondagem
JP2007509053A JP4712797B2 (ja) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 光ファイバ装着チューブ、その製造方法及びその使用方法
EA200601962A EA010141B1 (ru) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 Трубопровод, оборудованный оптическим волокном, и способы его изготовления и использования
DK05732292.7T DK1743081T3 (da) 2004-04-23 2005-04-22 En med optisk fiber udstyret rørledning og fremgangsmåder til fremstilling og anvendelse heraf
NO20065263A NO335257B1 (no) 2004-04-23 2006-11-15 Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av et kveilerør utrustet med optisk fiber, fremgangsmåte for utføring av målinger i en brønnboring, og fremgangsmåte for kommunisering i en brønnboring

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US56493404P 2004-04-23 2004-04-23
US11/111,230 US20050236161A1 (en) 2004-04-23 2005-04-21 Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using

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US20050236161A1 true US20050236161A1 (en) 2005-10-27

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/111,230 Abandoned US20050236161A1 (en) 2004-04-23 2005-04-21 Optical fiber equipped tubing and methods of making and using

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US20050236161A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP1743081B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP4712797B2 (ja)
AT (1) ATE471434T1 (ja)
BR (1) BRPI0509995B1 (ja)
CA (1) CA2562019C (ja)
DE (1) DE602005021874D1 (ja)
DK (1) DK1743081T3 (ja)
EA (1) EA010141B1 (ja)
MX (1) MXPA06011981A (ja)
NO (1) NO335257B1 (ja)
WO (1) WO2005103437A1 (ja)

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US20100178020A1 (en) * 2008-12-23 2010-07-15 Draka Comteq B.V. Optical Waveguide Assembly, Storage Device, And Method For Installing An Optical Waveguide
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WO2005103437A1 (en) 2005-11-03
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JP4712797B2 (ja) 2011-06-29
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NO335257B1 (no) 2014-10-27
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